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saguramo

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mTavari redaqtoriandro bedukaZe

redaqtorebiivane amirxanaSviliuCa SerazadiSvili

JurnalSi gamoqveynebuli masalebisgamoyeneba redaqciasTan SeuTanxme-blad dauSvebelia

tel.: 551 18 37 76saguramomag@gmail.com

S i n a a r s i

Tanamdevi sulebi

3. mixeil javaxiSvili saqarTvelos sazRvrebi

literaturis istoria

7. lali avaliani cisferyanwelebi

kritika

27. Jaklin siraZe uCveulo postmodernizmi

saidumlo baraTebi

45. ioseb griSaSvilis sayvareli qalebi (moamzada nodar grigoraSvilma)

genealogia

63. maia cercvaZe `biWic kargia da ojaxic kargi aqvs~

Tvalsazrisi

69. dimitri SveliZe. giorgi JuJunaSvili ilia WavWavaZis ucnobi werili

peterburgis gazeTSi

recenzia

80. malxaz ivaniZe Txroba rogorc kulturuli perseveracia

axali Targmanebi

82. vasili rozanovi wignidan `ganmartoebuli~ (Targmna baCana bregvaZem)

90. frensis oto matiseni okeane (Targmnes paata da rostom CxeiZeebma)

100. boris pasternaki werilebi (Targmna salome bedukaZem)

107. andre morua don Juani anu cxovreba baironisa (Targmna daviT kaxaberma)

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saqarTvelos sazRvrebisanam arsebobdnen damoukidebeli da

Zlieri somxeTi, bizantia da trapezun-di (Zveli ponti) saqarTvelo damouki-debeli, Zlieri iyo, radgan misi somxe-Tis karebi daketili iyo. somxeTisa, bi-zantiisa da trapezundis daSlis Sem-deg es karebebic gaiRo, zRudeni moiS-alnen da osmalTa talRebma walekes daCamogvacales naxevari saqarTvelo,xolo meore naxevari danarCensaqarTvelosi imdenad gaivso mravalsaukuneTa ganmavlobaSi samusulmanoqveynebidan momdinare somxebiT, rommaT faqtiurad daimkvidres didi naw-ili aRmosavleT saqarTvelosi da misierTi nawili SeierTes kidevac.

am axlo momavalSi, Tu moulodneliaraferi moxda, unda damkvidrdes daSeiqmnes mokavSireTa wyalobiT, TiTq-mis aTasi wlis winaT daSlili somxeTida TiTqmis xuTi saukunis winaT dan-greuli trapezundi. yoveli SegnebuliqarTvelisTvis somxeTisa da berZnultrapezundis aRdgena udris saqarTve-los aRdgenas da misi damoukideblobisganmtkiceba-damkvidrebas, radgan: 1.saqarTvelos sazRvrebs Camoecleba dametad dasustdeba is Zala _ osmaleTi,romelmac daaqveiTa, daasusta saqar-Tvelo da iqamdis miiyvana, rom man Tvi-Tonve xeli aiRo Tavis suverenobaze daTvisi Tavi da bedi ucxo saxelmwifosgadasca. 2. im dromdis, sanam saqarTve-los mosazRvred osmaleTi eyoleba,

Cveni samSoblo ver moisvenebs, mTelTavis Zala-qonebas samxreTis sazRvre-bis dacvas moandomebs da male imdenaddasustdeba Zalauneburi militarulipolitikiT, rom bolos an osmaleTislukma gaxdeba, an Tavis fizikuri arse-bobis SenarCunebisaTvis isev ruseTsCauvardeba xelSi. 3. somxeTisa da tra-pezundis aRdgenis Semdeg wina aziaSi dakavkasionis samxreTiT damyardeba Zal-Ta daaxlovebiTi swor-wonoba da mSvi-doba.

orasi wlis ganmavlobaSi zemoaRniS-nul teritoriaze gauTavebeli omiswarmoebda CvenisTana sust erebiszurgze ruseTsa da osmaleTs Soris,romelnic erTmaneTs ecilebodnenevropa-aziis karebsa da xids: amier-kavkasias da somxeTis zegans. Tu mokav-Sireebma or saxelmwifos xeli aaRe-bines am kareb-xidze, Zlierni da gamar-jvebulni friad dainteresebulniiqnebian, rom wina aziaSi mSvidobiano-bis dasamyareblad Seqmnan, ganamtkiconda daamkvidron damoukidebeli an nax-evrad damoukidebeli saqarTvelo,somxeTi, trapezundi, azerbeijani, si-ria, palestina, osmaleTi, sparseTi damesopotamia iseT sazRvrebSi da iseTisZalisa, rom aziis am nawilSi damyardesZalTa daaxlovebiT swor-wonaoba.

zemo aRniSnul da sxva mizezTa gamo,romelTa CamoTvla Sors wagviyvanda,saqarTvelom yoveli saSualeba unda

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ixmaros da Tvisi mcire Zala-energia ardazogos, raTa osmaleTis teritori-aze Seiqmnes saqarTvelos mosazRvreori saxelmwifo: somxeTi da trapezun-di.

Tu axali rRveva ar moxda qveynisa,es gegma advilad SeiZleba ganxor-cieldes, radgan amas moiTxovs saxelm-wifo interesebi inglis-safrangeTisa,italiisa da Savi zRvis irgvliv mde-bare saxelmwifoebisa. pirvel sams sax-elmwifos hyavs didZali qveSevrdomimusulmani, romelTa damorCileba damarTva-gamgebloba metad gaadvildebada uzrunveli gaxdeba mxolod imSemTxvevaSi, Tu es qveynebi miswvdebianteritoriulad osmaleTs, e.i. am qvey-nebsa da osmaleTs Sua Seiqmneba axalierTi, ori da sami saqristiano saxelm-wifo _ somxeTi, trapezundi da siria.marTalia, es saxelmwifoni mxolod no-minalurad iqnebian qristianuli dadamoukidebelni, magram arsebiTad amasmniSvneloba ar eqneba. faqtiuradsamive saxelmwifo iqneba romelime ev-ropul saxelmwifos kolonia, dasaxle-buli iseTi erebiT, romelnic erTimxriT, winaaRmdegni iqnebian osmaleTi-sa (somxebi, berZnebi, ebraelebi, arabe-bi da sxva), xolo meore mxriT, mudmiviqiSpobiT urTierT Soris am teritori-aze mesame saxelmwifos gavlena-ba-tonobas gaaadvileben da daamyareben.es mesame saxelmwifo siria-somxeTSi,rogorca Cans, safrangeTi iqneba.

safrangeTma orasi wlis muSaobiTdidi saqme gaikeTa da Zlieri gavlenisZafi gaaba siriidan moyolebuli mosu-li vilaetis gayolebaze urmiis tbisnapirebamdis. am raions igi xmamaRla daaSkarad edaveboda am omis drosac ki in-glissa da ruseTsac, xolo gamarjveb-is Semdeg aRniSnuli ufleba safrange-Tisa ucilobeli Seiqna.

garda amisa, ukanasknel dros cxa-dad sCans somxur gazeTebidanac ki, romsomxebis imedi ufro safrangeTs eyrd-noba, vidre ingliss.

es mosazrebani uflebas gvaZlevenvifiqroT, rom somxeTisa da siriis ba-tonmflobeloba SeiZleba daeTmos sa-

frangeTs, romelic siria-kilikiidansomxeTis zeganze amova da aqedan ecde-ba gavrceldes kavkasiasa da CrdiloeTsparseTze.

aq, somxeTis zeganze, erTmaneTsxvdebian da ejaxebian safrangeTi da in-glisis interesebi. momavlis istoriaganmeorebaa warsulisa da xval somxe-Tis zeganze uciloblad ganmeordebaguSindeli ambebi: nacvlad ruseT-os-maleTisa da osmaleT-germaniisa erT-maneTs Seekrebian inglis-safrangeTi-sa da inglis-osmaleTis interesebi.

inglisisTvis amierkavkasias iseTivemniSvneloba aqvs, rogorc suecis arxs.baTum-baqos gza ingliss xelT ugdebsmTel amierkavkasias, sparseTs da kaspi-is gaRma uSvelebel teritorias. esadgilebi da gzebi, ukve daWerili in-glisis mier, Tavis pirdapiri fasisa damniSvnelobis garda, ifaraven da icaveninglisis mTavar sakveb auzs _ indo-eTs, avRanistans, sparseTs da axladSeZenil mesopotamias, _ romelnicmxolod viwro yeliT _ suecis arxiT_ arian gadabmulni mesopotamiasTan.es garemoeba udides xifaTs uqadis in-gliss, romelic veras gziT xelidanver gauSvebs umTavres nayofs Tavisgamarjvebisas: zemoaRniSnul axalqveynebs da axals baTum-baqos moklegzas, romelnic mravaljer uadvilebsingliss zemoxsenebul qveynebis mar-Tva-gamgeblobas da SenarCunebas. amZiriTad debulebidan istoriulisaucileblobiT gamomdinareobs ingli-sis mxriv gafarToveba da dacva samxre-Tis mxriT baTum-baqos gasavlel kori-dorisa (CrdiloeTis xifaTiT, jer-jerobiT mainc, saTvalavSi ar CaiTvle-ba), romelsac hketavs erTaderTi kare-bi _ uZlieresi cixe yarsi.

es simagre marto kavkasiis karebi kiar aris, aramed mTeli mcire aziisac.igi strategiuli RerZia Savi zRvisa,kaspiisa da xmelTaSua zRvis Soris mde-bare qveynebisa. pirvelad istoriidanmoyolebuli am patara wertilze daiw-yo da dasrulda bedi mraval xalxisa:somxeTisa, saqarTvelosi da osmaleTi-sac. samxedro mecnierebs ucilobel

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WeSmaritebad miaCnia, rom yarsis mflo-bels erTi fexi kavkasiaSi udgas, meoreki osmaleTSi da baton-patronia oriveqveynisa. inglisma, ra Tqma unda, kargadicis fasi da mniSvneloba yarsisa, ami-tom igi arc erTs did saxelmwifos ardauTmobs mas. am mosazrebaTa gamoyarsis raionSi unda daejaxnen erTma-neTs inglis-safrangeTis interesebi,da saqarTvelom am garemoebiT undaisargeblos, gamoiyenos igi Tavis sa-sargeblod da scados damkvidrebadidi saqarTvelosi: mxolod amis Sem-deg mas Seergeba da gamoadgeba samuda-mo neitralitetis Zebna da mopoveba.winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, dRevandelfarglebSi moqceuli saqarTvelo iZu-lebuli iqneba uari sTqvas Tavis nei-tralitetze, rogorc saberZneTi moiq-ca 1861 wels.

siriidan yarsisken mimaval safra-ngeTs inglisi win aRudgeba yarsis sam-xreTiT da Woroxis xeobis saTaveSi.radgan safrangeTi samxreTidan somxe-Tis droSis qveS midis, amitom inglisicZalauneburad saqarTvelos droSasamoefareba da yvelanairad ecdeba, racSeiZleba samxreTisken waswios igi dafrangul somxeTs win dauxvedros in-glisuri saqarTvelo. es mosazrebasabuTs gvaZlevs vifiqroT, rom ingli-si mxars dauWers saqarTvelos saz-Rvrebis gafarTovebas samxreTiT daecdeba am sazRvrebSi moaqcios yarsi,ispirTorTumi da lazistani.

yarsisa, lazistanisa da ispirTor-Tumis SeZena, dacva da SenarCuneba Seg-viZlia mxolod im SemTxvevaSi, TusaqarTvelosa da osmaleTs Soris aSen-da erTi da ori zRude. somxeTi da tra-pezundi. am saxelmwifoebis aRdgena,vimeoreb, saqarTvelos aRdgenas ud-ris, magram saqarTvelosTvis sul erTiar aris Zala da raodenoba im axal er-Teulebisa, romelnic Cveni samSoblosgarSemo ibadebian da moqmedeben. Tuganxorcielda parizSi SemuSavebuligegma frangul somxeTis Seqmnisa (ruse-Tisa da osmaleTis somxeTis gaer-Tianebis), igi did saqarTvelozedac kimeti iqneba samnaxevarjer (somxeTi Se-

icavs 372,000 kilometrs, xolosaqarTvelo 104,000 verss, anu 110,000kilometrs.), saSualo saqarTvelozeTiTqmis xuTjer meti, xolo dRevandelsaqarTveloze eqvsjer meti. igi ar dau-vardeba mTel kavkasias, TiTqmis orjergadaaWarbebs amierkavkasias da erTnax-evarjer _ italias. aseTi didi saxelm-wifos Seqmna daarRvevs wina aziaSi Zal-Ta sworwonobas da daemuqrebasaqarTvelos. amis sawinaaRmdegodsaqarTvelom unda amoiwios da mTeliTavisi Zala-imedi SeuerTos did brit-aneTs, romlis interesi savsebiT eT-anxmeba saqarTvelos interess, ese igi:winaaRmdeg franguli somxeT-asureTi-sa Seimqnas inglisuri didi saqarTveloda trapezundi. xolo am miznis ganxor-cielebisaTvis da ZalTa sworwonobisdasamyareblad saWiroa, rom 1. gadaec-es momaval pontis saxelmwifos trape-zunis vilaieTi garda lazistanisa,romelic saqarTvelos unda SeuerT-des. 2. CamoeWras somxeTs da gadaecessaqarTvelos nawili arzrumis vilaie-Tisa (ispiri da TorTumi). 3. mTeliyarsis olqic unda SeuerTdes saqar-Tvelos. 4. radgan yarsis marTva-gam-geoba da SenarCuneba SeuZlebelia bor-jom-axalcixe-artaanis gziT, amitomsaqarTvelosve unda gadaeces Tbilis-yarsis gza da xidi _ gumbris mazra, _winandeli Sulaveri, _ romelic mra-val saukunis ganmavlobaSi saqar-Tvelos ekuTvnoda. 5. saqarTvelosveunda daubrundes misi istoriulikuTvnileba _ yazaxi da saingilo.

aseT sazRvrebSi moqceuli saqar-Tvelo mainc samjer naklebi iqneba siv-rciT somxeTze da TiTqmis gauTanas-wordeba mas mcxovrebTa raodenobiT:somxeTma rom moaxerxos da gafantulsomexTa umravlesoba moagrovos Tavisteritoriaze, somxebi Seadgenen iq ara-umetes 30-35 proc.-sa, xolo qarTvele-bi did saqarTveloSi mainc Seadgenen 60proc.-mdis, raic male iseT Zalas mis-cems saqarTvelos, rom igi arafriTCamorCeba somxeTs, Tumca somxeTs ter-itoria samjer ufro meti eqneba, vidresaqarTvelos.

