Soybean Illust Guidebook

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Adekunle A.A., Fatunbi A.O., Asiwe J.A.N and Abikoye J.O.

soybean illustrated guide

Soybean

Growing

commercially in Nigeria


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2 soybean illustrated guide

Cover design, Layout design and illustrations by Adisa Abiola


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3soybean illustrated guide

The Commonwealth of Learning (COL) is an intergovernmental organisation created by Commonwealth Heads of Government toencourage the development of open learning and distance education, through the fostering and sharing of knowledge, resources andtechnologies. Headquartered in Vancouver, Canada, COL is the worlds only intergovernmental organisation dedicated solely to promotingand delivering distance education and open learning, and is the only official Commonwealth agency located outside Britain.

Mandated to be in the vanguard of technological change in education and training, COL and its international network of partner organisationshave helped the Commonwealths 53 member nations and their citizens realise widespread access to quality, current education and trainingfor over fifteen years.Fully operational since 1989, COL is financially supported by Commonwealth governments on a voluntary basis. It responds to Commonwealthneeds through in-country and regional programmes and initiatives, as well as fee-for-service consulting for international agencies and nationalgovernments.

www.col.org

The International Institute of Tropical Agriculture (IITA) was founded in 1967 with a mandate for improving food production inthe humid tropics and to develop sustainable production systems. It became the first African link in the worldwide network of agricultural

research centers supported by the Consulative Group on International Agricultural Research (CGIAR).www.iita.org

Total Development International Foundation (TODEV) is a Non governmental organization in Nigeria, that started operation in1995 as WorldReach International. The focus of TODEV is to empower women, children and youths in the rural and urban area by makingavailable information required for development. TODEV packages information required for setting up and managing agricultural enterprisesprofitably in a format easy to understand by all and sundry. Enterprise development, financing, career based guidance and social advocacyon technological issues are significant thrust of this vision.

e-mail: [email protected]

Oke-Ogun Community Development Network(OCDN) is a grassroot organisation interested in the dissemination of information fordevelopment. OCDN has an information centre in Ago-Are and hopes to set up more information Centre in other locations in Oke-Ogun areaof Oyo State in Nigeria.


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SoybeanHow to grow a good cowpea crop in Nigeria


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Soybean is an important crop in Nigeria. It has high nutritional qualities. Soybean has a high protein content of 40% byweight, 32% carbohydrate, 20% fat, 5% minerals and 3% fiber, and other trace substances. It is used as sources of protein

in human food, animal feed and in industries. It is also used in industries as a source of edible oil and the by-product of theoil extraction is the soybean cake used as animal feed. Based on the importance of this crop to human nutrition and indus-trial growth, there is the need to produce it in commercial quantity. This write-up aims to show the best practice that will give

maximum yield under the Nigerian condition.

The importance of soybean


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Use flat, deep and well-drained land for soybean production. Also use land with gentle slopes.Avoid waterlogged soils.

Step 1. Site selection


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Clear all existing vegetation during land preparation. Good seedbed preparation is important for a good crop of soybean. Plough the soil and harrowproperly into flat seedbeds.

Step 2. Site preparation


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Step 3. Land preparation and marking

ridged land

flat seedbeds

Mark the land in rows 60-75 cm apart. Layout the marked flat seedbedsinto plots of rectangular blocks with alleyways between blocks to easethe movement of materials during farm operations.

Plough and harrow the seedbeds prior to markingand plot layout.


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Step 4a. Seed preparation for planting: Sorting and seed treatment

good seeds

bad seeds (These are shriveled, and mayalso have insect exit holes or punctures)

Good seeds are essential for a good crop. Sort the good seeds forplanting to ensure that they are free from insect and disease at-tack. Remove all bad seeds.

Do not purchase seeds from the open market as the cleanliness and germina-tion potential of such seeds are not certain. Plant soybean varieties that arehigh yielding and pest resistant.


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Recommended improved varieties of seeds should be used;

some recommended varieties of soybean by IITA include: Samsoy 2 TGx 536-02D--------------------------------------------------------------------------Good seeds are obtainable from:1. National Seeds Service office nearest

to you.2. Reputable seed dealers in your locality.

