STANAG 2222 FELADATOK

PRACTICE BOOK FOR STANAG 2 EXAMINATION

(Sample tasks for examinations in reading, writing, listening and

speaking)

1

2

TABLE OF CONTENTS

READING

Task 1…………………………………………… Task 2…………………………………………… Tasks 3-4………………………………………..

4 15 26

LISTENING

Task 1……………………………………………. Task 2…………………………………………….

67 78

WRITING

Task 1……………………………………………. Task 2…………………………………………….

99110

SPEAKING

Task 1……………………………………………. Task 2……………………………………………. Task 3……………………………………………. Task 4…………………………………………….

121122123124

KEYS

Reading Task 1…………………………………. Reading Task 2…………………………………. Reading Tasks 3-4……………………………...

Listening Task1………………………………… Listening Task 2…………………………………

127128129

130140

TAPESCRIPTS

Task 1……………………………………………. Task 2…………………………………………….

142152

3

READING TASK 1

4

TEXT 1

Reading Task 1. Questions 1-10 Read the text below. Choose the best word (A, B, C or D) for each gap (1-10). 0 is an example.

Gorilla-Baby

The Hallidays have become foster parents for a …..0…… four-month-old gorilla named Kwam. Busy mom Yolande Halliday is playing nursemaid to the western lowland ape, and now everyone in her household is ..........1......... a swinging time monkeying around with the precocious primate.Kwam was born at Howletts Wild Animal Park in England. But his mom couldn’t ...........2.......... enough milk to feed her four-pound bundle of joy. So, park officials handed him over to surrogate mother Yolande, a park ….....3....... who lives in Canterburry.Kwam is ...........4......... like one of the family. He even sleeps on his own bed in the room of Yolande and her husband, Peter. And he loves to romp around with the couple’s daughters.“..........5......... he is living in a human home, he’s very much ……..6…….. that he is a gorilla,” says Yolande. ”He ..........7............ really well with the girls, who see him as their baby brother.”Kwam starts his day with a hearty breakfast of special milk. After a diaper change, he ............8......... outside to play with the family. In the evening he plays a game with the girls before eating ........9........ and going to bed. Yolande even tucks him in at the end of a busy day, just like one of her real kids. Although Kwam occasionally gets a little out of control, he has an incredibly nice ……..10…….. .

Example:0. A. lovable B. charmed C. full D. sympathetic

1. A. wasting B. taking C. having D. passing2. A. obtain B. produce C. feed D. complete3. A. employee B. employer C. member D. labour4. A. cured B. treated C. dealt D. regarded5 A. In spite B. Despite C. Although D. However6. A. knows B. known C. famous D. aware7. A. gets on B. copes C. manages D. loves8. A. elbows B. heads C. thumbs D. turns9. A. elevenses B. lunch C. supper D. breakfast10. A. health B. mood C. face D. nature

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A

5

TEXT 2


Galapagos Oil Overboard

They say it’s .…0.… worth crying over certain spilled liquids. Oil, however, isn’t one of them. When nearly 240,000 gallons of fuel .…1.… dumped near the Galapagos islands in January 2001, international ecologists condemned Ecuador’s management of the .…2…. islands, calling for international support in keeping the famous Galapagos habitat out of harm’s way. Apparently, their protests had .…3…. impact. Last Thursday a barge spilled close to 2,000 gallons of diesel ….4…. the islands. Strong currents were ….5…. for knocking the barge’s haul – a fuel tank – overboard. But once again, ecologists pointed the finger at the government, denouncing its failure to ……6…… adequate safety measures on fuel transport to electric plants on the Galapagos.On the upside, initial wildlife damage reports from local scientists weren’t too grim; the islands’ exotic wildlife would not be ….7…. in the short term. But experts also believed it was too soon ….8…. about the long-term effects. A recent study showed that 62 per cent of iguanas on the island of Santa Fe died within a year of the ….9…. Galapagos spill. Let’s hope – for the sake of both the Galapagos wildlife and the Ecuadorian government – that this spill doesn’t ….10…. the same type of damage.

Example:0. A. does B. not C. C D. doesn’t

1. A. had been B. was C. has been D. were2. A. protected B. secured C. protecting D. guarded3. A. several B. a few C. few D. little4. A. close B. near C. far D. nearby5. A. charged B. accused C. claimed D. blamed6. A. create B. handle C. implement D. deploy7. A. dismissed B. increased C. affected D. abolished8. A. to say B. to tell C. to note D. to ask9. A. last B. latter C. least D. late10. A. do B. make C. take D. have

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B

6

TEXT 3


In His Glory

Most people know Sir Winston Churchill as the …..0…. of a generation, the gifted orator and wartime leader who ….1…. his country and its Allies to victory in World War II. What they probably don’t know is that he was also a ….2…. painter who loved curry and signed letters to his wife with a drawing of a cute little pig. Nearly 40 years after his death, the world will now have a chance to see Churchill, the man, at the first major museum ….3…. solely to the former prime minister.The 6-million-pound Churchill Museum is a ….4…. of the Imperial War Museum. When the British Treasury Department decided in 1995 to refurbish and ….5…. parts of the Cabinet War Rooms previously closed to the public, CWR’s director, Phil Reed, saw an opportunity to honour the man who ….6…. history from inside those chambers. Through Churchill’s letters, school reports and personal effects the museum’s ….7…. will delve deeply, looking past Churchill’s public persona to the unsuccessful schoolboy, the dedicated family man, the world traveller and the ardent hobbyist.They will also admit Churchill was by no means ….8…. loved. The museum includes German posters mocking him as a “mad drunkard” and “warmonger” and notes there were plenty of Britons who “disliked and ….9….” their prime minister. The highlight: an interactive “Lifeline,” a 17-meter-long table where visitors will be able to use electronic sensors to ….10…. a wealth of photos and documents from Churchill’s life and times.

Example:

0. A. smuggler B. saviour C. commander D. teacher

1. A. led B. left C. put D. built2. A. generous B. prolific C. good-looking D. favourite3. A. decided B. dedicated C. developed D. decorated4. A. project B. design C. profit D. promise5. A. measure B. mend C. order D. open6. A. showed B. shaped C. saved D. destroyed7. A. expenses B. expeditions C. exhibits D. expansions8. A. ambiguously B. uncertainly C. dubiously D. universally9. A. distrusted B. disbanded C. disguised D. frightened10. A. obtain B. conceal C. examine D. neglect

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B

7

TEXT 4


Women Who Wore the Blue and the Gray

Not all of the soldiers who …..0….. in the blue and the gray were men. Adventure-seeking women – perhaps as many as …..1….. hundred –disguised themselves as males and took up arms. Although the true ….. 2 ….. of most was quickly discovered, some …..3 …..to sustain the deception for months and even years.Sara Edmonds, a Canadian immigrant who joined the 2nd Michigan Infantry in 1861 under the name of Frank Thompson, was a master of disguise. In her account of war ….. 4 ….., she related that General George B. McCiellan employed her as a spy during the Peninsular Campaign in 1862 – completely ….. 5 ….. that Private Thompson was actually a woman. For her first mission, she blackened her face with silver nitrate, covered her hair with a wig and slipped behind Confederate lines …..6….. as a young male slave.On other occasions Edmonds posed as a female slave, a dry-goods clerk and a confederate infantryman, infiltrating enemy lines eleven times in all without ….7….. . In 1863 she contracted malaria, and ….. 8 ….. than submit to a medical examination that might reveal her gender, she ….. 9 ….. and resumed civilian life as a woman. Not until 1883 did she ….. 10 ….. her secret life as a soldier.

Example:0. A. fight B. fought C. battled D. struggled

1. A. many B. more C. few D. several2. A. character B. identity C. personality D. person3. A. able B. capable C. managed D. could4. A. experiences B. experiments C. exercises D. experts5. A. unconscious B. unfamiliar C. unknown D. unaware6. A. pretended B. looked C. dressed D. behaved7. A. detection B. noticing C. realization D. catching8. A. better B. rather C. more D. less9. A. emigrated B. left C. escaped D. deserted10. A. betray B. tell C. confess D. deny

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B

8

TEXT 5


New Stand Completed

After the tragedies of Bradford and Brussels, the world of football has been ….. 0 ….. the work being carried out at Oxford United’s new ground. The work, which had already started when the two tragedies occurred, has to some ….. 1 ….. solved the safety problems which the two events have brought to the world’s attention.Smoke-….. 2 ….. and heat-sensors have been put into the roof of the stand. These are linked to a computer in the office so that action can be ….. 3 ….. efficiently and quickly. Extractors have also been fitted to draw out the smoke rapidly in case of fire. In the belief that ….. 4 ….. is better than cure, an entrance has been made under the stand to allow rubbish to be cleared more quickly. Much of the seating in the stadium has been replaced and now ….. 5 ….. the standards of safety.The tragedy showed it was necessary to separate …..6 ….. effectively. Oxford United has divided the ground into four ….. 7 ….. parts, each with its own toilet and refreshment areas, so there is no need for ….. 8 ….. fans to meet each other. Release gates have been fitted into the fencing at regular intervals, which in the ….9….. of an accident can be opened by officials. In addition, there will be other gates which only the police will be able to open, to ….. 10 ….. them to get to trouble spots quickly.