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am istoriulsa da udides saqmes, _did saqarTvelos Seqmnas, _ ra Tqmaunda, didi Zala sWiria. mokled movWri:am gegmas saqarTvelo Tavis mcire Za-lebiT ver ganaxorcielebs. arc somxe-Ti, arc siria da arc ponto Tavisi sak-uTari ZalebiT verc Seqmnian da vercSeinarCuneben damoukideblobas. Tana-xmad bunebis kanonisa, sustni ZlierTebRauWebian da maTi daxmarebiT arse-boben, izrdebian da viTardebian.

saqarTvelo msoflio ZalTa gza daxidia, romlis xelSi Casagdebad kidevmravali sisxli daiRvreba da mis zurg-ze mravaljer daejaxebian erTmaneTsdidi saxelmwifoni.

Cveni damoukidebloba nayofia amZalTa kombinaciisa, ronelic CvenTvalwin icvleba. Cveni valia am kombi-naciis mimdinareobas gavyveT da arse-buli pirobebi gamoviyenoT Cveni xalx-

isa da samSoblos sasargeblod.damyareba, dacva da ganmtkiceba di-

di saqarTvelosi zemoxsenebul saz-RvrebSi iseTi ganuzomeli da istori-uli saqmea, rom misi gulisTvis Cven ve-rafers davzogavT. Tu uzrunvelyo-fili iqneba mSvidoba da erovnul Zal-Ta ganviTareba, mravaljer imatebsprocesi saqarTvelos sulier-kultu-rul gaerTianebisa, ekonomikur ganvi-Tarebisa da saqarTvelo naxevarisaukunis Semdeg gadaiqceva centradevropiul kulturisa wina aziaSi.

saqarTvelos Tanamedrove Taobasbedma daakisra uaRresad didi valde-buleba da pasuxismgebloba winaSe mo-maval saqarTvelosi. am Taobam undaisargeblos iSviaTi SemTxveviT, pir-naTlad Seasrulos Tvisi vali da daim-saxuros samarado madloba momavalTaobaTa.

(1919, 18-19 Tebervali)

TiTqmis erTi saukune gvaSorebs cis-feryanwelTa, e.w. qarTvel simbolistTajgufis dafuZnebis (1915-16 wlebis mij-na) dros. is, rom ocdameerTe saukuneSicar ganelebula interesi cisferi orde-nis~ mimarT (marto CvenSi ki ara, _ ucx-oeTSic), migvaniSnebs mis WeSmaritadnovatorul suls da cxovelmyofelo-bas. SesaZloa, axla, interteqstual-izaciisa da globaluri ekleqtikis Jams,ufro mkafiod warmoCndes, _ rogorgauswro dros `cisferma ordenma~ daraoden didia misi wvlili ara mxolodqarTuli leqsis formaluri sruly-ofisa da gamravalferovnebis, aramed,zogadad, qarTuli poeziis ganaxlebissaqmeSi.

literaturuli dajgufebani mTladucxo xili ar iyo qarTuli mwerlobi-saTvis. XIX saukuneSi pirvelad`Tergdaleulebma~, e. w. samocianelebmagamokveTes naTlad TavianTi mrwamsi.ruseTSi ganaTlebamiRebul Tergdale-ulebs~, _ maT aRiarebul moTaves iliaWavWavaZes, akaki wereTels, niko ni-kolaZes, giorgi wereTels, kirilelorTqifaniZes da sxvaT, mogvianebiTdauaxlovdnen petre nakaSiZe, aleqsan-dre savaneli, mixeil yifiani, ivane pol-taracki, ilia winamZRvriSvili... magrammaT ar ucdiaT organizaciuli gamTli-aneba, gansxvavebuli literaturuli sk-olis, dajgufebis Seqmna, Tumca zog sa-kiTxSi mkveTrad gaemijnen wina TaobaTamwerlebs, e. w. `mamebs~.

vaxtang kotetiSvili werda, rom es ar

iyo skola; es iyo erTi miznisaken mim-swrafi axalgazrdobis kavSiri, axal-gazrdobisa, romelsac, programazeuwinares, ganwyobileba da temperamen-tic akavSirebda.

`TergdaleulTa~ upirveles mizansimdroindeli sazogadoebrivi cxovreb-is gardaqmna, xalxSi erovnuli TviTSeg-nebis gaRviveba warmoadgenda; mwerlo-ba maTTvis erTgvari placdarmic iyo,romlis dauflebiTac apirebdnen Tavi-anTi ideebis gavrcelebas.

demokratiul idealebze aRzrdilisamocianelebi mamebs~ _ konservator-liberalebs daupirispirdnen; liter-aturuli TvalsazrisiT ki `mamaTa daSvilTa brZola~ krizisis gzaze damd-gari romantikuli mimdinareobisa dakritikuli realizmis urTierTdapiri-spirebas gamoxatavda. literaturis is-torikosis TvalTaxedviT, es marTlacasea; Tumca, literaturul mimarTule-baTa amgvar mkveTr Sejaxebas maSin adg-ili ar hqonia.

organizaciuli gamTlianebisakenswrafva ufro meore daselebs~ (`meoredasi~, faqtobrivad, samocianelTa erT-erTi ganStoeba iyo) da, gansakuTrebiT,`mesame daselebs~ etyobodaT, TumcamaTi TavidaTavi mizani politikuri xa-siaTisa gaxldaT, literaturas ki ufro`meoradi~ funqcia eniWeboda. `Tergda-leulebi~ Tavadaznauruli intelige-nciis wridan iyvnen; mogvianebiT maTxalxosnebi, diakvnis Svilebi~, e. w. te-tiaTa motrfialeni~ daupirispirdnen.

literaturis istoria

lali avaliani

cisferyanwelebi

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es dajgufebani xSirad stiqiuradiqmneboda. maT, uwinaresad, socialur-politikuri da erovnuli miswrafebebiamoZravebdaT da ara literaturuli sk-olis Seqmnis survili.

`cxovreba Ziria, xelovneba da mec-niereba maszed amosuli Stoebi arian~ _ilias am sityvebs met-naklebad XIXsaukunis yvela jgufi iziarebda. maTufro `Ziri~ ainteresebdaT da misi rev-oluciuri (`mesame dasi~) Tu ararev-oluciuri (xalxosnebis `xalxSi gasv-la~) gardaqmnisTvis iRvwodnen. zogjergadaWarbebiTac ki afasebdnen mecniere-bisa da xelovnebis rols sazogadoe-brivi cxovrebis gardaqmnaSi.

pirveli qarTuli literaturulidajgufeba, romelmac sruliad gacno-bierebulad dagmo gakvaluli gza,uaryo socialur-politikuri idealebi(erovnuli _ ara!) da `wminda xelovneb-is~ msaxureba da qarTuli mwerlobis`msoflios radiusiT~ gamarTva moiwadi-na, _ `cisferyanwelTa~ jgufi iyo.

sabWour `oficialur~ kritikaSigabatonebuli mosazrebiT, `cisferyan-welTa~ jgufi oden negatiuri movlenaiyo, antixalxuri, idealisturi (anu`uideo~), franguli da rusuli sim-bolizmis ususuri mibaZva, maTi dagvi-anebuli gamoZaxili. gansakuTrebulisimkveTriT unda Tqmuliyo, rom esjgufi `uniadagod~ aRmocenda!

arada, cisferi ordeni~ dRes gvesax-eba, rogorc sruliad kanonzomierireaqcia imdroindeli socialur-poli-tikuri viTarebisa da 10-iani wlebis Cix-Si momwyvdeuli qarTuli epigonuri mw-erlobis mimarT.

marTlacda, saqarTveloSi, 1905-1907wlebis revoluciis momdevno wlebSiruseTis damsjeli eqspediciebiTareSobdnen. ilias mkvlelobam gamous-worebeli laxvari Casca qarTuli sa-zogadoebis erovnul cnobierebas daerTianobas, saqarTvelos inteligenciagauTavebeli partiuli kinklaobiTdaqsaqsuliyo; literaturis sarbielzeZiriTadad epigonizmi, mimbaZvelobagamefebuliyo; male umagaliTo masSta-bis sasaklao _ pirveli msoflio omicdaiwyo.

aseTi viTareba swored rom noyieriniadagi gaxldaT ragindara modernis-

tuli Tu avangardistuli mimarTulebe-bis aRmocenebisaTvis.

sagangebo kvlevas saWiroebs kita aba-SiZis, arCil jorjaZis, grigol roba-qiZis filosofiur-esTetikuri naazre-vis udidesi zegavlena axalgazrdaqarTvel poetebze. maT, gadauWarbe-blad, gza gaukafes XX saukunis 10-ianiwlebis SemoqmedebiT novaciebs. gan-sakuTrebuli aRniSvnis Rirsia grigolrobaqiZis sajaro leqciebi, romelTacmniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvres `cis-feri ordenis~ Camoyalibeba.

dasavleT evropisa da ruseTis `axalpoezias~ ziarebul momaval cisferyan-welebs~ aerTianebda epigonuri poeziissiZulvili, uwinares yovlisa ki, brwyin-vale poeturi niWi da axlismaZieblisazarti, axali, auTvisebeli Temebisa daaxleburi formebisken ltolva.

e. w. `qarTuli simbolizmi~ anu `cis-feri ordeni~ 1915-1916 wlebis mijnazewarmoiSva. am droisTvis franguli sim-bolizmi ukve istoriis kuTvnilebad iyoqceuli, rusuli simbolizmi ki Tavisiarsebobis ukanasknel dReebs iTvlida.am skolaTa varskvlavebs elvareba dRem-dec ar daukargavT, maSin ki verlenis,malarmes, rembos, verharnisa da meter-linkis, balmontis, briusovis, belisa dablokis saxelebi salocav kerpebad gaex-adaT. garemoebac xom amasve uwyobdaxels.

istoriam dagvanaxa, rom simbolis-turi mimarTulebis damkvidrebas winuswrebda socialuri Tu kulturulikrizisi. frangul literaturaSi sim-bolizmi komunis damarcxebis SemdegCaisaxa; XIX saukunis 80-iani wlebisrusuli epigonuri literatura nadso-nis meTaurobiT rusuli simbolizmispioners valeri briusovs klasikuripoeziis krizisad esaxeboda. ueWveliaisic, rom 10-ian wlebSi damdablebulida daqveiTebuli iyo qarTuli kla-sikuri leqsi.

Znelia vilaparakoT e. w. `qarTulisimbolizmis~ mtkice da erTian ideur-esTetikur mrwamsze, mwyobr msoflmxed-velobaze. `cisferyanwelTa~ jgufmaufro novatorobisaken swrafviT, Sinau-ri intimiT, uangaro megobrobiT, orga-nizaciuli mTlianobiT da axalgazr-dobisaTvis niSandoblivi siTamamiT gan-

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imtkica mdgomareoba, vidre sim-bolizmisadmi erTgulebiT, dasabuTe-buli ideur-esTetikuri sistemiTa daSesabamisi poeturi produqciiT.

zemoTqmuli `cisferi ordenis~,rogorc srulyofili literaturuli`skolis~ sisusteze metyvelebs mxolodda sabWour literaturaTmcodneobaSifexmokidebul azrs misi uniadagobis daepigonizmis Sesaxeb safuZvlad ver gamo-adgeba. obieqturi pirobebi qarTulimodernistuli, avangardistuli Tu de-kadenturi literaturuli jgufis Seq-mnisaTvis namdvilad arsebobda: rev-oluciuri mZvinvarebis, reaqciis peri-odis represiebisa da pirveli msoflioomis dasawyisi iyo swored is niadagi,romelzedac SeeZlo aRmoceneba sworeddekadentur-simbolistur mimarTule-bas. amas daerTo is realuri safrTxec,rasac uqadda qarTul poezias sakuTarwvenSi duRili~, ufro Tanamedrovedrom vTqvaT, _ izolacionizmi daepigonizmi.

10-20-iani wlebis sxva qarTulisaliteraturo dajgufebani eqvsi, Svi-di, anda sulac 13 wlis dagvianebiTSeiqmna. miuxedavad `cisferi ordenis~mimarT politikuri Tu literaturul-esTetikuri `didi mterobisa~, isinididad iyvnen davalebulni cisferi or-denisagan~.

`cisferyanwelTa~ jgufi anu rogorcTviTon moixseniebdnen Tavs _ cisferiordeni~, 1915-1916 wlebis mijnazequTaisSi Seiqmna. jgufis saxelwodebamaT pirvel beWdur organos almanax`cisfer yanwebs~ ukavSirdeboda (I no-meri gamoica quTaisSi, 1916 wlis 28Tebervals, II _ iqve, amave wlis de-kemberSi, redaqtori _ paolo iaSvili).

sarbielze gamosvlisTanave jgufiavangardistuli skolebisaTvis damaxa-siaTebel TviTdamkvidrebas anu TviT-reklamas Seudga.

dasawyisisTvis maTi moqmedebis area-li sakmaod SezRuduli iyo: cisfer yan-webSi~ gamoqveynebul deklaraciebsa (pa-olo iaSvilis `pirvelTqma~, ticiantabiZis cisferi yanwebiT~) da mxatvru-li produqciis erT nawilSi, farTomkiTxvelma sazogadoebam, arcTu us-afuZvlod, uwinaresad, gamowveva da ax-algazrduli siTamame dainaxa, winapar-

Ta Rvawlis daufasebloba da uaryofa _mkrexelobad miiCnia. almanaxis gamosv-lam mTvlemare quTaisSi, rogorc am-bobdnen, mexis gavardnis efeqti iqonia;Tu imdroindeli quTaTuri sazogadoe-bis stagnacias~ gaviTvaliswinebT, es ariyo urigo saqme!

unda iTqvas, rom cisfer yanwebs~ im-TaviTve gamouCndnen mfarvelnic dadamfasebelnic, romelTac ganWvritesWabuk meamboxeTa SemoqmedebiTi poten-cialic da `dakanonebul~ literatu-rul normaTa `xelyofis~ mcdelobacdadebiT movlenad miiCnies. uwinaresyovlisa, eseni gaxldnen Rvawlmosili dagavleniani kita abaSiZe da `cisferyan-welTa~ ufrosi megobari da maestrogrigol robaqiZe.

1916 welsve `cisferyanwelTa~ gan-zraxva yovelkvireuli saliteraturogazeTis `cisferi yanwebis~ gamocemisaver ganxorcielda, radgan `qarTvelTaSoris wera-kiTxvis gamavrcelebelmasazogadoebam~ neba ar darTo am`gaurkveveli mimarTulebis~ jgufs es-argebla misi stambiT.

`cisferyanwelebma~ sajaro gamosv-lebs mimarTes; swored sajaro gamosv-lebma Teatrsa Tu kafeebSi moutana maTuecari popularobac da sazogadoebismozrdili nawilis mxardaWerac. Tumca,1916 welsve, axalgazrda poetTa mierdekadansisa saerTod da, kerZod, sim-bolizmis, agreTve, `wminda xelovnebi-sadmi~ xotbis aRvlenam, bohemurma gan-wyobilebebma, literaturuli `TamaSi-sa~ da poziorobisaken swrafvam, axal-gazrdulma epataJma, mkrexelurmagamonaTqvamebma qarTvel klasikosTamimarT _ odiozuri saxeli mouxveWajgufs. amasTan, SeumCneveli ar darCeni-la misi mxatvruli Rirsebani: novacieb-isadmi ltolva, qarTuli leqsis form-is srulyofisaken swrafva, axleburi,auTvisebeli Temebisa Tu saxeebis Semo-tana da damkvidreba. garTulebuli mx-atvruli azrovneba, dekadenturi ganw-yobilebani TiTqos istoriuli aucile-blobiTac~ iyo ganpirobebuli: ukve iTq-va, rom mimbaZvelebma CixSi moamwyvdiesqarTuli klasikuri leqsi.

