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socialuri samuSao TemebTan da organizaciebTan

pedagogi: Tamar maxaraZe

hendauTi bakalavriatis studentebisTvis

Temi da organizaciebi makro socialur garemoSi

Sinaarsi:

I Tavi. Sesavali

1. makro socialuri garemo da socialuri samuSaos zogadi praqtika 2. adamianaTa mravalferovneba da gaZliereba makro socialur garemoSi

II Tavi. zogadi praqtikis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi

1. intervenciis zogadi modeli 2. ras niSnavs zogadi praqtika

2.1 fundamenturi codnis SeZena 2.2 profesiuli Rirebulbebi da eTika 2.3 nebismieri zomis sistemebTan mravalferovani praqtikuli

unarebis gamoyenebis xelovneba 2.4 organizaciul struqturasTan efeqturi muSaoba 2.5 superviziis efeqturi gamoyeneba 2.6 aqcenti klientis gaZlierebaze

2.7 profesiuli rolebis mravalferovneba 2.8 kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis gamoyeneba 3. dagegmili cvlilebebis procesi

3.1 muSaobis dawyeba. 3.2 mdgomareobis Sefaseba 3.3 dagegmva makro praqtikaSi 3.4 muSaobis Sewyvetis etapi makro praqtikaSi 3.5 miRebuli Sedegebis mimoxilva makro praqtikaSi.

III Tavi. ra unda vicodeT Temis Sesaxeb: ZiriTadi tipebi, funqciebi, Temis mobilicazia da cvlilebebi

1. gansazRvreba 2. Temis funqciebi 3. Temis tipebi 4. Zalaufleba da Temi 5. Temis gaZliereba - aqcenti Temis Zlier mxareebze 6. Temis mobilizacis 7. samezoblo 8. cvlilebebis procesis dawyeba TemTan

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IV Tavi. ra unda vicodeT organizaciebis Sesaxeb: ZiriTadi Teoriebi, cnebebi da elementebi

1. gansazRvreba 2. organizaciebi, romlebic socialur momsaxurebas ewevian 3. organizaciis Teoriebi

3.1 sistemuri midgoma 3.2 klasikuri midgoma 3.3 humanisturi midgoma

4. organizaciis Sinagani (internaluri) da garegani (eqsternaluri) garemo

4.1 organizaciis Sinagan (internalur) garemosTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi

4.1.1 saagentos garemo pirobebi 4.1.2 organizaciuli miznebi 4.1.3 organizaciuli kultura 4.1.4 organizaciuli struqtura 4.1.5 centralizebuli da aracentralizebuli organizaciebi

4.2 organizaciis garegan (eqsternalur) garemosTan dakavSirebuli faqtorebi

4.2.1 xelmisawvdomi resursebi 4.2.2 kanoniereba 4.2.3 klienti, rogorc resursi 4.2.4 urTierToba sxva organziaciebTan

5. organizaciebisTvis damaxasiaTebeli zogadi problemebi 5.1 moqmedebebi, romlebic TanamSromelTa interesebs ar iTvaliswinebs 5.2 dajildovebisa da aRiarebis sistema 5.3 saagentos politika da TanamSromelTa moqmedebis Tavisufleba 5.4 tradiciebi da dauwereli kanonebi

V Tavi. socialuri samuSao SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebTan

1. vin arian SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone pirebi? 2 gavrcelebuli streotipebi da miTebi 3. SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamiani – pacienti Tu klienti? 4. ori Sexeduleba SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mimarT – samedicino da socialuri modeli 5. socialuri samuSaos zogadi praqtika SezRuduli SesaZleblobebis mqone adamianebTan

Kirst-Ashman, K.K & Hull, Jr., G. H (2001) Generalist Practice with Organizations &

Communities. Brooks/ Cole-Thompson Learning

Chapter I, pp1-4

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I. Sesavali

1. makro socialuri garemo da socialuri samuSaos zogadi praqtika

socialuri garemo warmoadgens im socialur-kulturuli pirobebisa da urTierqmedebebis erTobliobas, romelSic adamianebi arian CarTulni. socialuri samuSaos konteqstSi, makro socialur garemoSi igulisxmeba organizaciebi, jgufebi da Temi, romlebic Tavis mxriv socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri Zalebisa da socialuri institutebis produqts warmoadgens. mocemuli Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, makro socialuri garemos ZiriTad elementebs warmoadgens: Temi, organziaciebi, jgufebi, socialuri, ekonomikuri, politikuri Zalebi da socialuri institutebi. metad mniSvnelovani maTi Sinaarsis sworad gansazRvra da imis gaanalizeba, Tu rogor gavlenas axdnen isini adamianebze.

Temi aris im adamianTa erToblioba, romlebic raRac niSniT erTiandebian da gansxvavdebian sxvebisgan (aqvT raRac saerTo, romliTac isini sxvebisgan gansxvavdebian). saerTo niSnani, romelic TemSi gaerTianebul adamianebs erTmaneTTan akavSirebs, SeiZleba iyos saerTo sacxovebeli adgili – samezoblo, profesia, eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba da sxva.

organizaciebi warmoadgenen socialur erTeulebs, romlebsac aqvT mizani, kargad Camoyalibebuli da koordinirebuli struqtura, aqtivobebi da dakavSirebulni arian eqsternalur garemosTan. sxva sityvebiT, organizaciebi warmoadgenen im adamianTa struqturirebul jgufs, romlebic gansazRvruli miznebis misaRwevad erTad muSaoben, Sromis sxvadsxva erTeulebze ganawilebulis saSualebiT.

jgufebi warmoadgenen adamianTa erTobliobas, romlesac saerTo miznebi da Tanmimdevruli qmedebebis ganxorcilebis SesaZlebloba aerTianebT.

socialuri Zalebi socialuri garemos Semadgeneli adamianebis rwmenebi da Rirebulebebia, romlebic imdenad Zlieria, rom adamianTa qcevaze gavlenis moxdena SeuZlia, maT Soris mTavrobis qmedebaze. magaliTad, socialuri Zalebis gavleniT daiwyo abortTan dakavSirebuli debatebi.

ekonomikuri Zalebi exeba adamianebisTvis xelmisawvdom resursebs, maT daxarjvasTan da ganawilebasTan dakavSirebul sakiTxebs. magaliTad, ekonomikuri Zalebis magaliTs warmoadgens, Tu rogoria saxelmwifo politika gadasaxadebiT miRebuli Tanxis daxarjvasTan dakavSirebiT, an TanamSromlebs Soris xelfasis ganawilebis rogori politika aqvs mocemul, konkretul saagentos.

politikuri Zalebi warmoadgens arsebul saxelmwifo struqturebs, moqmed kanonebsa da mosaxleobaSi Zalauflebis zogadi ganawilebis tendencias. politikuri Zalebi asaxulia kanonebsa da sajaro

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politikaSi. ZiriTadi aqcenti saxlemwifoze keTdeba. arCeuli politikosebi iReben gadawyvetilebebs im wesebisa da kanonebis Sesaxeb, romlebic adamianTa qcevas marTavs da maT cxovrebaze gavlenas axdens.

socialuri institutebi warmoadgens sazogadoebis funqcionirebis Sedegad aRmocenebul Rirebul da stabilur sistemas, romelic gansazRvruli miznis matarebelia. socialuri institutebis magaliTebs warmoadgens: religia, ojaxi, mTavroba, socialuri keTidReobis sistema da sxva. termini socialuri instituti aseve exeba gansazRvrul organizaciebs, romelTa daarseba garkveul sazogadoebriv miznebsa da maTi ganxorcielbis fizikur garemos ukavSirdeba, rogoricaa magaliTad, cixe. socialuri institutebis warmosaqmnelad, mudam xdeba socialuri Zalebis gaerTaineba. socialuri institutebi misaRebi qcevis mimarT garkveul molodinebsa da moTxovnebs awesebs da am process kanonebisa da zogadi politikis saSualebiT marTavs.

profesionali socialuri muSakebis eTikur pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgens makro socialur garemoSi arsebuli problemebis Seswavla da maT mosagvareblad cvlilebebis dawyeba da ganxorcieleba. am mimarTulebiT pirvel nabijs fundamenturi codnis miReba warmoadgens imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor muSaoben da urTierTqmedeben makro soicaluri garemos Semadgeneli nawilebi.

socialuri samuSaos zogadi praqtika gulisxmobs ekliqtikuri codnis1, profesiuli Rirebulebebisa da profesiuli unarebis farTo speqtris gamoyenebas nebismieri zomis samizne sistemasTan muSaobisas sasurveli cvlilebebis misaRebad. aRniSnuli miznis misaRwevad, socialuri samuSaos zogadi praqtika oTx ZiriTad process mimarTavs. pirveli, zogadi praqtika gulisxmobs efeqturi organizaciuli struqturisa da zedamxedvelobis pirobebSi muSaobas. meore, is moicavs profesiuli rolebis farTo speqtris efeqtur gamoyenebas. mesame, zogadi praqtika gulisxmobs dagegemili cvlilbebis gansaxorcieleblad kritikuli azrovnebis unaris gamoyenebas da meoTxe, zogadi praqtikis ZiriTad aqcents klientis gaZliereba warmoadgens. makro socialur garemoSi socialuri samuSaos konteqstSi, CamoTvlilidan mniSvenlovani aqcenti Semdeg sam cnebaze keTdeba.

pirveli, zogadi praqtika nebismieri zomis sistemasTan muSaobas gulisxmobs. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom zogadi praqtikosi muSaobs nebismieri zomis jgufTan da nebismieri jgufis saxeliT, romelTa Soris SeiZleba iyvnen individebi, ojaxebi, jgufebi, organizaciebi da Temebi. magaliTad, makro doneze TemTan muSaobisas, socialuri muSaki SeiZleba daexmaros erT samezobloSi dasaxlebul adamianTa jgufs, ezos keTilmowyobasTan dakavSirebuli sakiTxebis mogvarebaSi. analogiurad, saagentos SigniT socialuri muSaki SeiZleba daexmaos saagentos im satreningo programis ganviTarebSi, romelic saagentos soicalur muSakebs sxvadasxva samizne jgufebTan muSaobisas

1 ekliqtikuri – “sxvadsxva dixplinebidan Tu meTodebidan imis SerCeva, rac saukeTesod aris miCneuli”.

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saWiro unarebis ganviTarebSi daexmareba. makro garemos individebi da individTa jgufebi Seadgenen. amitom, metad mniSvnelovania socialurma muSakma iswavlos efeqturi urTierTobis damyareba im adamianebTan da adamianTa jgufebTan, romlebic Temisa Tu organizaciebis politikisa da aqtivobebis Sesaxeb gadawyvetilebas iReben. amisaTvis maT iseTi unarebis ganviTareba daexmarebaT, rogoricaa interviuireba, efeqturi komunikacia, problemebis mogvareba da sxva.

zogadi praqtikis zemoT mocemuli gansazRvrebis meore mniSvnelovan cnebas warmoadgens is, rom socialuri muSaki gansazRvruli organizaciuli struqturis farglebSi muSaobs. ZiriTadad, socialuri muSakebi socialuri saagentos mier arian daqiravebulni. saagento makro soicaluri garemos ufro didi zomis Temis Semadgenel nawils warmoadgens. Sesabamisad, imisTvis rom praqtikosma socialurma muSakebma socialuri momsaxurebis organizaciebisa da sxvadsxva Temis funqcionirebis gaumjobeseba SesZlon, kargad unda gaerkvnen, Tu rogor muSaoben isini erTad da erTamenTisgan damoukideblad.

mesame mniSvnelovani cneba, romelic socialuri samuSaos zogadi praqtikis gansazRvrebaSia mocemuli, aris klientis gaZlierebaze fokusireba. klientis gaZliereba gulisxmobs: “individebis, ojaxebis, jgufebisa da Temis mimarT gaweuli daxmareba, romelic maT pirovnul, interpersonalur, socio-ekonomikur da politikur Zlier mxareebs kidev ufro gaaZlierebs; es ki sakuTari cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze meti gavlenis moxdenis SesaZleblobas miscemT.”

