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  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    1

    PHN 1: M U

    I. L do chn ti.

    Trong chng trnh gii tch cp ba, ni dung gii phng trnh, bt phng trnh

    cha cn chim mt v tr khng nhiu, nhng n li l kin thc c bn cho vic gii cc

    phng trnh bt phng m, phng trnh bt phng trnh lgarit, l mt trong nhng bi

    ton trong cc thi tt nghip trung hc ph thng cng nh trong cc thi tuyn sinh

    i hc, Cao ng.

    u im ca phng php ny gip cho hc sinh c c mt s phng php

    gii phng trnh cha cn.

    Trong qu trnh ging dy ti nhn thy cc em hc sinh hay gp kh khn khi gii

    cc bi ton c cha cn. Cc em thng khng bit bt u t u do trong qu trnh hc,

    ni dung kin thc sch gio khoa cung cp qu t dng, trong khi thi tuyn sinh i hc

    hay l thi hc sinh gii th c qu nhiu dng l, iu lm cho hc sinh gp nhiu kh

    khn. Do ti chn ti ny nhm gip cc em hc sinh c thm t liu nghin cu.

    Nhm gip hc sinh nm chc cc kin thc v gii phng trnh cha cn, c k nng

    gii cc bi ton lin quan n phng trnh cha cn, ti chn ti Mt s phng php

    gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    II. Mc ch nghin cu

    - Ch ra cho hc sinh thy nhng phng php khc nhau gii mt phng trnh

    c cha cn.

    - Bi dng cho hc sinh v phng php, k nng gii ton. Qua hc sinh nng

    cao kh nng t duy, sng to.

    III. Nhim v nghin cu

    - nh gi thc t qu trnh vn dng gii bi tp c lin quan n vic gii phng

    trnh cha cn, cc bi ton lin quan c c bi gii ton hon chnh v chnh xc.

    IV. i tng nghin cu

    - Cc bi ton lin quan n phng trnh cha cn .

    V. Phng php nghin cu

    - Phng php nghin cu ti liu.

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    2

    PHN 2: NI DUNG

    CHNG I: C S L LUN V C S PHP L CA TI

    I. C s l lun

    Hc sinh cn nm c mt s vn sau y (lin quan n ni dung v phm vi

    nghin cu ca ti)

    1.1. Cc cng thc c bn ca phng trnh cha cn:

    Cc cng thc c bn ca phng trnh:

    a) DNG C BN:

    1) {

    2) {

    3)

    4) {

    b) CC DNG KHC:

    t iu kin cho

    l A 0 nng c 2 v ln lu tha tng ng kh cn

    thc.

    Lu :

    {

    1.2. Tnh cht ca cc cn thc bc hai:

    1) Nu a 0, b 0 th .

    2) Nu a 0, b 0 th

    3) Nu a 0, b > 0 th

    .

    4) Nu a 0, b < 0 th a a

    b b.

    II. C s php l

    - Da trn nhng khi nim, nh ngha, nh l, cc cng thc c bn hc trong qu

    trnh gii phng trnh cha cn.

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    3

    - Da trn nhng kt qu ng n v nhng chn l hin nhin c chng minh,

    tha nhn.

    CHNG II: THC TRNG CA TI

    Trong thc t, khi hc sinh hc gii phng trnh cha cn thng gp phi nhng kh

    khn sau:

    - Sch gio khoa ch gii thiu mt s dng c bn.

    - Khi cn tm sch hng dn th cng khng c sch no bin son y cc dng.

    CHNG III: BIN PHP THC HIN V KT QU

    NGHIN CU CA TI

    I. Bin php thc hin

    khc phc nhng kh khn m hc sinh thng gp phi, khi nghin cu ti, ti

    a ra cc bin php nh sau:

    1. B sung, h thng nhng kin thc c bn m hc sinh thiu ht

    - Phn tch, m x cc khi nim, nh ngha, nh l hc sinh nm c bn cht

    ca cc khi nim, nh ngha, nh l .

    - a ra cc v d, phn v d minh ha cho cc khi nim, nh ngha, nh l.

