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Text 1.

In today's fast-paced, cyber-linked world, it would be hard to imagine workingthe internet. Most of us would probably feel pretty desperate. Well, how about tryingto live a day without water, a real every-day nightmare for some people. I know itfeels.

After suffering from one-day emergency shutdown of my local water supply,which prevented me from getting a single drop of water from the tap, let aloneshowering or flushing the toilet, I started to think how ironic it is that on a planetwhere water covers 71 percent of its surface, I suddenly had no.

But when I learned that just over 2 percent of the total volume of water in theglobal cycle is fresh water, and that most of that is locked up as polar ice caps and inglaciers, I became horrified.

Yes, horrified at the thought of more than 6 billion people sharing this smallamount of water that is available. It made me wonder: is there anything I can to usethis precious resource more wisely?

That question leads me to one of my favorite lines from the movie EvanAlmighty. "How do we change the world? By doing one act of random kindness at atime". It's a message that applies to all aspects of life, including in conserving water.

So, to begin with, I started to list some of my water-consuming activities. Andfrom various sources, I found out that taking a bath is the biggest water consumer(about 45 percent of the daily consumption), followed by toilet flushing (25 percent)and kitchen activities (15 percent).

A survey conducted in 2006 by the Directorate of Water Development of thePublic Works Ministry showed that the average daily use of fresh water in Indonesia was144 liters per person. Based on that figure, bathing, flushing and kitchen activitiesrepresent 65, 36, and 21.5 liters respectively or 122.5 liters in total. Assuming theIndonesia population represents around 230 million people, all having equal access to

122.5 liters per day, can you imagine what happens to that 2% of global fresh water?You do the math!

Those numbers have given me a stronger urge to be more efficient with mypersonal consumption of fresh water. So, I started off with my bathroom. First, I

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readjusted the showerhead to a low-flow version and took shorter showers, less than 5minutes long, since that could already reduce my water use approximately by half.

Second, I tried a simple trick suggested by a friend to save water in the tank, byplacing a one-liter plastic bottle filled with water in the tank. This way, I save one literof fresh water every time I flush the toilet. If the toilet is used 10 times a day, I havealready saved 10 liters of fresh water.

And since I am not really a kitchen type a person, I believe my water spending inthat department wouldn't exceed 10 liters per day.

So in total, I could save around 56.6 liters per day from bathroom and kitchenactivities. Not bad for a start, as there are still more things that can be done toefficiently use water.

"Before the Water Runs Dry," The Jakarta Post, Weekender Magazine, May, 2008, 23.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?(A) A nightmare for some people in Indonesia when living a day without water

(B) The importance of people's awareness in using the precious resource wisely(C) The need to start saving the use of water in the toilet tank and bathroom(D) The stronger urge to make a list of water-consuming activities at home(E) The need to make a personal consurrip4on of fresh water more efficient

2. .......... how ironic it is that.......... (paragraph 2)The pronoun "it" refers to

(A) after suffering from one-day emergency shutdown of my local water supply

(B) which prevented me from getting a single drop of water from the tap(C) that on a planet where water covers 71 percent of its surface, I suddenly had

no(D) that just over 2 percent of the total volume of water in the global cycle is

fresh. water(E) that most of that is locked up as polar ice caps and in glaciers, I became

horrified

3. Which of the following is closest in meaning to "locked up" in the line 8?(A) restricted. (D) bordered.(B) kept (E) secured(C) limited

4. have given me a stronger urge to be more efficient .........(paragraph 8)According to the passage, which of the following best describes the word "urge"

(A) wish (D) craving(B) longing (E) aspiration(C) desire

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5. The author's purpose in this passage is to(A) explain how difficult it can be to live a day without fresh water.(B) present the data about the total volume of fresh water on. the planet.(C) make the reader aware of using water more wisely for personal use.(D) cite statistics about the average daily use of fresh water in Indonesia.(E) warn that six billion people share the small amount of fresh water.

6. Where in the passage does the author mention how the author has been inspired tosave fresh water?(A) paragraph 1-2 (D) paragraph 5-7(B) paragraph 2-3 (E) paragraph 8-9(C) paragraph 4-5

7. This way, I save one liter of.......... (paragraph9)The pronoun "this" refers to which of the following?

(A) A simple trick suggested by a friend to save water in the toilet tank(B) My water spending in that department wouldn't exceed 10 liters per day

(C) By placing a one-liter plastic bottle filled with water in the tank(D) I save one liter of fresh water every time I flush the toilet(E) And since I am not really a kitchen type of person

8. .......in that department wouldn't exceed 10 liters..........(paragraph 10)Which of the following has the same meaning as the word "exceed"?

