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3

Table of Contents

7

11

Chapter 1

32

Chapter 2

73

Chapter 3

Chapter 4

132

133

137



Chapter 5

Chapter 6

177 177

Table of Contents



Foreword



William Lacy Swing

Foreword



7

Acknowledgements





List of Tables and Figures



List of Tables and Figures



11

Executive Summary



12



13

•

•

•

1

1





1

1.1 Introduction

2

*

1

2

Migrant Deaths: AnInternational OverviewChapter 1



1.2 International policy context and geography

of deaths

3

3

;



17



1.3 How many have died? Statistics on migrant

border-related fatalities

Figure 1.1: Migrant border-related deaths around the world,

January–September 2014a



1.3.1 Challenges concerning comparability



Where are deaths occurring?

Figure 1.2: Regions in which migrant deaths occurred, 2014

Mediterranean



21

Africa



22

South-East Asia and Australia

Central and North America

7

7



23



Table 1.1

Region Number of

deaths

Years Source

1.3.2 Who is most at risk?

Origin of migrants



Figure 1.3: Deaths by migrants’ region of origin, 2014

si



Figure 1.4: Deaths in the Mediterranean by migrants’ region of origin, 2014

30%

30%

29%

11%

0%

MENA

Sub-Saharan Africa

Not specied/Unknown

Horn of Africa

South Asia



27

Sex of migrants and other basic data



Figure 1.5

globally, 2014

3% 1%

96%

Male

Female

Not specied/Unknown



1.4 Challenges of collecting data on migrant deaths

1.4.1 Invisibility

1.4.2 Remote topography and challenging environments



1.4.3 Missing information

1.4.4 Involvement of criminal actors



31



32

1.5 Who collects the data?

1.5.1 The media as a source of data



33

11

12

11

12



1.6 Keeping count: Why we need better data

1.6.1 Greater accountability and action

1.6.2 More accurate determination of causes and effective response

13

13



1.6.3 Respect for the dead and greater closure for families



1.7 Way forward: Better monitoring, data collection

and analysis

1.7.1 Who should be counting?



37





1.8 Outline and chapter overviews





Bibliography









1 2

2.1 Introduction

3

*

1

2

3

Migrant Deaths in the

Americas (United Statesand Mexico)Chapter 2



Chapter 2 Migrant Deaths in the Americas (United States and Mexico)



2.2 Historical and geographical overview




Figure 2.1

south-western border

2.2.1 Demographics



2.2.2 Routes and risks: United States–Mexico border




2.2.3 Routes and risks: Within Mexico

7

7








2.3 Estimated number of migrant fatalities

2.3.1 United States




Figure 2.2

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

0

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

1,600,000

1,800,000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

US Border Patrol deaths South-western apprehensions

M i g r a n t d

e a t h s a c r o s s s o u t h - w e s t e r n b o r d e r

S o u t h - w e s t e r n a p p r e h e n s i o n s



Figure 2.3

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

M i g r a n t D e a t h

s p e r 1 0 0 , 0

0 0 A p p r e h e n s i o n s




Figure 2.4

California

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

San Diego, CA

El Centro, CA

Yuma, AZ-CA

Tucson, AZ

El Paso, TX-NM

Big Bend, TX

Del Rio, TX

Laredo, TX

Rio Grande Valley, TX



Figure 2.5

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 20042005 2006 20072008 20092010 2011 2012 2013

N u m b e r o f d e a t h s

Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol (San Diego and El Centro Sectors)




Arizona



Figure 2.6

Examiner in Tucson, Arizona




Figure 2.7

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013


Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol (Tucson Sector) Pima County OME






Table 2.1

Country of origin Number

2

1

1

1

1

77



Texas




0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013


Eschbach et al. 1999 Cornelius 2001 U.S. Border Patrol






11

Comparisons across California, Arizona and Texas

11



0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

N u m

b e r o

f d e a t h s

California Arizona Texas




Figure 2.10

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 R e m a i n s r e c o v e r e d p e r 1 0 0 , 0