2. adamianTa mravalferovneba da maTi gaZliereba makro socialur garemoSi

gaZliereba gulisxmobs, rom adamianebi, romlebic Zalauflebis

simcires ganicdian da Zalauflebis arsebuli potencialis gaZlierebas saWiroeben. dResac, adamianTa sxvadasxva jgufi sazogadoebisgan diskriminaciasa2 da Cagvaras (Seviwroebas) ganicdian. socialuri samuSaos amocanaa, adamianebis gaZliereba zogadad, gansakuTrebiT ki maTi, vinc aseT Seviwroebul da daCagrul jgufebs miekuTvnebian. am konteqtsTan dakavSirebiT, ganxiluli iqneba Semdegi ZiriTadi cnebebi: adamianTa mrvlaferovneba, Seviwroeba (daCagvra), riskis qveS myofi jgufebi, kultura, kulturuli kompetencia da socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis xelSewyoba. makro socialuri garemos dinamikis gasagebad, metad mniSvnelovania aRniSnul cnebebSi garkveva.

adamianTa mravalferovneba exeba adamianebs Soris arsebul gansxvavebebs, romelic SeiZelba gamoixatos iseT maxasiaTeblebSi, rogoricaa rasa, eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba, religia, Rirebulebebi, kultura, fizikuri da fsiqikuri janmrTeloba da sxva. Tavisi bunebiT,

2 diskriminacia – adamianebis mimarT usamarTlo, araTansworuflebiani mopyroba gansazRvruli kategoriisadmi maTi mikuTvnebulobis gamo

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socialur samuSaos nebismieri problema exeba, imisda miuxedavad Tu romeli individisTvis Tu jgufisTvis aris aqtualuri es problema. imisTvis rom adamianebisTvis daxmarebis aRmoaCena SesZlon, socialuri muSakebi unda iyvnen farTo Tvalsawieris mqoneni, ar unda hqondeT gansjiTi damokidebuleba da flobdnen Sesbamis codnas da unarebs klientebTan efeqturi urTierTobis dasamyarebalad. socialuri samuSaos saganmanaTleblo programa pasuxismgebelia socialur muSakebSi im codnisa da unarebis ganviTarebaze, romelic sxvadsxva maxasiaTeblebis mixedviT (rasa, eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba, religia da sxva) gansxvavebul jgufebTan samuSaod aris aucilebelia.

termini kultura xSirad makro socialur garemosTan mimarTebaSi gamoiyeneba. kultura gulisxmobs mocemuli jgufis cxovrebiseuli modelis Taobidan Taobaze gadacemas da moicavs enas, religiur idealebs, azrovnebis stils, xelovnebis nimuSebs da socialuri da interpersonaluri urTeirTobebis modelebs. xSirad kulturis aspeqtebi dakavSirebulia rasobriv, eTnikur da sulier memkvidreobasTan. kultura TvalsaCinoa, rogorc Temis, aseve organizaciis SemTxvevaSi. magaliTad, gansazRvruli geografiuli niSnis Temi SeiZleba efuZnebodes konkretul eTnikur mikuTvnebulobas – magaliTad, ebrauli, afro amerikuli da sxva. an is SeiZleba asaxavdes sxvadsxva kulturul tradiciebsa da memkvidreobas. organizaciebisTvis aseve damaxasiaTebelia kulturis arseboba. umravles SemTxvevaSi, organizaciis kultura ganisazRvreba rogorc “Rirebulebebis, rwmenebis, ZiriTadi daSvebebisa da molodinebis erToblioba, romelic safuZvlad udevs da warmarTavs organizaciis saqminaobas.”

kulturuli kompetencia es aris is codna da unarebi, romelic aucilebelia sxvadsxva kulturis mqone klientebTan efeqturad samuSaod. kulturuli kompetenciis ganviTareba socialuri muSakebis mimarT arsebul molodinebs Soris erT-erTi yvelaze mniSvnelovania. socialur muSakebs moeTxovebaT sxva kulturebis mimarT pozitiuri mimarTebebis damyareba. maT unda SesZlon gaaanalizon sxva kulturebis RirebulebaTa sistema da sulieri memkvidreoba; maT gacnobierbuli unda hqondes, rom dRemde gansazRvruli jgufebis mimarT arsebobs stereotipebi, disrkiminaciuli damokidebuleba da Seviwroeba. maT unda moaxerxon aragansjiTi damokidebulebis Camoyalibeba da gansxvavebebis mimarT gagebiTa da pativiscemiT aRsavse damokidebulebis ganviTareba. amvari damokidebulbebiT da unarebiT socialuri muSakebi moaxerxeben sxvadsxava kulturis mqone klientebTan efeqtur muSaobas.

Seviwroeba (daCagvra) aris gansazRvruli jgufebis mimarT SezRudvebis dawesebisa da diskriminaciuli mopyrobis Sedegi. xSirad, naklebi Zalauflebis mqone adamianebi, romlebic ZiriTadad ganssvavebuli maxasiaTebelebis (magaliTad, eTnikuri, rasobrivi, religiuri mekuTvnebuloba da sxva) matareblebi arian im kategoriebSi xvdebian, romlebsac meti Zalauflebis mqone pirebi da jgufebi usamarTlod epyrobian da ZiriTad uflebebisa da moTxovneis

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ganxorcielebaze uars eubenebian. am mimarTulebiT socialuri samSaos ZiriTad amocanas warmoadgens Seviwroebis aRmofxvra da daCagruli jgufis saxeliT maTi uflebebis advokatireba. socialur muSaki advokatirebis dros klientis an klientTa jgufis saxeliT ayenebs konkretul problemur sakiTxs da aqtiurad muSaobs am mimarTulebiT sasurveli cvlilebebis gasatareblad. socialuri muSakis eTikur pasuxismgeblobas warmoadgens nebismieri saxis usamarTlobisa da diskriminaciis winaaRmdeg galaSqvra. socialur muSakebs individualur doneze gacnobierebuli unda hqondeT, rom TiToel klients Tanabrad da samarTlianad moemsaxuros.

riskis qveS myof jgufebs ganekuTvnebian adamianTa is jgufebi, romlebic gansazRvruli maxasiaTeblebis gamo, sazogadoebis sxva nawilTan SedarebiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri deprivaciis, aseve Seviwroebis ufro meti safrTxis winaSe imyofebian. radgan socialuri muSakebis ZirTadi saqmianoba adamianebis resursebis xelmisawvdomobis gazrda da maTi problemebis gadaWraSi daxmarebis aRmoCena warmoadgens, bunebrivia, umetesad socialuri muSakis momsaxurebas swored riskis qveS myof jgufebi da maTi warmomadgenlebi saWiroeben. zogadad, am jgufs ganekuTvnebian eTnikuri umciresobebi, gansxvavebuli seqsulauri orientaciis mqone adamianebi, moxucebi, martoxela dedebi da sxva.

socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis xelSewyoba socialuri samuSaos ZiriTad filosofiur safuZvels warmoadgens. socialuri samarTlianoba exeba ideas imis Sesaxeb, rom srulyofil sazogadoebaSi yvela adamians aqvs Tanabari uflebebi, SesaZleblobebi, valdebulebebi da socialuri sargebeli. ekonomikuri samarTlianoba exeba reseursebis sazogadoebis wevrebs Soris resursebis Tanabar da samarTlian ganawilebas. realur cxovrebaSi socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis miRweva sakaod rTulia. samwuxarod, uflebebi da resursebi iSviaTad aris ganawilebuli samarTlianad. xSirad, TviTon gansazRvrebebi “samarTliani” da “Tanabari” mwvave diskusiis sagani xdeba. ras niSnavs resursebis “samarTliani” ganawileba? es imas niSnavs imas, rom yvela adamianma erTaniri anazRaureba miiRos, mis mier gaweuli Sromis miuxedavad? Tu rom yvela adamians unda hqondes samuSao? socialur samuSaoSi am mimarTulebiT ZiriTadi aqcenti unda gakeTdes usamarTlobis konkretuli SemTxvevebis aRmofxvraze; socialur muSakebs kargad un da hqondeT gacnobierebuli samyaroSi usamarTlobis arseboba da mzad unda iyvnen masTan SesabrZolad, roca amis SesaZlebloba arsebobs.

Kirst-Ashman, K.K & Hull, Jr., G. H (2001) Generalist Practice with Organizations &

Communities. Brooks/ Cole-Thompson Learning

Chapter I, pp 4-41

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II. zogadi praqtikis ZiriTadi Taviseburebebi

soc. muSakebis umravlesoba profesiul praqtikas individebTan da ojaxebTan muSaobiT iwyeben. Cveulebriv, samuSao saagentos pirobebSi mimdinareobs. Tumca socialur samuSaos ufro zogadi fonic gaaCnia. socialuri saagento sazogadoebas momsaxurebas Tavisi socialuri muSakebis saSualebiT sTavazobs. socialuri samuSaos Sesrulebaze mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs, rogorc saagentosTan, ise TemTan dakavSirebuli faqtoriebi.

socialuri samuSaos ufro zogadi midgoma aqcents swored imaze akeTebs, Tu rogor moqmedebs individualur klientze sxvadasxva sistemebi. soc. muSaks yovelTvis uwevs garkevuli saagentos an organizaciis fonze muSaoba; Sesabamisad am organizaciebis wesebi da zogadi politika, mis muSaobaze mniSvnelovnad moqmedebs da garkveulwilad, misi muSaobis efeqturobas ganapirobebs.

davuSvaT, rom saagentos, romelSic Tqven muSaobT, klientebTan muSaobis saaTebi Cveulebriv samuSo saaTebs Seesabameba – 9-dan 6 saaTamde. magram Tu klientebis umravlesobas mxoldo saRamo saaTebSi scalia? rogor moiqceviT, Tu gagiCndaT gancda, rom saagentom klientebis mdgomareoba unda gaiTvaliswinos da samuSao saaTebi Secvalos? metad savaraudoa, rom Tqvens samuSao aRwerilobaSi araferi iqneba aRniSnuli saagentos zogad wesebsa da politikaSi cvlilebebis Setanis pasuxismgeblobaze, magram rogor moviqceT, Tu Tqven TvliT, rom am wesebis klientebTan mimarTebaSi Secvla ufro eTikuri iqneboda? rogro dagegmavdiT am iniciativis ganxorcielebas? warmatebisTvis ra saxis unarebi dagWirdebodaT? am TavSi swored amis Sesaxeb visaubrebT.

ganvixiloT meore magaliTi. davuSvaT, Tqven aRmoaCineT, rom Tqveni klientebis umravlesoba uaRres siRatakeSi imyofeba. maT arasodes aqvT sakmarisi fuli, rom Svilebs sakvebi uyidon, saSobaod, ki saCuqari. Tqven TvliT, rom es Zalian samwuxaro da arasamrTliania. klientebisTvis damatebiTi dafinansebis mopovebis Taobaze, SeiZleba araferi weria Tqvens samuSao aRwerilobaSi, Tumca migaCniaT, rom amas Tqveni klientebisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba eqneba. ra gzas daadgebodiT maTTvis damatebiTi finansuri daxmarebis mosaZieblad? vis mimarTavdiT dasaxmareblad? ra unarebi gamogadgebodaT aseTi proeqtis dagegmvasa da gancxorcielebaSi? es Tavi swored aseT kiTxvebze pasuxis gacemas ecdeba.

da kidev erTi magaliTi: warmoidgineT, rom Tqven muSaoba ojaxuri Zaladobis msxverplebTan giwevT. saagento gavalebT TavSesafarSi aRmoCenil msxverpls finansur da emociur sakiTxebTan dakavSirebuli konsultacia gauwioT. davuSvaT, didi xnis gansjis Semdeg, Tqven mixvediT daskvnamde, rom saagentom ara marto msxverplTan, aramed moZaladesTanac unda daiwyos muSaoba. Tqveni samuSao gamocdileba garwmunebT, rom saganmanaTleblo, cnobierebis asamaRlebeli programebi problemis mogvarebaSi dadebiT rols Seasrulebda. rogor daiwyebdiT am iniciativis ganxorcielebis dagegmvas? vis daelaparakebodiT am ideis

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Taobaze? zemoT moyvanilia magaliTebi, romelSic Tqveni saagentos zogadi

wesebi da Sinagani politika garkveulwilad gavlenas axdens klintebze. arsebuli sazogadoebrivi foni aseve gavlenas axdens Tqvenze da Tqveni saagentos muSoabaze. rogorc Tqven asrulebT funqciebs saagentoSi, aseve Tqveni saagento asrulebs garkveul funqciebs ufro zogad, sazogadoebriv sistemaSi.

sazogadoebis nebismieri nawili yovelTvis garkveuli socialuri, ekonomikuri da politikuri Zalebis gavlenas ganicids. magaliTad, rasobrivi an genderuli diskrminaciis sakiTxebi SeiZleba yovelTvis aqtualuri iyos. kiTxva ismis, amgvar socialur pirobebSi socialurma muSakma rogor unda imuSaos efeqturad? rogor unda imuSaos Tavis klientebTan, ise rom gverdi auaros am socialur mdgomareobas? ramdenad eTikuri iqneba aseTi saqcieli? ramdenad SesZlebs is, iseTi saqmianobis wamowyebas, romelic globaluri cvilebebis gamomwvevi iqneba?

sazogadoebis funqcionirebze politikuri Zala aseve mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs. davuSvaT, parlamentma miiRo kanoni, romelic garkveuli socialuri fenis warmomadgenelTa sazogadoebrivi trasportirebiT mgzavrobis subsidirebas wyvets. Tqven darwmunebuli xarT, rom es kanoni aTasobiT adamianis cxovrebaSi damatebiT problemebs Seitaans. gana soc. muSakisTvis eTikuri saqcieli iqneba, am politikuri gadawyvetilebis ignorireba? ra unarebi unda gaaCndes soc. MmuSaks rom efeqturi winaarmdegobis gaweva moaxerxos?

ZiriTadi daSveba, romelsac mocemuli Tavis eyrdnoba aris swored is, rom soc. muSakebs mravalfarovani unarebi unda gaaCndeT imisTvis, rom individebis, ojaxebis, sxvadsxva Temisa da organizaciebis daxmareba gansaxvavebul situaciebSi SesZlon. amitom soc, muSakisTvis aucilebelia organizaciebis, Temebis, jgufebis Taviseburebebis codna da ufro farTo sistemasTan maTi urTierTqmedebis gagaeba.

1. intervenciis zogadi modeli socialuri muSakebi arasodes irCeven, ra saxis problemasa Tu

sakiTxze mouwevT muSaoba; amitom, maTi muSaobis efeqturobisTvis mravalferovani unarebis arseboba metad mniSvnelovania. erTi mxriv, isini mzad unda iyvnen adamianebs individualurad daexmaron – zogjer sakmaod mwvave xasiaTis problemebis mogvarebaSi da amave dros, unda SeeZloT iseT zogadi xasiTis problemebTan dapirispireba, romelic gavlenas ara marto calkeul adamianebze, aramed adamianTa jgufebze da mTel sazogadoebaze axdens. soc. muSakebis samuSao speqtri Zalian mravalferovania. ZiriTadi aqcenti keTdeba iseT sferoebze, rogoricaa ojaxebi da bavSvebi, janmrTeloba, ganaTleba, ekonomika da sxva.

mravalferovan problemebTan socialuri muSakebis muSaoba da zogadi praqtikis cneba wlebis ganmavlobaSi farTo gansjis sagani iyo.