Example:0. A. watching B. looking C. seeing D. listening

1. A. grade B. measure C. extent D. range2. A. feelers B. detectors C. investigators D. observers3. A. made B. brought C. done D. taken4. A. evasion B. treatment C. prevention D. avoidance5. A. fills B. meets C. complies D. suits6. A. watchers B. viewers C. crowds D. lookers7. A. different B. various C. difference D. variable8. A. enemy B. competing C. opponents D. opposing9. A. event B. case C. occurrence D. issue10. A. let B. allow C. leave D. entitle

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10A

9

TEXT 6


A Liar

The first time I experienced a problem with my age was …0… my fortieth birthday. I …1… to like it, when people told me I looked young for my age, but then I realised that they were just …2… me how old I was. Anyway I slowly …3… the shock and tried to convince myself that life begins at 40.I met him playing badminton. He was …4… with my exciting lifestyle – lots of travelling and some writing. I found him fun, kind, …5… and very attractive. He’s 39 and looks about 19. He has no idea how old I am.All my life I’ve been totally honest. I’ve never travelled without a ticket and in job interviews I always come out with all the reasons …6… I should not be employed.Early on in the relationship I told him the truth about my disastrous existence – my divorce, my financial difficulties, the …7… that destroyed my faith in men. I even …8… that I dye my hair. But something stopped me from coming clean about my actual age and I didn’t tell him that I’m older than him. The other day I …9… hid my passport under a pile of papers. I’m worried about organising a get-together with my friends in case one of them says something like, ’Doesn’t she look good for her age.’The longer I remain silent, …10… he is to find out and I am frightened. I’ve found someone who makes me happy and I don’t want to lose him.

Example:

0. A: at B: on C: for D: from

1. A: had B: should C: would D: used2. A: saying B: telling C: speaking D: told3. A: got over B: got out of C: got into D: got away with4. A: surprised B: frightened C: impressed D: confused5. A: amused B: amusing C: be amused D: be amusing6. A: why B: for C: at D: under7. A: contact B: relationship C: connection D: relation8. A: investigated B: inquired C: charged D: admitted9. A: only B: still C: even D: already10. A: likelier B: the likely C: the more likely D: more likely

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B

10

TEXT 7


Plague and Flu change History of the WorldThe history of humanity is …..0….. from the history of epidemics. It is generally believed that the smallpox epidemic, which broke out in elite units of the Persian army, allowed Greece to …..1….. its independence and create a …..2….. culture. An unidentified disease killed a quarter of Athens population in the year 430 B.C. The tragedy made Athens lose its dominating …..3….. in Ancient Greece for a certain period of time. More than 5,000 people were dying in Rome daily during the smallpox epidemic in 255-266. As a result, the Roman Empire had to …..4….. its aggressive crusades. It is an open secret that plague …..5….. an intense influence on the history of mankind. The first epidemic known as the Plague of Justinian took place in Byzantium in the VI century and killed about 100 million people in 50 years.A large number of people may die from illnesses, which are usually not …..6….. to as life-threatening. Flu is the brightest example: the mutating …..7….. of the flu virus turns the disease into a more dangerous form every 40 years. The whole world was …..8….. in 1918 because of the Spanish flu virus. Spanish flu had grave consequences: It took the virus mere weeks to …..9….. Germany, France, Italy and other countries of Central Europe. It killed about 17 million people in India and 200 thousand in England. Every fourth American had the virus during the epidemic, up to 675,000 of them died. The average life …..10….. in the States temporary dropped from 56 to 39 years as a result.

Example:

0 A. identical B. derivable C . inseparable D. unbreakable

1. A. take B. keep C. make D. reclaim 2. A. boastful B. famous C. glorious D. luxurious 3. A. positions B. successions C. possessions D. directions4. A. abolish B. ban C. hasten D. suspend5. A. played B. exerted C. lessened D. involved6. A. admitted B. accepted C. referred D. originated 7. A. ability B. possibility C. opportunity D. probability 8. A. swearing B. grumbling C. cheering D. grieving9. A. strike B. destroy C. ruin D. wipe10. A. turn B. cycle C. span D. line

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10C

11

TEXT 8

Reading task 1. Questions 1-10. Read the text below. Choose the best word (A, B, C, or D) for each gap (1-10). 0 is an example.

A NEW SHOPPING AREA

A local newspaper in Bristol asked readers about the new pedestrian precinct, a shopping area in the town where traffic is not allowed. A number of readers ………0……. the idea.Mrs. Edna French, 62, goes shopping three or sometimes four times a week. ‘’I am very ………. 1 ..…….. if I can do all my shopping without having to ……… 2 ……… the traffic all the time. Before the war the streets here were narrow and very often people were ……….. 3 …………. in front of the cars. It’s a ………… 4 ………….. that there weren’t more accidents. I really can’t understand why they didn’t do it before.”Harold Jenkins, 72, thinks the people in the area are friendlier than those in other parts of the town. “You hear about ………. 5 …….. shop assistants. That certainly isn’t true about the ones here. When you go into a shop, they’ve got time for you. I think it’s got something to do with the ……… 6 ……… of cars in this part of the town. People don’t rush around to do all their shopping before the money in the parking ……… 7 ……… runs out.”Mr. Jenkins also …………. 8 ……….. the Saturday markets, held in the open air every week in the summer. “They’ve now become quite a popular …….. 9 …….. - you find it hard to fight your way through the ……… 10 ……… when they are on.

Example:0. A. offered B. protested C. welcomed D. condemned

1. A. angry B. nervous C. confused D. pleased2. A. stare B. look C. watch D. stop3. A. pulled B. dragged C. taken D. pushed4. A. pity B. wonder C. shame D. curse5. A. stupid B. polite C. wonderful D. rude6. A. lack B. lot C. bunch D. failure7. A. measure B. watch C. meter D. inspector8. A. said B. guessed C. mentioned D. told9. A. accident B. celebration C. operation D. event10. A. crowds B. streets C. goods D. vehicles

ANSWER SHEET

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

12

TEXT 9

Reading task 1. Questions 1-10. Read the text below. Choose the best word (A, B, C, or D) for each gap (1-10). 0 is an example. Mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.

APEMAN HAD FAMILY STRUCTURE

Ancient African footprints of three …0… preserved by a rain of volcanic ash suggest man’s …1… may have had a family structure 3.6 million years ago, anthropologist Mrs. Mary Leakey said.Mrs. Leakey, reporting on her …2… during the past year in northern Tanzania said it now appears the 89-foot (27m) long trail of prints was made by three individuals walking together.“All three individuals are in step and any slight deviation in course is closely followed by all three, …3… that they may have been holding on to one another,” she said at a National Geographic Society … 4… conference.Mrs. Leakey said there is a …5… trail of 39 prints on one side, and …6… than a foot away,there is a trail of 31 dual prints apparently made by two individuals walking in tandem with the second …7… in the tracks of the first.The noted anthropologist said the prints strongly suggest that a male and female walked on one side…8… a juvenile on the left.“It’s not fact – it’s suggestive – but it’s quite extraordinary to get even that information that far back,” she said.Mrs. Leakey …9… that the footprint discovery last year …10… for the first time that apeman walked upright that long ago. Seventy three of prints were uncovered in 1978 and an additional 16 footprints were uncovered last year in that African region.

Example:

0. A. insurgents B. individuals C. experts D. inspectors

1. A. descendants B. ancestors C. beings D. inheritors 2. A. colleagues B. manuscripts C. outlines D. studies3. A. believing B. suggesting C. offering D. guessing 4. A. news B. speech C. job D. talk5. A. simple B. plural C. single D. sand6. A. much B. any C. less D. none7. A. stopping B. stepping C. jumping D. speeding8. A. leading B. holding C. carrying D. meeting9. A. advanced B. argued C. announced D. discussed 10 A. predicted B. oversaw C. proved D. suspected

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10B

13

TEXT 10

Reading task 1. Questions 1-10. Read the text below. Choose the best word (A, B, C, or D) for each gap (1-10). 0 is an example. Mark your answer on your Answer Sheet.

SUCCESS WITH MALARIA

In 1998, the Australia-based company BHP Billiton began building a huge plant outside Maputo, the capital of Mozambique. The company knew that malaria …0… the region. It gave all its workers mosquito nets and free medicine, and sprayed the construction …1… and workers’ houses with insecticide. Nevertheless, during the first two years of construction there were 6,000 …2… of malaria and at least 13 contractors died.To …3… with the problem, the company did something …4…. It joined the effort by South Africa, Mozambique and Swaziland to …5… malaria in the swath of the three countries …6… more than 40,000 square miles.BHP Billiton hires and trains local workers, who spray houses with insecticide once or twice a year. People who get malaria are …7… with a new combination of drugs that costs about $1.40 for adults.In the three years since house-to-house insecticide spraying, surveillance and state-of-the-art …8… began, malaria incidence dropped in one South African province by 96 percent. In the area around the plant, 76 percent fewer children now …9… the malaria parasite. The initiative is probably the best antimalaria program in the world, an example for other countries that fighting malaria is possible and cost-effective.Governments should make the same …10… and follow the example. Malaria kills some two million people a year, nearly all of them children under 5.

Example:0. A. covered B. plagued C. caught D. swept

1. A. layer B. pitch C. site D. soil2. A. cases B. samples C. accidents D. patterns3. A. work B. manage C. solve D. deal4. A. expressive B. extravagant C. extraordinary D. extremely 5. A. spoil B. eradicate C. erase D. extend 6. A. existing B. locating C. lasting D. measuring7. A. cured B. tried C. given D. taken8. A. methods B. progress C. treatment D. processes9. A. hold B. keep C. carry D. earn10 A. predictions B. amounts C. researches D. calculations

ANSWER SHEET

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

B

14

READING TASK 2

15

TEXT 1

Reading Task 2. Questions 11-15 Read the text and then choose the best phrase from list A-I given below it to fill each of the blanks. For each gap write one letter (A-I). Three of the suggested answers do not fit at all. 0 is an example.