    - So snh gia cc khi nim, cc quy tc hc sinh thy c s ging v khc nhau

    gia chng.

    - H thng li cc dng bi tp trong cng ch , cho cc bi tp tng t cho hc

    sinh luyn tp.

    2. Rn luyn cho hc sinh v mt t duy, k nng, phng php...

    - Thao tc t duy: phn tch, so snh, ...

    - K nng: lp lun vn , chn phng n ph hp gii quyt vn .

    - Phng php: phng php gii ton.

    3. i mi phng php dy hc ( ly hc sinh lm trung tm ).

    - S dng phng php dy hc ph hp vi hon cnh thc t.

    - To hng th, am m, yu thch mn hc cho hc sinh.

    - S dng phng tin dy hc, thit b dy hc nhm lm cho bi ging sinh ng

    hn, bt kh khan v hc sinh khng cm thy nhm chn. Chng hn s dng bng ph,

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    4

    phiu hc tp, nu c iu kin th s dng gio n in t kt hp vi vic trnh chiu

    th hm s, cc hnh v, hnh ng lin quan trc tip ti bi ging.

    4. i mi vic kim tra, nh gi.

    - T lun vi 6 mc nhn thc: nhn bit - thng hiu - vn dng - phn tch - tng

    hp - nh gi.

    - Gio vin nh gi hc sinh.

    - Hc sinh nh gi hc sinh.

    5. Phng php dy hc.

    Gio vin c phng php dy hc, hnh thc dy hc sao cho ph hp vi tng loi i

    tng hc sinh, ch ra cho hc sinh nhng sai lm thng mc phi khi gii cc bi ton v

    phng trnh bt phng trnh cha cn. Hng dn cho hc sinh t hc, t lm bi tp.

    6. Phn dng bi tp v phng php gii.

    - H thng kin thc c bn.

    - Phn dng bi tp v phng php gii.

    - a ra cc bi tp tng t, bi tp nng cao.

    - Sau mi li gii cn c nhn xt, cng c v pht trin bi ton, suy ra kt qu

    mi, bi ton mi. Nhm lm cho hc sinh c t duy linh hot v sng to hn.

    II. Nghin cu thc t.

    1. DNG C BN:

    1) 2)

    3) 4)

    2. CC DNG KHC:

    t iu kin cho l A 0 nng c 2 v ln lu tha tng ng kh cn thc.

    Lu : A = B A2n+1

    =B2n+1

    .

    A = B

    t n ph a v phng trnh hay h phng trnh n gin.

    Dng 1) Dng c bn:

    V d

    1. 24 2 2x x x

    Gii. 24 2 2x x x

    0

    2

    BA B

    A B

    0 ( 0)A hay BA B

    A B

    33 A B A B

    0

    0

    2( )

    A

    A B C B

    C A B

    2n A

    . 0

    2 2

    A B

    n nA B

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    5

    2 2

    2

    2 0

    4 2x 4x 4

    2

    2 6x=0

    2

    0 3

    3

    x

    x x

    x

    x

    x

    x hay x

    x

    Khi gii phng trnh c bn ny ch cn hc sinh vn dng ng nhng cng thc hc.

    gii tt cho dng ton ny hc sinh ch cn nhn cho c dng ca phng trnh ri

    gii. Qua mi ln bin i tng ng hc sinh cn nhn li dng ton mi trc khi nng

    ln ly tha ln tip theo trnh sai st.

    Bi tp p dng:

    2. s: x=5

    3. s: x=-1 4. s: x=2

    Dng 2) Bnh phng 2 v(c th t n s ph): dng ton ny i hi hc sinh phi cn thn hn trong qu trnh gii v y khng phi

    dng ton c bn, m y l nhng bi ton c dng gn nh c bn. Do trong qu trnh

    gii cn phi ch k iu kin bi ton, nu khng rt d dn n nhng sai st l khng

    th trnh khi.

    V d:

    1.

