Rising Tensions. . .

Slavery Divides the Nation1Missouri becomes a StateBy 181911 free states and 11 slave statesMissouri applies for statehood as a Slave StateCreates Crisis

2--1819, Missouri applies for statehood--South would have majority in the senate--North opposed allowing Missouri to enter as a slave state--South said that the US had no right to decide for a state--couldnt tell a state what it could or could not do--Argument lasted monthsMissouri Compromise, 1820The CompromiseMaine would enter as a free stateMissouri would enter as slaveCongress draws an imaginary line dividing Louisiana Purchase36 30 lineNorth of line FreeSouth of line Slave

3--Senator Henry Clay made a proposal--during the long debate, Maine applied for statehood--Missouri compromise kept the number of slave and free states equal.--Part of compromise--Congress draws a line on southern border of Missouri at latitude 36, 30 line--Henry Clay becomes the Great CompromiserMissouri Compromise, 1820

4--Missouri compromise only applied to Louisiana purchase--Wilmot Proviso--Congressman David Wilmot called for a ban on slavery in territories gained from Mexico--South declared that Congress had no right to ban slavery in the West--defeated in Senate

5Slavery DebateNorthSouthModerates2Sides Extend Missouri Compromise Line WestHave Popular SovereigntyLet new states decide for themselves

--Key difference between north and south was slavery--two large sections that were like two separate nations in the US--As the debate heated, it was hard not to take sides--Abolitionists, wanted slavery banned throughout the countrySlavery morally wrong--Southerners believed that slavery should be allowed anywhere

--ModeratesExtend line to Pacific, States northFree, States SouthSlavePopular Sovereigntythe right of people to create their government6

7Free-Soil PartyCreated by members from Democrat and Whig PartiesMain GoalKeep slavery out of WestParty proved that slavery became a national issue

--Debate over slavery led to the creation of a new Political Party--Many Whigs and Democrats opposed slavery--Leaders of both parties refused to take a stand--Members of both parties meet in Buffalo to create the free-soil party--Keep slavery out of the West, not end it in the South8

California184915 free states & 15 slave states1850California enters as free state

3 other territories may join union as free statesSouth threatens to leave US

--After Missouri Compromise, both slave and free states entered US peacefully--With California, Balance of power in Congress would be broken.--Southerners feel that they would be hopelessly outnumbered in Congress--Northerners argued that California should enter as a free state because most of the territory lay North of Missouri compromise line10Compromise of 1850Five PartsCalifornia enters as free stateNew Mexico & Utah would decide by popular voteSlave trade banned in Washington D.C.Fugitive Slave ActBorder dispute between New Mexico & Texas settled--Henry Clay, Great Compromiser, tries to work out a compromise that would satisfy North and South--South refuses to compromise, want slavery in the WestAlso, wanted runaway slaves returned to south--North Refuses--Clay dies, Stephen Douglas finished clays plan

2. Territories of New Mexico and Utah created3. Congress declared it had no power to end slavery in slave states

11Fugitive Slave ActRequired all citizens to help catch runaway slaves

Made abolitionists feel part of the slave system

--People who let fugitives escaped could be fined $1000 and jailed--Also set up special courts to handle cases of runawayssuspects not allowed trial by jury--Judges received $10 for sending an accused runaway to the south, but only $5 for setting someone freeMany judges sent African Americans to the South whether or not they were runaways--Antislavery northerners outragedForced to catch runaways--Law made northerners feel part of slave system--Neither side got what they wanted in Compromise

12

13Uncle Toms Cabin1852Discussed the evils of slavery and injustice of fugitive slave actMade slavery a moral problem

--book most powerful statement made about slavery --Story about two slaves--Eliza Harris, learns that her daughter will be sold and runs away on Underground railroad--Uncle Tom, a slave, is bought by a brutal owner--Refuses to reveal whereabouts of two slaves, owner beats him to death.--First printing sold-out in two days--instant best seller, sold millions of copies in US and world wide--present s a vivid picture of slavery, made people worry about slaverys impact on society as a whole, black or white

--Very popular in the North, --Southerners said it did not give a true picture of slave life.--found it insulting, filled with lies--Stowe had seen little of slavery first hand

--Changed the way northerners felt about slavery--Could no longer be ignored--one of the most important books in American History14HarrietBeecherStowe

So this is the lady who started the Civil War. -Abraham Lincoln

15

16Crisis WorsensKansas-Nebraska ActProposed by Stephen DouglasLouisiana Purchase divided into 2 piecesKansasNebraskaIssue of slavery decided by popular voteSouth happyNorth isnt

--Compromise of 1850 dealt with lands that were part of Mexican Cession, not Louisiana Purchase.--Kansas Nebraska part of Louisiana PurchaseDivided in two--Southerners liked the idea of popular sovereignty--believed that many southern slave owners would settle and vote to make Kansas slave state--North unhappy, Missouri compromise already banned slavery in Kansas and Nebraska--belief was that people would vote free17