0 0 U S B o r d e r P

a t r o l a p p r e h e n s i o n s

California Arizona Texas



2.3.2 Mexico




2.4 Record keeping and limitations to existing counts






72



73

2.5 Conclusion and recommendations




•

•



Bibliography






77




















Tracking Deaths in the

MediterraneanChapter 3

1 2

3.1 Introduction

*

1 2



Chapter 3 Tracking Deaths in the Mediterranean

3.2 Brief historical and geographical overview



Figure 3.1

2013

3

4

3




Figure 3.2

, ,

.

, , , ,

-10,000

0

10,000

20,000

30,000

40,000

50,000

60,000

70,000

2009 2010 2011 2012 2013

Central Mediterranean sea route

Eastern Mediterranean sea route

Eastern Mediterranean land route

Western Balkan route

Other routes



,

,

Figure 3.3

24%

11%

9%

8%6%

5%

5%

3%

3%

3%

23%Syrian Arab Republic

Eritrea

Afghanistan

Albania

Kosovo/UNSC 1244

Somalia

Pakistan

Nigeria

Algeria

Other




5

6

,

, , , ,

3.3 Risks associated with unauthorized travel



,

,

7

7




, ,

3.4 How many die? Existing data and its quality

8

9

10



Figure 3.4

,

•

•

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

UNITED Fortress Europe




•

,

.

,

,

, , ,

11

11



Figure 3.5

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1,000

1,100

1,200

1 9 8 8

1 9 8 9

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

2 0 1 4

UNITED Fortress Europe APDHA Carling (2007) Kiza (2008)




12

13

12 13



3.5 Methods and sources for a more accurate

and comprehensive count









•

15

•



,

•

16

.,

3.6 Conclusions and recommendations




17

17






Bibliography








Crossing the Mediterranean

country or to bring his family to Libya, Louay Khalid planned his crossing to

2013.18





1 2

4.1 Introduction

3

*

1

2

3

From Sub-Saharan Africathrough North Africa:

Tracking Deathsalong the WayChapter 4



Chapter 4 From Sub-Saharan Africa through North Africa: Tracking Deaths along the Way

Figure 4.1: Migratory routes from Sub-Saharan Africa

4.2 Brief historical and geographical background:

The migration context

4.2.1 Similarities and differences between the two routes



111




112

4.2.2 Key drivers



113

7

7




4.2.3 West and Central Africa context

West Africa



•

•




•

Central Africa






11

11






4.3.1 Smuggling: The protection-free underworld



121

4.3.2 Special case of commoditization and victimization

of Eritreans

13

13




122



123

4.3.3 Libya: No protection16




17

4.3.4 Dying to migrate north

17



Death in the desert crossing






127




Death in the sea crossing



21

21




22

22



131




132

4.4 Conclusions: Methodological challenges

and information gaps



133

Bibliography









.



137

Death in the desert

turned out to be much harsher than she had expected, and she saw many die 23

23





1

Figure 5.1: Migratory routes in the Horn of Africa

5.1 Introduction

*

1

Deaths en Route fromthe Horn of Africa toYemen and along theEastern Corridor from