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iyo mosazreba, romlis Tanaxmad socialur muSakebs specializacia erT gansazRvrul sferoSi unda gaekeTebinaT da maTi swavlebac am mimarTulebiT unda warmarTuliyo. amis sawinaaRmdego midgomis – zogadi praqtikis principebis mixedviT ki iTvleba, rom socialur muSaks kompetencia yvela sferoSi unda hqondes.

zogadi intervenciis meTodi sul mcire, sami ZiriTadi TvisebiT xasiaTdeba. pirveli, zogadi praqtika im daSvebas efuZneba, romlis mixedviT socialuri muSakis profesia unikalur codnas, unarebsa da Rirebulebebs saWiroebs. meore, zogadi praqtika problemis gadawyvetis Svid safexurian meTods iyenebs, romelic sakmaod moqnili gamosayenebelia. am meTodisTvis damaxasiaTebeli safexurebia: muSaobis dawyeba, mdgomareobis Sefaseba, dagegmva, ganxorcieleba, muSaobis Sefaseba, muSaobis Sewyveta, Sedegebis mimoxilva (is. figura 2.1). mesame, zogadi praqtika problemis gadawyvetas ganixilavs rogorc mravalganzomilebian intervencias; es niSnavs, rom problemebi SeiZleba ukavSirdebodes individebs, ojaxebs, jgufebs, organizaciebsa da Tems. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, cvlilebebis gasatarebeli modeli SeiZleba samive – mikro, mezo da makro – doneze iyos fokusirebuli. mikro sistema warmoadgens individebs; mezo sistema – mcire jgufebs; xolo makro sistema – nebismier did sistemas, organizaciebisa da Temis CaTvliT. ojaxebi, pirovnuli bunebis gamo, SeiZleba mikro da mezo sistemebs Soris moviazroT.

figura 2.1

dagegmili cvlilebebis ganxorcilebis nabijebi zogadi intervenciis modelSi

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figura 2.2-ze warmodgenilia is sqema, romlis mixedviT, Tqven,

rogorc zogadi praqtikosi, konkretuli problemis mosagvareblad sami donidan erT-erTs irCevT. pirvel rigSi, muSaobis dasawyebad mikro unarebis gamoyeneba gWirdebaT – Tqven unda SesZloT klientTan efeqturi komunikaciis damyareba; Semdeg Tqven problemas afasebT, rac problemis Sesaxeb sxvadasxva saxis informaciis moZiebas gulisxmobs; sawyisi ori etapis Semdeg, unda gadawyvitoT, Tu romeli midgomiT gaagrZeloT muSaoba – airCioT mikro, mezo Tu makro done; Tu maTi kombinacia gamoiyenoT.

davuSvaT, saagentoSi Tqveni samuSao klientebTan pirveladi kontaqtis damyarebasa da problemebis specifikidan gamomdinare saagentos sxva erTeulebTan maT dakavSirebas gulisxmobs. saagentoSi Semovida SemTxveva batoni X-is Sesaxeb. informacia Semovida misi mezoblisgan – man dareka saagentoSi da datova informacia, rom adardebs batoni X –is mdgomareoba; is ukve meorejer daeca quCaSi da daxmarebis gareSe veRar SesZlo saxlSi dabruneba; rodesac mezobeli daexmara da saxlSi miacila, saxlSi saSineli uwesrigoba daxvda – gadauyreli nagavi, Sinauri cxovelebi, romlebic magididan baton X-is nasufrals miirTmevdnen. mezobels STabeWdileba darCa, rom baton X-s sayidlebze siaruli da sadilis momzadeba ar SeuZlia, radgan is Zalian

zogadi praqtikis safuZvel

codna unarebi

Rirebulebebi

nabiji 1. muSaobis dawyeba

nabiji 2. mdgomareobis Sefaseba

nabiji 3. dagegmva

nabiji 4. ganxorcieleba

nabiji 5. muSaobis Sefaseba

nabiji 6. muSaobisSewyveta

nabiji 7. Sedegebis mimoxilva

muSaobis gagrZeleba – mdgomareobis Tavidan Sefaseba

kontaqtis gawyveta

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sustad gamoiyureba. pirveli, rasac Tqven akeTebT, urekavT mezobels, madlobas uxdiT

gamoxatuli zrunvisa da daxmarebisTvis da monaTxrobis Sesavsebad damatebiT kiTxvebs usmeveT. am gziT, Tqven mezobels problemis gansazRvris procesSi rTavT. muSaobis dawyeba niSnavs, rom praqtikosi problemaze orientirebuli xdeba da am problemasTan dakavSirebul adamianebTan komunikaciis damyarebas iwyebs. Sesabamisad, Tqven gansazRvravT, Tu rogor moiqceT baton X-Tan mimarTebaSi. rasakvirvelia, Tqven isic unda CarToT cvlilebebis gatarebis procesSi – raTqmaunda, Tqven klientTan erTad unda imuSaoT imis dasadgenad, Tu ra sWirdeba da surs mas.

Sefasebis etapze Tqven gadawyvetT, Tu romel donezea ukeTsiE(mikro, mezo Tu makro) dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis warmarTva; SeiZleba CaTvaloT, rom saWiroa ramdenime doneze moqmedeba.

figura 2.2

nabijebi dagegmili cvlilebis procesSi – makro cvlilebebis ganxorcielba

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mikro midgoma zemoT ganxiluli SemTxvevisTvis, mikro doneze moqmedeba iqneboda,

Tu Tqven batoni X-is saqmes saagentos Sesabamis samsaxurebs gadascemdiT da Tvalyurs miadevnebdiT maT mier gaweul saqmianobas. aseve, Tqven SegeZloT migemarTaT garkevuli samsaxurebisTvis, romlebic baton X-s yoveldRiuri cxeli sadiliTa da Sinmomvlelis daxmarebiT uzrunveyofdnen, romelic mas gadasaxadebis gadaxdaSi, produqtebis SeZenasa da sxva saWiroebebis dakmayofilebaSi daexmareboda.

mezo midgoma davuSvaT is regioni sadac batoni X cxovrobs, imdenad Raribia,

rom arc cxeli sadiliT da arc Sinmomvlelis momsaxureba xelmisawvdomi ar aris. am SemTxvevaSi, rogor moiqceodiT?

pirveli, rasac gaakeTebdiT, SeiswavlidiT batoni X-is ojaxur mdgomareobas – gamoarkvevdiT, SeuZliaT Tu ara ojaxis wevrebs misi daxmareba. davuSvaT, amgvari gamokvlevis Sedegad aRmoaCineT, rom baton X-s sami Svili Hhyavs, romlebic Soriaxlos cxovroben. Semdeg Tqven iwyebT imis garkvevas, ician Tu ara Svilebma mamis mdgomareoba. paralelurad, Tqven arkvevT hyavs Tu ara baton X-s megobrebi da mezoblebi, romlebsac misTvis daxmarebis aRmoCena SeuZliaT (erTis Sesaxeb – romelmac dareka – Tqven ukve iciT).

mezo doneze muSaoba samuSao procesSi klientis axlobeli adamianebis CarTavas gulisxmobs. batoni X-is SemTxvevaSi, mezo donis arCeva aseve xels Seuwyobda socialuri izolaciis daZlevasa da misvis socilauri qselis Camoyalibebas.

makro midgoma kvlav davuSvaT, rom regionSi sadac Tqven muSaobT, ar aris

nabiji 1

nabiji 2

nabiji 3

nabiji 4

nabiji 5

nabiji 6

nabiji 7

muSaobis dawyeba

Sefaseba

mikro

dagegmva

ganxorcieleba

Sefaseba

Sewyveta

Sedegebis mimoxilva

mezo makro

dagegmva dagegmva

ganxorcieleba ganxorcieleba

Sefaseba Sefaseba

Sewyveta Sewyveta

Sedegebis mimoxilva

Sedegebis mimoxilva

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moxucebisTvis cxeli sadilis Sin mitanis, an Sin movlis samsaxuri. aseve Tqven aRmoaCineT, rom moxucebis mZime yofa erTeul SemTxvevas scildeba da masiur xasiaTs atarebs. Tqven xedavT, rom msgavsi situaciis mosagvareblad, xSirad zogadi xasiaTis problemebs awydebiT. Tqven midixarT daskvnamde, rom aseTi problemebis mogvareba, mxolod megobrebisa da naTesavebis CarTviT ar xerxdeba; saWiroa makro doneze moqmedeba. Tqveni gadawyvetileba SeiZleba iyos – mimarToT administracias, moxucebisTvis axali programis Seqmnis winadadebiT, dagegmoT finansebis moZieba da sxva.

2. ras niSnavs zogadi praqtika zogadi socialuri praqtika gansxvavebuli saxis daxmarebis

aRmoCenas gulisxmobs. zogad praqtikosis muSaobis speqtri Zalian mravalferovania – SeiZleba daxmarebis gaweva mouwios usaxlkaro ojaxisTvis, seqsualuri Zaladobis msxverpili bavSvisTvis, fexmZime mozardisTvis, martoxela umweo moxucisTvis, konkretuli TemisTvis, romelic narkomanias ebrZvis, socialuri servisis gamwevi organizaciisTvis, romelic mTavreobis mier miRebul axal kanonmdeblobasTan morgebas cdilobs da sxva. rogorc xedavT, problemebi metad mrvalferovania; Sesabamisad socialuri muSaki amgvari mravalferovnebisTvis mzad unda iyos.

zogad praqtikas ganvsazRvravT, rogorc nebismieri zomis sistemaSi cvlilebebis gansaxorcieleblad bazisuri codnis, profesiuli Rirebulebebisa da mravalricxovani unarebis gamoyenebas; zogadi praqtika muSaobas Semdegi oTxi mimarTulebiT warmarTavs:

1. klientis gaZliereba – personaluri, interpersonaluri da politikuri Zalaulfebis gaZliereba ise, rom adamianebs sakuTari cxovrebis gaumjobesebisTvis garkveuli zomebis miReba SeeZloT.

2. organizaciul struqturaze efeqturad muSaoba 3. profesiuli rolebis farTo diapazonis gamoyeneba 4. gansaxorcielebeli cvlilebebis dagegmvis procesSi kritikuli

azrovnebis unarebis gamoyeneba figuraze 2.3 ilustrirebulia sxvadasxva cnebebis erTmaneTTan

urTierTdamokidebuleba. didi zomis marTkuTxedi – “organizaciuli struqtura” – im organizacias (Tu saagentos) aRniSnavs, sadac Tqven muSaobT da socialur samuSaos asrulebT. organizaciuli struqtura moicavs saagentoSi arsebul ierarqiul da komunikaciur sistemebs, organizaciul garemos. rogorc zogadi praqtikosi, Tqven am samuSao garemoSi misi yvela detalis gaTvaliswinebiT muSaobT iyenebT ra Tqvens codnas, profesionalur Rirebulebebsa da mravalferovani unarebs. figuris qveda nawilSi moTavsebuli wreebi Tqvens potenciur samizne sistemas aRniSnavs. Tqven, SeiZleba airCioT mikro, mezo an makro sistemaze muSaoba. isrebi gamomdinareobs organizaciuli struqturidan

15

da miemarTeba qvemoT samizne sistemebis aRmniSvneli wreebisken da miuTiTebs, rom Tqven, Tqvens codnas, Rirebulebebsa da unarebs mikro, mezo da makro sistemebis Sesacvlelad gamoiyenebT. marjvena kuTxidan gamomavali patara isrebi miuTiTeben imaze, rom muSaobis procesSi Tqven aqcents Semdeg sakiTxebze gaakeTebT: klientis gaZliereba, mravalferovani profesionaluri rolebis gamoyeneba, kritikuli azrovnebis unaris gamoyeneba da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis dagegmva. figura 2.3 zogadi praqtikis gansazRvra

axla ganvixilavT zemoT mocemul ganmartebaSi mocemul ZiriTad ganzomilebebs, romelsac socialuri samuSaos zogadi praqtika eyrdnoba. Tanmimdevroba ar miuTiTebs maTi mniSvnelovnebis rigze. yvela maTgani erTnairad mniSvelovania.

2.1 fundamenturi codnis SeZena fundamenturi codnis SeZena gulisxmobs sxvadsxva disciplinebidan

saukeTesos SerCevas. amgvar codna socialur muSaks adamianTa

organizaciuli

struqtura

supervizia Tqven rogorc zogadi praqtikosi codna Rirebulebebi unarebi

makro

mezo

mikro

aqcenti klientis gaZlierebaze

mravalfarovani profesiuli rolebis gamoyeneba

kritikuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba

dagegmili cvlilebebis procesis midevneba

ganxorcielebis procesi

samizne sistema

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mdgomareobis dinamikis ukeT gagebaSi exmareba; aseve xels uwyobs saWiro unarebisa da meTodologiis sworad SerCevaSi.

socialur samuSaoSi sakmaod mdidari informacia dagrovda imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor SeiZleba socialuri muSakebi adamianebs problemebis gadawyvetaSi ufro efeqturad daexmarnon. sakmaod didi codna aris “nasesxevi” fsiqologiidan, politikuri mecnierebidan da sociologiidan. socialuri samuSao am codnas praqtikul situaciebSi iyenebs.

socialur muSaks sxvadasxva Teoriul perspetivebsa da midgomebze zogadi codna unda hqondes, imisTvis rom konkretuli situaciisTvis yvelaze Sesatyvisi midgomis arCeva SesZlos; mas unda hqondes fundamenturi codna iseT sakiTxebze, rogoricaa sistemaTa Teoria, adamianis qceva da socialuri garemo, socialuri keTildReobis politika da servisebi, socialuri samuSaos praqtika, kvleva, adamianTa mravalferovneba, socialuri da ekonomikuri keTildReobis xelSewyoba.