    2

    2 2

    2

    1 2x 6 3

    1

    6

    3

    (x 1)(2x 6) (x 3)

    1

    2x 4x 6 6x 9

    1

    x 2x 15 0

    1

    x=5 v x=-3

    5

    x x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    Bi tp p dng:

    2. s: x=4,x=-4 3. s: x=0 4. s: x=5 5. s: x=6

    7 1 2 4x x

    24 6 4x x x

    11 3 2 9 7 2x x x x

    5 5 4x x

    9 1 4x x x x

    3 1 4 1x x

    10 3 4 23x x x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    6

    6. s: x=-1/2

    7. s: x=5

    8. s: x=1

    9. s: x=1;-1/3

    10. s: x=1;-2

    11. s: x=

    12. s: x =

    13. s:x=0;9;x=

    14. s: x =

    15. Tm m phng trnh sau c hai nghim thc phn bit: (B-2006) s:m 9/2.

    Dng 3) t n s ph a v phng trnh bc hai,ba,4: Khi gp mt s phng trnh phc tp th chng ta phi s dng phng php t n s ph

    vi mc ch lm gim s phc tp ca bi ton, thng th chng ta t t l biu thc cha

    cn bc hai, t l tng cc cn hay t l cn bc cao hn trong tng cn. T ta d nhn ra

    c s quen thuc ca bi ton m c th tm ra c cch gii nhanh hn. Nhng dng

    ton ny cc em hc sinh thng hay gp kh khn iu kin ca bi ton. trnh c

    nhng kh khn ny i hi cc em phi c kinh nghim trong qu trnh gii ton.Trc

    tin, cc em hy xem xt s cn thit ca iu kin cho tng bi ton c th, thng thng

    th khi t n ph th ta ch quan tm n iu kin cho n ph, cho n khi no quay li n

    chnh th ta mi quan tm n iu kin cho n chnh. Nu thy iu kin cho bi ton qu

    phc tp th ta c th khoan xt n iu kin, tr nhng bi ton s dng tnh n iu ca

    hm s, ta hy tip tc gii bi ton cho n khi no tht s cn iu kin th mi xt n

    iu kin.

    V d:

    1. (x-3)(x+1)+4(x-3) = 5

    t 21

    (x 3) (x 3)(x 1)3

    xt t

    x

    Phng trnh tr thnh 2 4 5 0t t 1 5t hay t

    Vi t = 1 ta c 1

    1 (x 3)3

    x

    x

    3 4 1 2 3x x x

    11 11 4x x x x

    2 21 1 2x x x x

    2 23 2 8 3 2 15 7x x x x

    2 2 27 2 3 3 19x x x x x x

    2 23 2 1x x x x 1 5

    2

    2( 1)(2 ) 1 2 2x x x x

    1

    2

    29 9 9x x x x 9 65

    2

    21 0x x x x 2 2 1 5 4 2

    2

    2 2 2 1x mx x

    1

    3

    x

    x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    7

    2

    3 0

    10

    3

    (x 1)(x 3) 1

    3

    x 2 x 4 0

    3

    x 1 5 1 5

    1 5

    x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    hay x

    x

    Vi t = -5 ta c 1

    5 (x 3)3

    x

    x

    2

    3 0

    10

    3

    (x 1)(x 3) 25

    1

    x 2 x 28 0

    1

    x 1 29 1 29

    1 29

    x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    hay x

    x

    Vy phng trnh c hai nhim l: x =

    Bi tp p dng :

    2. s: x=-7;2

    3. (x+5)(2-x)=3 s: x=1;-4

    4. s: x= 1

    5. x2 + = 12 s: x=

    6. s:x=1,x= 2 - .

