SPIRAL2 - Weizmann-Soreq-Louvain March 20071 18 Ne GANIL Louvain la Neuve

March 2007 1

SPIRAL2 - Weizmann-Soreq-Louvain

18Ne

GANIL

Louvain la Neuve

March 2007 2


Secondary neutrons + fission

BUT

Also light RIB’s

March 2007 3


Accelerator artist view

176 MHz 3.8 m 1.5 MeV/u

M/q2

1st cryostat 6 SC HWR 176 MHz 0=0.09

2nd – 6th cryostats 40 SC HWR 176

MHz 0=0.15

40 MeV x 2 mA p / d RF SC linac

March 2007 4


ECR Ion Source, LEBT and RFQ in situ

The SARAF accelerator

at Soreq, Israel.

Winter 2007

March 2007 5


Fusion Reactions in the Sun:The CNO cycle

14O

17F

(,p)

…..

Proposed at GANIL

March 2007 6


Mass accretion from a companion into a neutron star (black hole).

Role of 14O, 15O and 18Ne in the physics

of x-ray bursts

4He(15O,)19NEM. Wiescher et al. Erice Conference, 2007

J.L. Fisker et al., arXiv:astro-ph/070241

March 2007 7


X-Ray Bursts and the “rp” process

The rp process and x-ray bursts - site of nucleo-synthesis

These movies simulate an x-ray burst and the rapid-proton capture (“rp”) process. The calculation begins at T9=T/10^9 K=40 with only neutrons and protons. As time progresses and the temperature drops below T9=10, nucleons assemble into 4He nuclei then into heavier mass nuclides. Once T9 falls below about 4, the QSE among the heavy nuclei begins to break down. Charged-particle reactions freeze out, and flow to higher mass number occurs via nuclear beta decay. This is the classical r-process phase.

March 2007 8


The Astrophysical Journal, 650 (2006) 332J.L. Fisker et al.The Importance of 15O() 19Ne to X-Ray Bursts and Superbursts

Arxive-ph/0702412 Feb. 2007

J.L. Fisker et al.

Experimental measurements of the 15O( )19Ne reaction rate vs.

observations of type I X-ray bursts

Nuclear Physics A 718, (2003) 605

B. Davids et al.

Alpha-decay branching ratios of near-threshold states in 19Ne and the

astrophysical rate of 15O(α,γ)19NePRC 67 065809 (2003)

K. E. Rehm et al.

Branching ration of the 4.033 MeV 3/2+ state in 19Ne

Nuclear Physics A 688 (2001)465c.

S. Cherubini et al.

The 15O()19Ne reaction using a 18Ne radioactive beam

Partial sample of representative papers

March 2007 9


A first experimental approach to the 15O + elastic scattering - Eur. Phys. J. A27, 183 (2006)

F. Vanderbist, P. Leleux, C. Angulo, E. Casarejos, M. Couder, M. Loiselet, G. Ryckewaert,

P. Descouvemont, M. Aliotta, T. Davinson, Z. Liu, and P.J. Woods

Recent experiments have determined (or put limits to ) for levels in 19Ne up to 5.092 MeV excitation energy. A conclusion is that a direct measurement of the 15O(, )19Ne

reaction in the region of astrophysical interest is currently impossible: 15O beams of intensity larger than 1011 pps on target would be required indeed to measure the 15O(a, )19Ne

cross-section in inverse kinematics in the energy region surrounding the first state above threshold, at 4.033 MeV….

March 2007 10


14N(d,2n)14O cross section and yield 14N(d,n)15O cross section and yield for a 2 mA deuteron beam for a 2 mA

deuterons beam

But, extraction of atomic oxygen…

Long-learned lesson:

“orders-of-magnitude improvement in sensitivity of measurement –

enhanced understanding and possibilities”.

March 2007 11


0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

29 31 33 35 37 39 41 43 45 47 49 51 53 55 57 59 61 63 65 67 69 71 73 75 77 79 81

Alpha Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

5.0E+09

1.0E+10

1.5E+10

2.0E+10

2.5E+10

3.0E+10

Yie

ld (a

tom

s/se

c) (I

nten

sity

0.1

mA

) Alice Yield [at/s]

O16(a,2n)18Ne

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29 31 33 35 37 39 41

Proton Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

1.0E+11

2.0E+11

3.0E+11

4.0E+11

5.0E+11

6.0E+11

7.0E+11

8.0E+11

9.0E+11

Yie

ld (ato

ms/s

ec) (In

ten

sity 2

mA

)

Alice Yield [at/s]

F19(p,2n)18Ne

Tentative results

Lower yield, but, better extraction..