Kansas Nebraska Act18Violence EruptsPeople vote illegallyProslavery government createdAnti-slavery settlers create their own governmentKansas in chaos

--People believed that the settlers would vote peacefully on the issue of slavery--Proslavery and antislavery settlers rush to settle territory and vote--Border Ruffians cross into kansas from missouri and vote illegally,--helped elect proslavery govt, which quickly passed laws supporting slavery--One law: people could be put to death for helping a slave escape--Antislavery settlers refused to accepts lawsSet-up their own govt--two Capitals created, one proslavery, one anti-slavery--Two sides begin to clash, attack each others towns and businesses

19Bleeding Kansas, 1856Proslavery and anti-slavery groups attack eachotherJohn Brown brutally murders 5 slave supportersAttack leads to more violence200 people killed

--Pro-slavery men raid an anti-slavery town, destroyed homes and businesses--John Brown, ohio abolitionist, decides to strike back. --Very religious, believes God sent him to punish supporters of slavery--Led four sons and 2 other men to pro-slave town, Pattawatomie Creek--Enter the homes of 5 proslavery men, dragged them out--Murdered 5 slave supporters in the middle of the night--Men dragged from homes and killed infront of families--causes a summer of numerous raids and counterattacks in Kansas--Turns into mini-civil war--Killings cause newspapers to call region bleeding kansas

20Bleeding Kansas, 1856

Border Ruffians(pro-slavery Missourians)

21Dred Scott v. SanfordSupreme Court case that determined:Slaves are propertyCongress did not have the power to outlaw slavery in any stateSoutherners Rejoice!!Slavery legal everywhere

--One of the Nations most controversial cases in history--Many Americans looked at the supreme court to settle the issue of slavery--Dred Scott case further divided the North and South--Scott enslaved for many years in Missouri--Moved with owner to Wisconsin, where slavery not allowed--Returned to Missouri, owner dies--Lawyers argued that because he lived in a free territory, he was a free man--Case reached supreme court, ruled 7 to 2 against Scott--Decision shocked the nation--court ruled that scott could not file a lawsuit because as a slave, he was not a citizen--Enslaved people could not win freedom simply by living in a free state or territory--Missouri Compromise made Unconstitutional, slavery opened everywhereSlaves are property everywhere--Slavery could freely expand West22

John Browns RaidPlanned a raid on a Federal Arsenal in VirginiaWanted to distribute weapons to slavesDoesnt happenCaptured, found guilty of murder and treasonSentenced to death

--Three years later--John Brown brings anti-slavery campaign from Kansas to the East--Leads 21 followers and 5 Afr. Amer. To Harpers Ferry Virginia--Arsenalgun warehouse--Thought that slaves would flock to him, he would give them weapons, and they would revolt--Gains control of the arsenal, but no slave uprising take place--authorities learn of attack and send US troops to stop Brown--kill half of Browns men and two of his sons before the rest surrender--People believed he was insane--During Trial, very composed, emotionless--Considered a Martyr by north, willing to give up his life for his beliefs.--Southerners felt that norths reaction was outrageous, believed that north wanted to destroy slavery--Pull nation further apart.

25John Browns raid on Harpers Ferry, 1859

26John Brown: Madman or Martyr

Mural in the Kansas Capitol buildingby John Steuart Curry)

27

28The Republican PartyParty created by politicians who opposed slavery

--Created by Free-Soilers, Whigs and Democrats that opposed slavery--Believed that slavery was a great moral evil--Stop slavery from spreading--Led by Abe Lincoln29Election of 1860

--Lincoln wins without gaining one electoral vote in the south, and not well known.--South outraged that a President could be elected without any southern electoral votes.--South now believes they no longer have a voice in governmentpresident and congress is set against them--Only choice is to leave the union. 301860

Election Results

--Whigs disappear--Democrat Party splits in twoproslavery and antislavery--Creation of the Constitutional Union PartyMeant to keep the union together--Lincoln wins the Northern vote--Lincolns name was not even on many southern ballots--Northerners outnumbered southerners and therefore, out voted them.

31Election of 1860Lincoln (R), wins!!South believes that they no longer have a voice in governmentOnly choice is to secede from union

--Lincoln wins without gaining one electoral vote in the south, and not well known.--South outraged that a President could be elected without any southern electoral votes.--South now believes they no longer have a voice in governmentpresident and congress is set against them--Only choice is to leave the union. 32The Nation DividesDecember 20, 1860 South Carolina is the first state to leave the unionSix other states follow.