1916 wlis damlevs, roca quTaisSi`cisferi yanwebis~ meore da ukanasknelinomeri gamovida, mas uwindeburi vneba-

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TaRelva da mZafri kritika aRar gamou-wvevia.

`cisferyanwelTa~ aRiarebisa da aR-mavlobis periodi iwyeba saqarTvelosdamoukideblobis periodSi, 1918 wl-idan. maSin dasavleT saqarTvelodandedaqalaqs moaSura qarTulma Semo-qmedebiTma inteligenciam. daiwyo,rogorc sergo kldiaSvili igonebda,`didi gadmosaxleba~ quTaisidan Tbi-lisSi. `cisferyanwelTa~ ZiriTadmabirTvmac TbilisSi daido saboloo bina.

didi warmatebiT Catarda maTi pirve-li saRamo TbilisSi, konservatoriisdid darbazSi. quTaisSic da TbilisSicdaistamba maTi Jurnal-gazeTebi. 20-ianiwlebis dasawyisSi maTi literaturuli`mtrebis~ aRiarebiTac ki, `cisferyan-welebs~ xelT epyraT hegemonobaqarTul poeziaSi.

`cisferyanwelTa~ beWdviT orga-noebs `cisferi ordenis~ ZiriTadibirTvi meurveobda. pirvel rigSi, raTqma unda, paolo iaSvilis, _ `cisferiyanwebis~ redaqtoris, jgufis aRiarebu-li moTavis organizatoruli niWi daSemoqmedebiTi siTamamea aRsaniSnavi.valerian gafrindaSvili xelmZRv-anelobda im droisaTvis erT-erTsaukeTeso Jurnal meocnebe niamorebs~(gamodioda 1919-1924 wlebSi, quTaissada TbilisSi); gazeT barrikads~ (Tbili-si, 1920, 1922, 1924 ww.) tician tabiZe re-daqtorobda; gazeT baxtrions~ (Tbili-si, 1922-1923 ww.) _ giorgi leoniZe,gazeT rubikons~ (Tbilisi, 1923 w.) sare-daqcio kolegia ganagebda. quTaisSidarCenilma sandro cirekiZem didigaWirvebiT, magram mainc daaarsa `cis-feryanwelTa~ gamomcemloba kirCxibi~,gamosca `axali mwerlobis anTologia~,valerian gafrindaSvilisa da kolau na-diraZis pirveli poeturi krebulebi,stefan malarmes leqsTa qarTuli Targ-manebi, sakuTari miniaturebis krebuli`mTvareulebi~, misive redaqtorobiTgamovida Jurnali `Svildosani~ (quTai-si, 1920 w.).

`cisferyanwelTa~ Jurnal-gazeTebSibevri iseTi avtoris gvari gvxvdeba,romelic `cisfer ordens~ organizaci-ulad ar ganekuTvneboda. paolo iaSvili1922 wels gazeT `barrikadSi~ aT `cis-feryanwels~ CamoTvlida: grigol roba-

qiZe, tician tabiZe, valerian gafrindaS-vili, kolau nadiraZe, sandro cirekiZe,ali arseniSvili, nikolo miwiSvili,giorgi leoniZe, Salva afxaiZe da paoloiaSvili. tician tabiZis TqmiT, `cisferordenSi~ 13 wevri iyo (`barrikadi~, 1924w.); 1924 wels paoloc am ricxvs imeoreb-da. `cisferyanwelebi~ iyvnen agreTvesergo kldiaSvili, raJden gvetaZe, Sal-va karmeli, ivane yifiani, leli ja-fariZe, gion saganeli da zogierTi sx-vac, magram jgufis moTavis paolo iaS-vilis mier 1922 wels dasaxelebuli aTipoeti uTuod suli da guli iyo `cis-feri ordenis~.

miuxedavad imisa, rom grigol roba-qiZes, mis saleqcio, Teoriul Tu mx-atvrul Semoqmedebas, _ didi wvlilimiuZRvis poetur novaciaTa danergvasada axalgazrda poetTaTvis gezis mice-masa da waxalisebaSi; miuxedavad imisa,rom paolo iaSvili aTi `cisferyanwe-lis~ nusxas grigol robaqiZiT iwyebda,xolo tician tabiZe camet mociqulTa~(anu jgufis wevrTa) Soris upirvelesad`modernizmis qadags~, maT ufros me-gobars da ideur STamagonebels asax-elebda, dRevandeli gagebiT, grigolrobaqiZe ufro `sapatio Tavmjdomare~gaxldaT cisferi ordenisa~ da ara erT-pirovnuli lideri, anda, Tundac rigi-Ti wevri!

ra Tqma unda, grigol robaqiZisgareSe, SeuZlebelia cisferi ordenis~srulyofili `jgufuri portretis~warmosaxva.

mas Semdeg, rac grigol robaqiZistabudadebuli saxeli mecnierul brun-vaSi~ moxvda, (80-iani wlebis meore nax-evridan), zogma kritikosma, Tavis drozesul bdRviri rom adina `faSist~ roba-qiZes, axla, medroveTa wesisamebr, `cis-feryanwelTa~ jgufis moTaved aRiaraigi. Tumca, sabuTianobis gareSe amgvargancxadebas ufro deklaraciuli elf-eri dahkravda da, amdenad, naklebadRirssacnobi iyo.

saqme is gaxlavT, rom grigol roba-qiZisa da `cisferi ordenis~ urTierT-mimarTeba, Tavad robaqiZem, 1916 welsveamcno sazogadoebas.

almanaxis pirvel nomerSi (garda man-ifestebisa: paolo iaSvilis `pirvelTq-ma~, tician tabiZis `cisferi yanwebiT~)

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dabeWdili iyo grigol robaqiZis, pao-lo iaSvilis, tician tabiZis, valeriangafrindaSvilis, leli jafariZis, ivaneyifianis leqsebi. galaktionis, iosebgriSaSvilis da niko lorTqifaniZis Tx-zulebaTa `saeWvo mimarTulebis~ alma-naxSi gamoqveyneba sazogadoebis erTmanawilma mtkivneulad aRiqva; sayveduricSehkadres maT, Tumca usafuZvlod: cis-feryanwelTa~ ricxvs isini ar miekuTvne-bodnen. sacnauria, rom am droisaTvisgalaktioni olia okujavas wers: sab-olood davSordiT erTmaneTs me, gaf-rindaSvili da iaSvilio.

axalgazrduli epataJiTa da, nebis-mieri xerxiT, `mexis gavardnis~ efeqtismoxdenis surviliT, ZiriTadad, paoloda ticiani iyvnen Sepyrobilni. sworedamitom, qarTuli kritika upiratesadpaolos `pirvelTqmis~, misive leqsebis(`paolo iaSvils momewyina yviTelidante~ da `darianuli~) da tician tabi-Zis vrceli werilis wregadasuli lanZR-viT kmayofildeboda.

almanaxis poeturi ganyofilebagrigol robaqiZis leqsiT `sirenas sim-ReriT~ iwyeboda. dRes Cvens yuradRebasufro miZRvna _ `T-d kita abaSiZes~ dawiTeli saRebaviT gamoyofili riTma ip-yrobs, vidre leqsis Rirsebani.

mniSvnelovania is garemoeba, romgrigol robaqiZes am droisaTvis udide-si popularoba hqonda mopovebulisaleqcio moRvaweobiT da filosofiur-esTetikuri Tu literaturul-kritiku-li werilebiT (ufro naklebad _ leqse-biT!). `cisferyanwelebs~, cotagaubraloebiT rom vTqvaT, saxelovanimaestro ufro esaWiroebodaT, vidrepoeti _ Tanamosagre.

tician tabiZem ase warmoaCina grigolrobaqiZe: `simbolizmi CvenSi Semoitanagrigol robaqiZem. robaqiZeze ar gama-rTlda saerTo debuleba, rom yovelnovators win eRobeba gaugebrobis ga-lavani. mas arafrad dajdomia ZvelRirebulebaTa gadafasebis kadniereba.

...grigol robaqiZes uTxres Tavisidasturi arCil jorjaZem da kita aba-SiZem. am ori pirovnebiT iwureba qarTu-li esTetikuri kultura grigol roba-qiZemdis~.

miuxedavad grigol robaqiZis erTgu-li Tanadgomisa da Wabuk cisferyanwel-

Ta~ didi Tayvaniscemisa mis mimarT, maTSoris garkveuli distancia sufevda.

Tbilisis gazeT saxalxo furcelSi~(1916 w., 1 aprili) mivakvlie grigolrobaqiZis werils, romelSic swored esdistanciaa moniSnuli: `am dReebSiquTaisSi gaimarTeba Cemi leqcia `cis-feri yanwebis~ Sesaxeb. bevrsa hgonia,TiTqos me marto `damcvelis~ rolSigamovdiode. es moklebulia simarTles.marTalia, me piradad `cisferi yanwebi~mniSvnelovan movlenad mimaCnia CvensliteraturaSi, magram isic marTalia,rom am almanaxis SedgenisaTvis saerToredaqcia ar yofila gamarTuli (yovelimaTgani iq mxolod Tavis nawarmoebis pa-suxismgebelia) _ da amisTvis iqgamoTqmuli principebi CemTvissavaldebulo ar aris da arc romelimemxatvruli nawarmoebia iq moTavsebuliCemTvis uTuod mosawoni: zogi principimisaRebia, _ zogi ara; zogi nawarmoebimosawonia, zogi ara. swored amisgasarkvevad vapireb leqciis wakiTxvasquTaisSi, roca `cisferi yanwebis~garSemo aseTi sazari atmosfero Seiqna.movaleca var, rogorc almanaxis monaw-ile, sajarod vTqva Cemi sityva...~

Tanac, grigol robaqiZe namdvilad ariyo erTaderTi, vinc mxars uWerda cis-feryanwelebs~ da cdilobda im sastikiarealis gaqarwylebas, Wabuki poetebirom moecva.

uzado pirovnuli Tu literaturu-li reputaciis mqone kita abaSiZem, jerquTaisis kafe-saCaieSi gamarTuli saja-ro gamosvlisas ixsna cisferyanwelebi~obstruqciisagan, SemdgomSi ki cnobiliwerili `gons modiT!~ gamoaqveyna.

`dauZinebeli Cemi mtrebi yvirian:kita abaSiZe `futuristia~, kita abaSiZe`futuristebs~ mfarvelobs da sxv.

...kita abaSiZe `futuristebs~ armfarvelobs imitom, rom ar icis, sadarian CvenSi `futuristebi~ am azrisevropuli mniSvnelobiT. Tu `cisferiyanwebis~ mwerlebze brZanebT, isiniTavisTavs simbolistebad Tvlian da ara`futuristebad~.

...is mimarTuleba, romelsac es mwer-lebi emsaxurebian da gamoxataven, mimaC-nia Cveni momavali literaturis erTfriad mniSvnelovan saZirkvlad.

es imas ki ar niSnavs, rom yvelaferi

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momwondes cisfer yanwebSi~! ara, ar mo-mwons...

Cemi mfarveloba mxolod imaSi gam-oixata, rom sazogadoebas vTxove im sa-bediswero saRamoze: `nu avigdebT am mw-erlebs abuCad, romelTac `cisfer yan-webSi~ miuRiaT monawileoba da romelT-agan zogierTs ukve sapatio saxeli aqvsmoxveWili CvenSi-meTqi. Zveli da axaliyovelTvis ibrZvis, axali ZneliSesaTvisebelia, magram cxovreba kimainc iTvisebs mas; mxolod yvelaferi kiar unda moviwonoT axalSi, moviwonoTis, rac mosawonia da dasagmobi ki davg-moT-Tqo~ (gaz. `Cveni megobari~, 1916 w., 15).

kita abaSiZe xumrobiT imasac SeniS-navda, futuristi~ ara var Tundac imisgamo, rom ormocdaxuTs gadavcildio.

grigol robaqiZe xom mravali wlismere emigraciaSi SeniSnavda, _ cisferiordenis~ meTauri arasodes vyofilvar,maTi ufrosi megobari viyavio.

maTi guliTadi, wrfel siyvarulsa dapativiscemaze dafuZnebuli urTierTo-ba grigol robaqiZis sazRvargareT was-vlamde gagrZelda. iyo wvrilmani gauge-brobebic, SemoqmedebiTi Tu piraduli,iyo `mimdinare politikuri momentiT~anu ZaladobiT ganpirobebuli sazareli`sajaro~ werilic, romelic `faSist~robaqiZisagan gamijnavda mis yofil Se-girdebs.

faqtobrivad ki, `modernizmis qada-gi~ grigol robaqiZe `cisferyanwelTa~maradiul kerpad darCa; ucxoeTSi gada-xvewili maestro, romelic kargad ic-nobda komunistebis xrikebs, mudam gan-sakuTrebuli tkiviliT, siTboTi da siy-varuliT ixsenebda paolos, ticiansa davalerian gafrindaSvils.

`cisferma ordenma~ ki kidev erTxeldaamtkica is uZvelesi WeSmariteba, romZala erTobaSia. jgufi TiTqmis aTiodewlis manZilze `hegemoni~ iyo (amas pro-letaruli mwerlebic ki aRiarebdnen);magram 1924 wlidan jgufi faqtobrivadinerciiTa da warsulis mogonebebiTcocxlobda. amaze sajarod ar saub-robdnen (arc SeiZleboda), magram ueWve-lia, rom jgufis arsebobam 1924 wlis am-boxebis usastikesi CaxSobis Semdeg mar-Tlac dakarga sayrdeni, is marTlac`uniadago~ da xelmocaruli (gadatani-

Ti mniSvnelobiT) aRmoCnda.Rirssacnobi iyo isic, rom sisxlian-

ma terorma paolo iaSvilis 20 wlis ZmaSeiwira; paolos umwvavesi Semoqmedebi-Ti krizisi daudga. SemdegSi sergo kl-diaSvili da Salva afxaiZe igonebdnen, _1924-25 wlebSi paolo winandeburadaRar iRvwoda `cisferi ordenis~ simt-kicisaTvis, jgufis faqtobrivi daSlacswored aman ganapirobao.