March 2007 12


The beam (from Mats Lindroos – CERN)Production of an intense collimated neutrino (anti neutrino) beam directed at neutrino detectors via decay of accelerated radioactive ions

Decay

RingISOL target & Ion source

SPL

CyclotronsStorage ring and fast cycling synchrotron

6He 6Li e-18Ne 18Fe+

PS

SPSTo the French Alps

March 2007 13


EURISOL INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY PANEL : .…“no progress has been made with the study of alternative production schemes

of 6He and 18Ne using low energy beams and strongly recommends that this study be completed…. The outcome of this study is an essential ingredient for the analysis whether it is technically feasible to decouple EURISOL and the beta-beams completely

March 2007 14


Two stage production scheme

1 cm

40 MeV d5 mA

200 kWL=5 cm D=5 cm

5 cm

R=5 cm

9Be

fast n

Primary target

Secondary target

7Li(d,xn)

9Be(n,)6He

9Be(n,2n)8Be

Target:

C, Be, Li..

March 2007 15


6He production (n,) cross section

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0 2 4 6 8 10

neutron energy (MeV)

Cro

ss s

ecti

on

(m

b) Bass 1961

Savilev 1958Stelson 1957Stelson 1957MCNP

9Be(n,)6He

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 5 10 15 20

n energy (MeV)

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

5.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.5E+12

2.0E+12

2.5E+12

3.0E+12

3.5E+12

n flu

x pe

r 2

mA

d (

s-1)

9Be(n,2n)

9Be(n,)6He

n in Be target

Production yield of the order of 1013 6He per 1 mA d@40 MeV

Remember also 11B(n,)8Li

March 2007 16


8Li energies of interestE(8Li [MeV])

3

6

March 2007 17


R&D Steps

Via neutron converter – 6He, 8Li, ..

Simulations – Geant4, MCNP – PRODUCTION rate of ~1013/mA!!!

Converter design

Target design – Extraction (Be fibers, “microballs..)

Direct production – 14,15O, 18Ne,..

Design of targets (heat) for direct production (O and Ne);

materials (gas?), …

Extraction. Nitrogen is “bad”. Perhaps C02? M. Loiselet, LLN

12C(3He,n)14O and 12C(4He,n)15O Experiment: Beam, Team, Detectors (RMS-like, Si ball, EXOGAM..)…

March 2007 18


Towards a full proposal – objectives and milestones.

2007-2009 Proposal to FP7 (Task 7.1) . Towards establishing a true collaboration.

Initial target design. R&D studies of both n-converter and direct production.

2009-2011 Target (s) manufacturing. Parameters for experimental setup.

2012-……. SPIRAL-II

March 2007 19


SUMMARY

Presented ideas for light radio-nuclei production and use at SPIRAL2

Scientific Case

Calculations and simulations exist – but much more R&D needed

“Road Map” towards a full experiment

OPEN COLLABORATION – participation welcome!!

March 2007 20


g.s.

‘2000

Type II Supernovae 8Li(,n)11B

March 2007 21


MCNP 6He yield simulatio

n

Li

1 cm

2 mA80 kW

L=5 cm D=5 cm

5 cm

R=5 cm

9Be

fast n

Primary target

Secondary target

7Li(d,xn)

9Be(n,)6He

9Be(n,2n)8Be

0

5E+12

1E+13

1.5E+13

2E+13

2.5E+13

2 3 4 5 6

Be target radius (cm)

6H

e yi

eld

(at

m/s

)

D=5 cmD=10 cm

Simulated by Keren Lavie

Assuming:

1. a source target of solid Beryllium in place of liquid Li.

2. Secondary Be target at natural density.

March 2007 22


Typical X-ray bursts:

• 1036-1038 erg/s• duration 10 s – 100s• recurrence: hours-days• regular or irregular

Frequent and very brightphenomenon !