    7. x2 +x +12 = 36 s:x=3

    8. s:x= 2

    9. s:x=3

    10. s: x= 3

    11. s: x =

    12. s:x=0;1

    13. s: x= 9/16

    14. s: x= 6/5 B2011

    1 5, 1 29x

    2( 4)( 1) 3 5 2 6x x x x

    2 3x x

    4 2 21 1 2x x x x

    2 6x 10

    22 1 3 1 0, ( )x x x x R 2

    1x

    23 2 1 4 9 2 3 5 2x x x x x

    22 3 1 3 2 2 5 3 16x x x x x

    32 2 5 1 12 0x x

    34 2 217 2 1 1x x 1

    2 21 13

    x x x x

    1212

    x x x x x

    23 2 6 2 4 4 10 3x x x x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    8

    Dng 4) t n ph na vi: C mt s bi ton khi ta t n s ph th rt kh chuyn ht theo mt n s ph, v lm

    nh vy th bc ca phng trnh s cao dn n vic gii kh khn. Nn i khi ta khng

    th a ht theo mt n, khi chng ta coi nhng x cn li nh tham s v tin hnh gii

    tm n ph theo x. T ta c phng trnh mi gii tip tm x v kt thc bi ton.

    V d: 2 28x 11x 3 2x 2x 3x 1

    t 2 2 22x 3x 1 2x 3x 1t t

    Phng trnh tr thnh: 24 2x 1 0t t x (1) 2 2 24(x 1) x 4x 4 (x 2)x

    (1) 2 1

    4 2

    x xt

    hay

    2 1

    4 2

    x x xt

    Vi 1

    2t ta c 2 2

    1 3 3 32x 3x 1 2x 3x 0

    2 4 8x

    Vi 1

    2

    xt

    ta c

    2

    2 2 2

    1 112x 3x 1 1

    2 8x 12x 4 2x 1 7x 10x 3 0

    x xxx

    x

    Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: 3 3

    18

    x hay x

    Bi tp p dng:

    1. x2+3x+1=(x+3) s:x=

    2. s: x =

    Dng 5) ng dng hng ng thc: Trong qu trnh gii phng trnh cha cn, nhiu khi s dng cc hng ng thc quen

    thuc li rt hu dng cho vic gii phng trnh. Trc ht ta nhc li cc hng ng thc

    quen thuc: 2 2 2a 2a (a b)b b hay 2 2 2a 2a (a b)b b . nhn dng, th cc em hc

    sinh nn ch n cc s hng cha cn bc hai thng thng l 2ab . Thng th ta a

    phng trnh v mt trong hai dng sau:

    Dng 1: 2 2 .A B A Bhay A B

    Dng 2: 2 20

    00

    AA B

    B

    V d 1 Gii phng trnh sau: 22 3 9x 4x x

    Phn tch: T s hng 2 3x gi cho ta ngh n 2ab trong hng ng thc. Do ta s

    lm xut hin hng ng thc 23 2 3 1 ( 3 1)x x x .

    Li gii. Phng trnh cho tng ng vi 23 2 3 1 9xx x

    2 1x 2 2

    2 22 1 2(1 ) 2 1x x x x x 1 6

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    9

    2 2

    2

    2

    2

    2

    ( 3 1) 9x

    3 1 3x

    3 1 3x

    3x 1

    3 9x 6x 1

    3x 1

    3 9x 6x 1

    1x

    3

    9x 7x-2=0

    1x

    3

    9x -5x-2=0

    x

    x

    x

    x

    x

    5 971

    18x hay x

    Bi tp p dng:

    1. s: x=2

    2. s: y =5; y= 1

    3. s:x= 3

    4. s:x= 3; x = -1

    5. s:

    6. s: v nghim.

    7. s:x= 25/4

    Dng 6) on nghim chng minh nghim duy nht: Khi gii phng trnh ,khng phi khi no cng gii trc tip m i lc chng ta phi on

    nghim, chng minh nghim on c l nghim duy nht ca phng trnh cho. on

    nghim c th th vi cc s c bit hay s dng my tnh vi lnh shift solve tm

    nghim c bit. Sau ta s dng cc phng php hc, phng php nh gi hay s

    dng tnh n iu ca hm s m chng minh nghim duy nht.

    V d:

    1. Phn tch: bi ton ny khng c dng c bit nhng c mt nghim c bit rt d on l

    x = 1. K thut d on nghim t bit thng l nhng s lm cho cn bc hai l s

    nguyn.