--Southern States argued that since they voluntarily joined the US, they could choose to leave it. --James Buchanan announced that secession was illegal, but did nothing to stop it.--Many compromises proposed, none satisfactory33

Southern Secession--34

The ConfederacyThe Confederate States of America

Seven states met in Alabama to form a new nationPresident Jefferson Davis--Declaration of Independence said that it is the right of the people to alter or abolish a government that denies the right of citizens.--3536John Browns Raid on Harpers FerryPlanned a raid on a Federal arsenal

Wanted to distribute weapons to slaves

Didnt happen: Brown and his men were mostly captured or killed within 36 hours

Brown was ultimately hanged 37Compromise of 1850California wants to be a free stateBut the South assumed it wouldnt be

So. . .California will be free, BUTUtah and New Mexico will vote on slaveryFugitive Slave Law: meant to appease South; many Northerners feel it turns them into slave-catchers. . .38Kansas-Nebraska Act 1850Proposed by Stephen DouglasPeople in Nebraska Territory will vote on whether to have slavery or not (popular sovereignty)

Sounds like a good idea, BUTAnti-slavery (Freesoilers: poor farmers who couldnt compete with slave-owners) and pro-slavery forces stream in. . .Mini- civil war: Bleeding Kansas39John BrownAbolitionistInvolved in the Underground RailroadMoves to Kansas to support the anti-slavery causeResponds to violence by proslavery men by organizing the murder of 5 proslavery settlers: Pottowatomie Creek Massacre 40Todays QuestionAbraham Lincoln called Brown a misguided fanatic.

Do YOU think John Brown was a misguided fanatic?

Misguided: confusedFanatic: extremist

41Unit 5: The Civil War & Re-Construction (1861-1877)

Civil War BeginsLincoln pledges no war unless started by SouthDavis orders Confederate Army to seize federal forts, offices, propertyFort SumterCommander refuses to surrenderConfederacy attacks fort SumterSumWar Begins!!

--Lincoln warned that no state can lawfully get out of the union.no war unless the south started it.

--Lincoln has a difficult decision1. Allow Confederate to seize federal forts and admit that states have the right to leave2. send troops to hold forts and possibly start a civil war

--In about a month, confederates control all major forts, post offices, federal buildings in South.--Union only had couple of forts left--Fort Sumter important, guarded Charleston Harbor--Supplies are running low--Confederates demand that Fort Sumter surrender --Fort Commander, Major Robert Anderson, refuses to surrender unless food runs out or US Govt orders surrender--Confederates open fire, 34 hours later Anderson quickly runs out of ammunition and forced to surrender--By firing on federal property, confederate states committed act of rebellion

43The Civil War EndsThe Union sensed victory was near shortly after Gettysburg Nov. 1864: Lincoln wins re-election Feb. 1865: Congress passes the 13th Amendment, ending slavery. April 1865: General Robert E. Lee surrenders to General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox, Virginia http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=chDhBTUyTeg The Assassination of Abraham LincolnApril 14, 1865: President Lincoln is assassinated by John Wilkes BoothAssassination: The planned murder of an important individual, generally for political purposes.

Reconstruction (1865-1877)A government program to repair the damage to the South and restore the UnionMany Southern cities destroyedOver 600,000 dead 4 million newly freed slavesPoor whites lose jobs to freedmen migrationPlanters lose labor and Confederate $ now worthless

Reconstruction PlansAbraham Lincolns 10% Plan for Reconstruction Pardon (forgiveness for a crime) to those willing to pledge allegiance No pardons for military and government officialsOnce 10% of a states citizens swore allegiance, they could create a new state constitution Set tone of forgiveness

Andrew Johnsons Presidential ReconstructionSimilar Pardons, many personal given to military-political leadersNo 10% requirement States required to officially abolish slavery within their state laws and pay back debtEven more generous to SouthImpact on African AmericansMarch 1865: Freedmens Bureau created as first federal relief agencyProvided food, clothing, medical care and educationBlack Codes: Laws restricting rights of freedmenCurfews, Labor contracts, land restrictions 14th/15th Amendments: Gave equal protection of laws, and voting rights to black menHigh black populations lead to many freedmen being elected to public office during the 1870sImpact on the South & PresidencyReconstruction Act of 1867: Placed Northern generals in charge of South Required States to allow qualified blacks to vote (backed by 15th Amendment)Required equal protection of lawsLeads to emergence of KKKPresident Johnson nearly escapes impeachment (The removal of a President or Federal judge) for firing Secretary of War without Senate approval Loses Republican nomination to Ulysses S. Grant, union general who wins 1868 election.

The End of Reconstruction:Corruption in state & national government Economic problems took place of movement for racial equality Violence and intimidation to undermine new laws protecting blacksDemocrats make gains in Congress and help to get rid of Republican Reconstruction Compromise of 1877: Gave Rutherford B. Hayes the Presidency in exchange for removal of federal troops Reconstruction: Success or Failure?SuccessesUnion restored14th & 15th AmendmentsFreedmens Bureau

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJXT50QVGU0 FailuresAllegiance not legitMany southerners find ways to limit rights of blacks. Racism continuesMany southerners, white and black, remain in poverty