2.1.1 sistemaTa Teoria socialuri samuSao yuradRebas individsa da garemos sxvadasxva

sistemebs Soris urTierTdamokidebulebebze amaxvilebs. sistema, es aris elementebis wyeba, romlebic garkevuli TanmimdevrobiTa da urTierTdamokidebulebiT erT funqcionalur mTlians hqmnis. Tqven, Tqveni ojaxi, megobrebi, TanamSromlebi – sistemebs warmoadgens. TiToeuli bevr urTierTadamokidebul komponents Seicavs; komponentebma erToblivad unda imuSaon, imisTvis rom mTliani sistemis funqcionireba ganapirobon.

sistemaTa Teoria socialur muSakebs sxvadasxva sistemebs Soris arsebul urTierTdamokidebulebebze fokusirebul konceptualur perspeqtivas sTavazobs. es Teoria aqcents “individebs, jgufebsa da organzaciebs Soris arsebul urTierTdamokidebulebebze” akeTebs eyrdnoba ra bunebaSi elementebs Soris arsebul urTierTdamokidebulebebs – es ki Tavis mxriv, fizikas, qimias, biologiasa da socialur disciplinebs Soris arsebul urTierTdamokidebulebebs gulisxmobs. sistemaTa Teoria samyaros gasagebad Zalin farTo midgomas gvTavazobs, romlis gamoyeneba mraval pirobebSi SeiZleba.

sistemaTa Teoriis gageba metad mniSvnelovania, radgan zogadi praqtikis samizne SeiZleba nebismieri zomis sistema iyos. Tqven, rogorc zogadma praqtikosma unda gadawyvitoT, cvlilebebis ganxorcieleba romel doneze iqneba ufro efeqturi. Cven aq makro sistemasTan muSaobis Taviseburebebze SevCerdebiT.

termini makro praqtika makro konteqstSi (organizaciebi da Temi) dagegmili cvlilebebis gasatareblad zogadi unarebis gamoyenebas gulisxmobs. makro sistemaSi cvlilebebis procesis ukeT gasagebad, metad sasargebloa garemoSi urTierTmoqmedi sistemebis konceptualizacia. rogroc zemoT aRvniSneT, sistemaTa Teoria

17

sxvadasxva zomis sistemebsa da qvesistemebs Soris dinamikuri urTierTdamokidebulebis arsebobas usmevs xazs. Cven ganvixilavT oTxi saxis sistemas, romelTac dagegmil cvlilebaTa procesze kritikuli aqvs. es sistemebia makro klientis sistema, samizne sistema, cvlilebis agentis sistema da moqmedebaTa sistema.

makro klientis sistemas warmoadgens individi, ojaxi, jgufi, organizacia an Temi, romelic saboloo jamSi, zogadi socialuri samuSos sargeblis mimRebi gamodis. makro klientis sistema gulisxmobs ara calkeul individebs, jgufebs da organizaciebs, aramed maT zogad jgufs. magaliTad, rogorc zogadi praqtikosi Tqven SeiZleba muSaobT dasaqmebis konkretuli programis ganxorcielebaze, romlis warmatebiT amuSaveba aTasobiT umuSevar individs problemebis gadawyvetaSi daexmareba. analogiurad, saagentos SigniT axali satreningo programis ganviTarebiT, Tqven sargebels saagentos aniWebT, misi momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis gziT.

gansxvaveba aris is, rom makro cvlilebebis dros beneficiarebis raodenoba gacilebiT metia da sazogadoebis farTo fenebs warmoadgens, xolo mikro da mezzo cvlilebebis dros, saqme calkeul individebTan, ojaxebTan Tu jgufebTan gvaqvs.

samizne sistema aris is, razec socialurma muSakma zemoqmedebac unda moaxdinos sasurveli cvlilebebis misaRebad. makro praqtikis SemTxvevaSi, samizne sistemas Cveulebriv organizaciebi da Temi warmoadgens. magaliTad, SeiZleba saagento, romelSic Tqven muSaobT, programebisa da servisebis gaumjobesebas saWiroebs; an zemoT ganxiluli batoni X-is SemTxvevaSi, rodesac aRmoaCenT, rom Seqmnili situacia aqtualuria ara marto batoni X-Tvis, aramed im raionSi mcxovrebi martoxela moxucebis umravlesobisTvs, radgan maTTvis araviTari sociluri momsaxureba ar arsebobs. aseT SemTxvevebSi, saWiro resursebisa da servisebis ganviTarebisTvis, socialuri samuSaos mizani “sistemaze” ieriSis mitana xdeba.

organizaciisa da Temis cneba Zalian farToa. is SeiZleba gulisxmobdes Zalian patara zomis organizacias an Tems, rogroicaa magaliTad, patara ofisebi, izolirebuli saeklesio jgufebi an patara soflebi; aseve am cnebebis qveS SeiZleba moiazrebodes uzarmazari erTeulebi, rogoricaa qalaqi, regioni, qveyana da a.S analogiurad, Temi farTo gagebiT SeiZleba iyos mTeli qveynis moqalaqeebi; xolo viwro gagebiT garkeuli ubnis an dasaxlebis mosaxleoba

cvlilebebis agentis sistema – makro praqtikis perspetividan cvlilebis agentis sistema aris is individi an individTa jgufi, romlebic cvlilebis process iwyeben. mocemuli saxelmZRvanelos farglebSi, cvlilebebis agenti Tqven xarT, radgan es saxelmZRvanelo gawvdiT Teoriul codnas sxvadsxva doneze cvlilebeis dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis Sesaxeb. Tqven SeiZleba gadawyvitoT Tqveni saagentos momsaxurebis xarisxis gaumjobesebaze imuSaoT, an fokusirebas konkretuli Temis cxovrebis gaumjobesebaze gaakeTebT. Semdeg, Tqven

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SeiZleba adamianTa ufro did jgufs SeuerTdeT, romelsac mocemuli cvlilebebis gatareba aucileblad miaCniaT. Sesabamisad, Tqven individualuri agenti, ufro didi sistemis nawili gaxdebiT. rodesac Tqven kargad gaerkveviT makro cvlilebebis procesSi, marto an sxvebTan erTad, moqmedebis sistemis nawili xdebiT.

moqmedebis sistema im adamianebs gulisxmobs, romlebic dagegmili makro cvlilebis misaRwevad erTad muSaoben. zogjer, socialuri muSakis moqmedebis sistema SeiZleba individualuri iyos; zogjer ki, sxvebTan erTad moqmedeba ufro efeqturia.

2.1.2. adamianis qceva da socialuri garemo socialuri muSakebisTvis saWiro codnisa da ganaTlebis misaRebad

specialuri saswavlo programebia Sedgenili. socialuri samuSaos ganaTlebis komiteti aris orgnizacia, romelic aSS-Si socialuri samuSaos specialobis saswavlo programebis akreditacias axdens. adamianis qceva da socialur garemo (HBSE) am programebis erT-erT ZiriTad sagans warmoadgens.

HBSE - i studentebs im codniT uzrunvelyofs, romelic maT praqtikuli unarebis ganviTarebis saSualebas aZlevs. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, muSaobis dawyebis Semdeg, meore nabijs mocemul socialur kontqestSi pirovnebis, problemisa da situaciis zusti Sefaseba warmoadgens. adamianis qcevis gasagebad da gasaanalizeblad garemos roli metad mniSvnelovania. socialuri muSakis interess pirovnebisa da garemos urTierTobis gageba warmoadgens; am procesSi ki adamianebsa da sistemebs Soris arsebuli damokidebulebebis Taviseburebebis gageba uaRresad mniSvnelovania.

socialuri samuSaos ganaTlebis komiteti socilauri samuSaos saswavlo programSi HBSE-is arsebobis aucileblobas Semdegnairad xsnis: “kursi adamianis qcevasa da socialur garemos Soris arsebul ormxriv urTierTdamokidebulebaze. fundamentur codnas iZleva. Sinaarsi emyareba Eempiriulad dasabuTebul Teoriebsa da informacias, romelic individebs, jgufebs, sazogadoebebsa da ekonomikur sistemebs Soris arsebul urTierTdamokidebulebazea fokusirebuli. kursi moicavs Teoriebs cxovrebis ganmavlobaSi biologiuri, sociologiuri, kulturuli, fsiqologiuri da sulieri ganviTarebis Sesaxeb; aseve, sistemebis farTo speqtrs, romelSic adamianebs cxovreba uwevT (individi, ojaxi, jgufi da Temi) da gzebs, romliTac sistemebi adamianebs keTildReobis miRwevaSi xels uwyoben da uSlian.

2.1.3. socialuri keTildReobis politika da servisebi

politika, viwro gagebiT SeiZleba gagebuli iyos, rogorc

garkveuli saxis wesebis arseboba. Cveni da Cveni klientebis cxovreba

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garkveuli wesebiT imarTeba: wesebi imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda vmarToT manqana, rodis unda SevideT skolaSi da rodis davamTavroT da sxva.

politika da wesebi gvkarnaxobs, Tu ra saxis moqmedebebi unda ganvaxorcieloT da ra saxis ara. politika marTavs Cvens samuSaos da gadawyvetilebebs. socialuri keTildReobis politika gvawvdis informacias imis Sesaxeb, Tu ra saxis resursebia Cveni klienetebisTvis xelmisawvdomi da ra SegviZlia movimoqmedoT Cveni klientebisTvis. zogad praqtikos moeTxoveba arsebuli politikis analizi da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi adekvaturi cvlilebebis gatareba.

politika SeiZleba or ZiriTad kategoriad davyoT: socialuri politika da saagentos politika. socialuri politika gulisxmobs arsebul kanonmdeblobas da regulaciebs, romlebic gansazRvravenes, Tu ra saxis socialuri programebi arsebobs, visTvis aris es programebi xelmisawvdomi da vin aris am programebis ganmaxorcielebeli. aseve, arsebobs momsaxurebis standartebi, servisis mimwodeblis kvalifikacia da sxva saxis wesebi.

socialuri politika gulisxmobs “mTavrobis moqmedebebs, romelsac adamianTa keTildReobaze pirdapiri gavlena aqvs. politika asaxavs mTavrobis pasuxismgeblobas Tavisi moqalaqeebis mimarT. amgvarad, socialuri politika asaxavs socilaur Rirebulebebs, idealebs da xedvas samyaros mowyobis Sesaxeb”. is gansazRvravs, Tu rogor unda daixarjos fuli xalxis dasaxmarebalad da ra unda gakeTdes am xalxisTvis. socialuri politika gansazRvravs vis ekuTvnis daxmareba da vis ara.

socialuri politikis garda arsebobs saagentos politika, romelic calkeuli organizaciebisa da programebis standartebs moicavs. amgvari standartebi gansazRvravs organizaciis struqturas, TanamSromelTa kvalifikacias, socialuri muSakebis qcevis wesebsa da sxva.

sxvadasxva mizezebis gamo, socialuri muSaki sxvadasxva donis politikaSi kargad unda erkveodes. aris SemTxvevebi, rodesac socialur muSaks arsebuli socialuri politika usamarTlod miaCnia da is moralurad miuReblad miaCnia. aseT SemTxvevaSi, man SeiZleba am politiks Secvla gadawyvitos. Sesabamisad, warmatebuli muSaobisTvis, mas socialuri servisebisa da programebis Sesaxeb bazisuri codna unda hqondes; maTi Camoyalibebisa da ganviTarebis istoriul xedva da analizis unari unda gaaCndes.

2.1.4. socialuri samuSaos praqtika Tu bazisuri codna exeba imas, Tu ras warmoadgens socialuri

samuSao, praqtika cdilobs upasuxos kiTxvas – rogor unda warimarTos socialuri muSaoba. socialuri samuSaos praqtika socialuri samuSaos

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Sesrulebas niSnavs da bazisur codnaze dafuZnebiT gansazRvravs, konkretul situaciaSi ra saxis intervencia, ra saxis unarebi unda iyos gamoyenebuli.

2.1.5. kvleva socialur samuSaoSi kvleviT miRebuli informacia sul mcire ori

mizezis gamoa mniSvnelovani. pirveli, is socialur muSaks im informacias awvdis, romelic mas praqtikis ufro efeqturad warmarTvaSi exmareba. kvlevis Sedegebis analiziT soc. muSaks mis mier gamoyenebuli meTodebisa da teqnikebis efeqturobis Sefaseba SeuZlia; aseve, mis mier gaweuli momsaxurebisa da klinetTan miRweuli progresis ukeT gakontrolebis saSualba eZleva. meore, kvlevis Sedegebi socialuri samuSaos disciplinis ganviTarebisTvis mdidar masalas iZleva da Sedegebis ganzogadebisa da Teoriebis ganviTarebis safuZvels hqmnis.

socialuri samuSaos kvelvebi ZiriTadad oTxi mimarTulebiT xorcieldeba: pirveli, bevri kvleva fokusirebulia individualur klientebsa da maT uaxloes garemocvas Soris (ojaxis wevrebi da megobrebi) arsebul urTierTobebze. meore, mravalricxovani kvlevebi TviTon momsaxurebis process swavlobs – esa Tu is servisi rogor miewodeba klientebs, ramdenad efeqturia miznis misaRwevad da sxva. mesame, kvlevebisTvis aseve sainteresoa soc. muSakebis damokidebulebebi da cnobiereba; es kvlvebi zogadad, socialur samuSaos, rogorc profesias, swavlobs da meoTxe, kvelvebi aseve didi yuradRebas uTmobs organizaciebis, Temisa da socialuri politikis Seswavlas. amgvari kvleva xazs usmevs klientis qcevasa da mdgomareobaze farTo socialuri gavlenis mniSvnelovnebas.

amgvarad, kvleva zogadi praqtikisTvis metad mniSvnelovania; is gamoyenebuli meTodebisa da intervenciis mecnieruli dasabuTebis saSualebas iZleva. kvlevis Sedegebi soc. muSaks gamoyenebuli meTodebis efeqturobisa da gaweuli momsaxurebis Sefasebis saSualebas aZlevs.