30-iani wlebis dasawyisSi jgufi iu-ridiuladac gauqmda; Sinaganma uTanx-moebam, dabneulobam da xifaTis molod-inmac iCina Tavi. `cisferi ordenis~wevrebi jer jgufis saxelwodebis Secv-lasa da, mavanT saameblad, literaturu-li Tu organizaciuli praqtikis gadas-injvas Seecadnen, magram amaod... es ukvejgufis sruli likvidaciis dasawyisiiyo. 1931 wels ali arseniSvilis mierdawerili dadgenileba `cisferi orde-nis~ TviTlikvidaciis Sesaxeb uCveulostiliT gamoirCa: gauqmebul iqnas cis-fer yanwelebis~ literaturuli jgufisarseboba, raTa sruli saSualeba miecesmis monawileebs, meti tempebiT ganagr-Zon Tavisi fsiqoideologiuri gardaqm-na damkvreli epoqis procesSi uSualodCabmisTvis~.

Tu rogor damTavrda sami `cisfery-anwelisTvis~ damkvreli epoqis proces-Si uSualod Cabma~, _ yvelas kargadmoexseneba: paolo iaSvili, tician tabi-Ze da nikolo miwiSvili 1937 wels emsx-verplnen, `cisferi ordeni~ ki gaqraliteraturis istoriidan. misi moxse-nieba mxolod uaryofiT konteqstSi Tumoxerxdeboda.

dResdReobiT gacxadebulia `cis-feri ordenis~ dadebiTi roli XX sauku-nis qarTuli poeziis ganviTarebaSi.Tavis droze siaxles mowyurebuli cis-feryanwelebi~ cdilobdnen qarTulipoeziis kuTvnilebad eqciaT msofliose. w. `axal poeziaSi~ gabneuli saxeebi;zogi maTgani `gadmoqarTulda~ da or-ganulad Seerwya qarTul poezias, zogiki miviwyebam moicva. maTi Tanamedrovekritika (keTilmosurne da obieqturi,zogjer ki mtrulad ganwyobilic ki) sa-Tanadod afasebda jgufis rols im-droindeli `duRilisa da dawmendis~,`formisa da qaosis brZolis~ procesSi.

TavianTi `movlenis~ pirvel wlebSi

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`cisferyanwelebi~ simbolizmis erT-gulebas ficulobdnen. SemdegSi, rocamaT ukve daipyres qarTuli poeziis par-nasi, _ saocari gulmaviwyoba dasCem-daT: maT mxatvrul SemoqmedebaSi (ig-ulisxmeba jgufis Semoqmedeba mTli-anad da ara zogierTi calkeuli poeti-sa) ufro xSirad ugulebelyofilia sim-bolizmis dogmati, vidre daculi; maTsTeoriul werilebSi simbolizmis metre-bi Tumca didi aRfrTovanebiT ixsenie-bian, TviT literaturuli mimdinareo-bisadmi erTguleba aRar Cans.

jgufis skrupulozuri kvleva mig-vaniSnebs, rom `cisferi ordenis~`qarTul simbolizmTan~ gaigiveba araris marTebuli. misi ekleqtizmi (gada-xra futurizmisa Tu dadaizmisaken),Tanmimdevruli ideur-esTetikurisistemis uqonloba da urTierTgamom-ricxav, zogjer simbolizmis sawinaaRm-dego mosazrebaTa siuxve gvaZlevs mt-kice safuZvels imisaTvis, rom `qarTu-li simbolizmi~ mxolod pirobiT termi-nad miviCnioT.

`qarTuli simbolizmis~ pirobiT ter-minad aRiareba odnavadac ar amcirebs`cisferyanwelTa~ Zalumad gamorCeul,mkvidrad Sekrul da Zlier dajgufebas.es iyo precedenti qarTul literatur-aSi, roca axlismaZiebelma poeturma ni-Wma, gacnobierebulma orientaciam, in-teresTa Tanxvedram, Sinaurma intimma damegobrobam Seqmna jgufi da aseT simaR-leze azida kidec.

`cisferi ordenis~ ekleqtikuroba,erTi mxriT, am jgufis, rogorc liter-aturuli skolis sisustes moaswavebda,meore mxriT ki, misi TavidaTavi mizni-saTvis _ qarTuli poeziis novacii-saTvis farTo gasaqans iZleoda. `cis-feryanwelebma~ simbolizms mimarTes,rameTu saqarTveloSi mSobliuri poezi-is `msoflio radiusiT gammarTveli~Zala ar egulebodaT; xolo roca poet-uri warmosaxvis ganaxlebisaTvis ru-duneba ver moTavsda simbolizmis artax-ebSi, arc simbolisturi dogmebis rRve-vas moridebian.

aseTi iyo `cisferi ordeni~. winaaRm-degobrivi, ucxouri moduri `izmebis~mimdevari, erTi mxriv, da, _ mSobliurimwerlobis wrfeli moamage, misi winsv-lis mosurne, qarTuli poeziis ganax-

lebisaTvis jvarosnuli laSqrobismewinave.

mainc ra xibli hqonda, an ra danaSau-li~ miuZRvoda `cisfer ordens~, alma-naxis pirveli nomris gamosvlisTanaveuzomo popularoba (pozitiuric danegatiuric) rom moipova da dRemde leg-endis saburvelSi rom moaRwia?

Tavis droze, mTvlemare quTaisi Sea-zanzara paolo iaSvilis `pirvelTqmis~sityvebma: `vcocxlobT simTvraleSi dagvwams yovelgvari orgia... vadidebT dam-sxvrevis mSvenierebas... uarvyofT war-suls~...

`pirvelTqmis~ avtori, axalgazrdamgosanTa saxeliT, qarTvel xalxs mima-rTavda: qarTul poezias daepatronensacodavi momRerlebi avadmyofi Cange-biT, yviTeli maswavleblebi RmerTisqadagebis da patiosnebisa, saqarTvelosusxivo xalxma siTamamis mSveneba dakar-ga da xelovnebis meufebas ganudga; ma-gram ocnebadakargul xalxs moevlinenukvdavi Zmebi, axalgazrda mgosnebi,romelTac brZola gamoucxades uwmind-esi xelovnebis mtrebs, daviwyebis zRva-Si gadaisroles warsulis oqros gvir-gvinebis Zvirfasi margalitebi, cecxlsmisces yvelaferi, rac warsulma ganadi-da; samagierod ki qarTvel xalxs aRu-Tqves ganaxleba, naTeli momavali:`saqarTvelos landur arsebas movevli-neT Cven axali sxivmosilebiT da ocne-badakargul xalxs vaswavliT gawmendilgzas momavlis cisfer taZrisken~.

paolo iaSvili pirdapir miuTiTebda`ganaxlebis mgosanTa~ Zmebze _ frangpoetebze: `saqarTvelos Semdeg uwmind-esi qveyana aris parizi... sadac giJurigatacebiT jambazoben Cveni loTi Zmebi_ verleni da bodleri, malarme, sityve-bis mesaidumle da artur rimbo, siamay-iT mTvrali, dawyevlili Wabuki~.

`pirvelTqmaSi~ simbolistur Teori-aTa gamoZaxilic gvxvdeba: simbolizmiSemecnebis or gzas aRiarebs: logikurs,romelic garegan movlenebs awesrigebsda intuiciurs, romelic samyaros arsswvdeba. simbolizmi aRiarebs intuiciisprimats logikaze da poezias anu intui-ciuri Semecnebis erT-erT saxeobas sam-yaros umaRles, sinTezur SemecnebadmiiCnevs. amitom yvelam unda aRiarospoeziis, xelovnebis qveSevrdomoba:

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`pirvelTqma Cveni aris Sxamuri, igiaduRebuli foladiviT daswvavs Tqvensguls, uwmindesi xelovnebis mterno,Tqven, visac ara gwamT xelovnebis mefo-ba da misi maRali taxtis winaSe ar aRi-arebT samudamo qveSevrdomobas~. paoloiaSvili imasac dasZens, rom ganaxlebismgosanTa `poezia gamTbaria maxvili in-tuiciis alurobiT~.

verlenma saprogramo leqsSi `poet-uri xelovneba~ moiTxova `musikalur~,Tundac gaugebar sityvaTa xmareba poe-ziaSi. amis gamoZaxils vxvdebiT`pirvelTqmaSic~: `Cven gvsurs SevqmnaTgaugebari da saocari sityvebi...~

Jan moreasis `simbolizmis manifest-Si~ erTgan vkiTxulobT: `simbolizmsesaWiroeba ena Tamami Semoqmedisa,romelic iseve zustad isvris mizanSisityvas, viTarca Trakieli mSvildosne-bi frTosan isrebs~. SevadaroT`pirvelTqmis~ fragments: `Cven va-didebT sityvas axals, mkacrs da iseTgabeduls, rogorc mefuri xelis gafre-na gagiJebul diriJorisa~.

cxadia, paolo iaSvili kargad icnob-da simbolizmis Teoriul wanamZRvrebs,magram igi, uwinares yovlisa, `cisferiordenis~ upirvelesi `mTavarsardali~iyo, xolo rogorc Teoriuli, ise Semo-qmedebiTi brZolis umTavresi simZimetician tabiZesa da valerian gafrindaS-vils daawva mxrebze~ (Salva afxaiZe).

swored tician tabiZis werilSi cis-feri yanwebiT~ (`cisferi yanwebi~, 1, 2)vxvdebiT cdas, _ gaamarTlos sim-bolizmis movlena saqarTveloSi, sadac`batoni Sabloni dRes malayias gadadisCvens literaturaSi. igi mravalsaxiania,mravalfexiani da koSmariviT awevsqarTul sinamdviles... Tumca sim-bolizmi... klasikur Skolad iqca daerTi TvaliT uyurebs kidec Tavissaflavs, ...CvenSi simbolizms Ramec argauTevia, mxolod axla iwyeba xazebisgaxsna, mxolod dRes xdeba es Sejgufe-ba~ (niSandoblivi faqtia, rom axalgazr-da avtoris es ukanaskneli mosazrebaewinaaRmdegeba kita abaSiZisa Tugrigol robaqiZis Tvalsazriss qarTu-li simbolizmis genezisis Taobaze).

simbolizmis cnebis gansazRvrisastician tabiZe remi de gurmonis sityvebsiSveliebda: `simbolizms axasiaTebs: in-

dividualizmi, Semoqmedebis Tavisu-fleba, daswavlili formulebis uaryo-fa, ltolva yovelive araCveulebriv-isadmi, ucnaurobisadmic ki...~

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom Jurnal cisferyanwebs~ ori manifesti hqonda:`pirvelTqma~ da cisferi yanwebiT~. Sem-degSi daibeWda grigol robaqiZisa davalerian gafrindaSvilis erTob Rirs-sacnobi literaturul-esTetikuriwerilebi, romelTac cisferi ordenis~gezi gansazRvres; magram zemoxsenebulor manifests mainc sxva efeqti gaaCnda.

am droisaTvis sazogadoeba kargadicnobda rusi futuristebis Semoqmede-bas: 1911 da 1914 wlebSi saqarTveloSigaimarTa egofuturist igor severiani-nis (cnobil simbolist Teodor so-logubTan erTad), Semdeg ki kubofu-turistebis maiakovskis, david burli-ukisa da vasili kamenskis literaturu-li saRamoebi. 1914 wels ruseTSi gamoicawigni italiuri futurizmis manifeste-bi~, romlis fragmentebi qarTul presa-Sic gamoqveynda.

am meamboxe poetebs arafrad uRir-daT `sazogadoebis gemovnebisaTvis si-lis gawna~. `cisferyanwelTa~ gamosv-lebSic kritikosebma, uwinares yovlisa,es tendencia SeniSnes da saswrafod fu-turizmis iarliyiT Seamkes axali mima-rTuleba, Tumca tician tabiZem weril-Si `cisferi yanwebiT~ mkafiod daaraorazrovnad gamoacxada qarTulisimbolizmis `movlena~.

kritikosTa umetesi nawilis amgvardabneulobas xeli imanac Seuwyo, rompaolo iaSvilis pirvelTqmaSi~ aRmoCn-da bevri ram saerTo italiuri futur-izmis manifestebTan. erTma kritikosma,arcTu usafuZvlod, pirvelTqmas~ sim-bolisturi marTlweris mixedviT Ses-worebuli marineti~ uwoda.

aRsaniSnavia isic, rom tician tabiZezemoxsenebul werilSi _ `cisferi yan-webiT~ _ simbolizmisa da futurizmisdapirispirebas ar axdenda da zogjerTavis mosazrebaTa gansamtkicebladfuturizmis avtoritetsac ki iSvelie-bda. mag: `axali futuristebis termi-nologiiT Tanamedrove kultura war-moadgens uzarmazar qalaqs...~ an kidev:`momaval did qarTvel mxatvarSi undaSexvdes rusTaveli da malarme. rusTave-

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li me mesmis rogorc qarTuli sityvisSemkrebi erTeuli da malarme amaveazriT evropis prezentizmis da futur-izmis~. am frazaSi futurizmi gaazrebu-lia rogorc `momavlis xelovneba~, e. i.sityvis pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT da ararogorc literaturuli mimarTuleba,romelic maSin saqarTveloSi ar arse-bobda da axlad fexadgmul simbolizmsmetoqedac ar esaxeboda.

`pirvelTqmisa~ da zemoxsenebuli`italiuri futurizmis manifestebis~Sepirispirebisas marTlac SeiniSnebaTanxvdeniloba, romelic SeuZlebeliaSemTxveviTi iyos.

paolo iaSvili, cxadia, kargad icnob-da futurizmis manifestebs; marinetismanifests, romelic 1909 wels parizisgazeT figaroSi~ gamoqveynda, is pariz-Sive gaecnoboda. cisferi ordenis~ mo-Taves piradi nacnoboba hqonda igorseverianinTan da vladimer maiakovski-sTanac.

upirvelesi, rac ganasxvavebs`pirvelTqmas~ aramcTu futurizmis,aramed simbolistur skolaTa saprogra-mo manifestebisagan, _ esaa samSoblossiyvaruli, saqarTvelos ganaxlebisa dawinsvlis dauokebeli survili:

`saqarTvelos firuz xelebs gadav-eciT CveniT aRsareba, Cveni wmindapirvelTqma.

...mofrinda survili oqros frTebiTda aitaca Cveni simRera, romelic am-ieridan iqneba maradi, ise rogorc Cveniqveyana. saqarTvelos xalxo, daviwyebu-lo, magram didebiT dagvirgvinebis Rir-so!