    22 1 ( 1) 0x x x x x x

    32 1 2 1

    2

    yy y y y

    2 2 2 1 1 4x x x

    52 2 1 2 2 1

    2

    xx x x x

    2 1 2 1 2x x x x 1

    12

    x

    1 2 2 1 2 2 1x x x x

    4 84

    xx x

    2 215 3 2 8x x x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    10

    Li gii: 2 215 3x 2 8x x 2 2

    2 2

    2 2

    8 3 15 4 3x 3 0

    1 13(x 1) 0

    8 3 15 4

    x x

    x x

    x x

    2 2

    1 1(x 1)( 3) 0

    8 3 15 4

    x x

    x x

    2 2

    1 11hay 3 0

    8 3 15 4

    x xx

    x x

    Ta chng minh rng 2 2

    1 13 0

    8 3 15 4

    x x

    x x

    v nghim.

    Ta c 2 2 22

    11 2x 1 8 9 6 8

    8 3

    xx x x

    x

    25 3 8x x hin nhin.

    Tng t2

    11

    15 4

    x

    x

    . Suy ra VT 1 hay

    2 2

    1 13 0

    8 3 15 4

    x x

    x x

    v nghim.

    Vy phng trnh c nghim duy nht l x = 1.

    Bi tp p dng:

    1. s:x = 1

    2. (x+3) =x2-x-12 s:x = -3

    2. s:x= -1/2

    3. x-2 s:x = 2

    4. s:x = 1

    5. s:x = -3; x = 2

    6. s:x = 4;x = 5.

    7. B2010 s:x= 5

    Dng 7) t n s ph a v h i xng loi I: Nhiu khi, vic gii mt phng trnh l kh khn, nhng nu ta a v vic gii mt h

    phng trnh th bi ton tr nn n gin hn.Sau y, ti gii thiu mt cch gii phng

    trnh nh vo vic a v h phng trnh i xng loi I. Nh vy cc em phi bit cch

    gii h phng trnh i xng loi I.

    H i xng loi I vi

    Cch gii: t S= x+y v P =xy gii tm S,P iu kin S2 4P.

    Suy ra x,y l nghim ca ptrnh t2 St +P=0.

    V d :

    1.

    t 2 2 2 2 217 17 17y x y x hay x y

    2

    3 2 13 2

    xx x

    x

    210 x

    2 22 1 2 ( 1) 2 3 0x x x x x x

    21 ( 1) 0x x x x x

    2(1 ) 16 17 8 15 23x x x x

    2( 1) 2 2 2x x x x

    22 7 2 1 8 7 1x x x x x

    23 1 6 3 14 8 0x x x x

    ( ; ) 0

    ( ; ) 0

    f x y

    g x y

    ( ; ) ( ; )

    ( ; ) ( ; )

    f x y f y x

    g x y g y x

    2 217 17 9x x x x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    11

    Ta c h phng trnh2 2 217 ( ) 2x 17

    9 9

    x y x y y

    x y xy x y xy

    t .

    S x y

    P x y

    ta c h phng trnh

    2 22 17 2(9 ) 17

    9 9

    S P S S

    S P S P

    2 5 7 5 72 35 0

    9 4 169

    S hay S S SS Shay

    S P P PS P

    loi

    Vi 5

    4

    S

    P

    ta c

    5 1 4

    . 4 4 1

    x y x xhay

    x y y y

    Vy phng trnh c hai nghim: x = 1; x = 4

    Bi tp p dng:

    2. s:x = -15; x =13

    Dng 8) t n s ph a v h i xng loi II Tng t cch gii a v h i xng loi I th ta cng c th t n ph a v h i

    xng loi II.

    i vi phng trnh c dng: (vi p=a; b+ =b).

    t t+ = , ta c h i xng loi 2:

    V d :

    1.

    t 33 2x 1 2x 1y y

    Ta c h phng trnh 3

    3

    1 2

    1 2x

    x y

    y

    3 3 3 2 2

    3 3 3

    1 2 2 2x ( )(x y xy 2) 0

    1 2x 1 2x 1 2x

    x y x y y x y

    y y y

    3

    3 2 2

    1 2x

    2x 1 0 x y xy 2 0

    x y yhay

    x

    v nghim

    3

    1 51

    22x 1 0

    x yx hay x

    x

    Vy nghim ca phng trnh l: x=1;x=

    Bi tp p dng:

    2. s:

    3. s: ,

    4.