Example: 0 E --- 0 ---

Foods That Pack a WallopFood, of course, is a necessary ingredient for good health. But is it more than that? Can eating the right foods in the right combination actually prevent disease? In the past few years, research on the subject has exploded. Scientists have started to identify what may be hundreds – even thousands – of natural chemicals in foods ……….0………. . These aren’t just vitamins and minerals ……….11………. strange-sounding compounds – starting with the latest nutritional superstars, the phytochemicals.That clove of garlic in your refrigerator? That jar of nuts in your pantry? Used correctly, they may have the power to prevent all kinds of serious illnesses, ……….12……… diabetes and even cancer. You may never look at a tomato the same way again. A word of warning: you can find many of these compounds in dietary supplements, ……….13………. .“Food is very complex,” ……….14………., chief of preventive medicine at Harvard’s Brigham and Women’s Hospital. “It may be the combination of antioxidants, phytochemicals and fiber that work together to confer health benefits”.Fortunately, nature has given us a handy rule of thumb. Many of the very chemicals that make foods good for us are the ones ……….15………., turning blueberries blue, spinach green, and carrots deep orange. So for optimum health, scientists say, eat a rainbow of colours.

A. however some experts sayB. including heart diseaseC. but they might not do any goodD. if you keep your dietE. that seem to have preventive powers 0F. that give them colourG. but a whole new range ofH. although several doctors disagreeI. says Ann Manson

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

16

E

17

TEXT 2


Example: 0 G --- 0 ---

Scientists Want to Turn Mummy into Mommy

Modern- day Dr. Frankensteins are scheming to make a 500-year-old mummy a real mommy - using science straight out of Jurassic Park.The Ice Maiden of Peru, a 14-year-old girl brutally sacrificed to bloodthirsty Inca gods …………0…………., came to light after a volcano revealed her hidden mountaintop grave. Her face was dried out ………11………… . But the rest of her is perfectly preserved – long brown hair, muscular arms and slender fingers.Now, secret negotiations are underway to take an egg from the perfectly preserved ovaries of the Ice Maiden ...........12............ . But the proposal has touched off a bitter debate.“Most people will be horrified ............13............ and a child could be born as a result,” says University of Texas Professor John Robertson, a leading expert on reproductive ethics.“Imagine growing up knowing your mother was a 500-year-old Inca girl. There’s no good reason to go ahead with this procedure. “There might be a case made for taking an egg and examining it in the laboratory to verify its condition ……..14………. . But actually produce a child? No!”Reinhard manaded to get “Juanita,” as he calls her, down the mountain. Her frozen body was taken to the U.S. for scientific study.Now, fertility experts have requested one of the mummy’s eggs ………15……… .

A. that an egg from this mummy could be fertilizedB. where the Ice Maiden was hiddenC. when the controversy beganD. so that visitors could see her beautyE. and create a test tube-babyF. after 500 years of freezingG. and flash-frozen five centuries ago 0H. so they can grow a human embryoI. from being exposed to the sun

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

G

18

TEXT 3


Example: 0 C --- 0 ---

Rescued from Oblivion

“Writing is the greatest power there is: the written word is greater than king or pope, ….0….,” proclaims the title character in the first English translation of Sandor Marai’s “Casanova in Bolzano”. The once acclaimed writer probably believed those words when his novel was first ….11…. Hungary in 1940, but almost certainly came to doubt them by the time he ended his own life as a forgotten exile a half century later. The fact that Marai is now enjoying an astonishing posthumous comeback constitutes precisely the kind of ironic twist of fate that he would have relished writing about.Born in 1900, Marai emerged ….12…. in the 1920s and 1930s. He hobnobbed with Thomas Mann, and, like the German, demonstrated the power of traditional prose which was at the same time profoundly subversive. In writing about Casanova, Marai noted that “there is nothing quite as dangerous as a man who will not ….13… .”No one could have misread that message in 1940, and Marai was ….14…. and hide in the countryside during the Nazi occupation. After the Soviet Union ….15…. in Hungary, he fled again–first to Western Europe, then to the United States, where he worked for Radio Free Europe until his retirement in 1967. With his wife and adopted son already dead, he committed suicide in 1989. A year earlier a friend of his had reportedly searched for his books in a Budapest bookstore and was told: “There is no such writer as Sandor Marai.”

A. yield to despotismB. transformed him intoC. greater than the doge 0D. published in his nativeE. novel about friendshipF. forced to flee BudapestG. produce more translationsH. as a prolific writerI. imposed a puppet regime

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

C

19

TEXT 4


Example: 0 C --- 0 ---

Theatre Risks

A patient sat up during an operation and gave advice to the theatre staff as they chased a mouse. Then the surgeon knocked himself out by bumping into an overhead light. Another surgeon ………. 0 ………. an operating technique and stabbed a colleague in the stomach with his scalpel.Details of some of the hazards of surgery from the surgeon’s point of view emerged from a survey ………. 11 ……. . According to the survey: „The combination of brute force ……….12 ………. lays the surgeon open to painful and occasionally serious injury.”The most extreme example ………. 13 ………. who , during the insertion of a pin into a patient’s leg, managed to transfix his assistant’s hand and impale the patient’s other leg. The unfortunate assistant had to wait to be cut free.A survey last April found surgeons ran a one-in-two risk at each operation ……….14………. . Mr William Barrie examined 339 pairs of gloves used after a month’s surgery at Leicester General Hospital and found 37 per cent holed.Mr Barrie, who carried out the survey ………. 15 ………. , said the results could be regarded as representative for surgeons working in confined spaces with sharp instruments.

A. who was on night dutyB. of holing their gloves and puncturing their skinC. turned round while explaining 0D. because he had no experienceE. and sharp instruments neededF. but the theatre was too smallG. was given by one surgeonH. because of worries about AIDS transmissionI. reported by William Barrie in the British Medical Journal

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

C

20

TEXT 5


Example: 0 H --- 0 ---

Good Neighbours

The „Neighbourhood Watch” scheme all started a few years ago in the village of Mollington after a number of burglaries in the village and surrounding area. The residents in the village came up with the idea that maybe they themselves ……….0………. while they were away on holiday.The object of each „Watch” group is ………. 11………. in any particular street or area. Each resident who is a member of the scheme agrees to call the police whenever they see something suspicious. Everything is done calmly and discreetly – it is the police ………. 12 ……….and investigate what is happening. Residents who are part of the watch are not supposed to act as police or put themselves in any danger. When a new neighbourhood watch scheme is set up in an area, the first thing people notice is the large, brightly coloured „Neighbourhood Watch” sign. This is a great deterrent to any burglars or vandals, ………. 13 ………. of breaking into a house if they know that there is a high risk of being seen by caring neighbours keeping a lookout. Burglars also know that people who are part of „Neighbourhood Watch” schemes are probably more ………. 14 ………. to their doors and windows. There’s another benefit too. In the comparatively short time „Neighbourhood Watch” schemes ………. 15 ………. there is growing evidence of a new community spirit. It is bringing people together as never before and encouraging people to care for one another.

A. because very few of them will take a chanceB. have put signs on their doorsC. to reduce the opportunities that criminals haveD. likely to have fitted good locksE. to try and frighten them awayF. have been in existenceG. who actually check out each reportH. could keep an eye on their neighbour’s property 0I. often call the members of the group

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

H

21

TEXT 6


Example: 0 E --- 0 ---

Sleep SurveyAccording to a recent medical research, sleeping more than nine hours or less than six hours a night ………0…………….. . Those who are likely to live longest are the people who regularly get between seven and eight hours a night. A new survey found that few people understand the important role ……11………….. and many people actually reduce their brain power by getting too little sleep.One in three adults admit that they do not get enough sleep, and lack of sleep is leaving millions of people without energy to work hard.Although a large number of people say they ……12…………, over half of the people interviewed say that they sleep just under seven hours a night during the week.On the other hand, most of the people interviewed say that they sleep more than seven hours a night at the weekend. This suggests that a significant number of people try to …13……………… instead of getting enough sleep during the week, when they most need it.According to this survey nearly half of the population believe that the brain rests when the body sleeps. In fact, the opposite is true. Sleep allows the brain to go to work, ……14……….. . Most people incorrectly think the brain is resting during sleep. Actually, ….…15…………….. when you’re asleep. At night, when you’re asleep and no more information can be put in your brain, your brain can then file away the information.

A. fall asleep in front of the TVB. need to be mentally alert in their workC. catch up on their sleep at the weekendD. some parts of the brain are more activeE. can shorten your life expectancy 0F. filing and storing the day’s eventsG. keep complaining of sleep disordersH. sleep plays in normal daily brain functionsI. have had a few sleepless nights recently

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

E

22

TEXT 7


Example: 0 C --- 0 ---

Drowning in MoneyIf you came into a fortune all of a sudden, how would you spend it? And

if you knew that your world as you know it was about to disappear, what would you do with the time you had left? For the people of Tuvalu, a tiny state ……0…... these are crucial questions.

In 1999 Tuvalu, with its population of 11,000, was the third poorest in the world. But suddenly salvation was found, …..11….. Tuvalu received a domain name on the Internet …..12…. . A communication company from California was quick to get in touch – buying the domain for the bargain price of $40m.

For Tuvalu, with an average annual income of about $1,000, this was a huge amount of money.

This sudden wealth was accompanied by a firm forecast of doom. Due to global warming, and because the islands are only 3m above sea level, Tuvalu is likely to be the first state in the word …..13….. According to scientific estimates, the island will be severely flooded within the next 15-20 years, and by the end of the century, the islands will have disappeared from sight altogether.

But still, the Tuvalans had their newly acquired money. As the water rises, the Tulavans are using the windfall .....14…..The residents do not think it is strange: “Just because we are sinking, it doesn’t mean we don’t feel like .....15….. ,” says Sam Teo, Tuvalu’s minister for natural resources.