...udidesi Tviseba arsebobisa arissiamaye _ amaRldes eri Cveni da TviT-SeyvarebiT aocebdes qveynierebas~...

saprogramo xasiaTisaa `cisferi yan-webis~ usaTauro leqsic, romelSicklasikuri xelovnebis uarmyofi poetisakmaod realisturad gadmogvcemda`simbolisturi kabadonis~ erT-erTTeziss:

paolo iaSvils momewyina yviTeli dante,

vaqebdi Seqspirs, magram farda,Seqspirs uari,

ra vqna, rom CemTvis beTxovenimxolod yru ari

da rom warsulma ver gadmomcame andamati...

paolom esec ar ikmara da, Tavisi ero-tikuli leqsebisaTvis meti simZafrerom mieca, literaturul mistifikaciasmimarTa: `elene darianis~ saxels amoe-fara. maSin am ararsebuli pirovnebisarsebobaSi eWvic ki aravis Sehparvia.cxadia, quTaislebi Tanabrad aRaSfoTa`pirvelTqmam~, zemoxsenebulma leqsmada, gansakuTrebiT, `qarTveli qalis~`urcxvma~ leqsebma. amitom swored pa-olom iwvnia cisferi ordenis~ winaaRm-deg mimarTuli Semotevebis mTeli simZ-ime, tician tabiZisa da valerian gafrin-daSvilis saprogramo werilebi Tuleqsebi ki SedarebiT CrdilSi aRmoCnda.

`cisferyanwelebma~ sawadels miaR-wies: almanaxma umal miipyro qarTulipresis yuradReba. gazeTi `Cveni me-gobari~ iuwyeboda: `es erTi xania,quTaisSi `Subebs amtvreven~ `cisferiyanwebis~ garSemo... moxucma Tu xanSi Se-sulma, axalgazrdam Tu ususurma,dakarges sulis simSvide da quTaisSiomia, quCaSi gamarTuli omi...~

gasaocaria, magram faqtia, rom `cis-feryanwelebs~ uCveulo popularobamouxveWa swored imdroindeli presisgauTavebelma da wregadasulma gamox-domebma.

`cisferi yanwebis~ meore da uka-naskneli nomris gamosvlisas ukve Ser-bilda is mtruli garemocva, romelicskandalur saxels uxveWda jgufs;amasTan, SeumCneveli ar darCenilajgufis dadebiTi roli qarTuli leqsisganaxlebisaTvis. evropuli orientaciapoeziaSi, Serwymuli mSobliuri mwer-lobis winsvlis dauokebel JinTan _sruliad misaRebi aRmoCnda. cisferyan-welTa~ sxva perioduli organoebiwinaaRmdegobas aRar awydebodnen; miTumetes, rom maTi epataJuri tonicmkveTrad Serbilda.

`cisferi ordeni~ is-is iyo mkvidrde-boda, rom tician tabiZem werilSi _`cisferi yanwebiT~ uaryo idealizmisgafetiSeba: `cisferi~ feria romantiz-mis... filosofiurma idealizmma imaSinaxa gamosavali. saqarTveloSi `cisferyvavils~ Rero wiTeli qonda. qarTvel-ebisaTvis ca da miwa samudamod arasodes

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ar gayrilan... gulgrilad vucqerT ax-lac materializmis da idealizmis du-els... CvenSi ukve Serigdnen suli da xor-ci~.

tician tabiZem idealizms WeSmaritiqarTuli msoflmxedveloba~ anu ideal-izmisa da materializmis nazavi daupir-ispira.

axladmovlenilma qarTvelma sim-bolistebma frangul simbolizms miapy-res mzera; maTi maestro grigol roba-qiZec xom didad afasebda axali frangu-li poeziis korifeebs. tician tabiZemoiTxovda, momaval did qarTvel mxat-varSi unda Sexvdes rusTaveli da ma-larmeo~ da bodleris `borotyvavilebs~ rgavda besikis baRSi(`qaldeas qalaqebi~):

gafizis vardi me prudomisCavde vazaSi,besikis baRSi vrgav bodlerisborot yvavilebs...an kidev:...da me xandaxan meCveneba,viTom samyaro,baRia didi, dawyevlilida Sxamiani.mZime mxedarni, SublSekrulida uabjaromohqrian: rembo, eredia,emil verharni...

(`uabjaroni~, 1916)

paolo iaSvili, romelmac triptiqi_ sami soneti uZRvna frang poetebs (`ma-larme~, `verlen~, `verharn~) acxadebda:`verleni, bodler da malarme, am sameba-Si me yvela miyvarso~...

niSandoblivia valerian gafrindaS-vilis `Interieur _ pirveli~ (1916 w.):

avanTeb sanTels vrubelis winmoTenTil xeliT,

gadavSli bodlers, gadvikiTxav mis `martoobas~,

metyvian landni, ucxo landni: `isev mogeliT,

SemogvierTdiT axlobelo, gicxadebT Zmobas~.

...avaxel Tvalebs da gahqreba landTa Rrubeli,

Cems win bodleri, gadaSlili viT saxareba;

giJur TvalebiT Semomxedavs Cemi vrubeli,sinamdvileSi dabruneba damezareba...

`axlobloba~, `Zmoba~ _ giorgi le-oniZesTan kidev ufro Rrmavdeba: `ar-tur rembosTan borot tyupad Caxute-buli, madgamen gvirgvins Teimuraz daWavWavaZe~ (`avtoportreti~).

`cisferyanwelebs~ poeziaSi frangu-li orientacia mSobliuri mwerlobisRalatad ar esaxebodaT: `simbolizmiCvenSi rom ucxoeTidan modis, amaSiaraferi safrTxe ar ari. Cven viciT, romistoriul droSi saqarTvelo imyofebo-da bevri sxva da sxva kulturis gavle-nis qveS. bevri gadmouRia imas berZnul,arabul, sparsul kulturis, bevri imaT-Tvisac gautanebia. amas araferi dauS-lia rusTavelisaTvis Seeqmna `vefx-istyaosani~. ...roca xalxi iRebs sxvisganrames, imas Tavis brZmedSi atarebs. na-cionaluri apercefciis ZaliT eriiTvisebs imas, rac mis erovnul Tavise-burebas egueba, rasac imasTan axlobelikavSiri aqvs~, _ werda tician tabiZe.

Salva afxaiZis mosazrebiT, `marTa-lia, simbolizmi rogorc Skola dasav-leTidan movida CvenSi, magram misumaRles ganviTarebisaTvis arsad araris niadagi mzaT ise, rogorc CvenSi. aqukve gaJRenTilia haeri simboliuriSemoqmedebis elementebiT; aRmosavle-Tis Tvaluwvdeni misticizmi, haerSigafantuli saxeebi, sparseTidan motani-li ferebi da metyveli xmebi~ (`meocnebeniamorebi~, 1919 w.).

evropuli orientaciis miRebiT cis-feryanwelebi~ fiqrobdnen bolo mo-eRoT mSobliuri literaturis CamorCe-nilobisaTvis, moespoT misi `SinCaketi-loba da sakuTar wvenSi duRili~, maTifiqri `poeziis msoflios aresaken~ iyomimarTuli. cisferyanwelTa~ pativmoy-varuli, imavdroulad, Rrmad patriot-uli swrafva _ qarTuli poeziis msof-lio sarbielze gayvanisa _ qarTulikulturis gamarjvebasac moaswavebdauTuod: poezia, _ ayvanili etnografi-idan da erovnul provincializmidanuniversalur formamde ufro amagrebserovnul xerxemals da amarTlebsersac~, _ vkiTxulobT `barrikadSi~(1922 w.).

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isic unda iTqvas, rom momavali `cis-feryanwelebi~ axal poezias umTavresadruseTSi (valerian gafrindaSvili, ti-cian tabiZe, Salva afxaiZe, sandro cir-ekiZe...) da safrangeTSi (paolo iaSvili)eziarnen, Tumca im droisaTvis 10-ianwlebis evropaSi simbolizmma ukve daT-mo pozicia da aris garkveuli kanonzom-iereba masSi, rom qarTvel poetTa mniS-vnelovani jgufi gaitaca ara futur-izmma, dadaizmma an akmeizmma Tu ima-Jinizmma, aramed swored dromoWmulma~simbolisturma mimarTulebam.

`cisferyanwelTa~ qedmoxra dasav-luri axali poeziis mimarT ar niSnavda`monur mibaZvas~ yovelive ucxourisad-mi, mSobliuri qveynis sazianod. piriqiT,_ maTi saboloo mizani iyo qarTuli mw-erlobis winsvla evropuli poeziissiaxleTa aTvisebis gziT, misi gamarTva`msoflio radiusiT~.

`aSkaraa wina aziaSi evropa SemoaRebskarebs da am dros Cven unda davxvdeTSeWurvili erovnuli SemecnebiT,erovnuli kulturis yvela folaqebSek-ruli, rom iyos mTavari morgvi,romelzedac moexveva axali ideebi~, _werda tician tabiZe 1916 wels (`cisferiyanwebi~, 2).

paolo iaSvilis azriT ki, _ `udide-si mizani da ocneba qarTveli poetisunda iyos, rom man, savsem da damZimebul-ma eris yvela xmebiT da istoriis rain-duli epopeebiT, gaagonos mTel qvey-nierebas yuris mglejeli Rriali~ (`bax-trioni~, 1922 w.) `cisferyanwelebma~Taviseburad gardasaxes nicSeanuri me-sianizmi: `dRes iwyeba Zirianad SecvlaqarTuli azrovnebis, ...damonebulisuli ubrundeba Tavis Zvel budes. ram-denadac gaizrdeba erovnuli Segneba,imdenad Cven vuaxlovdebiT warsuls dainakvTeba qarTuli idea. ...saqarTveloserovnuli aRdgoma unda iqnes aRdgomalomis Zveli qarTuli ideiT~ (ticiantabiZe, `cisferi yanwebiT~, 1916 w.). me-sianuri suliskveTebaa gamJRavnebuligiorgi leoniZis qarTul mesianizmSic~:`Wangianma kavkasiam aRar gagviSva damigvalursma CaxeTqil qedebs, maSin CvendavirqviT amirani da revanSisaTvis Sevq-meniT titanuri energia~ (`baxtrioni~,1922 w.).

yvelaze orTodoqs simbolistad sax-

eldebuli valerian gafrindaSviliiziarebda nicSes alogizms; qarTul mw-erlobaSi eZiebda or sawyiss _apolonurs da dionisurs da askvnida:`kosmosis zedapiri naTelia da mSve-nieria. arian poetebi, rogorc puSkini,rusTaveli, romelnic gviCveneben amzedapirs, gvabrmaveben sxivebiT da six-aruliT aTrToleben Cvens cqeras. esaris poeziis apolonuri saxe. ...kosmosisWeSmariti safuZveli, misi maradidasawyisi aris usaxuri da maxinji qao-si, romelic imaleba msoflio yofnissiRrmeSi. es aris poeziis dionisurisaxe. _ ...dRevandeli poezia aris poeziaqaosis, radgan qaoturia TviT sazoga-doebrivi cxovreba... poetis daniSnule-ba imaSia, rom SeaduRos Tavis pirovneba-Si ori stiqia. ...Tanamedrove qarTulipoezia yanwelebis saxiT aRrmavebs TavisSinaarss da formas, is midis qaosis wyv-diadSi, magram zurgi gamagrebuli aqvsrusTaveliT~.

Jan moreasi gansakuTrebul yura-dRebas aniWebda sityvas poeziaSi; igi`zust sityvas~ moiTxovda. rusi sim-bolistebi, potebnias kvalobaze, aRi-arebdnen mWidro kavSirs sityvis garegangarssa da mis mniSvnelobas Soris da si-tyvis magiurobazec migvaniSnebdnen.

paolo iaSvilis `pirvelTqmaSi~`gaugebari da saocari sityvebis~ Seqm-nis moTxovna swored sityvis magiuriZalis aRiarebas moaswavebda. grigolrobaqiZem `sityvis magias~ amave saxel-wodebis statia miuZRvna: qurumebi Zve-lad ori eniT metyvelebdnen: CveuliTda uCveuloTi. uCveulo sityva mxolodSewirulebma icodnen. am sityvas hqondamagiuri Zala~ (`meocnebe niamorebi~,1922 w.).

`cisferyanwelebi~ dasavluri urban-izmis apologetebad da qarTul sinamd-vileSi mis erT-erT pionerebadacmogvevlinen: `pirvelTqmis~ avtorimoiTxovda: `Cven gvinda, rom saqarTve-lo gadaiqces usazRvro, meocnebeqalaqad, sadac cocxali quCebis xmauro-ba Sescvlis yvavilovani velebis zur-muxtobas~ ...tician tabiZes simbolizmi`qalaqis RviZl Svilad~ miaCnda.

`cisferi yanwebis~ meore nomerSidaibeWda pirveli urbanistuli leqsebi_ paolo iaSvilis `farSevangebi qalaq-

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Si~ da kolau nadiraZis `avzniani qala-qi~.

simbolistebma poezia qurumTa qmede-bas gauTanabres, mogvis qmedebis sanacv-lod, isini garemoebis Sesafer niRbeb-sac irgebdnen: farTo gasaqani mieca cx-ovrebis Teatralizacias~.

amis gamoZaxilia tician tabiZis`niRabis apologia~: `qarTvel xalxSicxovrobs ukvdavi aqtioruli suli. imasunda mudam sxva iyos, imas uyvars Tea-tralizacia cxovrebis. ...qarTvel xalxsuyvars niRabi, simbolizmi sworedfilosofiaa am niRbis da amitom sim-bolizmi CvenSi aucilebelia~.

simbolizmis dogmatis erTguleba`cisferyanwelebs~ klasikurisa saer-Tod, da, kerZod, warsulis qarTuli mw-erlobis `uaryofasac~ avalebda. maTdamokidebulebas winamorbedebisadmiSeiZleba epigrafad waruZRves ticiantabiZis sityvebi:

Zvel poezias kadnierad vaxuravT Calmas,

magram savsea siyvaruliT Tvalis upebi...

`cisferyanwelTa~ mier winaparTaRvawlis uaryofaSi uTuod aris artis-tuli poziorobis, niRabis siyvarulismomenti; Tumca nicSes `paroli~ _`sikvdili ganaxlebaa~ _ maTTvis mis-aRebi iyo.

gavixsenoT galaktionis sityvebic`galaktion tabiZis Jurnalis~ manifes-tidan: `amieridan qarTuli xelovnebisdevizia: ganaxleba an sikvdili~ (1922 w.).

warsulis moRvaweTa uaryofa pirve-lad tician tabiZis werilSi `cisferiyanwebiT~ gamovlinda.