2.1.6. adamianTa mravalferovneba yovelTvis, rodesac adamiani iseT jgufs miekuTvneba, romelic

raRac niSniT sazogadoebis umravlesobisgan gansxvavdeba, adamianTa mravalferovnebis sakiTxi Tavs sruli sicxadiT iCens. adamianebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas imsaxureben, rodesac isini umciresobaTa jgufs miekuTvnebian.

gansazRvruli jgufebisadmi mikuTvnebulobam adamianebi SeiZleba diskriminaciis, Seviwroebisa da ekonomikuri deprivaciis winaSe daayenos. diskriminacia niSnavs gasxvavebuli saxis mopyrobas im adamianebis mimarT, vinc gansxvavebul jgufebs miekuTvnebian. Seviwroeba niSnavs gansazRvruli jgufebisa da sistemebisTvis garkveuli SezRudvebis dawesebas. ekonomikuri deprivacia niSnavs ekonomikuri resursebis mimarT SezRudul da araTanabar xelmisawvdomobas. es uaknsakneli SeiZleba

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gamoixatebodes dasaqmebis xelmisawvdomobis SezRudviT, samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli SeRavaTebis usamarTlo ganawilebiTa da sxva.

diskriminacia da Seviwroeba xSir SemTxvevaSi stereotipebis moqmedebis Sedegia. stereotipi aris garkveuli jgufebis mimarT, gansazRvrul niSnebze dafuZnebuli mtkice da ucvleli Sexeduleba, romelic mocemuli jgufis Sesaxeb metad gamartivebul suraTs iZleva da jgufis SigniT yovelgvar individualur gansxvavebebs ugulebelyofs.

sxvadasxva jgufebisadmi mikuTvnebuloba adamianebs sxvadaxva socialur garemos uqmnis. imisaTvis, rom soc. muSakma gansxvavebuli jgufebis warmomadgenlebTan efeqturad muSaoba SesZlos, is kargad unda erkveodes kulturisa da situaciuri gansxvavebebis TaviseburebebSi.

2.1.7. socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis xelSewyoba socialuri samarTlianoba aris idea sazogadoebis yvela wevris

mier uflebebis, SesaZleblobebis, valdebulebebisa da socialuri SeRavaTebis erTnairad gaziarebis Sesaxeb. analogiurad, ekonomikuri samarTlianoba exeba resursebis Tanabar da samarTlian ganawilebas. soc. muSakTa saganmanaTleblo programebSi gaanalizebuli unda iyos is strategiebi, romelic efeqturia diskriminaciis, Seviwroebisa da ekonomikuri deprivaciis dasaZlevad da socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis xelSesawyobad. aseve, soc. muSakebs unda SeeZloT “aradiskriminaciuli socialuri da ekonomikuri sistemebis ganviTarebis xelSewyobis advokatireba.”

realur cxovrebaSi socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis miRweva sakamod rTulia. uflebebisa da resursebis samarTliani ganawileba realur cxovrebaSi sakmaod iSviaTad gvxvdeba. ras niSnavs resursebis “samarTliani ganawileba”? gana samarTliani ganawileba niSnavs imas, rom resursebi yvelasTan erTnairad unda iyos ganawilebuli, imis miuxedavad, Tu vin ramdens Sromobs? metad mniSvnelovania, soc. muSakebs kargad esmodeT ras niSnavs usamarTloba. maTi eTikuri pasuxismgeblobaa usamarTlobis aRmofxvra yovel calkeuli SemTxvevaSi.

rodesac vsaubrobT eTikur pasuxismgeblobaze, Cven mxedvelobaSi gvaqvs profesiuli Rirebulebebis praqtikaSi gatarebis aucilebloba. garda im bazisuri codnisa, romelic aucilebelia socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis xelSewyobisTvis, zogad prqtikoss kargad unda hqondes gacnobierebuli, rom amgvari xelSewyoba misi ZiriTadi profesiuli Rirebulebaa. praqtikuli saqmianoba da praqtiakSi miRebuli gadawyvetilebebi am ZiriTadi Rirebulebidan unda gamomdinareobdes. zogadi praqtikosis saqmianoba SeZenili codnis, unarebisa da profesiuli Rirebulebebis Serwymas moiTxovs.

2.1.8. riskis qveS myofi mosaxleoba

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adamianTa mravalferovnebisa da socialuri da ekonomikuri samarTlianobis cnebebs mWidrod ukavSirdeba riskis qveS myofi mosaxleobis cneba. garkveuli niSnis mqone jgufebi, sazogadoebis sxva wevrebTan da jgufebTan SedarebiT, socialuri da ekonomikuri deprivaciis ufro didi safrTxis winaSe arian. radgan soc. muSakis saqmianobis ZiriTad mizans adamianTa saWiro resursebiT uzrunvelyofa warmoadgens, Sesabamisad, mas ZiriTadad im adamianebTan da jgufebTan uwevT muSaoba, vinc am resursebis deprivacias ganicdian. es jgufebi, rogroc zemoT aRiniSna, sazogadoebis ZiriTadi nawilisgan garkveuli niSnebiT gansxvavdebian (asaki, eTnikuri mikuTvnebuloba, seqsualuri orientacia da sxva). soc. muSakebi unda flobdnen informacias im faqtorebis Sesaxeb, romlebic “amgavri safrTxis Seqmnas xels uwyobs”.

2.2 profesiuli Rirebulbebi da eTika

2.2.1 ZiriTadi pofesiuli Rirebulebebi efeqturi muSaobisTvis zogad praqtikoss ara marto fundamenturi

da mravalferovani codna sWirdeba, aramed aseve profesiul RirebulebebTan asimilacia moeTxoveba. Rirebulebebi es is principebi Tu moqmedebis gzebia, romelsac mocemuli jgufi, individi Tu kultura sasurvelad miiCnevs. Sesabamisad, Rirebulebebi individis qcevas marTavs – mianiSnebs rogor unda moiqces da rogor – ara. idealur SemTxvevaSi, adamiani im Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad unda moiqces, romelic gaaCnia. morali da eTikuri principebi im RirebulebaTa wyebas efuZneba, romelic admianis qcevas marTavs. Rirebuleba gamoxatavs imas, Tu ra miaCnia adamians sworad da araswored; xolo morali, eTikuri principebi adamians mianiSnebs, Tu rogor unda moiqces am Rirebulebebis Sesabamisad. soc. muSakis amocanaa, miiRos iseTi eTikuri gadawyvetilebebi, romlebic socialuri samuSaos profesiul RirebulebebTan aris SesabamisobaSi.

socialuri samuSaos ZiriTadi profesiuli Rirebulebebi soc. muSakTa erovnuli asociaciis eTikur kodSia Tavmoyrili. qvemoT CamoTvlili eqvsi ZiriTadi Rirebuleba soc. muSakis eTikuri qcevis safuZvlad ganixileba:

1. momsaxureba: klientebisTvis resursebisa da SeRavaTebisadmi xelmisawvdomobis gazrda; daxmareba ise, rom adamianebma sakuTari potencialis maqsimalurad gamovlena moaxerxon.

2. socialuri samarTlianoba: swrafva idealuri mdgomareobisken, rodesac sazogadoebis yvela wevrs erTnairi uflebebi, SesaZleblobebi, valdebulebebi da socialuri SeRavaTebi aqvT.

3. pirovnebis Rirsebisa da mniSvnelovnebis aRiareba: yoveli cakleuli adamianis individualuri Rirsebis pativiscema.

4. adamianuri urTierTobebis mniSvnelovnebis aRiareba: soc. muSaksa da klients Soris emociuri urTierTdamokidebulebis

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damyareba, romelic saqmiani da xelSemwyobi garemos Camoyalibebas xels uwyobs.

5. wesiereba: moraluri idealebis mimarT erTgulebis SenarCuneba 6. kompetenturaoba: efeqturad muSaobisTvis saWiro unarebis

arseboba.

2.2.2 pirovnuli Rirebulebebis gacnobiereba soc. muSaks pirovnuli Rirebulebebi kargad unda hqondes

identificirebuli, rom maTi profesiuli eTikuri Rirebulebebidan gamijvna moaxerxos. amis aucilebloba zemoT ganxiluli soc. muSakTa profesiuli eTikuri meoTxe Rirebulebidan pirdapir gamomdinareobs. soc, muSakisa da klientis profesiuli urTierTdamokidebuleba moiTxovs, am urTierTobis gamijvnas pirovnuli Sexedulebebisa da Rirebulebebisgan. rasakvirvelia, soc. muSaks ufleba aqvs hqondes pirovnuli Sexedulebebi da Rirebulebebi, magram is valdebulia muSaobis procesSi profesiuli RirebulebebiT ixelmZRvanelos.

pirovnuli da profesiuli Rirebulebebis gamijvnis aucileblobis TvalsaCino magaliTs abortis sakiTxi warmoadgens. soc. muSakis profesiuli Rirebuleba aqcents klientis Tvigamorkvevis uflebaze akeTebs. garda amisa, soc. muSakTa erovnuli asociaciis zogadi politika xazs usmevs Sexedulebas, rom gadawyvetileba abortis gakeTebis, Tu argakeTebis Sesaxeb, yvelam individualurad unda miiRos. es damokidebuleba soc. muSakis pirovnul Sexedulebebs SeiZleba Zlier ewinaaRmdegebodes. is SeiZleba Tvlides, rom TviTon aborts arcerT situaciaSi ar gaikeTebda. amgvarad, misi pirovnuli damokidebuleba profesiuli Rirebulebisagan mniSvnelovnad gansxvavdeba. mocemul situaciaSi profesiuli movaleoba socialur muSaks avaldebulebas klients abortis gakeTaSi daexmaros, Tuki man aseTi gadawyvetileba miiRo.

meore mxriv, SeiZleba garkveul viTarebaSi soc. muSaki abortis gakeTebis aucileblobis momxre iyos. is SeiZleba Tvlides, rom qals garkveul pirobebSi abortis gakeTebis sruli ufleba aqvs. aseTi pirobebi SeiZleba iyos gaupatiurebiT, incestiT gamowveuli dafexmZimeba; aseve, rodesac mSobiaroba qalis sicocxles safrTxes uqmnis, nayofi seriozuli anomaliebiTaa an ubralod, qals Svilis yola ar surs. aseT SemTxvevaSi, klientis gadawyvetileba – yvelafris miuxedavad gaaCinos bavSvi, soc. muSakisTvis SeiZleba rTuli gasagebi da misaRebi aRmoCndes. SeiZleba soc. muSakma pirovnulad CaTvalos, rom klientis gadawyvetielba udidesi Secdomaa, magram is profsiulad valdebulia klients miRebuli gadawyvetilebis ganxorcielebaSi daexmaros. zogjer pirovnuli da profesiuli Rirebulebebis gamijvna Zalian rTulia.

2.3.3 konfliqturi eTikuri dilemis gadawyveta eTikuri dilema problemur situacias warmoadgens, rodesac

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eTikuri standartebi erTmaneTTan winaaRmdegobaSia. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, zogjer SeuZlebelia mivsdioT yvela eTikuri principis moTxovnebs. magaliTad, ganvixiloT SemTxveva: klienti gimxelT ganzraxvas, rom megobari gogonas mokvlas apirebs da amasTanave, Tqvengan misi ganzraxvis saidumlod Senaxvas moiTxovs. am SemTxvevaSi SeuZlebelia erTdouald daicvaT soc. muSakis mimarT arsebuli ori ZiriTadi eTikuri moTxovna: (1) daicvas adamianis sicocxlis usafrTxoeba da (2) diacvas klientis konfidencialurobis ufleba. aseT SemTxvevaSi, soc. muSakma TviTon unda gadawyvitos, romeli eTikuri moTxovna aris pirvelxarisxovani.

zogadi praqtikosi aseTi eTikuri dilemebis gadasawyvetad mzad unda iyos, radgan praqtikaSi aseTi problemuri situaciebi sakmaod xSiradaa. Tumca yoveli eTikuri dilema individualuria, soc. muSaks is zogadi codna da unarebi unda hqondes, romelic imis gansazRvraSi daexmareba, Tu yovel individualur SemTxvevas rogor gaarTvas Tavi.

2.3 nebismieri zomis sistemebTan mravalferovani praqtikuli unarebis gamoyenebis xelovneba

mravalferovani prqtikuli unarebis gamoyeneba da sxvadasxva

zomis samizne sistemebTan muSaoba imdenad urTierTdakavSirebulia, rom am nawilSi am Tvisebebs erTad ganvixilavT.

istoriulad, socialuri samuSaosTvis saWiro unarebi sam ZiriTad kategoriaSi iyo dajgufebuli:

individualur klientebTan da maT ojaxebTan pirdapiri muSaoba, rac garkveulwilad mikro doneze praqtikas Seesabameba;

jgufebTan muSaoba, ras gulisxmobda sxvadasxva saxis jgufebTan muSaobis organizebas (rogricaa magaliTad Terapevtuli jgufi, mxardaWeris jgufi da sxva), rac mezzo doneze praqtikas Seesabemeba.