A. which was a life-changing number B. to be submerged by rising water levelsC. comprising nine islands in the South Pacific 0D. and from an extremely unlikely directionE. having given our daily exerciseF. to develop the land that is soon to disappear G. and as the sea keeps going up H. raising our standards of livingI. which was none other than the letters “.tv”

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

C

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TEXT 8

Example: 0 D --- 0 ---

Solar Activity Disrupts Radio Communication and Crashes Satellites

Common people's interest in the solar activity is not limited to the desire of having a good tan. The activity of the Sun may result in bad health, headaches, and blood pressure surges. It may also disrupt radio and satellite communication, or lead to technical malfunctions in the work of devices ….0…. .Magnetic storms usually cause a lot of trouble to people. Such days are especially dangerous to those, ….11…. . Flying control officers, drivers and operators experience a lower reaction during magnetic storms. Athletes are subjected to traumas during magnetic storms. Artists probably make the only group of people, ….12…. .A magnetic storm left the Canadian capital, Ottawa, without electricity for eight hours in 1989. Galaxy IV satellite was damaged with a magnetic storm the next year and ….13…. . About 500 magnetic storms occur during the eleven-year solar cycle. The phenomenon is very important for science, ….14…. . Magnetic storms are very helpful in the study of plasma qualities, for instance. Plasma, as a state of substance, has rather large perspectives in the future because ….15…. .

A. it was operating aviation tracking system B. it might become the basis of the energy industry C. although humans still do not know much about the SunD. possessing strong electromagnetic fields 0E. who treat magnetic storms with sympathy F. it might disturb high-frequency radio communicationsG. who suffer from cardiovascular diseases H. although it is quite unpleasant for the majority of people I. it was visible in the north in the form of northern light

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

D

Reading task 2. Questions 11-15 Read the text and then choose the best phrase from list A-I given below it to fill each of the blanks. For each gap write one letter (A-I). Three of the suggested answers do not fit at all. 0 is an example.

24

TEXT 9

Reading task 2. Questions 11-15. Read the following text and then choose from list A-I the best phrase given bellow it to fill each of the blanks. For each gap write one letter (A-I). Three of the suggested answers do not fit at all. 0 is an example.

Example: 0 D --- 0 ---

Train Delays ExamThe French education ministry has announced that more than 10,000 trainee secondary school teachers will have to retake their qualifying examination in history and geography …0… .Holdups on a suburban railway line delayed many of 11,000 candidates …11… at the regional centre outside the capital.Officials postponed starting the exam by an hour, …12…. Finding themselves excluded they shouted and banged on the windows, leading to disruption inside and the eventual abandonment of the exam.The French education ministry has fixed a date for a resit, but regulations specify that …13… . Now all 10,000 history-geography entrants in the country will have to sit it again.In response to this decision, furious provincial students protested, in some areas …14… outside education authorities’ offices. Recriminations have broken out over the handling of the situation by officials and over the behaviour of candidates.The situation is aggravated by the fact that this is the second year running that …15… – in 2001 about 100 papers were stolen. Students who repeated a year after failing last year will have to take the exam four times altogether.

A. all candidates must take national exams spontaneously

B. due to bad working conditions

C. but about 100 students still arrived late

D. because of a rail breakdown near Paris 0

E. burning their new exam notices

F. due to take their entrance exam

G. trying to improve educational standards

H. history-geography students have had to retake the exam

I. but it was not worth it

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

D

25

TEXT 10

Reading task 2 A. Questions 11-15. Read the following text and then choose from list A-I the best phrase given bellow it to fill each of the blanks. For each gap write one letter (A-I). Three of the suggested answers do not fit at all. 0 is an example.

Example: 0 D --- 0 ---

CONSULATE BLAST

An explosion ripped trough the Italian consulate in London’s fashionable Knightsbridge district on Monday, and a police spokesman said … 0 … it was caused by a bomb containing as much as 100 pounds of explosives. The six-story building at Eaton Square was “totally destroyed” by the blast and …11…. Police confirmed that although the building was used as offices, …12… at the time of the explosion. They evacuated more than 100 of the wealthy residents who live in the swank streets around the consulate. No casualties were reported.There was still …13… several hours after the detonation on the first floor of the building whether there had been any more bombs placed in a room there.After Scotland Yard’s crack squad, a team from the Yard’s bomb squad investigated, police reported …14… of a car seen speeding away from the area of the consulate soon after the blast.It’s reported, …15… 50 firemen to control the blaze which completely engulfed the building in flame, ‘front top to bottom”.

A. it took more than

B. a big fire it sparked

C. some confusion over the blast

D. there were signs 0

E. no questions were answered

F. they wanted to question the occupants

G. they missed information needed

H. no one was there

I. it was necessary

ANSWER SHEET

0 11 12 13 14 15

D

26

27

READING TASKS 3 and 4

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TEXT 1Outrage as US Soldiers Kill Hostage Rescuer

1. The Italian journalist kidnapped in Iraq arrived back in Rome yesterday as fury and confusion grew over the circumstances in which she was shot and one of her rescuers was killed by American soldiers. 'The hardest moment was when I saw the person who had saved me die in my arms,' she said. Her poignant words and weak, haggard appearance as she had to be helped from the jet that brought her back from Baghdad are fuelling national rage. 2. Berlusconi, the Italian Prime Minister and a staunch ally of the US who defied widespread public opposition to the Iraq war and sent 3,000 troops, took the rare step of summoning the US ambassador to his office. He demanded that the US 'leave no stone unturned' in investigating the incident. President George Bush called Berlusconi to promise a full investigation. 3. Sgrena, 56, a journalist, was hit in the shoulder when US soldiers opened fire on the car she was travelling in as it approached a checkpoint. The Italian secret service officer who had negotiated her release was killed as he shielded her from the gunfire. Two of his colleagues were also hurt. 4. The US Army claimed the Italians' vehicle had been seen as a threat because it was travelling at speed and failed to stop at the checkpoint despite warning shots being fired by the soldiers. A State Department official in Washington said the Italians had failed to inform the military of Sgrena's release. 5. Italian reconstruction of the incident is significantly different. Sgrena told colleagues the vehicle was not travelling fast and had already passed several checkpoints on its way to the airport. The Americans shone a flashlight at the car and then fired between 300 and 400 bullets at it from an armoured vehicle. Rather than calling immediately for assistance for the wounded Italians, the soldiers' first move was to confiscate their weapons and mobile phones and they were prevented from resuming contact with Rome for more than an hour. 6. Enzo Bianco, the head of the parliamentary committee that oversees Italy's secret services, described the American account as unbelievable. 'They talk of a car travelling at high speed, and that is not possible because there was heavy rain in Baghdad and you can't travel at speed on that road'. 'They speak of an order to stop, but we're not sure that happened.' 7. Sgrena was kidnapped on 4 February as she interviewed refugees from Falluja near a Baghdad mosque. Two weeks later her captors issued a video of her weeping and pleading for help, calling on all foreigners to leave Iraq.

29

Reading Task 3. Questions 16-20.Read the text and answer the questions below. There are seven

paragraphs, but for this task you must choose only five to give the answers.

Example:

Which paragraph quotes Sgrena’s words about the most terrible thing

during the incident? ___1___

Which paragraph

16. mentions the circumstances of taking Sgrena hostage?

17. describes the Italian leader’s attitude toward the incident?

18. gives the US explanation of the incident?

19. stresses the importance of the weather conditions in revealing

the truth?

20. describes the American soldiers’ first actions after the

attack?

30

Reading Task 4. Questions 21-25.

Read the text again. For each question choose the two best answers

from list A-E. For this task you need the whole text.

Example:

0. Which statements about Sgrena are true?

A. She had to spend about two months in captivity.

___B___ B. She was captured while interviewing refugees.

___D___ C. She arrived from Iraq in good condition.

D. Her desperate appeal to the public was recorded.

E. There is no doubt that US soldiers wanted to kill her.

21. What steps did the Italian Prime minister take after the incident?

A. He deployed 3,000 Italian troops in Iraq.

B. He called up President Bush for assistance.

C. He talked to the American ambassador.

D. He requested a complete investigation.

E. He demanded digging the ground.

22. How did Sgrena manage to survive the incident?

A. She was wounded, but not seriously.

B. The American soldiers rescued her.

C. The car was running at a high speed.

D. The car did not stop at the checkpoint.

E. One of the escort officers protected her.

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23. According to the US Army, why did the soldiers open fire on the car?

A. It happened absolutely accidentally.

B. They considered the car a danger.

C. They got the order to fire on any car.

D. They shot to protect the checkpoint.

E. The car ignored the warning shots.

24. Which statements from the Italian version contradict the US account?

A. U.S. soldiers shot several hundred rounds.

B. Weapons from the car were taken away.

C.The Americans did not order the car to stop.