3. The Agricultural Development Project(ADP) or Ministry of Agriculture in your state.

4. The Agriculture Office of your localgovernment.

5. The International Institute of TropicalAgriculture (IITA) ICS program.

Step 4b. Seed preparation for planting: Sorting and seed treatment

10 g of Apron Plus 4 kg of soybean

Treat seeds with Apron plus at the rate of 10 g/4 kg of seeds to prevent seedsfrom being damaged by insects and fungi prior to and soon after germination.

4kg soybean


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Step 5. Planting

Plant soybean in rows. A spacing of 60-75 cm between rows and drilling of seeds at 5 cm along the rows is recommended. This requires about 50 kg ofseed per hectare. Thin to ensure one plant per hill.

sign of bad emergence which may be due to poor seedviability or unsorted seed.

sign of good emergence

furrow

Soybean grows best when planted as amonocrop. However, when intercropped,plant component crops, especially cereals, insuch a way as to minimize shading. Plant 4-5rows of soybean alternated with 3-4 rows of

cereals.


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Agroecologies in Nigeria and date of planting soybean

The best time of planting soybean varies with agroecologies and rainfall pattern in Nigeria.

Table 1.

Agroecologies States Date of planting

Humid forest Lagos, Ogun, Edo, Anambra, Imo,Cross River, Ondo

10-20 July

Forest Savanna Oyo, Southern Kwara, Benue 20-30 June

Moist Savanna Nothern Kwara, Niger, Kaduna, Bauchi 15-25 June

Mid-altitude Plateau 5-15 June


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Step 6. Bird scaring

Birds can damage soybean seedlings during the first twoweeks of growth. Therefore scare the birds away. Scare thebirds at the early and late hours of the day.Make scarecrows such as hanging human cloths on a framedstick depicting a human figure. Children can also be used onthe farm to scare the birds away.


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Step 7. Weeding

Hoe the field 2-3 times for a good crop.

hoe-weeding or manual weeding

herbicide applications

Weeds can be controlled using herbicides.Pre-emergent herbicide- Apply Galex or Dual at 3-4 litres per hectare immediately after planting.- Apply a combination of Fusilade and Scepter at 3-4 litres per hectare of each3 weeks after planting.


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Step 8. Fertilizer application

Generally, fertilizer is not used in soybean crop if the soil of the site contains sufficient organic matter content. Improve poor soil with 50 kg of NPK15:15:15 fertilizer and 200 kg of single Super Phosphate per hectare.

50 kg of NPK

Apply organic fer-tilizer during land

preparation orimmediately after

planting.


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Step 9. Pests

Pod-sucking insects could cause substantial loss in some locations. In Nigeriainsect pests are not a serious problem for now, but could be serious in future ashectrage of soybean cultivation increases under monocropping control. Applyinsecticides such as Sherpa Plus, Karate, Thiodian etc. to control insects.

RodentInsects (Pod-sucking bugs and defoliators

Rodents, especially rats and rabbits, also cause damage to soybeanfields. For the rodents, keep the boundaries of the field free of

weeds.


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Step 10. Harvesting

The harvesting of soybean should coincide with dry weather especially in the case of farmers who plant in August in regions with bimodal rainfall. Usemechanical dryers for soybean harvested during the peak of rainfall. Soybean matures 3 to 4 months after planting depending on the maturity groupof the variety. At pod maturity, the colour of the pod is straw-coloured. Cut or uproot the mature plants at ground level. Stack loosely for threshing.


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Step11. Threshing

The pod can be threshed manually or withthe use of a threshing machine depending

on the scale of production.

manualthreshing

Harvested crops must be kept dry. Spread on a platform and sun-dry. Use forced air dryers in extremely large productions. Thresh the dried pods as soon aspossible. Use mechanical threshers in large-scale production; such threshers are equipped with blowers that separate the grains from the shaft. In small-scaleproduction, pack the plants in bags and beat with sticks. Winnow the threshed materials in the air to remove the shaft from the seeds.


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Step 13. Storage

Store grains under dry conditions (less than 10% moisture content). Test for moisture by denting a seed with your teeth. If the seed is dented thenthe seed is too moist to be stored. A well-dried seed will not be dented. Store the dried seeds in woven sacks, or polythene bags in a well-ventilatedstore, or in an air conditioned store.

Documents

Soybean Illust Guidebook