(stars 1033-1035 erg/s)

March 2007 23


Production of 14O

0.0

1.0

2.0

3.0

4.0

5.0

6.0

7.0

8.0

9.0

6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Proton Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ecti

on

(m

b)

0.0E+00

2.0E+11

4.0E+11

6.0E+11

8.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.2E+12

1.4E+12

Yie

ld (

ato

ms/

sec)

(In

ten

sity

2m

A)

CS [mb] CS Fit Yield [at/s]

14N(p,n)14O

March 2007 24


sm = 3•10-19 [/eV], but…..

March 2007 25


neutron flux in secondary target

0.0E+00

5.0E-04

1.0E-03

1.5E-03

2.0E-03

2.5E-03

3.0E-03

3.5E-03

4.0E-03

4.5E-03

5.0E-03

0 10 20 30 40 50

neutron enrgy (MeV)

n f

lux

per

init

ial n

(1/

cm2)

total0-1 cm4-5 cm9-10 cm

x

y

z

(0,0,0)

10cm

5cm Ben-Source

MCNP

K. Lavie

100% natural density

March 2007 26


flux cross section overlap

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 5 10 15 20

n energy (MeV)

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

5.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.5E+12

2.0E+12

2.5E+12

3.0E+12

3.5E+12

n flu

x pe

r 2

mA

d (

s-1)

9Be(n,2n)

9Be(n,)6He

n in Be target

March 2007 27


0.000

0.002

0.004

0.006

0.008

0.010

0 2 4 6 8 10

Position along the Be target (cm)

n 1.5

-15

Me

V fl

ux (

1/n

ini/c

m2)

100 % natural density Be target

production efficiency as function of Be target slide

MCNP

K. Lavie

March 2007 28


Production of other isotope

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

0 5 10 15 20


Cro

ss s

ectio

n (m

b)

11B(n,p)11Be11B(n,a)8Li

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

0 5 10 15 20


Cro

ss s

ectio

n (m

b)

19F(n,p)19O19F(n,a)16N

]/[107.1 8138 sLiLidt

dN

Analytical calculation

March 2007 29


Production of other isotope

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

0 5 10 15 20


Cro

ss s

ectio

n (m

b)

23Na(n,p)23Ne23Na(n,a)20F

0.1

1.0

10.0

100.0

1000.0

0 5 10 15 20


Cro

ss s

ectio

n (m

b)

27Al(n,p)27Mg27Al(n,a)24Na

March 2007 30


A new idea ….

There is a very noticeable lack of accelerators for STABLE BEAMS at

HIGH CURRENT. There is now even a separate European network for

such present and future facility.

Say, one installs at the SARAF a high-q ECR source and then one can

obtain beams of 240 MeV 12C, 320 MeV 16O etc. at hundreds of A

Build a high-efficiency- large solid angle Recoil Mass Separator or a

gas-filled magnet for nuclear structure and astrophysics.

To be explored…(!?)

March 2007 31


0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Deuteron Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

5.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.5E+12

2.0E+12

2.5E+12

3.0E+12

3.5E+12

4.0E+12

Yie

ld (ato

ms/s

ec) (In

ten

sity 2

mA

)

AliceEmpireIIAlice Yield [at/s]EmpireII Yield [at/s]

14N(d,2n)14O

March 2007 32


0.0

10.0

20.0

30.0

40.0

50.0

60.0

70.0

80.0

90.0

100.0

18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Proton Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

5.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.5E+13

2.0E+13

2.5E+13

3.0E+13

3.5E+13

4.0E+13

Yie

ld (ato

ms/s

ec

) (In

ten

sity 2

mA

)

Alice Alice-fit Yield [at/s]

160(p,pn)15O

0.0

20.0

40.0

60.0

80.0

100.0

120.0

140.0

160.0

180.0

200.0

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40

Deuteron Energy (MeV)

Cro

ss S

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

5.0E+12

1.0E+13

1.5E+13

2.0E+13

2.5E+13

Yie

ld (ato

ms/s

ec) (In

ten

sity 2

mA

)

Alice Alice-fit Yield [at/s]

14N(d,n)15O

March 2007 33


Primary target fast n

spectrum

IFMIF S.P.Simakov et al.