(A) transcend (D) overtake(B) rise above (E) go beyond(C) do better than

9. According to the passage, all of the following are true about saving fresh waterEXPECT(A) washing fruits under running water.(B) taking a shower rather that using a bathtub.(C) brushing teeth with a glass of water.(D) using a new type of toilet flush.(E) washing dishes in a soaking sink.

10.The tone of this passage could best be described as(A) concerned. (D) informative

(B) calm (E) exaggerated(C) emotional

11. "Look at all those broken street lamps""They .......... a long time ago.

(A) should repair (D) must have been repaired

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(B) should have been repaired (E) must be repaired(C) ought to repair

12. "Vina had just finished her big dinner when Jordy came in, bringing her favoritedurian."

We may conclude that :

(A) Vina had durians for her dinner.(B) Vina and Jordy had dinner together.(C) Vina would most unlikely have the durians for dinner.(D) Vina would have dinner after eating durians(E) Vina must not have finished her dinner.

13.This is the room .......... Churchill was born.(A) that (D) whose(B) which (E) of which(C) in which

14.Windy has stayed with us since her father ..........(A) sends abroad by his company.(B) sent abroad by his company.(C) was sent abroad by his company.(D) is sent abroad by his company.(E) to be sent abroad by his company.

15. I am looking forward to .......... you next week.(A) seeing (D) be seeing(B) see (E) be seen

(C) will see16.The motion picture originated when a series of still photographs were spliced and

viewed in rapid succession .......... the illusion of movement and continuity.

(A) for creation (D) to create(B) in the creation of (E) created(C) to be created by

17. "We need to replace the glass in the picture.""We can go to the shop and ............ now."

(A) it's being done (D) it's done(B) have it done (E) do it(C) have done it

18. "Having seen the movie before, I did not find it as exciting as it had been."The above sentence means : ............

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(A) The movie is very interesting(B) She was watched the film at least twice.(C) Because the movie was not exciting, she did not watch it again.(D) She watched the movie and she did not like it.(E) She likes watching movies.

19. ............ but he is also trustworthy.(A) Ali is not only dependable (D) Is Ali not only dependable(B) Ali is only not dependable (E) Not only is Ali dependable(C) Not only Ali is dependable

20.The way he talks and smokes ............ me of his father.(A) remind (D) they remind(B) reminding (E) reminds(C) it reminds

Text 2.

A popular method of treating exposure to very cold weather and frostbite is toslowly rewarm the fingers or toes or to rub them with snow. The best treatment,...21..., is not slow rewarming but ..22.. rewarming. Putting the fingers or toes in awarm bath, ..23.. a heating pad, or using a hot water bottle are all good ways to . .24..frostbite. Hot drinks to warm the body from within are helpful. One must be carefulabout burning the skin, however, ..25.. the affected parts are ..26... The temperatureof any heat applied should not be greater than 43o C (110o F).

21. (A) because (D) since(B) while (E) although

(C) however

22. (A) gradual (D) extensive(B) long (E) rapid(C) steady

23. (A) applicant (D) applied(B) application (E) applying(C) apply

24. (A) help (D) conquer(B) survive (E) endure(C) treat

25. (A) while (D) since(B) due to (E) but(C) in order that

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26. (A) anesthetized (D) anesthetic(B) anesthetist (E) anesthetizing(C) anesthesia

Text 3.

The beaver's comical-looking flat tail, which is three quarters of an inch thick, six

or seven inches wide, and perhaps a foot long, is unique in the animal world. In thewater, it serves as a rudder for swimming and on land it props the beaver upright whilethe animal is cutting trees. It also serves as a radiator through which the heavilyinsulated beaver passes or excess body heat. The beaver uses the broad tail for anearly warning system by slapping it against the water's surface, making a resoundingwhack that can be heard half a mile away.

27. It can be inferred from the passage that the beaver ............(A) doesn't live on land (D) has thick fur(B) ia a funny animal (E) needs a radiator

(C) needs trees for its nest28.What is the purpose of this passage? It is ............

(A) to describe what the beaver's tail looks like to the reader(B) to inform the reader about the many uses of a beaver's tail(C) to give the reader a lesson in nature studies(D) to teach the reader how to use a beaver's tail(E) to inform the reader about beavers

Text 4.

Ecologist Dr. Barry Commoner says that ecology has not yet specific laws, as hasphysics. But he suggests four generalizations that have resulted from ecologicalresearch on ecosystems. These might be considered as an informal set of laws ofecology. The four generalizations are (1) Everything is connected to everything. Thismeans, everything plays a part in the endless cycles of ecosystems. Too much stress atany one point in the ecosystem may lead to a collapse of the entire ecosystem, (2)Everything must go somewhere. This impiles that there is no such thing as waste innature. What is given off by one organism as "waste" is taken up by another organism asfood. (3) Nature knows best. This explains the changes having occurred over billions ofyears, which have made up the delicately balanced ecosystem that we have today. For

every organic substance produced by a living organiszm, nature has provided anenzyme capable of breaking down that substance. Nature takes care of all naturalmaterials, both organic and inorganic. (4) There is no such thing as 'a free lunch",meaning that all life in nature lives at the expense of some other life.