TemTan da organizaciebTan muSaoba, romelic am erTeulebTan aqtiur muSaobs gulisxmobs da makro praqtikis dones Seesabameba.

socialuri samuSaos aRniSnuli Zveli modelis Tanaxmad, soc. muSakebis eqspertiza zemoT CamoTvlili sami midgomidan erTiT Semoifargleboda. Sesabamisad, isini muSaobdnen an individebTan, an jgufebTan da an TemTan da organizaciebTan. soc. muSakebi ar Tvlidnen, rom eqspertiza erTze met sferoSi unda hqonodaT.

am midgomis sawinaaRmdegod, zogadi praqtikosi aqcents sxvadsxva doneze muSaobis aucileblobaze akeTebs. es niSnavs, rom soc. muSaks efeqturi intervenciis gamoyeneba nebimier doneze muSaobisas unda SeeZlos. Sesabamisad, is nebismier doneze muSaobisTvis saWiro unarebs unda flobdes.

mikro praqtika ZiriTadad gulisxmobs individualuri cvlilebebis dagegmvasa da ganxorcielebis strategiis

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SemuSavebas. yuradReba fokusirebulia klientTan individualur komunikaciaze.

mezzo praqtika gulisxmobs mcire jgufebTan muSaobas, sadac jgufis wevrebs Soris arsebuli komunikaciisa da urTierTdamokidebulebis gageba metad mniSvnelovania. ojaxebTan muSaoba mikro da mezzo doneze muSaobis sazRvarze gadis.

makro praqtika es aris zogadi socialuri muSaobis praqtika, romelic mimarTulia farTo sistemebSi gansazRvruli cvlilebebis ganxorcielebisken. am doneze efeqturi muSaobisTvis saWiro unarebi gulisxmobs: saagentosa da arsebuli socialuri politikis Secvlis unari, TemTan da organizaciebTan axali programebis da proeqtebis wamowyebisa da danergvis unars

mezzo unarebi umetesad mikro donis unarebs efuZneba. imisTvis rom praqtikosma mcire jgufebTan efeqturad muSaoba SesZlos, mas individebs Soris arsebuli komunikaciebisa da urTierTobebis gageba unda SeeZlos. aseve, unda SeeZlos adamianebis efeqturad mosmena, saWiro informaciis moZieba da sxva. analogiurad, makro donis unarebi mezzo da mikro unarebs efuZneba. makro praqtika SeiZleba gulisxmobdes makro konteqstSi, rogorc individualur (mag. administraciis ufrosTan, konkretuli Temis warmomadgenelTan), aseve mcire jgufebTan (mag. saagentos admiistaciul jgufTan, Temis sainiciativo jgufTan da sxva) muSaobas.

2.4 organizaciul struqturasTan efeqturi muSaoba

organizaciuli struqtura aris is formaluri Tu arformaluri

gza, romliTac organizaciaSi davalebebi, pasuxismgeblobebi, Zalaufleba da komunikacia aris ganawilebuli. organizaciuli miznebis misaRwevad davalebebisa da pasuxismgeblobebis ganawileba, TanamSromelTa Soris saqmianobis ganawilebas gulisxmobs. ierarqiuli damokidebulebebisa da Zalauflebis ganawileba gulisxmobs imas, Tu vin vis eqvemdebareba, gadawyvetilebis miRebis procesSi vis aqvs meti gavlena, organizaciis politikaze vis aqvs meti kontroli da sxva.

organizacisiisa da saagentos struqtura SeiZleba iyos rogroc formaluri, ise araformaluri. formaluri struqtura aris is urTierTobebi, romelic formalur wesebsa da saxelmZRvanelo principebSia mocemuli; xolo araformaluri struqtura aris is, rac pirovnul urTierTobebs efuZneba.

organizaciebTan efeqturi muSaobisTvis zogadma praqtikosma kargad unda icodes rogroc formaluri, aseve araformaluri struqturis Taviseburebebi.

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2.5 superviziis efeqturi gamoyeneba

muSaobis procesSi zogad praqtikoss profesiuli superviziis adekvaturi da efeqturi gamoyeneba unda SeeZlos. es niSnavs, rom mas kargad unda esmodes, Tu ra zogadi molodinebi arsebobs mis mier gaweuli superviziis mimarT, kargad erkveodes superviziis administraciuli da sxva saxis funqciebSi, gaanalizebuli hqondes, superviziis efeqturad gamoyenebis gzebi da sxva; garda amisa, problemis gadawyvetisas mas superviziis zogadi wesebiT, zogadi meTodebiTa da teqnologiebiT xelmZRvaneloba unda SeeZlos.

2.6 aqcenti klientis gaZlierebaze

klientis gaZlierebis procesSi igulisxmeba misi individualuri,

interpersonaluri da politikuri Zalaulflebis gaZliereba ise, rom sakuTari cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad man garkveuli qmedebebis ganxorcieleba SesZlos. rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT, adamianTa garkveuli jgufi stereotipul mopyrobas, diskriminaciasa da Seviwroebas sxvebze metad ganicdis. soc. muSakis saqmianobis mizania, daexmaros am jgufebs da individebs im resursebis miRebaSi, romelic maT sakuTar cxovrebaze meti kontrolis miRwevaSi daexamreba.

klientis Zlier mxareebze fokusireba klientis gaZlierebis procesis erT-erT ZiriTad komponents warmoadgens. klientis Zlier mxareebad ganixileba misTvis xelmisawvdomi resursebi, ganaTleba, unarebi, gamocdileba, motivacia da sxva; rac mas konkretuli problemis daZlevasa da saWiro cvlilebebis ganxorcielebaSi daexmareba.

2.7 profesiuli rolebis mravalferovneba

roli warmoadgens mocemul socialuri urTierTobaSi gansazRvruli

statusis mqone adamianisTvis qcevis mosalodnel models. magaliTad, adamianebs gansazRvruli molodinebi aqvT imis Sesaxeb, Tu rogor unda iqceodnen socialuri muSakebi.

imisTvis, rom kargad gaverkveT im rolebSi, romelsac zogadi praqtikosebi asruleben, gavixsenoT is oTxi ZiriTadi sistema, romelic zogadi praqtikis procesSi moanwileobs: pirveli, es aris klientis sistema – anu is saboloo rgoli, romelic zogadi praqtikiTa da Sesabamisi cvlilebebiT sargebels iRebs. meore, cvlilebebis agentis sistema aris makro cvlilebebis iniciatori; mesame, moqmedebis sistema, gulisxmobs im adamianebs, romlebic sasurveli cvlilebebis gansxorcieleblad erTad muSaoben da bolos, samizne sistema – is, rac unda Seicavlos, sasurveli cvlilebebis misaRebad.

makro zogadi praqtikis dros socialur muSaks SeiZleba Semdegi rolebis Sesruleba mouxdes: damxmare, mediatori,

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integratori/koordinatori, brokeri, fasilitatori, iniciatori, momlaparakebeli, mobilizatori da advokati.

2.7.1 damxmare damxamris roli gulisxmobs makro klientis sistemisTvis iseTi

mxardaWeris, waxalisebisa da rCevis gawevas, romelic am ukansaknels problemis efeqturad gadawyvetasa an gansazRvruli amocanis kargad SesrulebaSi daexmareba. damxmaris rolSi, zogadi praqtikosis saqmianoba metad mravalferovania; is SeiZleba gulisxmobdes klinetis mxardaWeras iseTi stresuli situaciisas, rogoricaa, magaliTad ganqorwineba an samsaxuris dakargva, an iseTi yofiTi sakiTxis mogvareba, rogoricaa aradamakmayofilebeli sacxovrebeli pirobebi an Sin movlis aucilebloba. damxmaris rolis SesrulebisTvis soc. muSaks iseTi unarebi sWirdeba, rogoricaa klientisTvis “imedis Casaxva”, winaaRmdegobisa da ambivalentobis Semcireba, grZnobebis gacnobiereba da menejmenti, pirovnuli Rirsebebisa da socialuri SeRavaTebis identificireba da gamoyeneba, problemis dayofa ufro mcire da advilad samarTav nawilebad, mizansa da misi miRwevis gzebze fokusireba. Sesabamisad, damxamreebi arian isini, visac daxmarebis gaweva SeuZliaT; zogad praqtikoss am rolis Sesruleba samive doneze (mikro, mezo da makro) SeuZlia.

figuraze 2.7-1 naCvenebia, Tu rogor moqmedebs damxamre makro praqtikisas. isrebi socialuri muSakisgan miemarTeba rogroc organizaciebisa da Temisken, aseve makro klientis sistemisken. es isrebi aRniSnavs im mxardaWeras, romelsac aRniSnuli makro sistemebi iReben, rasac gansazRuli qmedeba mohyveba; es qmedeba ki Tavis mxriv gamiznulia am sistemebisTvis gansazRvruli sargebelis aRmosaCenad.

figura 2.7-1 mediatoris roli makro praqtikaSi

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2.7.2 mediatori mediatori uTanxmoebisa da kamaTis gadawyvetas cdilobs; makro

doneze mediatori Temis sxvadasxva qvesistemebsa an sxvadasxva Temebs maT Soris arsebul azrTa sxvadasxvaobaze muSaobaSi exmareba. magaliTad, gansazRvrul Tems (samezoblos) da konkretul socialur saagentos SeiZleba azrTa sxvadasxvaoba imis Sesaxeb hqondeT, Tu sad unda daarsdes narkotikebis momxmarebelTa sareabilitacio centri. saagento SeiZleba Tvlides, rom centri maT saxcovrebel adgilebTan axlos unda iyos, xolo samezoblos ar surs maTi teritoriis maxloblad aseTi centris arseboba. am SemTxvevaSi mediatoris rolia, mowinaaRmdege mxareebs komunikaciis gaumjobesebasa da kompromisis miRwevaSi daexmaros. mediatori neitraluri rCeba da arcerT mxares ar emxroba. mas orive mxaris pozicia kargad unda hqondes gaazrebuli, dainaxos gansxvavebul poziciebs Soris sad xdeba araswori komunikacia da ecados mis gamosworebas.

figuraze 2.7-2 naCvenebia mediatoris roli. soc. muSakis gamomxatveli wre organizaciebis, Temisa da makro klientis sistemebis gamomxatvel wreebs Soris aris moTavsebuli. es soc. muSakis neirtalur pozicias gamoxatavs, romelmac am or mxares Soris arsebuli darRveuli komunikaciis aRdgena unda moaxerxos. Tumca figuraze warmodgenili situacia soc. muSakis makro doneze muSaobas exeba, es modeli igive warmatebiT nebismier doneze SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli.

soc. muSaki

mxardaWera

organizaciuli da saTemo makro sistema

mxardaWera

makro klientis sistema

moqmedeba moqmedeba

sargebeli

sargebeli

29

figura 2.7-2 mediatoris roli makro praqtikaSi

2.7.3 inetgratori/koordinatori integracia sxvadasxva nawilebis erT mTlianaSi gaerTianebas

gulisxmobs. koordinacia ki sxvadasxva nawilebis garkveuli saxiT organizebas gulisxmobs. Sesabamisad integratori/ koordinatoris roli sxvadasxva sistemebSi myofi xalxis Tavmoyrasa da maTi saqmianobis organizebas gulisxmobs. soc. muSakis integratori/koordinatoris roli metad mravalferovan funqciebs gulisxmobs; is SeiZleba gulisxmobdes teqnikur daxmarebas, gansazRvruli servisebis dakavSirebaSi pirdapir CarTvas, koordinaciis saWiroebis gamovlenas da sxva.

figuraze 2.7-3 naCvenebia soc. muSakis, rogorc integratori/koordinatoris muSaobis principi. organizaciuli, saTemo makro sistemisa da klientis makro sitemebis amsaxveli wreebi erTmaneTis gverdiT aris moTavsebuli oTxkuTxedSi, imis aRsaniSnavad, rom isini erTad muSaoben. soc. muSakis amsaxveli wridan gamomvali isari miuTiTebs soc. muSakis liderul poziciaze erTad Sehyaraos da koordinacia gauwios am ori sistemis muSaobas. oTxuTxedis garSemo mocemuli isrebi koordinaciis process asaxaven.

figura 2.7-3 integratori/koordinatoris roli makro sistemaSi

organizaciuli da saTemo makro sistema

soc. muSaki

konfliqti

makro klientis sistema

30

2.7.4 generaluri menejeri socialur samuSaoSi generaluri menejeris roli organizaciul

sistemaSi administraciuli pasuxismgeblobis gaziarebas gulisxmobs. administratorebi ZiriTadad sami donis unarebs iyeneben – teqnikurs, adamianurs da konceptualurs; teqnikuri unarebi gulismobs saagentos ZiriTadi saqmianobebis marTvis unars, rogoricaa axali programebisa da servisebis ganviTareba, maTi muSaobis efeqturobis Sefaseba da sxva. adamianuri unarebi gulisxmobs interpersonalur efeqturobas, rogoricaa efeqturi komunikacia, mosmena, konfliqtis menejmenti, lideroba, motivaciis gazrda da sxva. konceptualuri unarebi gulisxmobs saagentos zogadi funqcionirebis Sefasebasa da ufro farTo sistemasTan misi Sesabamisobis gansazRvras. es Tviseba aseve exeba rTuli problemebis SemoqmedebiTi gadaWris SesaZleblobebs. termini menejmenti exeba organizaciis an misi erTi nawilis marTvasTan dakavSirebul yvela aspeqts: dagegmvas, organizebas, marTvasa da kontrols.

figuraze 2.7-4 naCvenebia makro praqtikaSi socialuri muSakis, rogorc generaluri menejeris roli. soc. muSakis Sesabamisi rgoli TanamSromelTa rgolebis zemoT aris moTavsebuli, maTken mimarTuli isrebiT; es diagrama imaze mianiSnebs, rom soc. muSaks administraciuli statusi da Zalufleba gaaCnia. samive wre erT organizaciul wreSi imyofeba, rac imaze miuTiTebs, rom generaluri menejeris roli ZiriTadad organizaciul konteqstSi gvxvdeba

figura 2.7-4

organizaciuli da saTemo makro sistema

makro klientis sistema

soc. muSaki

koordinacia

31

generaluri menejeris roli makro praqtikaSi

2.7.5 ganmanaTlebeli

ganmanaTleblis rolis ZiriTadi funqciaa sxvebisTvis informaciis miwodeba da ganaTleba. imisaTvis, rom kargi ganmanaTlebeli iyos, upirveles yovlisa, soc. muSaks mocemuli sakiTxis Sesaxeb safuZvliani informacia unda hqondes. garda amisa, soc. muSaks kargi komunikaciis unari unda gaaCndes, imisTvis rom man informaciis efeqturad gadacema SesZlos.