D. It was impossible for the car to speed.

E. The soldiers fired from an armored vehicle.

25. What increased the anger of the Italian people?

A. Sgrena’s obvious weakness.

B. The response from Washington.

C. The event that saved Sgrena’s life.

D. The actions taken by the US soldiers.

E. Bush’s unwillingness to cooperate.

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TEXT 2Suicide Bombing at US Base

1. A suicide bomber was responsible for the blast at a crowded military mess tent in the city of Mosul. The blast killed 22 people, including seven civilian contractors and three Iraqi soldiers, and wounded more than 70.2. The explosion was initially believed to be the result of a direct hit by a mortar. However, portions of a suicide belt, the type of shrapnel used and the lack of missile or artillery fragments led investigators to conclude that the attack was the work of a suicide bomber wearing an improvised explosive belt and a vest.3. The timing of the attack, which occurred just as hundreds of soldiers sat down to have supper, indicated that the attacker had inside knowledge of the base's layout and daily routines. 4. The canvas mess tent is the social center of the base and can serve thousands of soldiers at a time. Soldiers often gather there to watch movies or sporting events on televisions. Many soldiers have expressed anxiety that the tent would be an irresistible target for insurgents, who have fired mortars at it more than 30 times this year. A more permanent concrete and steel dining hall is currently being built at the camp. However, such a structure, though more secure from mortar fire, would still be vulnerable to the kind of attack-from-within.5. The attack raised renewed debate over the screening of Iraqi workers employed at military bases. Iraqis are employed by civilian contractors operating routine services on US bases, such as laundry and trash collection. In many cases, prospective employees are subjected to only a cursory background check. While some jobs, such as food service and health care, are off-limits to Iraqis, it is not unusual to find Iraqi civilians performing functions that allow them entry into areas where US forces congregate.6. Even restricting access to Iraqi civilians may not entirely solve the problem. The site of the attack is used by both US troops and the Iraqi security forces. The insurgents have proven adept at penetrating the interim Iraqi forces. It would be cumbersome and inefficient to attempt to vet every Iraqi soldier entering a US base, especially when coalition forces are working to train Iraqi forces to take over the routine policing of Iraq.7. The issue highlights the need for vast improvements in intelligence-gathering capabilities. At the same time, adhering to standard rules for force protection on military bases would require that personnel refrain from congregating in vulnerable areas.

33



Example:

Which paragraph gives the number of casualties? ___1___

Which paragraph

16. gives information about the time of bombing?

17. mentions the material the bombed facility was made of?

18. explains why the Iraqi soldiers are not checked?

19. mentions the work Iraqis are not allowed to do?

20. is about the cause of the blast?

34




Example:

0. How is the checking of people entering the base carried out?

A. thoroughly

___B___ B. carefully

___E___ C. carelessly

D. incidentally

E. inefficiently

21. Why did the tent become the target?

A. It was made of inflammable material.

B. A large number of people gathered there.

C. It was easy to get a bomb there.

D. American soldiers worked there.

E. It was the biggest facility on the base.

22. What information was obtained about the attacker?

A. He knew the base very well.

B. He went to the tent to have meals.

C. He was a soldier on the base.

D. He wore a belt and a vest.

E. He was a civilian employee.

35

23. What issues were raised by the attack?

A. Building a new mess hall.

B. The work of security services.

C. The employment of Iraqi civilians.

D. The congregation of personnel.

E. Checking Iraqi soldiers.

24. What objects found on the site point to the cause of the blast?

A. The missiles.

B. The shrapnel.

C. The attacker’s vest.

D. Artillery fragments.

E. Parts of the belt.

25. What security measures are under consideration after the attack?

A. Prohibiting massing of personnel in endangered areas.

B. Forbidding civilian contractors to employ Iraqi workers on bases.

C. Introducing additional checking procedures at the base entrance.

D. Prohibiting Iraqis from having meals in military mess halls.

E. Reducing the period of training for Iraqi soldiers.

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TEXT 3

New Programs, Incentives Focused on Boosting Recruiting Efforts

1. The Army is using a variety of programs and incentives to help attract more young men and women into its ranks. That’s why it is putting more recruiters in the field and giving them better tools to do their job. And in a new initiative being used by the Army, they encourage recruits to begin their duty more quickly after signing their contract. 2. Recruiters are very important to the overall recruiting effort. A uniformed recruiter in the field not only signs up recruits, but provides a statement of the military to the community. The recruiter is the single most powerful tool the military has in its recruiting effort. What they bring is that personal touch, the personality to convey the honor and service of the military.3. While personal and in-home visits remain critical to the process, military recruiting is going increasingly high-tech. Laptop computers and cell phones have become critical to recruiters, who frequently work out of their cars rather than offices.4. Each of the services has recognized that today’s generation does many things with the Internet. That’s why they are setting up cyber-recruiting efforts. The Army has a live chat room where recruiters can answer people’s questions and guide them toward the information they need in their decision-making. Potential recruits can enter the chat room in a safe environment, using a fictitious name if they wish, to ask questions or even check information about the military they’ve received from recruiters or others.5. The Army is also taking steps to beef up the bonuses it offers new recruits. Bonuses are very important for a variety of reasons. They entice people to join the military in the first place. They are also useful in channeling these new recruits into particular occupations that the Army really needs. Bonuses also help encourage recruits to sign up for longer terms of service.6. The Army is also looking at better ways to reach targeted audiences, including “influencers”-- the parents, teachers, coaches and other adults who could influence a young person’s decision regarding military service. 7. Reaching this group can be a challenge. Mothers and fathers aren’t too happy seeing their sons and daughters in a conflict, particularly as they hear of soldiers being wounded or killed in combat in Iraq. There’s also an indication that there’s less public support for the war, and that could be a factor in why influencers aren’t steering young people toward military service as frequently as in the past.

37



Example:

Which paragraph is about equipment used by recruiters in their work?

__3__

Which paragraph

16. is about the unique role of recruiters ? ________

17. lists the advantages of introducing bonuses? ________

18. explains why using computers is of benefit to potential recruits?

________

19. describes public attitude to military service? ________

20. mentions the aims of the recent initiatives? ________

38




Example: 0. What do potential recruits do in the chat room?

_ A___ A. They ask questions about the military.B. They answer recruiters’ questions.

___E___ C. They do a lot of things with the Internet.D. They sign up for military service.E. They check information about the military.

21. Why is the Army using new programs and incentives?

A. To employ more recruiters in the field.

B. To convince the young to start the job

sooner.

C. To provide better conditions for recruiters.

D. To attract young people into the service.

E. To allow the youth to decide on the military.

22. Why are recruiters very important?

A. They sign up recruits.

B. They work in the field.

C. They represent the army.

D. They touch the recruits.

E. They use modern laptops.

39

23. What are the new methods of recruiters?

A. They surf the Internet for information.

B. They work out of their cars with recruits.

C. They send e-mails to potential recruits.

D. They create electronic files on recruits.

E. They talk to people through the Internet.

24. Why does the Army offer bonuses to new recruits?

A. To compensate for this badly-paid job.

B. To find people for dangerous jobs.

C. To motivate recruits to serve longer.

D. To stimulate people to join the army.

E. To attract professionals into the army.

25. Why are some parents against military service?

A. They are against military service on principle.

B. They aren’t sure about their children’s

decisions.

C. They frequently hear of new casualties in

Iraq.

D. They want their kids to have more profitable

jobs.

E. They don’t approve of unleashing the war in

Iraq.

40

TEXT 4

$250 Million Set Aside for Bio-Chem Gear

1. In the early 1990s the Canadian military cut its spending on nuclear, chemical and biological protection as it struggled to deal with cutbacks to its budget.2. But in the past several years, various western spy agencies, including the Canadian Security Intelligence Service, have warned about the growing possibility of a chemical or biological terrorist attack. In addition, Iraq’s continuing and alarming interest in such weapons and the 1995 nerve gas attack on the Tokyo subway system by a group of cultists gave further evidence of the potential threat. Consequently, worried about biological and chemical weapons on the battlefield and in the hands of terrorists, the Canadian Forces decided to spend $250 million on protective equipment – its largest purchase ever of such gear.3. The equipment will include new gas masks, specialized protective suits and sophisticated sensors to warn of chemical or biological attacks. An advanced system capable of decontaminating large areas, such as airfields or the outside of buildings, will also be bought.4. Besides protecting Canadian troops on the battlefield, the equipment could also have a role in dealing with biological or chemical attacks at home. One of the biological detection sensors being developed by Canadian military researchers and industry could give immediate warning of the presence of a bio-agent.5. Some of the equipment is being bought this year with other gear to be delivered over the next eight years.6. Lt Col. Marty Schlosser, who is overseeing the equipment project, says the size of the program is an indication of how serious the Department of Defence is when it comes to the threat of nuclear, biological and chemical weapons, better known as NBC.7. Lt.Col. Schlosser said another innovative system the Canadian military is going to develop involves combining a biological and chemical protective suit with a regular military uniform. One method might be to have a protective hood built into the uniform. When warning comes of a chemical or biological attack, the hood is pulled over the head and drawn tight and the sleeves and pant legs of the uniform are able to be sealed. A gas mask, gloves and boots are then put on. Such a uniform would save precious minutes in which a person wouldn’t have to climb into a separate protective suit. “Sometimes those few minutes will make the difference between dying or being able to continue to operate effectively,” said Lt.Col. Schlosser.

41



Example:

Which paragraph describes the protective equipment? ___3___

Which paragraph

16. mentions the terms of delivery of the protective

equipment?

17. explains the reduction in spending on NBC protection?

18. gives the reasons why Canada decided on the protective equipment?

19. stresses the importance of a protective suit?

20. tells who is in charge of equipment purchase?

42




Example:

0. What are the Canadian Forces planning to do?

A. To warn about biological attacks.

___B___ B. To invest money in NBC protection.

___D___ C. To fight on the battlefield at home.

D. To perfect a regular military

uniform.

E. To oversee the equipment project.

21. What did the Canadian military leaders worry about?

A. The frequency of biochemical attacks.

B. The dates of delivery of equipment.

C. Potential biochemical terrorist attacks.

D. Growing cutbacks to the defense budget.

E. Iraq’s interest in NBC weapons.

22. How will the new equipment be used?

A. To identify bio-agents.

B. To prevent bio-attacks.

C. To deter potential enemies.

D. To protect from bio-attacks.

E. To disrupt terrorist actions.

43

23. What does the military intend to do in order to protect the Canadian

soldiers from biochemical attacks?