60-iani wlebis TaobaTa brZola ti-cian tabiZes warmoudgeba rogorc `Zve-li qarTulis da axali ruseTis ideol-ogebis~ paeqroba, roca qarTuli poezi-is yvavils dauwyes Secvla rusul xor-blad, ...mwerloba gaixades samitingozalad da poezia gazeTad...~ avtorma,Tumca dagmo iliasa da akakis Sexedule-ba poeziis Sesaxeb, maxvilis mTeli si-Zliere maTi epigonebisadmi mimarTa:`akakis da ilias is upiratesoba hqondaT,rom moqalaqeobriv motivebSi xandisxannaxulobdnen namdvil poezias, Semdeg

maTma Skolam miiRo karikaturuli saxe~.`saqarTvelos panTeonSi axali marTa-

li arSiniT unda gaizomos yvela piedes-tali, gadafasdes yvela Rirebulebao~_ acxadebdnen cisferyanwelebi~ (`bar-rikadi~, 1924 w.).

rusTavelis `ampartavani saxeli~(valerian gafrindaSvilis sityvebia), raTqma unda, SeubRalavi datoves: `rus-Tavelma gaimarjva samudamod: warsul-Si, awmyoSi da momavalSi. ra aris aqmizezi gamarjvebis?... idealuri forma,Rrma Sinaarsi, poemis universaloba daamave dros erovnuli xasiaTi... an kidev:`poetika rusTavelis ...win uswrebsevropis ideas xelovnebis TviTmizno-bis~ (ix. `rubikoni~, 1923 w. `barrikadi~,1922 w.).

socialuri sakiTxiT dainteresebas`wminda xelovnebis~ momxre cisferyan-welebi~ `samocianelTa~ did `codvad~Tvlidnen: `WeSmaritad mesaflave iyome-19 saukune saqarTveloSi. poli-tikuri nervebis sabediswero daWimvam...esTetikuri kultura gaaqro~, _ werdasandro cirekiZe (`barrikadi~, 1920 w.).maTi azriT, Secda ilia, romelmac `sam-udamod dawyevla `frinveli garegani~da tkbili xmebi~, akaki, romelmac gare-moebis sayviriT~ Zalian bevri iyvira~(`cisferi yanwebi~, 2).

epigonuri poeziis ZiriTadi wyaroakakis poezia iyo; albaT amitomac, cis-feryanwelTa~ mexic ZiriTadad mas daa-tyda: `saidumlo baraTs Cveni saukuneaRar upasuxebs da aRmarT-aRmarTsiaruli ise neli iyo, rom mwervalamdisver miaRwia~ (`baxtrioni~, 1922 w.); akakiviTomcda `zerele aRmafreniT~ gadio-da fons; `ilias poezias mainc aqvs kul-tura, ...roca akaki wereTeli moklebu-lia literaturasac ki~... (`baxtrioni~,1922 w.).

qedmoxra akakis poeziis winaSe daprotesti misi epigonebis mimarT aSkar-ad gamosWvivis sandro cirekiZis si-tyvebSi: misma mowafeebma ver gaiges misi`aRmarT-aRmarTi~ da `suliko~ da Tma-gaTeTrebulebi dRemdis leqsaven mim-dinare cxovrebis filosofias...~ (`meoc-nebe niamorebi~, 1921 w.).

`qarTvlis dedas~ ZuZuebi dauSrao~_ am sityvebis avtori paolo iliaspirovnebis mimarT mowiwebasac amJRav-

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nebda: `ilias uSvela didma Wkuam dagrandiozulma nebam, ara poetis saxel-ma misca mas naxevari saukunis diqtator-oba saqarTveloSi~ (`baxtrioni~, 1922 w.).`CvenTvis uxerxulia ilias brundeleqsebio~ _ werda giorgi leoniZe; iliaascdao `namdvili poeziis rkals~ _kvers ukravda ticiani.

paradoqsulia ilias poetobis`uarmyofi~ cisferyanwelebis~ aRtace-ba ilias proziT: `prozaSi ilias gaaqvsXIX saukunis saqarTvelo~ (giorgi le-oniZe), `qarTuli proza Seqmna iliam dadRemdis misi proza araa daZleuli~ (ti-cian tabiZe).

`cisferyanwelTa~ mier warsulis mw-erlobis uaryofas, xelovnurobisa dalitoni pozis elferi rom dahkravs,iqidanac cxaddeba, rom am sakiTxSi isi-ni sruliad araTanmimdevrulni iyvnen.

magaliTad, ticiani, romelic iliasda sxva `samocianelebs~ `WurSi jdomas~usayvedurebda, TviTonve savsebiTgamoricxavda am braldebas: `ilia Wav-WavaZem Tavisi devis xeliT sruliad ga-datexa es stili (igulisxmeba mokiTxviswerilebis~ stili, romelic TiTqosdamanamde arsebobda qarTul literatur-aSi _ l. a.) da Cven gvaqvs ukve analogiamwerlobis evropis masStabiT. ...CvenSirom gaCndnen dadaistebi, isinic veruaryofen, ilia WavWavaZis didi figurarom gamoakldes, mecxramete saukune ma-Sin iqneboda samudamod dabnelebuli~(`baxtrioni~, 1922 w.).

jgufma maleve `gadasinja~ Tavisidamokidebuleba XIX saukunis mwerlobismimarT; is xom meqanikurad gaemijnaqarTuli mwerlobis uwyvet mTlianobas:es hgavda im totis motexvas, romelzecTavad ijda... erTaderTi gamonaklisivaJa-fSavela iyo, romlis geniis dafase-bis prioriteti (imJamindeli kritikis-agan gansxvavebiT) grigol robaqiZes da`cisfer ordens~ ekuTvnis: `vaJamocemulia, rogorc mTa, rogorc mze,rogorc planeta, ...poetebi masgrZnoben, rogorc adamiani mzesa da Rm-erTs~ _ werda gazeTi `baxtrioni~,romelmac, paolo iaSvilis TqmiT, vaJasdidebuli kampania~ wamoiwyo.

20-iani wlebis dasawyisisaTvis `cis-feryanwelebma~ ZiriTadad uaryvesmkrexeluri gamoxdomebi qarTuli mwer-

lobis mimarT. axalgazrduli epataJi,efeqturi frazebiT Jonglioroba war-suls bardeboda.

`cisferyanwelTa~ gulisyuri jgu-fis arsebobis mTel manZilze negati-urad da pozitiuradac mudam qarTulimwerlobisken iyo mipyrobili. deviziT_ `sikvdili ganaxlebaa~ _ maT mcirexniT uaryves qarTuli mwerlobis mo-napovari, raTa evropuli poeziis uax-les miRwevaTa gamoxmaurebis Semdeg, kv-lav misken miemarTaT TvalTaxedva. akiwamoaZaxes kidec qarTvelma futur-istebma `cisferyanwelebs~ amgvari`feriscvaleba~: `xalxi, mosuli abso-luturi niRilizmiT literaturaSi,TandaTanobiT iCoqeben yoveli saxeliswinaSe Cveni Zveli mwerlobidan da dRessulxan-saba orbelianis, ilias da vaJasavtoritets ebRauWebiano~ _ werda be-sarion JRenti (gaz. `tribuna~, 1923 w.).

`cisferyanwelTa~ daxasiaTeba ariqneba sruli, Tu oriode sityviT arSevexeT maT bohemur ganwyobilebas. isi-ni gatacebulni iyvnen inglisuri `den-dizmiT~, frangi e. w. `dawyevlili poet-ebis~ zogjer marTlac dawyevlili cx-ovrebiT, rusi simbolistebis deviziT_ ` ~. im drois sxvadasxvaerovnebis poetTa erTi saerToniSanTvisebac _ saocari, ucnaurobe-biT aRsavse mouwyobeli cxovreba, maTibohemuri miswrafebebi iyo.

samarcxvinoa poetisTvis sxva kariera

garda TviTmkvlelobis.ara msurs viyo viktor hiugo,

an akaki,me mirCevnia daviRupo,

rogorc bohema.samarcxvinoa poetisTvis

sxva kariera garda sigiJis.ara msurs viyo bednieri,

rogorc goete,me mirCevnia daviRupo

rogorc rollina.samarcxvinoa poetisTvis

sxva karieragarda Wleqisa,dRegrZel malarmes mirCevnia

isev laforgi,...me mejavreba poetisTvis

rame xeloba:

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misTvis viwame samudamoT es kariera,sigiJe, Wleqi, alkogoli da

TviTmkvleloba!..

_ vkiTxulobT valerian gafrindaS-vilis `bohemis monologSi~ (1922 w.).

me mesizmreba kafe `on arnasse~ _senati beber prostitutkebis.Senze ocnebas vervin momparavsda dResac RviniT daviTuTqebi....ar minda movkvde patriarqiviT,minda gaveqce saqarTvelos mzes,sadac, mSoblebo, daimarxeniT,dRes iq jambazis sina gaabes...(tician tabiZe, `ocdasami aprili~,

1923 w.).

ha! kintos profili,saeWvo tarnebida davikuntebiqalaqis quCebSi me _ salaxana,

_ wers qalaqSi dakarguli `gaxele-buli~ Svili dedas (paolo iaSvili, wer-ili dedas~, 1916 w.).

...gagiJda... Semdeg gardaicvalapoeti paolo iaSvili...

poeziisTvis bevri iwvala,magram ar iyo misTvis saSveli(paolo iaSvili, usaTauro, 1918 w.).

es is droa, roca poezia da Rvinodaaxlovdnen; roca yvelaferi, rac uc-naurobis, siaxlis mimzidvelobas iyomoklebuli, moZvelebulad miaCndaT.dromoWmulad iTvleboda cxovrebismowesrigebuli, Cveulebrivi mdinare-bac.

`cisferyanwelTa~ istoria es arisoistoria bohemis _ werda tician tabiZe`meocnebe niamorebSi~ 1923 w.

poetebisa da Rvinis siaxloviTsaqarTveloSi albaT veravis gaakvirveb,Tumca TanamedroveT mainc eCoTirebo-daT cisferyanwelTa~ jgufuri~ bohe-muri miswrafebani. enamware kritikose-bi paolo iaSvils `cisferi yanwebis~Tamadas uwodebdnen (gaz. `komunisti~,1923 w.).

1923 wels daiwyo e. w. `miwasTan dab-runeba~; es lozungi Tavad valerian gaf-rindaSvilis gancxadebiT da aRiarebu-

li TvalsazrisiTac, yvelaze `orTo-doqs-simbolistad~ saxeldebul avtorsukavSirdeboda, Tumca aranakleb mniS-vnelovania grigol robaqiZis vrcelikritikuli werili _ `dabruneba mi-wasTan, rogorc kerZo baraTi...~

`cisferi ordeni~, romlis aqtiuri,jgufuri qmedeba, faqtobrivad, 1924wlidanve minavlda, _ veRar `daubrun-da miwas~... miwas daubrundnen~ calkeu-li `cisferyanwelebi~ _ tradiciulileqsebiT, romelTa umravlesoba tolsar udebda `Zvel leqsebs~, `carciT kiara, _ sisxliT rom werdnen~ (ticiantabiZe).

amaoa varaudi, rogori iqneboda cis-feri ordeni~, rom ara socialisturirealizmis adeptTa gamudmebuli mor-aluri Tu fizikuri wnexi: istorias ver`gadawer~. mravlismetyvelia Tavad isfaqti, rom cxoveli interesi pirvelinovatoruli literaturuli dajgufe-bis mimarT, dResac ki bevr siaxlesSesZens qarTvel poetTa axal Taobas.

dasasruls, minda ufro dawvrilebiTwarmovaCino erTi incidenti, jgufis ek-leqtikisadmi midrekilebas rom exeba:

XX saukunis 50-iani wlebis miwurulscisferyanwelTa reabilitacia maTi Tx-zulebebis gamocemiT dasrulda (raTqma unda, mkacri cenzuruli kupiure-biT), cisferi ordenis~ aRiarebuli mae-strosa da ufrosi megobris grigolrobaqiZis saxeli 80-iani wlebis meorenaxevramde kvlav tabudadebuli iyo.aseTma viTarebam ganapiroba xarvezi,rac amJamadac sacnauria. grigol roba-qiZisa da cisferyanwelTa Semoqmedebi-Ti da pirovnuli urTierTmimarTebisamomwuravi, safuZvliani da mraval-mxrivi kvleva dRemde ar ganxorciele-bula, Tumca 10-20-iani wlebis presaSicda axal naSromebSic bevri ram aris gab-neuli da mosaZiebeli.

monografiuli narkvevi, romeliccisferyanwelTa da grigol robaqiZisurTierTobis mraval aspeqts war-moaCens, ase mesaxeba: robaqiZis saleqciomoRvaweobis mentaluri zegavlena cis-feryanwelebze, _ imxanad, damwyeb poet-ebsa da gimnazielebze; misi TanamSrom-loba paolo iaSvilis `oqros verZsa~(1913 w.) da `cisfer yanwebSi~ (1916 w.);reaqcia cisferyanwelTa gaxmaurebul,

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zogjer skandalur sajaro gamosvlebze(1916 wlidan) da maT poetur inovacie-bze; mimarTeba saqarTvelos aneqsiasa(1921 w.) da 1924 wlis SeTqmulebasTan;`cisferi ordenis~ periodikaSi (1916-1924 ww.) gamoqveynebuli mxatvruli daTeoriuli produqcia; monawileoba 1926wels nikolo miwiSvilis `qarTul mwer-lobaSi~ wamowyebul diskusiaSi _`fiqrebi saqarTveloze~; emigraciisdasawyisi da faSisti~ robaqiZis Zalda-tanebiTi SeCveneba Jurnal `mnaTobSi~(1935 w.) cisferyanwelTa mier; cisfery-anweli poetebis gaxseneba mis bolo-droindel nawerebSi (memuaruli, eseis-turi, epistoluri memkvidreobisgaTvaliswinebiT).

is `TeTri laqa~, romelic 10-20-ianiwlebis qarTul mwerlobas dRemde amou-vsebel sicarieled damCnevia, mniS-vnelovanwilad ukavSirdeba grigolrobaqiZis xelovnurad mokveTas, rasacsaTave daedo 1935 wels, mweralTa kav-Siridan garicxviT. mis gareSe SeuZlebe-lia `cisferi ordenis~ srulyofilijgufuri portretis warmosaxva; meoremxriv, maestrosadmi miZRvnili cisfer-yanwel poetTa leqsebi, werilebi Tu es-eebi, romelTac pirobiTad SeiZleba vu-wodoT `grigol robaqiZis apologia~,Tundac gazviadebulad, magram maincmigvaniSnebs mis adgils XX saukunisdasawyisis qarTul kulturul arealSi.

axla mxolod frTxil varauds TugamovTqvamT imis Taobaze, _ rodisdaaxlovdnen grigol robaqiZe da cis-feryanwelebi; cxadia, misi Semoqmedebi-Ti gzis dasawyisi (1901 wlidan qarTulpresaSi aqveynebda arcTu gamorCeulstatiebsa da leqsebs) momavali cisfer-yanwelebisaTvis sruliad SeumCnevelidarCeboda Tundac im ubralo mizezisgamo, rom paolo iaSvili (d. 1892 w.), ti-cian tabiZe (d. 1895 w.) da valerian gaf-rindaSvili (d. 1888 w.) maSin mcirewlo-vanni iyvnen.

grigol robaqiZem myisieri popular-oba 1908 da, gansakuTrebiT, 1909-1911wlebidan moixveWa, _ intensiuri saleq-cio moRvaweobiT. misi pirveli da Zalzeefeqturi gamoCena qarTul sinamdvile-Si ilia WavWavaZes daukavSirda: 1908wels evropidan droebiT dabrunebulma,imJamad studentma robaqiZem Seufara-

vad ganacxada, _ ilias veragulma mkv-lelobam maiZula mimetovebina parizida samSobloSi davbrunebuliyavio.

am wlebSi unda Semdgariyo imxanadquTaiseli gimnazielebis (romelnic,mkacri akrZalvis miuxedavad, qandarazemokalaTebulni, farulad eswrebodnensajaro saRamoebsa Tu speqtaklebs) Tun-dac Soreuli nacnoboba grigol roba-qiZesTan.