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29.What is the main idea of the passage?(A) Ecology has not yet developed specific laws.(B) Physics has developed specific laws.(C) The four generalizations resulting from ecological research on ecosystems.(D) Natural laws of ecology(E) Ecological research as the development of ecosystem

30.According to the passage, our ecosystem is in a delicately balanced condition.This is made possible by :

(A) The ecologists' concern for the ecosystem(B) The never-ending research on ecosystems(C) People's awareness of the importance of ecosystem(D) The availability of adequate fund to keep the ecosystem balanced(E) The characteristic of nature which takes care all natural things.

Text 5.

Often people use the term personality as an easy way of explaining a person'sbehavior. Someone says that "she is a good saleswoman because she is an extrovert" or"her uncle is hard to get along with because he has an authoritarian personality".Actually, the concept of personality does not explain anything about the person'sbehavior. Instead, the concept of personality is a descriptive one. It relates to specificbehavioral traits of an individual. It describes the individual's specific adaptation to hisor her cultural surroundings.

We might define personality as the basic organization of people that determinesthe uniqueness of their interactions with themselves, with others, and with the

nonhuman aspects of their environment. The basic organization refers to the structureof the personality how it is put together, and the relationships among the variousparts. It concerns the total physical, intellectual, and emotional structure of theindividual.

The personality structure determines the uniqueness of the individual'sinteractions. No two personalities are alike. All persons have their own way ofinteracting with themselves and with their environment, and the way they interactwith others. Human interaction always brings about some change in the individual. Thischange takes place very slowly. It is generally not noticeable from day to day.Nevertheless, the personality is changing constantly. Personalities don't all change at

the same rate. For example, the child changes very rapidly in both physical andintellectual aspects of personality. The adult may change very slowly. However, everypersonality undergoes constant, gradual change as the individual interacts with others.The personality of individual their basic organization is a blending of all the factorspresent in their particular social situation with whatever traits they inherit biologically.

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This brings us to one of the age-old question: which is more important, hereditary orenvironment?

31.What is the best title for the passage?(A) An easy way of explaining behavior(B) The description of specific behavioral traits(C) The meaning of personality

(D) The uniqueness of the individual's interactions(E) The change of personality

32.According to the passage, the personality change happening in the individual asaffected by human interactions ............ from day to day.

(A) can be observed (D) cannot be expected(B) cannot be seen (E) can be watched(C) can be noticed

33.Which of the following is true change in personality?(A) Personality change applies to all individuals in the same way(B) The physical and intellectual aspects of personality within a child change less

quickly than an adult(C) The physical and intellectual aspects of personality within both child and adult

undergo the same rate of change(D) The personality in either child or adult changes uncertainly(E) Personality constantly changes

34.According to the author, the expression "her uncle is hard to get along withbecause he has an authoritarian personality" indicates :

(A) People's difficult in understanding the concept of personality.(B) People's difficult in explaining the concept of personality.(C) People's certainty about the term personality.(D) People's attempt to construct the meaning of personality.(E) People's misunderstanding about other's behavior.

35.Every personality changes ............(A) drastically (D) gradually(B) swiftly (E) erratically(C) dramatically

Text 6.

A few years ago a shortage of natural gas drove prices sky high. Likewise gasolineprices rose when demands exceeded supplies. A large supply in the oil market droveprices back down. The law of supply and demand functioned according to textbookdescription in the case of oil. But the situation is different in the current natural gas

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(C) Parents and their child(D) The discipline of the German high school.(E) The progress of a retarded child

41.His parents were worried. He might be retarded.The underlined words mean

(A) The teachers liked him (D) He was an open minded person(B) He was discipline (E) He was a featherhead person(C) He was easily- adjusted

42.Albert Einstein was young, he was considered...(A) either undisciplined or dull(B) not only undisciplined and dull(C) undisciplined as well as dull(D) undisciplined but not dull(E) neither undisciplined nor dull

43. .......... he lacked the appropriate, academic discipline.The synonym of the underlined word is

(A) suitable (D) wonderful(B) fabulous (E) sophisticated(C) amazed

Text 8.

Facsimile, a method of ...(44)... pictures over telegraph wires, was developed.Pictures, drawings, maps, documents and other material that ...(45)..., on a written or

printed page can be sent by wire. The facsimile transmitter covers about 100 squareinches per minutes. ...(46)... it 'sees' is changed into ... (47)... current. This currentcontrols apparatus at the receiving, station making a reproduction of the material inthe precise form of the original. This system can send written material faster than a...(48)... operator.