A. To replace a regular military uniform.

B. To develop a separate protective suit.

C. To teach soldiers to use protective gears.

D. To adjust a uniform to biochemical attacks.

E. To quicken soldier’s protective preparation.

24. What does the decision to purchase protective equipment result from?

A. The need for advanced battlefield protection.

B. The capability of decontaminating large areas.

C. The need of biological and chemical weapons.

D. The realization of the threat of NBC weapons.

E. Routine work of various western spy agencies.

25. Which statements are true?

A. The Department of Defence is very serious.

B. A gas mask is put on after sealing a uniform.

C. The Canadian Army has never spent so much.

D. The equipment will include a high-tech system.

E. Terrorists blew up the Tokyo subway system.

44

TEXT 5

REBEL FORCE IN KOSOVO AGREES TO DISARM AND DISBAND

1. With the last Yugoslav forces streaming out of Kosovo ahead of schedule, NATO commanders have reached an agreement with leaders of the Kosovo Liberation Army to disband the rebel force gradually. Under the agreement, the rebels will withdraw from their fortified positions within 30 days.2. NATO troops, now 17,000 strong, have moved into every major city in Kosovo and are slowly expanding their military presence. Late Friday, the U.S. secretary of defence, William Cohen, reached an agreement with Russian officials, including the defence minister, Marshall Igor Sergeyev, to add 3,600 Russian troops to the peacekeeping force, which will ultimately total more than 50,000.3. Russia will deploy troops in the American, German and French sectors in Kosovo and control the grounds of Pristina airport, while leaving air control to NATO forces. The agreement resolved the embarrassing impasse created a week earlier when some 200 Russians seized the airport of Pristina hours before the alliance troops could arrive.4. With the NATO troops massing and the last Yugoslav forces leaving, the alliance is focusing on expanding security. The presence of heavily armed fighters of the Kosovo Liberation Army has become as much of a threat to public safety as the retreating Serbs. The rebels’ increasing presence has prompted tens of thousands of civilian Serbs to flee Kosovo.5. Before the alliance’s bombing of Yugoslavia began late in March, the group agreed to lay down their arms during peace talks in Rambouillet, France, as part of a deal ultimately rejected by President Slobodan Milosevic of Yugoslavia.6. With no agreement in place after the bombing stopped, NATO’s interaction with the Kosovo Liberation Army has been guarded and inconsistent.7. In Prizren, German troops quickly established a delicate coexistence with a group and allowed them to keep their weapons, mostly AK-47s and other rifles, but on Friday they arrested 25 fighters involved in beating Serbian civilians and Gypsies and, beginning Saturday, vowed to confiscate weapons. At the same time, a few miles to the east, U.S. troops began confiscating the rebels’ weapons from the start, disarming an entire company in a village. A day after that incident, by contrast, French troops allowed a large contingent to march, heavily armed, towards northwest.

45



Example:

0. Which paragraph deals with the strength of the NATO forces in

Kosovo?

___2___

Which paragraph:

16. mentions the refugee situation in the region?

17. lists the terms of the agreement with rebel force leaders?

18. Informs about the previous temporary armistice?

19. describes the incident prior to the US-Russian agreement?

20. gives examples of the lack of co-ordination among the allies?

46

Reading Task 4. Questions 21-25. Read the text again. For each question choose the two best answers from list A-E. For this task you need the whole text.

Example:

0. How are NATO forces expanding their presence in Kosovo?

A. They replaced the Yugoslav forces.

___C___ B. They are expanding in the country.

___D___ C. They are stationed in all major cities.

D. They have air control over the airport.

E. They deploy Russian peacekeepers.

21. What is the current situation in Kosovo like?

A. A lot of people abandoned the region.

B. A lot of Serbs have returned home.

C. Rebel forces expose Kosovo to risk.

D. There are clashes among the rebels.

E. The allied forces are to leave Kosovo.

22. What is stipulated by the agreement between NATO and the Kosovo Liberation Army?

A. An immediate cease-fire with the rebels.

B. The gradual break-up of the rebel forces.

C. The withdrawal of the last Yugoslav forces.

D. The deployment of Russian peacekeepers.

E. The terms of withdrawal of the rebel forces.

23. What will be the Russian peacekeepers’ task in Kosovo?

47

A. To exercise full monitoring over the airport.

B. To take action in order to seize the airport.

C. To take ground control over the airport facilities.

D. To control the airport in concord with the agreement.

E. To take hold of the airport grounds.

24. According to the text, which statements are true?

A. The U.S. and Russian officials failed to break the deadlock.

B. An agreement has been reached to disband the KLA.

C. The allied forces harmonize their actions on disarmament

issues.

D. More than 50,000 troops are in the region at present.

E. The rights of ethnic minorities in Kosovo are still violated.

25. What are the latest NATO developments in connection with the disarmament of the rebel forces?

A. U.S. troops managed to disarm an entire village.

B. French troops let the rebels keep their weapons.

C. The interaction with the rebels remains cautious.

D. German troops were unable to disarm the fighters.

E. The rebels withdrew from their fortified positions.

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TEXT 6

PARTNERSHIP FOR PEACE TRUST FUND

1. The NATO Partnership for Peace Trust Fund Policy was established as a mechanism to assist NATO Partner Nations in the safe destruction of stockpiled anti-personnel landmines. In this way NATO helps countries to meet their obligations under the Ottawa Convention. 2. The first Trust Fund project was launched in 2001 for the destruction of Albania’s landmine stockpile. The project was completed on schedule and within budget, and it paved the way for subsequent Trust Fund projects for the destruction of landmines in Moldova and Tajikistan, which are currently underway.3. Another Trust Fund project for the destruction of anti-personnel landmines is now in process in Serbia and Montenegro. Funding for all Trust Fund projects is provided on a voluntary basis. Any nation or organisation may contribute resources to a specific project. Over the past four years, NATO and partner countries have earmarked more than 12 million euros for the projects.4. Over time the scope of the Trust Fund Policy has been extended to include a number of other areas. Under the expanded policy, the Trust Fund has undertaken projects for the destruction of small arms and light weapons and rocket fuel oxidizer. One of the ongoing Trust Fund projects is addressing the destruction of large anti-aircraft missiles in Georgia.5. The Trust Fund policy is a mechanism by which NATO Member and Partner Nations work together to identify and implement projects. Each project is led by a NATO Member or Partner Nation who is responsible for gathering political and financial support. Close cooperation with other international organizations and NGOs is an integral part of the Trust Fund process.6. The NATO Maintenance and Supply Agency (NAMSA) is the executive agent for all the projects. It offers a range of technical and management services to support nations in all phases of project development. NAMSA oversees the competitive bidding process to ensure the best value for the money and complete transparency of the process.7. A new Trust Fund project is to be launched in Ukraine. The project will be executed in four phases, over 12 years. The contributions to the Trust Fund, estimated to be in excess of EUR 25 million, will be used to improve Ukraine’s demilitarization capabilities. The initial phase is estimated to cost EUR 7 million over three years. This is the first time the US has taken on the role of lead nation of a NATO Trust Fund project. In addition to the US, the United Kingdom and Norway have pledged funding for this project.

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Example:

0. Which paragraph describes how the destruction process has been

completed in the framework of the Trust Fund Policy?

___5___

Which paragraph

16. is about an organization responsible for the managerial support of the projects?

17. is about the additional tasks undertaken under the expanded

policy?

18. gives specific information on funding one of the projects?

19. mentions the overall contributions of different countries to the already completed projects?

20. explains the original aim of the Trust Fund Policy?

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Example:

0. Which countries have promised support for the Trust Fund Project in Ukraine?

A. Georgia.

___B___ B. Norway.

___E___ C. Canada.

D. Albania.

E. Britain.

21. Why was the NATO PfP Trust Fund Policy originally established?

A. To support the process of landmine destruction.

B. To help to destroy small arms and light weapons.

C. To assist in the disposal of anti-aircraft missiles.

D. To help countries meet their Ottawa commitments.

E. To get nations to comply with the Ottawa Convention.

22. How is the money provided for the Trust Funds Policy’s projects?

A. It is provided on a mandatory basis.

B. All financial contributions are voluntary.

C. Every country may support a project.

D. Only NATO members fund the projects.

E. Every partner nation must fund a project.

23. What are the responsibilities of the executive agent for the projects?

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A. Supervising the bidding process.

B. Competing in the bidding process.

C. Raising money for the projects.

D. Evaluating project transparency.

E. Providing managerial assistance.

24. Which countries are now involved in the Fund’s projects for the

destruction of landmines?

A. Moldova.

B. Ukraine.

C. Georgia.

D. Serbia and Montenegro.

E. Albania.

25. Which statement is correct?

A. NGOs provide technical assistance for the Trust’s projects.

B. The US has always been a leader in the Trust Fund projects.

C. The project launched in Tajikistan deals with light weapons.

D. A new Trust Fund project will need a long-term investment.

E. Disposal of anti-aircraft missiles is currently in progress.

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TEXT 7KITTY HAWK DROPS ANCHOR IN SOUTH KOREA

1. A U.S. Navy aircraft carrier and seven of its escort warships moved into South Korean ports early this week to support one of the largest annual military exercises here. The USS Kitty Hawk, a guided missile cruiser and six destroyers pulled into ports at Pusan, Chinhae and Pyongtaek on Monday and Tuesday to support the Foal Eagle exercise, which starts March 19.2. “It’s an extremely important defensive exercise for the Republic of Korea and the U.S.,” Rear Adm. James D. Kelly, Carrier Group Five commander, said Monday morning. “We don’t necessarily represent the force that would come if something disastrous were to happen. But we are certainly an adequate representation.”3. The exercise is to prepare defenses for an attack from an unnamed enemy, though the scenarios involve an opponent whose characteristics mirror those of North Korea. Monday, Kelly and his commanders showed the ship to Korean navy officials, politicians and business leaders. The Pusan port visit also included a tour by local media, where Korean journalists asked Kelly about his thoughts on plans to downsize U.S. troop strength here and concentrate at two major bases in central South Korea.4. “Anything that the US decides to do as far as moving forces from the peninsula,” Kelly said, “will be extremely, closely and tightly coordinated with a group that includes the combined forces commander of the Republic of Korea. Everything will be done in lock step. I have no question that we’ll move together,” he said.5. The U.S. plans to cut its South Korean troop presence by 12,500 in the next few years, a plan both countries’ governments approved last year. Already, 3,600 soldiers formerly assigned near the North Korean border now are fighting in Iraq. After that tour ends this summer, they’re to move to Fort Carson, Colo.6. Kelly said part of the Kitty Hawk’s mission was to be prepared to support U.S. allies throughout the region. He also mentioned that more U.S. carriers have been in Asian waters lately, in part to support troops in the Middle East.7. That increased traffic can prove beneficial, he said. The USS Lincoln was in waters near South Korea when the devastating Dec. 26 tsunami killed tens of thousands throughout southern Asia. The Lincoln responded because it was nearby and because the Kitty Hawk was undergoing maintenance, Kelly said. “They were in the right place at the right time,” he said.