XX saukunis qarTuli mwerlobi-saTvis 10-iani wlebis dasawyisi erTg-vari tixari aRmoCnda, romelmac erT-maneTisagan daaSoriSora XIX da XXsaukune. saukunis damdegi, zogadad,pirobiTi cnebaa da misgan arc undamovelodeT myisier Tvisebriv cvlile-bebs literaturaSi; Tumca isic aRsani-Snavia, rom siaxlis molodini TiTqosatmosferoSi TimTimebda. mTeli msof-lios xelovanebma (da, RvTis madliT, ammxriv arc qarTvelebi iyvnen gamonaklis-ni), gumaniT `igznes~ diadi da SemaZr-wunebeli, jer arnaxuli kataklizmebi-Ta da tolupovari miRwevebiT dayursu-li saukunis dadgoma, rac SemoqmedebiTsiaxleTa mZafr moTxovnilebas badebda.

yovelive es kargad hqondaT gacno-bierebuli dasavluri orientaciis iseTdid moazrovneebs, rogorebic iyvnenkita abaSiZe da arCil jorjaZe. sworedmaTi Tanamosagre aRmoCnda grigolrobaqiZe, am, aw ukve didebuli triadisumrwemesi wevri. grigol robaqiZe romunikaluri movlena gaxldaT Cvens si-namdvileSi, amaze jer kidev 1909 welsmiuTiTa arCil jorjaZem: ...adamiani ni-WiT dajildoebuli, ... amasTan imgvaritipisa, romelic dRemde gamoucnobelirCeba qarTvel sazogadoebisaTvis,gamoucnobeli mistikuri filosofiiswyalobiT, romelsac aRiarebs igi daromelic Cveni sazogadoebisaTvissruliad axal da dRemde TiTqmis ucnobideur movlenad CaiTvleba~.

swored leqciebSi warmoCnda pirve-lad misi TavisTavadi, RvTiT boZebuliniWiereba, farTo Tvalsawieri da gans-wavluloba, improvizaciis SesaSuri un-ari da polemistis alRo, mWevrmet-yveleba da novatoruli suliskveTeba.

misi auditoria, TbilisSic da qu-TaisSic, rCeuli qarTuli sazogadoebaiyo: akaki da daviT kldiaSvili, kita aba-

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SiZe da niko lorTqifaniZe, telemak gu-rieli, dimitri uznaZe, ivane gomarTe-li... axalgazrdebs, upirvelesad, `mod-ernizmis qadageba~ xiblavda: `grigolrobaqiZis aqafebuli sityva, aRmafrenifantazia, TvalismomWreli saxeebi Zvir-fasi mogonebaa Cveni axalgazrdobisa,pirvelad iman Segvaxeda iohanaanis moW-ril Tavs, pirvelad iman mogvasmeninanicSes mwvalebeli sityva~, _ werdamogvianebiT tician tabiZe. sacnauria,rom leqcias nicSeze cxel kvalze, anu1911 welsve aRtacebiT gamoexmaura aka-ki wereTelic.

yvela Taobis poets Tanabrad efone-boda guls grigol robaqiZis mcdeloba_ ganexila qarTuli mwerloba msoflioliteraturis konteqstSi. imTaviTvegamoikveTa misi ganuxreli, mtkiceerovnuli mrwamsic, riTac aSkarad gaem-ijna kosmopolitizmsac da internacio-nalur radikalizmsac.

akaki baqraZis marTebuli mosazre-biT, mTavari da arsebiTi is iyo, romaxalma Taobam igi literaturul re-formatorad aRiara.

araordinaluri da mimzidveli gaxl-daT grigol robaqiZis mier `sakuTariTavis Seqmnis~ mcdelobac (Sdr. evrop-ul `dendizms~ an amerikul fenomens _`Self made man~). svireli xelmokle medav-iTnis mravalSviliani ojaxis Svilma, mi-zanswrafulma da mSromelma, ucxoeTSiganswavlis rTuli da narekliani gzaganvlo; ucxoeTSi mravalwliani yaribo-bis merec, samSoblosa Tu emigraciaSi,igi `ara marto Tavis msoflmxedvelo-basa da msoflxats ayalibebda, aramedTavis garegnobasac~.

erTaderTi, rasac ver umklavdebodagrigol robaqiZe, misi martosulobaiyo. albaT amitomac aqvs pirovnuli,fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiTac didimniSvneloba mis megobrobas cisferyan-welebTan.

Tu verwmunebiT grigol robaqiZismaradiuli kerpis nicSes sityvebs _`sabolood, yvelaze mniSvnelovani,rasac adamiani sakuTari arsidan tovebs,sxva ara aris ra, Tu ara Tavisive biogra-fia~, _ upriani iqneba, sagangebo yura-dReba mivaqcioT ara mxolod Semo-qmedebiT, aramed pirovnul urTierTmi-marTebas cisferyanwelebTan, pirvel

rigSi ki _ paolo iaSvilTan.safiqrebelia, rom maTi daaxloeba

`oqros verZSi~ TanamSromlobiT daiwyo.Jurnali im droisaTvis udavod gamor-Ceuli iyo. jer kidev gimnazielma, aras-rulwlovanma paolom (igi besarion ja-ianis saxels amoefara) moaxerxa mowinaveJurnalis gamocema, gaaerTiana saukeTe-so avtorebi (grigol robaqiZe, galak-tioni, tician tabiZe, ioseb griSaSvili,sandro SanSiaSvili, aleqsandre abaSe-li, leo qiaCeli, konstantine gamsaxur-dia, niko lorTqifaniZe, Salva dadiani,sergo kldiaSvili da sxv.).

1913 wels, Jurnalis mzadebis peri-odSi, paolo Tbilisis gazeT `TemSi~aqveynebs `werils redaqciis mimarT~ daqarTvel mwerlebs TanamSromlobas sTx-ovs: `redaqcia mimarTavs monawileobismisaRebad Semdeg pirT: vaJa-fSavelas,kita abaSiZes, grigol robaqiZes, i. ev-doSvils, ia ekalaZes, v.gunias, Salva da-dians, k. mayaSvils, i. griSaSvils, a.abaSels, SiukaSvils, leo qiaCels, Wum-baZes, n. lorTqifaniZes, d. kasraZes, bar-novs, g. quCiSvils, Turdospirels, axo-spirels, n.CxikvaZes, i. mWedliSvils, j.jorjikias, g. da t. tabiZeebs, k. abaSiZ-ispirels, dia Cianels da sxva~. uaRresadmetyveli dokumentia! cnobilia agreTvepaolos ori piradi werili vaJa-fSave-lasadmi, _ JurnalSi monawileobis Tx-ovniT (am nusxaSi TiTqmis mTeli imJamin-deli qarTuli mwerloba Tavsdeba dabunebrvad Cndeba ritorikuli kiTxva _ratom ver vxvdebiT akaki wereTlis sax-els? pasuxi ki, savaraudod, aseTia. pa-olom ver Sebeda saqarTvelos ugvirgvi-no mefes... niSandoblivia, rom nusxispirvel sameulSi, vaJa-fSavelasa da kitaabaSiZis Semdeg, grigol robaqiZis saxe-li Cndeba, rac ueWvelad moaswavebs ax-algazrda redaqtoris gansakuTrebulpietets am ukanasknelisadmi.

`oqros verZSi~ gamoqveynebul gri-gol robaqiZis statiaSi `baraTebi`oqros verZs~ avtori Jurnals gadaWar-bebul Sefasebas ar aZlevda, TumcaRa,qarTuli mwerlobis imJamindeli sidux-Wiris pirobebSi mainc Rirssacnob mov-lenad miiCnevda. statia imiTac arissaintereso, rom masSi pirvelad gaiJR-era saqarTvelos renesansis ideam, ramacSemdegSi safuZvliani ganviTareba pova

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cnobil werilSi `qarTuli renesansi~(robaqiZe 1917).

`arc mgonia aseTi verZisaTvis iazon-ma moacuros Tavisi gemi kolxeTis na-pirs, magram masSi aris iseTi raRac, xe-luxlebeli, gamouTqmeli, romelic sia-movnebas hgvris xelovnebis moyvaruls:es aris yvavilovani siymawvile, romlislaRad nakveT Sublze jer kidev ar gaur-benia Wknobis fiqris frTas~ _piruTvnelad SeniSnavda grigol roba-qiZe.

SeuZlebelia, gaucnobierebeli yo-filiyo `oqros verZis~ saxelwodebisdamTxveva milioner riabuSiniskis dafi-nansebul, rusi simbolistebis mdidrulJurnalTan ~ (1906-1909 ww.).mibaZvis uwinares, amaSi ufro kolxidismkvidrTa mier `samarTlianobis aRdge-nis~ Tu rayifobis qveSecneul survilsvxedavT. JurnalSi moTavsebuli leonidandreevis, igor severianinis, vilie delil adanis TxzulebaTa Targmanebi,cnobebi danuncios, valeri briusovis,konstantine balmontis, iurgis bal-truSaitisis da e. w. axali poeziis sxvawarmomadgenlebze gvafiqrebinebs, rom`oqros verZi~ sulac ar iyo provinciu-li TviTSemoqmedebis nimuSi. cxadia,grigol robaqiZe mxolod erT-erTi av-tori iyo Jurnalisa; naklebsavaraudoa,rom saredaqcio saqmianobaSi Care-uliyo: paolos organizatoruli niWijer kidev 1911 wlidan iyo cnobili,roca gimnaziis Jurnali ` -~ gamosca.

SemdegSi grigol robaqiZisa da mo-mavali cisferyanwelebis gzebi droebiTgaiyara: grigol robaqiZe kvlav sazR-vargareT gaemgzavra, paolo iaSvilmaweliwadnaxevari parizSi dahyo (1913-1914 ww.) luvrTan arsebul xelovnebisinstitutSi xatvis Sesaswavlad; peter-burgsa da moskovSi iyvnen valerian gaf-rindaSvili, tician tabiZe, SalvaafxaiZe, sandro cirekiZe... maTi urT-ierTTanamSromlobis axal da umniS-vnelovanes etaps safuZveli 1916 wels,`cisferi ordenis~ daarsebisTanave Cae-yara.

`cisferi yanwebis~ pirveli nomrisgamosvlisTanave (1916 wlis 28 Teberva-li), rogorc Cans, sazogadoebis erTmanawilma mtkivneulad aRiqva galaktio-

nis, niko lorTqifaniZis, ioseb griSaS-vilisa da grigol robaqiZis monawile-oba axalgazrduli epataJiT Sepyrobilda `mexis gavardnis~ efeqtis mosurnealmanaxSi.

tician tabiZem vrcel werilSi `cis-feri yanwebiT~ sruliad araorazrovnadgamoacxada simbolizmis `movlena~saqarTveloSi da simbolizmis upirve-les mesaZirkvled grigol robaqiZedasaxa: `simbolizmi CvenSi Semoitanagrigol robaqiZem. robaqiZeze ar gama-rTlda saerTo debuleba, rom yovelnovators win eRobeba gaugebrobis ga-lavani. mas arafrad dajdomia ZvelRirebulebaTa gadafasebis kadniereba,axal ZiebaTa feierverkebis gasrola...safiqreli iyo, radgan sxvagan aseTiaRelveba gamoiwvia simbolizmma, CvenSicmonaxavdnen fiCxebs inkviziciis cecx-lis dasanTebad, magram grigol robaqiZ-es uTxres Tavis dasturi arCil jor-jaZem da kita abaSiZem. am ori pirovnebiTiwureba qarTuli esTetikuri kulturagrigol robaqiZemdis~...

ticianis aSkarad gazviadebul mo-sazrebaTa sawinaaRmdegod unda iTqvas,rom `gaugebrobis galavani~ grigolrobaqiZis winaSec aRimarTa; Tumca, cx-adia, mometebul guliswyromas misdamiar amJRavnebdnen, misi saxelovani moR-vaweobisa da Tundac asakis gamo. Tavismxriv, grigolic aSkarad erideboda sa-zogadoebis gaRizianebas: ar monawile-obda jgufis skandalur sajaro gamosv-lebSi 1916 wlis aprilsa da martSi; manganze gandgoma arCia, Tumc, rommoewadinebina kidec, gauWirdeboda cis-feryanwelTa `gafrenebis~ moTokva.

grigol robaqiZes araviTari `zewo-la~ ar mouxdenia arc paoloze (romlis`pirvelTqma~ maestrosaTvis egzom sa-Zulveli futurizmis manifestebisagandidad aris davalebuli), arc ticianze(misi `cisferi yanwebiT~ xom robaqiZisaSkara apologiaa); igi ar Careula redaq-toris saqmianobaSic. imdroindeligaavebuli da wregadasuli kritikis sam-izne paolo iaSvili gaxldaT: `pir-velTqmis~, saprogramo leqsis (`paoloiaSvils momewyina yviTeli dante~...) dadarianuli leqsebis gamo.

grigol robaqiZis quTaisSi wakiTxu-li leqciis Taobaze daibeWda jafarfa-

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Sas (niko jafariZis) sakmaod susxianistatia `baton grigol robaqiZis leq-cia~: `b-ni robaqiZe am bolo dros Tavi-sive nebiT awvrilmanebs da amdablebsTavis Tavs.

raSi vxedavT Cven grigol robaqiZisTavis damcirebas?.. Tundac imaSi, ramacaiZula igi waekiTxa leqcia cisferi yan-webis~ Sesaxeb.

am almanaxis garSemo atexili usiam-ovno atmosferos Sesamsubuqebladgrigol robaqiZe, rogorc erTi monaw-ile krebulisa, iZulebuli gaxda saja-ro leqciiT Tavdasacveli sityviT mi-emarTa quTaisis sazogadoebisaTvis.

ras miaRwia Tavis leqciaSi grigolrobaqiZem? `cisferi yanwebis~ Rire-bulebis Sesaxeb hoc brZana da arac.

... sust mxares, samwuxarod b-i roba-qiZis niWierma enametyvelebamac ve-raferi SesZina. sazogadod es adgilileqciisa metad Zneli gamodga avtori-saTvis da ise susti, rogorc am adgilzeiyo grigol robaqiZe, Tamamad SemiZliavTqva, rom jer igi aravis axsovs.

...leqtori windaxedulad cdilobdamsmenelTa Soris ukmayofilebis temper-amenti ar gamoewvia.

...grigol robaqiZe ambobda, rodesac`cisferi yanwebi~ Tavis movaleobas ve-Rar Seasrulebs, Cven TviTon davamsx-vrevT maTo~...