figuraze 2.7-5 socialuri muSakis aRmniSvneli wridan isrebi miemarTeba, rogroc organizaciuli, saTemo sistemisken, aseve makro klientis sistemisken. es miuTiTebs imaze, rom soc.muSaki informaciiT sxvadasxva sistemebs uzrunvelyofs.

organizaciuli makro sistema

soc. muSak

Tanam Sromel

Tanam Sromel

32

figura 2.7-5 ganmanaTleblis roli makro praqtikaSi

2.7.6 analitikosi/Semfasebeli analitikosis roli efeqturobis gansazRvras gulisxmobs.

analitikosma SeiZleba calkeuli programis an mTliani saagentos efeqturoba gansazRvros. es SeiZleba ganxorcildes organizaciuli an Temis kontqstSi. zogadma praqtikosma, miRebul mravalmxriv codnaze dafuZnebiT, unda gaaanalizos da Seafasos, mocemuli programebi Tu sistemebi ramdenad efeqturad muSaoben. Sesabamisad maT sakuTari intervenciis efeqturobis Sefasebac unda SeZlon

rogorc figura 2.7-6-dan Cans, soc. muSakis aRmniSvneli wridan ori isari gamodis; erTi isari organizaciuli da saTemo makro sistemisken miemarTeba da aRniSnavs, rom soc. muSaks, rogorc analitikoss, sistemis calkeuli programebisa Tu servisebis Sefaseba SeuZlia; meore isari im xazisken miemarTeba, romelic socialur muSaks makro klientTan akavSirebs; es isari mianiSnebs, Tu rogor SeuZlia soc muSaks klientTan gaweuli sakuTari praqtikis Sefaseba.

figura 2.7-6

soc. muSak

organizaciuli da saTemo makro sistema

makro klientis sistema

informaica informaica

33

analitikosi/Semfaseblis roli makro praqtikaSi

2.7.7. brokeri brokeri nebismieri zomis sistemebs (individebs, jgufebs,

organizaciebsa da Temebs) sxvadasxva wyaroebTan da servisebTan akavSirebs. aseTi wyaroebi SeiZleba iyos finansuri, samarTlebrivi, saganmanaTleblo, fsiqologiuri, jandacvaze mimarTuli da sxva.

figuraze 2.7-7 soc. muSakis aRmniSvneli wridan gamomvali xazi organizaciuli da Temis makro sistemidan klientis makro sistemisken mimaval isars uerTdeba, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom soc. muSaki klientis makro sistemis resursebiT uzrunvelyofaSi aqtiurad aris CarTuli.

figura 2.7-7

soc.muSaki

soc.muSaki (selfi)

organizaciul

da saTemo makro sistema

makro klientis sistema

efeqturobis Sefaseba

34

brokeris roli makro praqtikaSi

2.7.8 fasilitatori

fasilitatori aris jgufis saqmianobis mimarTulebis mimcemi. Tumca fasilitatoris funqciis Sesruleba soc. muSakebs ufro xSirad mezo doneze uxdebaT, makro praqtikisas is aseve warmatebiT gamoiyeneba. makro konteqstSi, soc. muSaki monawileebs erTad krebs da xels uwyobs cvlilebebis ganxorcielebas komunikaciis gaumjobesebiT, saWiro informaciiTa da resursebis miwodebiT, akavSirebs saWiro specialistebs da sxva.

figuraze 2.7-8 sami wre saxelwodebiT “kolega” erTmaneTTan xaziT aris SeerTebuli, rac jgufur interaqciebsa da komunikacias gamoxatavs. garda amisa, dakavSirebuli xazebi miuTiTebs, rom kolegebi erTad muSaoben da mezo sistemas hqmnian. soc. muSakis aRmniSvneli wridan mezo sistemisken gamomavali isari mezo sistemis mimarT soc. muSakis liderul pozicias gamoxatavs. momrgvalebuli oTxuTxedi – organizaciuli an Temis makro sistemis saxelwodebiT –yvela saxis urTierTqmedebas moicavs. soc. muSaki fasilitacias uwevs mezo sistemaSi mimdinare yvela process, romelsac Tavis mxriv makro sistemaSi aqvs adgili.

soc. .muSak

organizaciuli da saTemo

mak

makro

35

figura 2.7-8 fasilitatoris roli makro sistemaSi

2.7.9 iniciatori

iniciatori aris is pirovneba Tu pirovnebebi, romlebmac sxvebis

yuradReba mocemul sakiTxze miapyres. TemSi aseTi sakiTxi SeiZleba iyos raRac konkretuli resursis saWiroeba, an ubralod arsebuli situaciis gaumjobeseba. mniSvnelovania imis aRniSvna, rom iniciatoris saqmianobis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgens situaciis gamosworeba manam, sanam is problemis saxes miiRebs. amdenad, momavali problemebis prevencia an arsebuli servisebis gaumjobeseba sakmarisi mizezia imisTvis, rom Sesabamisi cvlilebebis ganxorcilebis mimarTulebiT garkveuli Zalisxmevis ganxorcieleba daiwyos. magaliTad, soc. muSakma SeiZleba gaacnobieros, rom saagentos politikam SeiZleba klientebs gansazRvruli problemebi Seuqmnas da es safrTxe Tavis ufross acnobos. analogiurad, klieetma SeiZleba dainaxos konkretuli momsaxurebis gaumjobesebis gza. nebismier SemTxvevaSi soc. muSaki iniciatoris rols asrulebs da cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis process iwyebs. Cveulebriv, am rols sxva rolis Sesrulebac unda mosdevdes, radgan mxolod problemis identificireba sakmarisi ar aris.

figuraze 2.7-9 soc. muSakis aRmniSvneli wridan Sua, makro sistemis aRmniSvneli wrisken mimavali isari gamoxatavs soc. muSakis aqtivobas servisebis gaumjobesebis mimarTulebiT, xolo meore isari, romelic makro sistemas makro klientis sistemas ukavSirebs, im sargebels gamoxatavs, romelsac makro klientis sistema makro sistemisgan iRebs iniciatoris mier warmoebuli Zalisxmevis Sedegad

kolega kolega

kolega

organizaciuli da saTemo makro sistema

mezo sistema

soc. muSaki

36

gaumjobesebuli servisebis saxiT.

figura 2.7-9 fasilitatoris roli makro sistemaSi

2.7.10 momlaparakebeli

momlaparakebeli es aris Suamavali, romlis saqmianoba mimarTulia

kamaTisa da uTanxmoebis gadasawyvetad. Tumca, mediatorebisgan gansxvavebiT, momlaparakebeli erT_erT mxares aSkarad emxroba.

figuraze 2.7-10 soc. muSakisa da makro klientis sistemis aRmniSvneli wreebi marcxena mxares erTadaa moTavsebulni. es miuTiTebs, rom soc. muSaki makro klientis saxeliT moqmedebs. ori patara klaknili xazi or mxares Soris konflitis arsebobaze miuTiTebs. soc. muSaki cdilobs am konfliqtis gadawyvetas; is erTi mxaris – makro klientis sistemis – saxeliT moqmedebs.

figura 2.7-10 momlaparakeblis roli makro sistemaSi

2.7.11 mobilizatori

mobilizatori Temis warmomadgenlebsa da resursebs ise

soc. muSaki

organizaciu

da saTemo

makro

inciatori

servisis miwodebis gaumjobeseba

sargebeli

organizaciuli da saTemo makro sistema

soc. muSaki

konfliqti

makro klienti

momlaparakebeli

37

akavSirebs, rom SesaZlebelia Temis saWiro moTxovnilebebis dakmayofileba. mobilizatoris mizania, Temis konteqstSi arsebul saWiroebas saWiro resursi moargos. aRsaniSnavia, rom adre ganxiluli rolebisgan gansaxvavebiT, mobilizatoris roli mxolod Temis konteqstSi gvxvdeba.

figuraze 2.7-11 didi centraluri wre makro sistemas gamoxatavs, sadac patara wreebi Temis warmomadgenlebs aRniSnavs. soc. muSakis – mobilizatoris – aRmniSvneli wridan didi wrisken gamomavali isari soc. muSakis mier mobilizaciis mimarTulebiT gaweul Zalisxmevas aRniSnavs.

figura 2.7-11 mobilizatoris roli makro praqtikaSi

moqalaqe

moqalaqe

moqalaqe

moqalaqe

moqalaqe

moqalaqe

soc.muSaki

moqmedeba

makro sistema

mobilizatori

2.7.12 advokati

advokatireba es aris klientis sistemis saxeliT aqtiuri intervencia im saWiro resursebis mosapoveblad, romlebic xelmisawvdomi ar aris; an im wesebisa da politikis Sesacvlelad, romelic klientis sitemaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs. rasakvirvelia, makro praqtikis dros soc. muSaki gansazRvruli makro klintis sistemis saxeliT moqmedebs. es gansakuTrebiT im situaciisTvis aris aqtualuri, rodesac makro klientTa sistemas saWiro resursebis misaRebad Zalian patara Zalaufleba gaaCnia. xSirad, advokatireba saqmianobis ufro metad gafarToebas gulisxmobs, vidre es konkretuli sakiTxis gadasaWrelad aris saWiro.

advokatis roli zogadi soc. muSakis erT-erT ZiriTad rols warmoadgens. zogadi praqtikosis eTikuri pasuxismgeblobis nawils warmoadgens klientis sistemis saxeliT gaakeTos ufro meti, vidre amas mis mimarT arsebuli minimaluri molodini moiTxovs, rodesac es sistema resursebis naklebobasa da daxmarebas saWiroebs.

figuraze 2.7-12 makro klientis sistema da soc. muSaki erTmaneTis

38

gverdiTaa moTavsebuli, rac maT Soris arsebul aliansze miuTiTebs. soc. muSakis aRmniSvneli wridan makro sistemisken mimvali msxvili isari miuTiTebs im did energiasa da Zalisxmevaze, romelic soc. muSaks msxvil da gavlenian sistemaze gavlenis mosaxdenad sWirdeba.

figura 2.7-12 advokatis roli makro praqtikaSi

2.8 kritikuli azrovnebis unarebis gamoyeneba

kritikuli azrovneba aris inteleqtualuri da emociuri procesebis gamoyenebis unari, romelic SesaZleblobas gvaZlevs gancxadebebi, argumentebi Tu gamocdileba maTi sandoobisa da Rirebulebebis mixedviT SevafasoT. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, krtikuli azrovneba gulisxmobs gansazRvruli daSvebebis, e.w. “faqtebis” validurobis Sefasebas.

socialur samuSaoSi kritikuli azrovnebis gamoyeneba Semdegs gulisxmobs:

1. iseTi kiTxvebis gamoyeneba, romelic klientis keTildReobis

Sesaxeb daskvnebis gakeTebis SesaZleblobas iZleva 2. kiTxvis dasma “ es imuSavebs?” da “saidan ici?” ; aseve gamoyenebuli

meTodebis ganzogadebis SesaZleblobebis Sesaxeb fiqri 3. mtkicebulebze dayrdnoba – logikuri, racionaluri, meToduri da

monacemebze dafuZnebuli azrovneba 4. argumentebis gaanalizeba imisTvis rom gamoCndes, msjelobaSi ra

aris winaaRmdegobrivi da mcdari; mecnieruli azrovnebis principebis gamoyeneba. socialuri praqtikis dros mTeli rigi mcdari rwmenebi gvxvdeba,

romelmac praqtikosi SeiZleba araswor Sexedulebebamde miiyvanos. aseTi mcdari rwmenebi xSirad aSkarad ar vlindeba da saubrisa da

soc. muSak

organizaciuli da saTemo makro

sistema

makro klientis sistema

advokati

39

argumentaciis miRma imaleba. amgvarma mcdarma rwmenebma soc. muSaki SeiZleba araswor daskvnamde miiyvanos. aseTi mcdari rwmenebi xSirad namdvils hgavs, Tumca realurad ase ar aris.

mcdari Sexedulebebis Semqmenli SeiZleba qarizma an Sarmi iyos. magaliTad, ganvixiloT Semdegi SemTxveva – socialuri momsaxurebis saagentos axali ufrosi aris qarizmatuli, momxibvleli pirovneba, romelsac uamravi axali idea da gegma aqvs. TanamSromlebi moxiblulebi arian misi gamocdilebiTa da gegmebiT. Tumca, mTeli koleqtivi gaognebuli rCeba, roca saagento dafinansebis ZiriTad nawils kargavs, saagentos direqtoris damfinansebel organizaciasTan araargumentirebuli kamaTis gamo. TanamSromelbi aseve SokSi Caagdo direqtoris meuRlis mier atexilma skandalma qmris RalatSi dadanaSaulebasTan dakavSirebiT. saagentos TanamSromlebi da gamgeobis wevrebi Sewuxebulni arian organizaciaze am skandalis uaryofiTi gavlenis gamo. direqtori moulodnelad tovebs organizacias; erTi wlis ganmavlobaSi misi momxibvlelobiTa da qarizamtuli xasiaTiT gabruebul TanamSromlebs, finansurad daulagebel da avtoritetSelaxul saagentos utovebs. kritikuli azrovneba TanamSromlebs direqtorze swori STabeWdilebis CamoyalibebaSi daexmareboda – aseT SemTxvevaSi isini TavianT damokidebulebas ara direqtoris qarizmasa da momxibvlelobas, aramed konkretul saqmeebsa da faqtebze daafuZnebdnen. am SemTxvevaSi isini garegnulad demonstrirebuli Tvisebebis realur saqmianobasTan Sedarebas SesZlebdnen. SemcdomaSi Semyvani iyo agreTve direqtoris “ diadi ideebi” da “aRiarebuli gamocdileba”. axali ideebi jer kidev ar niSnavs rom es ideebi organizaciis saqmianobis Sesatyvisi da warmatebebis momtania. aseve kiTxvebs tovebs navaraudebi gamocdileba; ramdenad relevanturia es gamocdileba saagentos saqmianobasTan.

socialurma muSakma kritikuli azrovneba zogadi praqtikis yvela nawilSi unda gamoiyenos – klientis mdgomareobis Sefasebisas, saagentos politikis analizisas, gamoyenebuli intervenciis efeqturobis gansazRvrisas da sxva.