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Example:

Which paragraph explains what is meant by “unnamed enemy”?___3___

Which paragraph

16. quotes the words of a top-ranking commander about planned

force reductions in the region?

17. mentions a recent non-military mission of an American ship?

18. shows concrete data concerning downsizing the troops?

19. describes the place and participants of the exercise?

20. gives a high-ranking officer’s opinion about the exercise?

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Reading Task 4. Questions 21-25. Read the text again. For each

question choose the two best answers from list A-E. For this task you

need the whole text.

Example:

0.Where did the American military ships move?

A. American docks.

___B___ B. Port of Pusan.

___D___ C. Fort Carson.

D. Port of Chinhae.

E. Base of Norfolk.

21. Why did the Kitty Hawk move into a South Korean port?

A. To start a war with North Korea.

B. To participate in a military exercise.

C. To prepare defenses for an attack.

D. The scenario involves a country similar to

North Korea.

E. To undergo routine maintenance.

22. How is the exercise described?

A. It is mainly important for the U.S.

B. It is a usual monthly training.

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C. It focuses on defensive operations.

D. The scenario involves a country similar to

North Korea.

E. It is a preparation for the war.

23. 23. Which are the pre-conditions for making decisions on downsizing U.S.

troops in South Korea?

A. Agreement of the two governments.

B. Approval of all NATO countries.

C. Accordance with the Fleet Admiral’s order.

D. Coordination with the combined forces commander.

E. Compliance with the latest UN resolutions.

24. What indicates the process of downsizing?

A. The bilateral treaty signed between the countries.

B. The number of U.S. troops deployed in the region.

C. The U.S. plans regarding its presence in the region.

D. The shutdown of the main bases in South Korea.

E. The withdrawal of a big number of U.S. soldiers.

25. Why was the presence of the USS Lincoln in Asian waters beneficial?

A. It could support U.S. allies in the region.

B. It replaced the Kitty Hawk in a rescue mission.

C. It could carry lots of equipment and men.

D. It provided assistance to other U.S. carriers.

E. It could respond to the disaster quickly.

.

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TEXT 8

Nyet on Iran?

1. When U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell and U.S. Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld meet their Russian counterparts in late September, stopping Russia’s assistance to Iran’s nuclear and missile programs will be at the top of their to-do list. But can Powell and Rumsfeld succeed where their predecessors have failed?2. They will have their work cut out for them. Deadly Arsenals: Tracking Weapons of Mass Destruction, the newest book from the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace’s Non-Proliferation Project, offers details of Iran’s extensive shopping list from Russia. 3. The big-ticket item is an $800 million deal to complete a nuclear power plant being built at the southern port city of Bushehr that could be completed as early as next year. Although the facility will run only on low-enriched (non-weapons-grade) uranium, there are concerns that the project could give Iran the technological know-how to construct nuclear weapons. And Russia and Iran signed an arms agreement to deploy an air defense system around the reactor. 4. Russian technological assistance is also critical to the development of Iran’s Shahab ballistic missile series, which could eventually be fitted with a nuclear warhead and have the range to strike targets in Europe.5. In July, Russian officials drafted a proposal to build Iran five additional reactors – a plan that could produce billions of dollars for Russia’s nuclear power industry and would greatly amplify U.S. concerns about Iran’s nuclear capabilities.6. In the past, the United States has placed sanctions on Russian companies and research institutions accused of aiding Iran’s nuclear missile efforts, with limited results. Current thinking about how best to end Russian assistance to Bushehr ranges from staging a pre-emptive strike on the plant to forgiving all of Russia’s Soviet-era debt if it ends nuclear cooperation with Iran. 7. Two former government officials – former National Security Council official Gary Samore and former Assistant Secretary of State Robert Einhorn – have laid out one possible solution in the Summer 2002 issue of Survival. Under the eyes of international monitors, Iran would send all spent fuel from the reactors back to Russia and abandon pursuit of plutonium extraction technology. Russia would agree to tighten enforcement of laws restricting the export of missile technology, especially to Iran.

57



Example:

Which paragraph is about the main question of the next meeting of U.S.

and Russian statesmen?

___1___

Which paragraph

16. is about earlier steps against Russia?

17. warns of the possible consequences of the Iranian-Russian

cooperation for European security?

18. describes a particular project currently carried out?

19. informs about the possible extension of the project?

20. names the source of information about items bought from

Russia?

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Example:0. What are the U.S. statesmen planning to do during the meeting with Russians?

A. To talk about general security issues.

___B___ B. To convince Russia to stop aid to Iran.

___E___ C. To support Russian measures against Iran.

D. To discuss international peacekeeping.

E. To find ways of solving the problem around Iran.

21. What does the Russian assistance to Iran include?

A. Building a nuclear power plant in Iran.

B. Selling modern weapons to Iran.

C. Assisting in Iran’s missile programs.

D. Providing air defense for the country.

E. Building a military base in Iran.

22. Why is the Russian-Iranian cooperation threatening?

A. It can enable Iran to build nuclear weapons.

B. It may lead to the outbreak of a nuclear war.

C. Russia and Iran might form an alliance.

D. Iran’s missiles may reach European targets.

E. It may undermine the stability of the U.S.

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23. What may the building of further reactors lead to?

A. Iran will produce depleted uranium.

B. The U.S. will have more reasons to worry.

C. Iran’s energy problems will be solved.

D. Russia’s nuclear industry will be strengthened.

E. Bushehr will become a big industrial center.

24. How could the U.S. force Russia to stop assisting Iran?

A. By monitoring the projects.

B. By cancelling Russia’s debts.

C. By an attack on the power plant.

D. By cutting food supplies to Russia.

E. By imposing fines on Russia.

25. How could Iran be controlled?

A. Russia should make missile technology export laws stricter.

B. American troops should be ordered to the Bushehr region.

C. Iran should be given only limited access to nuclear weapons.

D. Russia should immediately take control over the reactor.

E. Iran should be forced to take used nuclear fuel back to Russia.

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TEXT 9

For Islamic Militants Europe is a Training Ground

1. Muslim boys are trained in the immigrant neighborhoods of Paris for holy war in Iraq. They are born and raised in France, They know nothing about guns and bombs. Some speak no Arabic. But they answer the call to jihad that is raised by radical Islamist preachers.2. Over the last three years, the Jordanian terrorist Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi’s group has been joined by a stream of young Islamists from Western Europe. Some are looking for Paradise as "martyrs," and some for serious combat experience in urban warfare.3. It only takes one or two dedicated individuals to create serious damage. Investigators now face the threat of terrorists who are virtually self-taught, organized in groups with little or no central command and united by their obsession with the jihad against Americans in Iraq. 4. Recent arrests suggest how Europe's jihadi movement has grown. As old cells are dismantled, new ones emerge to take their place. Often they are close-knit groups of friends and relatives, making them even harder for investigators to discover.5. At a conference marking the anniversary of the Madrid atrocity last week, a provocative study was presented. According to the study 373 radical Muslim terrorists arrested or killed in Europe and the United States from 1993 through 2004, some 87 percent, were from immigrant backgrounds, but 41 percent were Western nationals, either naturalized, second generation or converts to Islam. More French nationals were arrested than nationals of Pakistan and Yemen combined. While homegrown Muslim terrorists have so far been rare in the United States, in Europe they virtually recruit themselves, and those who have European passports have almost open access to American territory through an ongoing visa-waiver program.6. As early as 2002, Zarqawi set up a new network of existing Euro-jihad cells spanning Western Europe. Apart from their shared religious extremism, their members answered to no racial or national profile. They were women as well as men. Some had no papers; some had legal refugee status. Some were European citizens.7. The Euro-jihad keeps growing. Dozens of immigrant-filled housing projects are to be found in the outskirts of Paris. Unemployment is as high as 60 percent, according to a municipal official. Kids spend the day in second-rate schools and then loiter in the streets with nothing better to do. They have French nationality, but they don't have a job. They don't have a good life. And Iraq becomes an attractive place.

61



Example:

0. Which paragraph describes the young people from Europe

who join the war in Iraq?

___1___

Which paragraph

16. explains the motives that make young Muslims born in

Europe join the war in Iraq?

17. describes social problems in immigrant areas?

18. mentions the only common feature of the members of terrorist cells?

19. introduces the results of a research project?

20. mentions the number of people required for a terrorist

attack?

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Example:

0. What is known about Abu Mussab al-Zarqawi?

A. The terrorist comes from Jordan.

___A___ B. He is blamed for the terror act in Madrid.

___E___ C. He has lived in France for three years.

D. He organized the first Euro-jihad groups.

E. He recruits young Muslims in Europe.

21. Why is it difficult to identify the terrorist cells?

A. They are groups of friends and relatives.

B. They are spread out all over Europe.

C. They are not under one central command.

D. They have adapted to European culture.

E. Most of them have immigrant backgrounds.

22. Why do the members of the Euro-jihad cells pose a threat to the United

States?