`cisferi ordenis~ wregadasuliepataJi da ragindara gziT Tavis damkvi-dreba, pirdapir unda iTqvas, paolosdauokebeli temperamentisa da pariz-idan gamoyolili meamboxe sulis,rogorc SemdegSi kolau nadiraZe ityo-da, `esTetbuntarobis~ gamovlena iyo;mas, ra Tqma unda, Wabuki cisferyan-welebic amoudgnen mxarSi.

grigol robaqiZe sruliadac ariziarebda warsulis uaryofis paToss,zogjer aSkara mkrexelobasTan rom iyowilnayari; igi, rogorc Cans, mainc sxvaliteraturul Taobas miekuTvneboda;cxovrebaSic robaqiZe ufro gawonas-worebuli, TavSekavebuli, Zlieri indi-vidualizmiT aRbeWdili, Tundac `nar-cisuli~ pirovneba gaxldaT.

amitomac gadga ganze anu erTgvaridistancia moniSna, Torem ideuri mrCev-lisa Tu keTilmosurne kritikosis fun-qcias yovelTvis asrulebda.

dRevandeli gagebiT, grigol roba-qiZe ufro sapatio Tavmjdomare~ gaxl-daT `cisferi ordenisa~ da ara lideri,an, miT umetes, _ rigiTi wevri.

zemoTqmulis miuxedavad, rocajgufis sakralur~ 13 wevrs Soris roba-qiZes upirveles adgils miuCendnenxolme, igi protests ar gamoxatavda.

cxadia, cisferyanwelebs eamayebo-daT maestros Tanadgoma; Tavis mxriT,robaqiZec tols ar udebda maT mego-brobasa da siyvarulSi: `viyav yan-welebTan mxolod rogorc megobari,ufrosi damxmare da wamxalisebelio~, _dawers xandazmuli mwerali mogvi-anebiT.

`modernizmis qadagi~, `winaswarmet-yveli~, `mTawmideli~, `uwmindesi~, `une-taresi~ _ amgvarad amkobdnen maestroscisferyanwelebi, Tumca unda iTqvas,rom galaktionis sarwmuno mosazrebiT,robaqiZes jgufis saxelwodebis Ser-CevaSic ki ar miuRia monawileoba. galak-tionis sityvebs (miuxedavad misTvisCveuli ironiisa) namdvilad daejereba:igi `cisferi yanwebis~ I nomerSic Tanam-Sromlobda, Tumca maleve ganudga maT;sabolood davSordiT erTmaneTs me,gafrindaSvili da iaSvilio, _ werda igiolia okujavas.

` galaktionis arqivSi gamovlenili esunikaluri fragmenti gamoqveynda 1995wels: `eZebdnen iseT saxels, romelicunda yofiliyo 1) sruliad axali mima-rTulebis gamomxatveli, 2) erovnulikoloritis matarebeli da 3) romelicgamodgeboda jgufis saxelwodebi-sTvisac. paolom sTqva cisferi yanwebi~da gaitana kidec, vinaidan mis mets fuliaravis hqonda almanaxis gamosacemad.amgvarad daibada jgufi `yanwebis~ sax-elwodebiT. rogorc maxsovs, sxva saxel-wodeba ar yofila wamoyenebuli. `cis-feri~ romantiulia, `yanwebi~ _ orma-gad. jer rogorc TviT sagani da anbanTarigiT y. w. _ erovnuliao, ambobdnen~.

ostat-SegirdTa wesisamebr, robaqiZ-esa da axalgazrda poetTa Soris arcwvrilmani ganxeTqileba iyo ucxo. mar-Tlac, paolosaTvis bevri ram mxolod`TamaSi~ iyo, mas SeeZlo TveobiT ar mih-kareboda sawer magidas, SeeZlo gadahy-oloda nairgvar mistifikaciebs, gadax-vewiliyo samogzaurod, sanadirod, san-

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adimod; artistuli, emociuri ticiani-saTvis sruliadac ar iyo saTakilo da-daizmTan Tu futurizmTan kavSiri.

yvelaze `orTodoqs-simbolistad~aRiarebuli valerian gafrindaSvilismrwamsi ufro misaRebi iyo robaqiZ-isaTvis, swored mas mimarTavda maestro`samediatorod~. amis dasturia misiuaRresad saintereso, 1919 wliT daTar-iRebuli kerZo werili quTaisSi myofivalerianisadmi; magram aq mcire retro-eqskursi dagvWirdeba: 1917 wlidan Tbi-lisSi revoluciasa da samoqalaqo omsganridebulma bevrma rusma avangard-istma moiyara Tavi. maT Soris iyoaleqsei kruCionixi, usaCinoesi futur-isti da `zaumuri~ enis fuZemdebelTa-gani. igi jer `futuristebis sindikat-Si~ Sevida, ilia zdaneviCTan, kolau Cer-niavskisTan, lado gudiaSvilTan da kir-ile zdaneviCTan erTad, xolo 1918 wlisTebervalSi ilia zdaneviCTan da igorterentievTan erTad futurizmis `axa-li~ saxeoba _ jgufi `410~-is _ Seqmna.

qarTveli da rusi avangardisti poet-ebi da mxatvrebi mSvidobianad Tanaarse-bobdnen, monawileobdnen erTurTis sa-Ramoebsa da beWdviT organoebSi, ikribe-bodnen xan `fantastiCeski kabaCokSi~,xanac cisferyanwelTa kafe qimerionSi~(orive maTgani rusTavelis prospeqtzemdebareobda).

maT erTobliv saRamos exeba roba-qiZis werili valerian gafrindaSvili-sadmi:

`Zvirfaso valerian!ivnisis Svids aq saRamo gaimarTa

Sesaxeb mxatvrobis. ilaparakes: kakaba-Zem, sudeikinma, ticianma, me. ticianissityva CemTvis moulodneli iyo: jererTi, TiTqos mas daaswres futurizmisdeklaracia (aseTi iyo STabeWdileba) ganacxada man: futurizmis namdvili de-klaracia am scenidan male moxdeba Cve-ni jgufis mier. garda amisa, iyo aseTixazi saxelebis: pikasso da skriabini,mallarme da kruConixi... da sxva...

me avReldi saSinlad: umTavresad imisgamo, rom Tema Cemi iyo sasicocxlo(CemTvis mainc), vilaparake kubizmisSesaxeb: rogorc Tanamedrove ritmi ko-smosis daSlis aTvisebisa. miviRe igi im-denaT, ramdenaTac igi gamarTlebuliasulis tragediiT da esTetiuri kaTarz-

isiT. gareSe amisa: igi mxolod demono-logiaa. kruConixi davaxasiaTe rogorc` ~ da vamxilemisi SemoqmedebiTi araraoba _ (mal-larmes gverdiT mas ra unda?!)... Cemi si-tyva albaT daibeWdeba.

Semdeg: ticiani gamomelaparaka:man miTxra: rogorc `Cven~ gveCveneba

`sio~ da sxva amgvari banalobad, aseeCveneba albaT kruConixs banalobadbalmonti da sxvao... da mec amas vgrZnobsworado.

me SevekiTxe: iqneba odesme qveyanazeiseTi ram, romelic Semdeg banalobadaravis moeCvenos?

man momigo: ara.me kidev: maS msoflios miReba SeuZle-

belia?ticiani: diax, SeuZlebelia...me: aqedan daskvna?ticiani: Tavis mokvla...man isic gadmomca, rom Tqven uari

giTqvamT sonetis weraze da paolosutiria, rom poezia ukanaskneladdaeWvebia...

me ar minda aq yvelaferi vTqva...me minda mxolod Tqveni da paolos

azri gavigo.Tqven kargad iciT Cemi azri: poezia

araritmuli sityvaa da msofliosmetafizikuri amowurva. es daskvna bevrsrames Txoulobs winaswar. me mwams, rommsoflio RvTis qmnadia da xelovani misiTanaSemoqmedi. es ar aris figuruliTqma. Tu es miRebuli iqna, mTeli demon-ologia ticianis uaryofil unda iqnas...

Tqven iciT, rom me TqvenTan varrogorc Zma da Semoqmedi. Zalze vgrZnobTqveni (samis) siyvaruls. xolo, Sesa-Zloa Tqven (paolo da Tqven) ise fiqrob-deT, rogorc ticiani da marTlac gada-wyvetili gqondesT axali `gamosvla~.

unda icodeT, rom am SemTxvevaSi vergamogyvebiT. siyvaruli namdvili _ sas-tikia. me ar SemiZlia Tavis Tavis Ralati.TqvenTvisac ufro kargi iqneba: ufroTavisuflad imoqmedebT.

nu gaikvirvebT, rom `ase~ gwerT: mi-uxedavad ticianis `impressionizmisa~,misma sityvebma damafiqres.

es baraTi waukiTxeT paolos...veli pasuxs: orivesagan...Tqveni erTguli gr. robaqiZe.misamarTi: Tbilisi, cxneTis q. 4, bina 1.

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P.S. aucilebelia Tqveni da paolos aqCamosvla erTi kviriT mainc~.

veras vityvi imis Taobaze, Tu ra Sede-gi mohyva grigol robaqiZis Txovnas: Sei-Zleba vivaraudo, rom maestros SeS-foTeba uTuod valeriansa da paolosac`gadaedo~ (grigolis ganawyeneba maT-Tvis warmoudgeneli iyo), maT saswra-fod acnobes amis Taobaze tician tabiZ-es... ase iyo Tu ise, araviTari erToblivi`futuristuri deklaracia~, rogorcmosalodneli iyo, cisferyanwelebs argamouqveynebiaT. tician tabiZis mou-lodneli gamosvla futurizmis dek-laraciis `muqariT~ albaT ufro rusfuturistebTan metoqeobis grZnobiTTu aixsneba. tician tabiZe didad afaseb-da (Rirsebisamebr) kruCionixs. rusi po-etis mimarT azri mas arc 1920 wels (anukonfliqtidan 1 wlis Semdeg) Seucvlia,radgan sandro cirekiZis Jurnal Svil-dosanSi~ werda: yvela politikur rev-olucias win uswrebda revoluciurigardatexebi poeziaSi. amis saukeTesomagaliTia kruCionixi, romlis zaumur-ma Tezisma `--~-ma gauswrorevolucias ruseTSio.

paradoqsuli azrebiT da winaaRmde-gobebiT aRsavse werilSi `dadaizmi da`cisferi yanwebi~ tician tabiZe aRwer-da Tbilisis kafe `imedSi~ gamarTulrusi futuristebis saRamos. Cans,swored am saRamoze 1919 wlis 7 ivnissmomxdarma incindentma gaagulisagrigol robaqiZe.

`saRamo moawyves rusma futuristeb-ma ilia zdaneviCma, a.kruCionixma da ter-entievma. es saRamo iyo futuristebismxatvrobis. umTavresad aq warmodgeni-li iyo meore zdaneviCi (igulisxmebailias Zma kirile zdaneviCi _ l. a.) dalado gudiaSvili. moxsenebas kiTxulob-da `futuristuli sityvis iezuiti~kruCionixi. rodesac tfilisis akademi-

is wurbelebma ijeres guli (maxsovsiyvnen maTematikis doqtori xarazovi das. gorodecki), roca futuristebisfronti moixsna da a. kruCionixi Cxaoda,rogorc mogdebuli kata, sityva aiRogrigol robaqiZem. es iyo qariSxlis mo-vardna (albaT es Rame daamaxsovrda al.kruCionixs, roca grigol robaqiZesdaarqva ` ~)...

...am apokalipsisis orkestridan ram-denime fraza davimaxsovre. aq iyo lapar-aki nicSes instinqtebis anarqiaze, edgarpos miwis qvesknelis gaJrJolebaze,geologiur katastrofebze... daskvnaaseTi iyo: futuristebi gamarTlebuliarian cxovrebiT. Tqven amtkicebT, romisini Segnebulad jambazoben: magramkargi: Tu saukeTeso axalgazrdoba sa-frangeTis, ruseTis, saqarTvelosi daSeiZleba mTeli qveynisac Segnebuladjambazobs, miT uaresi TviTon qvey-nisTviso.

...im Rames grigol robaqiZem gaxsnaTavisi maska. am Rames is ar iyo mTawmind-eli, RvawliT Semosili, masSi dasZliapoetis ukiduresobam~...

ueWvelia, rom samiode wlis Semdeg,tician tabiZe sul sxvagvarad warmogvi-Cens kruCionixisa da robaqiZis duels~:upiratesobas igi, ra Tqma unda, mae-stros aniWebs.

am incidentma, rogorc Cans, veraferidaaklo maT guliTad, wrfel siyvarul-sa da pativiscemaze dafuZnebul urT-ierTobas... win kidev didi gza iyo, magram`modernizmis qadagi~ grigol robaqiZecisferyanwelTa maradiul kerpad dar-Ca.

`cisferi ordenis~ ekleqtikuriwiaRsvlebi ki, dRevandeli Tvalsaw-ieridan, jgufis sisusted~ sruliadacar aRiqmeba.

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Jaklin siraZe

uCveulo postmodernizmiroman `giorgi brwyinvales~ wakiTxvis mcdeloba

aristoteles `metafizikis~ mixedviT

`aristoteles mixedviT: gonebis aqtivoba aris sicocxle~.u. gaTri

6. istoria, rogorcmisticizmis sagani

Tanamedrovebis suli, TiTqosdaTavisi usaxuri azrebis tyve Seiqmna,roca upirobod aRiara, rom `istoriainteleqtis qimiis gamomuSavebuli yve-laze mavne produqtia~ an `istoria ama-rTlebs yovelgvar survils, is dabe-jiTebiT ar gvawvdis arafers, radganyvelafers Seicavs da yvelafris nimuSsgvTavazobs~ (p. valeri, istoriisaTvis~,Targm. baCana bregvaZem).

Wabua amirejibis romani `giorgibrwyinvale~ amis sapirispiro mcdelo-baa _ istoria miCneul iqnes im ueWvelfaqtad, romelic im `Seumsxvrev~,gauqrob~, `dauZlevel~ teqsts qmnis,romliTac SeiZleba wavikiTxoT warsu-li, awmyo, momavali da ase gadavideTqronosSi.

magram imTaviTve dakvirvebul mkiTx-vels TvalSi moxvdeba, rom romanis te-qstSi qronosi dasazRvrulia, ufrozustad, rac ar unda paradoqsuladJRerdes, is maradiulobis mxolod damxolod erT-erTi saxeTagania: `imdroisTvis aRarc me viqnebi, aRarc Cemiqsenoni (saavadmyofi _ J. s.), is sxva, sx-

vagvarad iqms Cems saqmnels~. radganrogorc TviT qroni ganmartavs:

`_ samyaro, romelsac adamianis gone-ba miswvda, CvenTvis iqamde iarsebebs,sanam jer Tavad Cven da merme kacTamodgma pirisagan miwisa aRigveba da amasvgulisxmob maradisobad. raic zogadmaradisobas Seexeba, mand sxva msazRvre-li gamoiyeneba~.

uneburad aq Cven fiodor dosto-evskis `Zmebi karam