    Dng 9) Phng php a v cc biu thc ng dng cho cc phng trnh dng:

    3 312 14 2x x

    ( )n nx p ax b

    axn b( )

    ( )

    n

    n

    x at b

    t ax b

    3 31 2 2 1x x

    1 5

    2

    2 2 2 2 1x x x 2 2x

    22 6 1 4 5x x x 2 2x 1 2x

    2011 2011x x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    12

    B1: Vit pt v dng

    B2: ly (b2 +pa2) chia cho p,hc sinh t chn p, chn kt qu l s hu t p.

    B3: Thay kt qu vo phng trnh (1) gii tm a nu ng th dng nu sai lm li B2.

    B4: t n ph a ra phng trnh tch ri gii.

    Phng trnh cha cn bc 3 lm tng t.

    Phng php ny cng dng cho dng s dng tnh n iu gii phng trnh.

    1. V d 1: Gii phng trnh: 22x 8 4x 16x 12

    B1: Ta vit phng trnh v dng: 24 .0 4 .0

    (2x 8) 2x 8 ( x a) ( x a)p p

    p pp p

    B2: Ta lp bng

    P 1

    4

    p

    2

    B3: Thay vo B1 ta c 22x 8 2x 8 (2x ) 2xa a 2 22x 8 4x (4a 2 2) 8x a a ta ng nht phng trnh ny vi phng trnh

    bi ta c a = 4. Khi phng trnh c vit li c dng ng dng nh sau: 22x 8 2x 8 (2x 4) 2x 4

    22x 8 2x 8 (2x 4) 2x 4

    (2x 4 2x 8)(2x 4 2x 8) (2x 4 2x 8) 0

    (2x 4 2x 8)(2x 4 2x 8 1) 0

    2x 5 2x 8 0hay2x 4 2x 8 0

    Vi 2x 5 2x 8 0

    2

    2

    2x 8 2x 5

    2x 5 0

    2x 8 4x 20x 25

    5x

    2

    4x 18x 17 0

    5x

    2

    9 13 9 13

    4 4

    9 13

    4

    x hay x

    x

    2 2

    2 1 0 2 1 0a x a x a b x b x b

    3 2 3 233 2 1 0 3 2 1 0a x a x a x a b x b x b x b

    2 2 22 2 2 22 0 2 0p(a x ... ) a x ... ( ) ( )

    b pa b paa a p x a x a

    p p

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    13

    Vi 2x 4 2x 8 0

    2

    2

    2x 8 2x 4

    2x 4 0

    2x 8 4x 16x 16

    x 2

    4x 14x 8 0

    7 17

    4x

    Vy : 9 13

    4x

    hay

    7 17

    4x

    2. V d 2: Olympic 2011

    B1: Ta vit phng trnh v dng 33 3 31 0. 1 0.

    (2x 9) 5 2x 9 ( x a) 5( x a)p p

    p pp p

    B2: Ta lp bng

    P 1

    31

    p

    1

    B3: Thay vo B1 ta c 33(2x 9) 5 2x 9 (x a) 5(x a) 3 2 2 335 2x 9 3a (3a 2 5) x 5a 9x x a ta ng nht phng trnh ny vi phng

    trnh bi ta c a = -5. Khi phng trnh c vit li c dng ng dng nh sau:

    33

    3 33 3

    2 23 3 3

    2 23 3 3

    (2x 9) 5 2x 9 (x 5) 5(x 5)

    (x 5) ( 2x 9) 5[(x 5) 2x 9] 0

    (x 5 2x 9)((x 5) (x 5) 2x 9+( 2x 9) +5] 0

    x 5 2x 9 0hay(x 5) (x 5) 2x 9+( 2x 9) +5 0 vn

    3x 5 2x 9 0

    3 2

    3 2

    2

    15x 75x 125 2x 9

    15x 73x 116 0

    ( 4)(x 11x 29) 0

    x

    x

    x

    11 5 11 54

    2 2x x x

    Bi tp p dng:

    1. s:x = -1; x = 2.