44. (A) send (D) to be sent(B) sending (E) to being sent(C) to send

45. (A) will put (D) can be put(B) has put (E) can put(C) is putting

46. (A) when (D) where(B) of which (E) what(C) who

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47. (A) electric (D) electrify(B) electricity (E) electrician(C) electrical

48. (A) skilled (D) manufactured(B) adapted (E) contributed(C) supported

49.The numbers of residents who have been questioned on this matter... quite small(A) is (D) being(B) are (E) to be(C) be

50.John is the man .......... we are going to recommend for the job.(A) who (D) which(B) whose (E) of which(C) whom

Text 9.

Depending on your point of view, the business of bargaining can be: a method. ofsolidifying your position in. local economic community; a pleasant pastime; a techniquefor saving money; a social vehicle for requesting and receiving favours; an example ofunevolved and unsophisticated economics.

Judge gently! Throughout Asia for many, .....(51).....the price of goods andservice is an art form. As complicated as a dance, as expressive as a fine painting orpoem, as affirming as the practice of religion.

Bargaining .....(52)..... by the practitioners is definitely a method forestablishing and solidifying one's status in economic community-an item may have avariety of prices, .....(53)..... in the eye of the merchant the correct price for each ofhis customers. To offer everyone the same price removes the opportunity to 'do afavour for my special customer' .....(54).....the opportunity to blatantly overcharge anunsuspecting buyer!

.....(55).....in Asia who do not smile when a preferred price is offered to them asa 'courtesy'. Equally flattering is to be the recipient of an extra fruit, an extra spray offlowers, an additional potted plant as a favour, a small gift.

As one bargains and prices are bandied back and forth, there is ample time.....(56)..... the progress of children, or share some local gossip. Of course one mustfeel a sense of conquest at the amount of money saved, but most people admit.....(57)..... not the purpose of bargaining.

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The typical westerner-in-a-burry is confused and vexed at .....(58).....businessquickly. Many foreigners will spend much time looking for the fixed price' stores andembrace the goods and services .....(59)..... like familiar friends.'Unevolved and lacking sophistication is the general snarl of the westerner who lookslimply about for the familiar green screen of the checkout computerized cash register.....(60)..... a smiling man digging in twelve packets for the bits of change.

Adapted from:

Draine Hall, culture Shock : A guide to Customs and Etiquette : Indonesia, 63-65.

51. (A) over bargain (D) bargaining over(B) over bargaining (E) bargain, over(C) to bargain over

52. (A) as understood (D) it is understood(B) is understood (E) understanding(C) understood

53. (A) each reflection (D) each reflects(B) the reflection of each (E) each reflecting(C) reflecting each

54. (A) and equally (D) and equals(B) equally and (E) equally(C) equal and

55. (A) Very few of them (D) A few of them(B) Few are those (E) Few are there(C) Those are few

56. (A) asking about (D) to ask for(B) asking for (E) which ask about(C) to ask about

57. (A) this is (D) there are(B) it is (E) they are(C) that is

58. (A) resisting to do (D) the resistance to doing(B) resisting to doing (E) the resistance to do(C) having resisted to doing

59.(A) here (D) there(B) then (E) look(C) where

60. (A) encounters only and (D) only and encounters(B) only encounters and (E) and only encounters(C) encounters and only

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61.The president is making his cabinet members .......... this document.(A) signed (D) to sign(B) signs (E) signing(C) sign

62. If I hadnt been in a hum, I wouldn't have spilled the milk.The underlined words mean(A) I didn't spill the milk (D) I spilled the milk(B) I had to spill the milk (E) I would like to spill the milk(C) I don't spill the milk

63.The general public.......... a large number of computers now, because prices arebeginning to decrease.

(A) must be buying (D) will buy(B) could have bought (E) may buying(C) must buy

64.Like human, zoo animals must have a dentist ... their teeth.(A) fill (D) to be filled(B) filled (E) fills(C) filling

65.His father doesn't approve of ... to Europe.(A) going (D) him go(B) to go (E) goes(C) his going

66.We have to cut down our driving .......... the oil shortage.(A) although (D) because of(B) despite (E) otherwise(C) because

67.We'd better wait till 27 July. David ......... his exam by then, so he ll be able toenjoy himself

(A) will be having (D) will be had(B) will have had (E) will have(C) will have been liming

68.Weakened by successive storms the bridge was no longer safe.The underlined words mean...

(A) the bridge was safe (D) when the bridge was weakened(B) the storms were weakened (E) because the storm was weakened(C) is the bridge was weakened

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