2002

<En>=15 MeV

March 2007 34


Accelerator layout

RFQ

PSM Module 2 Module 3 Module 4 Module 5 Module 6

MEBT

176 MHz

3.8 m

1.5 MeV/u

M/q2

1st cryostat

6 SC HWR

176 MHz

0=0.09

2nd – 6th cryostats

40 SC HWR

176 MHz

0=0.15

40 MeV x 2 mA p / d RF SC linac

March 2007 35


March 2007 36


March 2007 37


0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

0 5 10 15 20

n energy (MeV)

Cro

ss s

ectio

n (m

b)

0.0E+00

5.0E+11

1.0E+12

1.5E+12

2.0E+12

2.5E+12

3.0E+12

3.5E+12

n flu

x pe

r 2

mA

d (

s-1)

9Be(n,2n)

9Be(n,)6He

n in Be target

SiteRef.Production rate (6He/s)

Available for experiment (6He/s)

SARAF (2mA)This work2.4∙1013 *3∙1011

Beta-beam]25[6.3∙10128∙1011

Ganil-SPIRAL I]26[9∙107

Dubna-DRIB]27[1.5∙105

Louvain-la-Neuve]28[5.3∙106

Table 1 – comparison of 6He production yield for different laboratories• Assume the transmission efficiency for 6He extraction ionization and transport is ~ 1% [25].

March 2007 38


Model dependence of the neutrino-deuteron disintegration cross sections at

low energieshttp://il.arxiv.org/abs/nucl-th/0702073v1

March 2007 39


EURISOL INTERNATIONAL ADVISORY PANEL- Recent Report:

…“no progress has been made with the study of alternative production schemes of 6He and 18Ne using low energy beams and strongly recommends that this study be completed within the next year. The outcome of this study is an essential ingredient for the analysis whether it is technically feasible to decouple EURISOL and the beta-beams completely”.

March 2007 40


Next step in simulation

Optimization: By adding a Be reflector √ As function of Be target density,

structure Including construction metals As function of L, D and R

L D

R

March 2007 41


And Now What??.....

6He and the magnetic moment of the neutrino

Interest

Target NO Post-acceleration results

8Li(,n)11B and Type II Supernovae

14O(,p)17F and 15O(,)19Ne and x-ray bursts - nucleo-synthesis

Interest

Interest

Target

Target Post-acceleration

Post-acceleration

results

results

March 2007 42


March 2007 43


Present Status – SARAF Phase I – March ‘07

Building ready

Source and LEBT ready

RFQ installed and being conditioned

SC resonators installed in cryostat, individually tested,

waiting for final test of entire module.

First beam at ~4-5 MeV – Summer ’07

March 2007 44


Beam Intensity = 2 mA (protons, deuterons) ; 0.2 mA (alphas) Proton Deuteron Alpha

5

40

5

40

5

40

Energy(MeV) Target

product Yield(a/s)

product

Yield(a/s)

product

Yield(a/s)

product

Yield(a/s)

product

Yield(a/s)

product

Yield(a/s) He6 5.09E+11 Li8 3.63E+11 Li8 1.56E+13 Li9 4.18E+08

Li7 Be7 2.11E+11 Be7 1.27E+13 Be7 1.59E+13 Be10 1.90E+11 N13# 9.31E+12 Be7 9.62E+11 N13 2.58E+12 Li8 3.32E+09 Be7 1.49E+02 Be10 5.40E+08 Be7 3.63E+08 C11 3.89E+10

B8 2.34E+11 Be11 6.50E+05 C14 2.96E+10 C10 1.76E+10 B8 4.72E+08 N13 4.46E+08 C11 3.13E+13 B12 5.90E+12 O14 5.51E+09 N11 2.21E+08 C11 6.68E+12 O15 6.37E+11 N12 1.86E+12 N12 2.58E+11

C12 N13# 7.50E+12

# - Yields are not including the half life of isotopes #

Yield Calculations: Sergei Vaintraub, HUJI

6He, 8Li and others also via a d+ 7Be neutron converter; the 11B(n,)8Li and 9Be(n,)6He reactions

80

March 2007 45


Examples of Reactions with RNB’s for Astrophysics

• 8B(p,)9C

• 8B(,p)11C

• 9C(,p)12N

• 11C(p,)12N

March 2007


11C(p,)12N, S(E) = E (E) exp(2)

Direct Capture is important at stellar energies except for the places of resonances , 2+, E

x=0.960 MeV and 2- 1.191

E0=0.030, E

0=0.020 MeV for CNO E

0=0.18, E

0=0.16 MeV for Novae

Documents

SPIRAL2 - Weizmann-Soreq-Louvain March 20071 18 Ne GANIL Louvain la Neuve