    2. s:

    3. s:x = 1;

    3 2 315 78 141 5 2 9x x x x

    3 33 2 3 2x x

    25 5x x

    1 21 1 17;

    2 2x x

    3 31 2 2 1x x 1 5

    2x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    14

    4. Olympic2009-LHP

    5. Olympic2009-T

    III. Kt qu nghin cu

    Qua nghin cu, ng dng ti vo thc tin ging dy ti nhn thy kt qu t

    c c kh quan hn. C th qua kt qu thu hoch c khi kho st tnh hnh gii bi tp

    ton lp 10CV nh sau:

    Lp 10 CV (s s 36) trc khi gii thiu phng php gii dng ton s 9

    S lng Phn trm

    Khng gii c 36 100 %

    Gii sai phng php 00 00 %

    Gii ng phng php 00 00 %

    Lp 10 CV (s s 36) sau khi gii thiu phng php gii dng ton s 9

    S lng Phn tram

    Khng gii c 6 16,7 %

    Gii sai phng php 2 5,5 %

    Gii ng phng php 28 77,7 %

    Nh vy, bc u ti gp phn nng cao cht lng hc tp ca hc sinh v

    em li hiu qu r rt. Trong thi gian ti, ti ny s tip tc c p dng vo thc tin

    ging dy trong nh trng v mong rng s t c hiu qu tt p nh tng t c

    trong qu trnh thc nghim.

    PHN 3: KT LUN - KIN NGH

    I Kt lun

    Trc ht, ti ny nhm cung cp cho cc em hc sinh nh mt ti liu tham kho.

    Vi lng kin thc nht nh v gii cc phng trnh cha cn, vi nhng kin thc lin

    quan, ngi hc s c ci nhn su sc hn v nhng cch gii ton. ng thi, t nhng

    phng php , hc sinh rt ra cho mnh nhng kinh nghim v phng php gii ton

    ring, c th quay li kim chng nhng l thuyt c trang b lm ton. T

    thy c s lgic ca ton hc ni chung v ca chuyn gii cc phng trnh c cha

    cn ni ring.

    3 2 33 3 3 5 1 3x x x x

    33 2 3 26 12 7 9 19 11x x x x x x

  • Sng kin kinh nghim Gio vin: Nguyn Php

    Mt s phng php gii phng trnh cha cn trong chng trnh ton trng trung hc ph thng.

    15

    cp trng trung hc ph thng, ti c th p dng ci thin phn no cht

    lng b mn, cng c phng php gii ton, gp phn nng cao cht lng dy v hc,

    gip hc sinh hiu r hn bn cht ca cc khi nim, nh ngha, nh l cng nh nhng

    kin thc lin quan c hc, gip cc em trnh khi lng tng trc mt bi ton t ra

    v d dng tm ra mt cch gii hp l cho bi ton.

    Trong khun kh bi vit ny, ti khng c tham vng s a ra y cc phng

    php gii phng trnh cha cn. V vy, ti rt mong nhn c s ng gp kin ca

    Hi ng s phm trng Trung hc ph thng Nguyn Hu Hun.

    II Kin ngh

    Vic gii cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh cha cn th khng c nhiu trong

    chng trnh hin hnh nhng n li xut hin kh nhiu trong cc thi tuyn sinh i

    hc,Cao ng. Hc sinh cn gp cc phng trnh v bt phng trnh cha cn khi hc gii

    phng trnh, h phng trnh m lgarit.

    Chnh v l , ti hi vng ti ny s ng gp mt phn nh b vo vic gii cc

    dng ton nu trn, l ti liu tham kho cho cc em hc sinh trong qu trnh hc ton

    cng nh n thi tt nghip v thi vo cc trng i hc, Cao ng v Trung hc chuyn

    nghip.