the Horn of Africa toSouth AfricaChapter 5



Chapter 5 Deaths en Route from the Horn of Africa to Yemen

and along the Eastern Corridor from the Horn of Africa to South Africa

5.2 Brief historical and geographical background:

The migration context

5.2.1 The Ethiopian exodus

2

2



3

3





7

7





11

5.2.3 The Somali exodus

11







12

13

5.2.4 Somaliland

12

13



5.3 Calculating deaths





5.3.1 Death from physical hardship



Death in the desert





Death on the road



17

17







Table 5.1: Migrants recorded as dead or missing at sea, from 2006 to May 2014

Year Number recorded as dead

or missing at sea

131





Death from “natural causes” including illness, suicide and general

debilitation







5.3.2 Death as stranded migrants

21

21



5.3.3 Death due to malicious neglect or abusive practices when

smuggled





22

other criminals

22



23

23





27

27







Death from en route banditry







29

Death by organ removal



31

32

31

32





33

33



5.3.4 Death of labour migrants

5.4 Methodological challenges and information gaps





5.5 Conclusions and recommendations







Bibliography



171





172



173





Journey of hope







177

1

6.1 Importance of counting migrant deaths

2

*

1

2

Counting andAccounting for Deaths

of Asylum-seekersen Route to AustraliaChapter 6



6.2 Illegalized journeys to Australia by boat

3

3



Figure 6.1

Figure 6.2

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

18,000

20,000

1 9 9 0

1 9 9 1

1 9 9 2

1 9 9 3

1 9 9 4

1 9 9 5

1 9 9 6

1 9 9 7

1 9 9 8

1 9 9 9

2 0 0 0

2 0 0 1

2 0 0 2

2 0 0 3

2 0 0 4

2 0 0 5

2 0 0 6

2 0 0 7

2 0 0 8

2 0 0 9

2 0 1 0

2 0 1 1

2 0 1 2

2 0 1 3

0

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

2 0 0 3 – 2 0 0 4

2 0 0 4 – 2 0 0 5

2 0 0 5 – 2 0 0 6

2 0 0 6 – 2 0 0 7

2 0 0 7 – 2 0 0 8

2 0 0 8 – 2 0 0 9

2 0 0 9 – 2 0 1 0

2 0 1 0 – 2 0 1 1

2 0 1 1 – 2 0 1 2

2 0 1 2 – 2 0 1 3

Onshore visas

N u m b e r o f v i s a s g r a n t e d



Figure 6.3: Migrant smuggling routes to Australia





7

6.3 Data sources and information gaps

7





11

12

13

11 12

13





6.4 What we know and do not know about deaths

en route to Australia

6.4.1 How many people die?



Table 6.1: Known deaths related to Australian border controls, January

2000–July 2014

Circumstances Deaths

171 11

31 2

1

3

2

Total

Figure 6.4

January 2000–July 2014

3

361

1 1 0 0 012

0

110

152

231

356

212

10

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014



6.4.2 Origins of those who died

Figure 6.5


864

300

120

67

45

37

4

3

0 200 400 600 800 1000

Not recorded

Afghan

Iraqi

Sri Lankan

Iranian

Pakistani

Burmese



Figure 6.6


6.4.3 Cause of death

Not known,

84, 6%

South-East

Asia/Oceania,

216, 15%

164, 11%Middle East,

981, 68%



6.4.4 Age and sex

17

Figure 6.7

sex, January 2000–May 2014

17

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Male Female Unknown



6.5 A chronology of counting



6.5.2 Recovering bodies and identifying the dead



6.5.3 Conduct of coronial inquiries

21

22

23

21

22 23



6.5.4 Inclusion of border-related deaths in national deathsin custody statistics



6.6 Improving data and saving lives

6.6.1 Conclusions: Counting and accounting for deaths



•

•

•

•

•

•

•

•



•

•

•

6.6.2 Recommendations







.















R e g i o n

N a m e o f

F r e q u e n c y

S o u r c e s

S t a r t

E n d

A n n e x



R e g i o n

N a m e o f

F r e q u e n c y

S o u r c e s

S t a r t

E n d

Annex



R e g i o n

N a m e o f

F r e q u e n c y

S o u r c e s

S t a r t

E n d



R e g i o n

N a m e o f

F r e q u e n c y

S o u r c e s

S t a r t

E n d

Annex



211 R e g i o n

N a m e o f

F r e q u e n c y

S o u r c e s

S t a r t

E n d



212 R e g i o n

N a m e o f

F r e q u e n c y

S o u r c e s

S t a r t

E n d

3 1

Annex





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