3. dagegmili cvlilebebis procesi

rogroc figura 2.1-dan Cans, dagegmili cvlilebebis procesi

Svid ZiriTad safexurs moicavs: samuSaos dawyeba, mdgomareobis Sefaseba, dagemva, ganxorcileba, muSaobis Sefaseba, muSaobis Sewyveta da Sedegebis mimoxilva. TiToeuli safexuris mniSvnelovnebis gamo, am nawilSi TiToeul maTgans detalurad ganvixilavT.

sanam zemoaRniSnuli safexurebis detalur ganxilavaze gadavalT, ramdenime sityviT terminologiis sakiTxs SevexebiT. socialur samuSaoSi xSirad gamoiyeneba termini “problemis gadawyveta”, romelic azrobrivad igives gamoxatavs, rasac “dagegmili cvlilebebis procesi”. Tumca, rogorc bevri avtori aRniSnavs, sityva “problema” Tanamedrove socialuri samuSaos midgomas ar Seesabameba,

40

romlis mixedviT aqcenti klientis Zlier mxareebze unda gakeTdes. miuxedavad imisa, rom socialuri samuSaos ZiriTadi nawili problemuri situaciebis mogvarebas exeba, mainc iTvleba, rom termini “cvlileba” Tanamedrove socialur samuSaos ufro metad Seesabameba.

am nawilSi Cven ganvixilavT im ZiriTad saxelmZRvanelo principebs, romlesac makro cvlilebebis procesi gulisxmobs. miuxedavad imisa, rom yoveli SemTxveva individualuria da individualur midgomas moiTxovs, zogadi principebis codna zogad praqtikoss swori intervenciis meTodis SerCevaSi mniSvnelovnad daexmareba.

3.1 muSaobis dawyeba.

muSaobis dawyeba aris is sawyisi etapi, rodesac soc. muSaki

problemas pirvelad Seexeba da klientTan an klientTa jgufTan pirvel komunikacias iwyebs. muSaobis dawyebis etapze praqtikosis winaSe oTxi ZiriTadi amocana dgas: (1) situaciaSi CarTva, (2) yvela dakavSirebul pirTan komunikaciis damyareba, (3) klientTan erToblivi muSaobis parametrebis gansazRvra da (4) sawyisi samuSao struqturis Seqmna.

Sesabamisad, mocemuli etaps oTxi ZiriTadi Sedegi unda hqondes: pirveli, zogadi praqtikosi problemuri situaciis ganuyofeli nawili da dagegmili cvlilebebis procesSi efeqturad CarTuli xdeba. meore, cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis procesSi CarTuli yvela piri erTmaneTTan efeqtur komunikacias amyarebs. mesame, praqtikosi da klientTa sistema problemuri situaciisa da misi mogvarebis gzebis Sesaxeb garkveuli saxis SeTanxmebas amyareben da meoTxe, maT unda hqondeT naTeli warmodgena, Tu ras akeTeben momdevno etpze.

3.2 mdgomareobis Sefaseba sakiTxis identificireba da informaciis Segroveba. rogroc

avtorTa umravlesoba aRniSnavs, sawyisi Sefaseba efeqturi praqtikis safuZvels warmoadgens. es procesi klientis saWiroebebis bunebisa da xarisxis dadgenas gulisxmobs; aseve, klientis resursebisa da mxardaWeris sistemebisa da sxva garemo faqtorebis Sesaxeb inforamciis Sekrebas. Sefasebis etapis Sedegebi momdevno, dagegmvisa da ganxorcielebis etapebis, safuZvels qmnis.

Sefasebis procesSi ramdenime aspeqtia aRsaniSnavi: pirveli, informaciis moZieba, interpretacia da Sesabamisi daskvnebis gakeTeba. meore, Tumca Sefasebas socialuri muSaki adreul etapze mimarTavs, misi gamoyeneba muSaobis mTeli periodis ganmavloibaSi grZeldeba; klientis sistemasa da garemo pirobebSi momxdar cvlilebebTan morgeba socialur muSaks mudam uwevs, rac aucilebelia cvlilebebis Sesabamisi intervenciis axali meTodebis SesamuSaveblad. mesame, mopovebuli informacia organizebuli unda iyos ise, rom praqtikosma da klientis

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sistemam samoqmedo gegmis dasaxva erToblivad moaxerxon. klientis sistemis identifikacia. vin warmoadgens klientis

sistemas? visi saxeliT moqmedebs soc. muSaki? amis gansazRvra arc ise advilia, rogorc erTi SexedviT Cans. mikro doneze muSaobis drosac, xSirad Zneli gansasazRvria, vin Sedis Tqveni klientis sistemaSi da vin ara. davuSvaT, Tqven socialur muSakad arasrulwlovani damnaSeve gogonebis instituciaSi muSaobT. Tqveni samuSao aRweriloba individualur, jgufur da ojaxur konsultirebas gulisxmobs. rogor gamoyofdiT Tqveni klientis sistemas – instituciaSi myofi TiToeuli gogona? ramdenime gogonasgan Semdgari mcire jgufebi, Tu TiToeuli gogona da misi ojaxi? mocemul magalTSi soc. muSakis klientis sistema erT SemTxevvaSi SeiZleba iyos instituciaSi myofi calkeuli piri, zog SemTxvevaSi muSaoba SeiZleba saWiro gaxdes mezo doneze-mcire jgufebTan, zogjer ki klinetTa sistema SeiZleba makro dones ekuTvnodes – mTlianad saagento Tu Temi – romelic intervenciidan sargebels miiRebs.

klientis sistemis problemebisa da saWiroebebis Sefaseba makro perspeqtividan. ganvixiloT saagento, romelic usaxlkaro mamakacebTan muSaobs. bevr usaxlkaro mamakacs aseve narkotikebisa da alkoholis moxmarebis problema aqvs. magram saagentos am problemasTan muSaobis kompetencia ar aqvs. davuSvaT, Tqven am saagentoSi muSaobT, rogroc socialuri muSaki. Tqven akvirdebiT da aanalizebTn klientebis mdgomareobas; xedavT, rom klientebis umravlesoba usaxlkaroTa droebiT TavSesafrebSi cxovrobs; maTi ZiriTadi problemebia – umuSevroba, dabali TviTSefaseba, dagegmvis susti unari da nivTierebebze (alkoholi, narkotikuli nivTierebebi) damokidebuleba. aqedan gaomdinare, am adamianebis ZiriTadi saWiroebebia – profesiuli unarebis treningi da dasaqmeba, TviTpativiscemisa da TviTdarwmunebulobis amaRleba, swored dagegmvis unarebis ganviTareba da nivTierebebze damokidebulebasTan gamklaveba.

saagento klientebTan mikro doneze aqtiurad muSaobs; bevri aseve mezo doneze jgufur konsultaciebSia CarTuli. magram rac Seexeba nivTierebebze damokidebulebis problemis mogvarebas, saagento klientebTan verc mikro da ver mezo doneze ver muSaobs. Tqven TandaTan logikurad midixarT daskvnamde, rom klientebis problemebisa da saWiroebebis mosagvareblad, saagento TviTon unda gaxdes gansazRvruli intervenciis samizne. Tqven midixarT daskvnamde, rom saagentos SigniT saWiroa specialuri treningis Catareba, romelic TanamSromlebs nivTierebebze damokidebulebis sakiTxebSi gaarkvevs da am problemis mogvarebaSi kvalifikacias Sematebs. amgvari makro cvlilebiT sargebels miiReben, rogorc saagentos TanamSromlebi, aseve saagentos klientebi.

klientis Zlieri mxareebis identificireba. metad mniSvnelovania SefasebaSi klientis Zlieri mxareebis identificireba. mikro donis perspeqtividan ganxilvisas, SeiZleba vTqvaT, rom bevri individualuri klienti metad motivirebulia sakuTari cxovrebis gasaumjobeseblad;

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maTi umravlesoba cdilobs aqtiurad CaerTos gansaxorcielebeli cvlilebebis procesSi.

mezo doneze klientTa Zlieri mxareebis identificireba ufro rTulia. radgan am doneze klientebis umravlesobasTan muSaoba ojaxuri urTierTobebis fonze mimdinareobs; maTi umetesoba ojaxuri urTierTobebis gadaxalisebas muSaobis erT-erT saboloo miznad miiCnevs; Sesabamisad, zogierTma klientma SeiZleba ojaxisagan Zlieri mxardaWera miiRos. garda amisa, klientebi xSirad monawileoben saagentos mier warmarTul sxvadsxva Terapiul jgufebSi – mxardaWeris jgufi, saganmanaTleblo jgufi da sxva; rac mezo doneze, aseve klientis erT-erT Zlier mxared SeiZleba CaiTvalos.

da bolos, Zlieri mxareebis identificireba makro doneze gulisxmobs: pirveli, imis dadgena, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba saagentos resursebi klientebis saWiro servisiT uzrunvelyofas. meore, saagentoSi saWiro resursebis arasebobis SemTxvevaSi, saWiro cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis aucileblobaSi saagentos administraciis darwmuneba da mesame, imis gansazRvra, Tu ramdenad mzad arian saagentos TanamSromlebi aRniSnuli cvlilbebisTvis – ramdenad Tvlian, rom axali unarebis ganviTarebiT, isini klientebis saWiroebebis dakmayofilebas ukeTesad SesZleben.

3.3 dagegmva makro praqtikaSi zogad praqtikaSi dagegmva miznebis identificirebas, maTi

ganxorcielebis gzebis monaxvasa da maTi ganxorcielebis etapebis dadgenas niSnavs. radgan makro praqtika, mikro da mezo donesTan SedarebiT met adamianebs, cvladebsa da pirobebs moicavs, dagegmvis procesi am doneze gacilebiT ufro rTulia. gacilebiT meti cvladia gasaTvaliswinebeli. mikro da makro donis intervenciis dros makro donis cvlilebis aucilebloba yovelTvis mxedvelobaSia misaRebi; Tumca xSirad soc. muSakebi klientebis problemas mxolod mikro da mezo perspeqtividan ganixilaven.

rogroc ki zogadi praqtikosi gadawyvets, rom makro cvlilebis ganxorcieleba aucilebelia, man mTel rig procedurebsa da safexurebs unda misdios. radgan makro cvlilebis Sefaseba da dagegma metad rTulia, es ori procesi xSirad erTmaneTTan gadaWaWvulia. mikro da mezo donisgan gansaxvavebiT, makro doneze Sefasebis da dagegmvis procesSi bevri iseTi movlena iCens Tavs, romelzec soc. muSaks kontroli ar miuwvdeba.

figuraze 3.1 makro doneze dagegmili cvlilebebis procesia warmodgenili. Sefaseba yovelTvis mimdinare procesia da Sesabamisad, moqnilobas moiTxovs. amitom, Sefaseba figuraze wyvetili isrebiT mikro da mezo donisken miemarTeba da Semdeg cvlilebebis ganxorcielebis Svidive safexurs miyveba imis aRsaniSnavad, rom mikro da mezo midgoma intervenciis nebismier doneze SeiZleba iyos gamoyenebuli.

figuraze 3.1 asve naCvenebia is gansxvaveba, romliTac makro donis

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cvlilebebis procesi mikro da mezo doneze mimdinare cvlilebebisgan gansxvavdeba. kerZod, rodesac zogadi praqtikosi dakavebulia makro intervenciiT, man SeiZleba zemoT ganxiluli cvlilebebis Svid safexuriani modeli Sefasebisa da dagegmvis etapze gamoiyenos.

makro donis Sefasebis eqstensiurobis gamo, dagegmva garkveulwilad Sefasebis Semdomi gagrZelebis saxes iRebs. makro doneze organizaciuli an Temis cvlilebebis ganxorcilebis potencialis Sefaseba da dagegmva Svidsafexuriani procesis saSualebiT xdeba; es procesi inglisurenovan literaturaSi PREPARE –is saxelwodebiT aris cnobili da Semdeg safexurebs gulisxmobs:

Sefasebisa da dagegmvis msgavsad, makro doneze ganxorcielebisa da

muSaobis Sefasebis etapi sakmaod rTul procesebs warmoadgens. ganxorcieleba es aris gegmis realobaSi gatareba, xolo muSaobis Sefaseba ki imis gansazRvraa, Tu ramdeand efeqturi iyo ganxorcielebuli cvlileba. aRniSnuli etapebi emyareba process, romelic inglisurenovan literaturSi IMAGINE-is saxelwodebiT aris cnobili da Semdeg safexurebs moicavs:

P

R

E

P

A

R

E

problemebis identificireba/ Identify Problems to address

makro da pirovnuli realobis mimoxilva/ Review your macro and personal Reality

klientebis an saagentos potenciuri finansuri danaxarjisa da sargebelis

Sefaseba/Assesss potencial financial costs and benefits to clients and agency.

pirveladi miznebis dadgena/ Establish primary goals

zegavlenis mosaxdenad relevanturi xalxis identificireba/ Identufy relevant People to influence

pirovnuli da profesiuli riskebis mimoxilva/ Review professional and personal Risk .

makro cvlilebis procesis mosalodnelii warmatebis Sefaseba/ Evaluate the potential success of macro change process