A. Most of them speak English well.

B. They can be smuggled into the United States.

C. Some of them can legally get to America.

D. They are preparing new terror acts in the U.S.

E. They are eager to fight against the U.S. in Iraq.

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23. What makes young Muslims go to Iraq?

A. Their interest in weapons.

B. Their poor social background.

C. Their desire to become martyrs.

D. Islamic fanaticism of their families.

E. Their respect for their leader.

24. What is known about the members of terrorist groups acting in

Western Europe?

A. The majority of them are Arabs.

B. They have radical religious ideas.

C. There are women among them.

D. Half of them were born in Europe.

E. Most of them have refugee status.

25. Why do isolated groups pose a real threat?

A. Because they have a lot of weapons.

B. Because their targets are civilians.

C. Because their numbers are growing.

D. Because even one person can kill a lot.

E. Because they have combat experience.

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TEXT 10

Key fabric withstands chemicals

1. From the makers of the duct tape bought by Americans fearing a terrorist attack to the suppliers of sandstorm-proof goggles to British troops, German companies have profited handsomely from the war on Iraq. Perhaps nobody has done as well as Hasso von Blucher, a businessman who has spent his career researching how to stop chemical weapons from incapacitating soldiers in the field.2. Von Blucher is the son of a general in Adolf Hitler’s chemical defense corps. He is proud of his father, who he says advised Hitler to avoid using chemical weapons because the Nazis lacked air superiority. Growing up in a military family in the Cold War, von Blucher was fascinated by chemical and nuclear arms. After a tour, at his father’s behest, in the nuclear, biological and chemical defense unit of the West German Army, he decided to turn his fascination into business.3. His company makes the carbon-laced fabric used in protective suits. If Saddam Hussein were to resort to a chemical attack, von Blucher’s fabric could make the difference. The company’s secret is a layered design that uses thousands of tiny beads of extremely absorbent carbon, which trap lethal chemical substances.4. Based in Erkrath, the company has about 80 percent of the market for the fabric that goes into the suits. Since the company was founded in 1969, it has sold enough fabric for 5.5 million suits to armies of 21 countries.5. The company makes its fabric in Germany and through its subsidiary in Eastport, Maine. The suits are stitched by seven garment makers in the United States, which supply them to the military. Blucher is planning to increase sales to $200 million next year.6. Von Blucher estimates that suits made with his fabric reduce the mobility of soldiers by 20 percent. He is working on a new suit that he hopes will be no more confining than regular uniforms.7. The company first broke into the US market shortly before the Gulf War, when the Air Force and the Marines concluded their protective gear was inadequate. Experts admitted that Blucher’s suits were lighter and cooler than their bulky predecessors and allowed the air to circulate. Iraq, von Blucher acknowledges, has been great for business. Nevertheless, he has mixed feelings about the war. He does not oppose it outright, but he is sceptical that the Iraqi government posed a dire threat to the world, even if it were hiding stockpiles of chemical and biological weapons.

65



Example:

Which paragraph gives the number of armies buying the company’s product?

___4___

Which paragraph

16. explains why Blucher started his career in the defense

industry ?

17. lists the advantages of Blucher’s production?

18. describes the problem Blucher wants to solve in the future?

19. mentions the companies manufacturing the suits?

20. describes the technology used in the fabric’s production?

66




Example:

1. Which statements are true?

A. Hasso von Blucher researches in chemical

weapons.

___B___ B. Germany did not have air superiority in WWII.

___D___ C. Blucher’s protective suits are sewed in Germany.

D. Earlier protective suits were too big and heavy.

E. Iraq has huge stockpiles of biochemical weapons.

21. What does Blucher think in connection with the war in Iraq?

A. Iraqis did not pose a serious threat.

B. Iraq had no weapons of mass destruction.

C. The U.S. shouldn’t have started the war on Iraq.

D. The war is very profitable for his company.

E. Saddam Hussein planned a chemical attack.

22. Why are the suits made of his fabric popular with many militaries?

A. They are cheaper than the former NBC suits.

B. They are more comfortable than regular

uniforms.

C. They are not as heavy as the previous designs.

D. They provide good air circulation.

E. They increase soldiers’ mobility in combat.

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23. What are Blucher’s ambitions?

A. To reach even bigger profits.

B. To produce better protective suits.

C. To find more customers in the market.

D. To open new U.S. Subsidiaries.

E. To manufacture protective goggles.

24. Why did Blucher start his business in the defense industry?

A. He was interested in NBC weapons.

B. The market for protective gear was great.

C. He decided to follow his father’s advice.

D. He has spent all his life on research.

E. He realized he could benefit from it.

25. What is said about the fabric?

A. It is inadequate for protective gear.

B. It has a special carbon layer.

C. It is used against biological agents.

D. It protected U.S. soldiers in the Gulf war.

E. It is produced in Germany.

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LISTENING TASK 1

69

TEXT 1

Listening task 1. Questions 1-10. Listen to the briefing U.S. Peacekeepers Finish Bosnia Mission. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:

0. The occasion of the ceremony Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Bosnia

1. Role of the EU in Bosnia

2. Number of U.S. troops in Operation Joint Endeavor

3. The first U.S. unit in Operation Joint Endeavor

4. Strength of NATO troops deployed into Bosnia

5. Weather conditions during the intervention

6. Mission accomplished by engineers

7. Number of refugees

8. Nickname of one road in Sarajevo

9. One task of U.S. peacekeeping troops

10. Goal of civil affairs personnel

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TEXT 2

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10 Listen to the report Conduct of Evaluation Visit. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:0. Date of ratification of the Vienna document

1999

1.Countries, evaluating Estonia

2. Date of arrival in Tallin:

3. Unit under evaluation:

4. Speaker’s job:

5. Strength of the unit evaluated :

6. Equipment of the unit evaluated:

7. Length of the briefing:

8. Facility visited:

9. Time of departure:

10. Overall assessment of the visit:

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TEXT 3

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10 Listen to the briefing Demonstration in Banja Luka. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:0. Reason for the demonstration:

Protesting against the reconstruction of a mosque

1. Number of demonstrators:

2. Task of the SFOR troops:

3. Reinforcement of the SFOR troops:

4. Special guests present at the ceremony

5.Damage caused by the demonstrators

6. Task of the Czech helicopter

7. Facility besieged

8. Help provided to evacuated people on the base

9. Actions taken by the local police:

10. Number of casualties:

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TEXT 4

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10 Listen to the briefing Floods in Austria.Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:

0. The area of disasterAustrian mountainous regions

1. Damage due to the floods

2. Countries represented in the

Multinational Military Rescue

Forces

3. Problem with the deployment of the

Italian troops

4. National team tasked with the

evacuation of farmers.

5. Total number of evacuated people

6. Accomplishment of medical teams.

7. Task of engineers

8. Failure of the logistic supplies

9. Biggest problem during the rescue

operation

10. Results of the rescue operation

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TEXT 5

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10 Listen to the briefing Exercise Iron Spear. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:

0. Dates of the exerciseJune 24-28

1. Weather conditions during training

2. Number of personnel participating in the exercise

3. Main aim of the exercise

4. Range of the weapon used by the Royal Artillery unit

5. Task of the Dutch troops

6. Canadian contribution

7. Equipment used by the Czech troops

8. Mission of British helicopters

9. Focus of training for F-18 pilots

10. Task of the US Marine unit

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TEXT 6

Listening task 1. Questions 1-10 Listen to the report Japan To Participate in An Exercise. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:

0. New member to be included in an international military exercise

Japan

1. Name of the exercise

2. Time of the exercise

3. Number of participating countries

4. Duration of the exercise

5. Focus areas of the exercise

6. Number of Thai participants

7. Political goal of the present Japanese government

8. Mission of the Japanese deployment in Iraq

9. Biggest Japanese military operation since 1945

10. Modern-day threats mentioned

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TEXT 7

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10. Listen to the report Rapid Decisive Operations. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:

0. Name of the operational concept.

Rapid Decisive Operations.

1. Strength of land forces to participate in the attack.

2. Supporting forces.

3. Concept of operations.

4. Mission preceding the ground assault.

5. Total strength of the deployment.

6. Places to hold the reserves.

7. Targets to be avoided.

8. Systems to be used to demonstrate firepower.

9. Initial focus of air strikes.

10. Task of reconnaissance.

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TEXT 8

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10.isten to the report Anti-Mine Lobby Lists 90 Blighted Lands. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:

0. Number of the contaminated countries

More than 140

1. Munitions mentioned in the survey

2. Endangered groups of people

3. Kinds of munitions on the agenda of the Geneva meeting

4. Effect of anti-tank mines on impoverished countries

5. Number of dangerous sites in Iraq

6. Major cause of the accidents in Iraq

7. Condition of 45 routes in Sudan

8. Reason why people have left agricultural land

9. Aims of the British non-governmental organizations.

10. Result of the legal action in Kenya

78

TEXT 9

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10. Listen to the report North Korea Says U.S. Military Moves Reach War Phase. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:0. Class of the American ship.

Aircraft carrier.

1. North Korean perspective of U.S. policies.

2. Reason why the American ship arrived in South Korea.

3. Aim of the planned activity.

4. Number of the Kitty Hawk’s personnel.

5. Issue on the agenda of the six-nation forum talks.

6. Aim of the U.S. diplomatic efforts.

7. Countries to be visited by the U.S. Secretary of State.

8. Purpose of the visit.

9. U.S. position concerning separate talks with North Korea.

10. Condition set by the North Korean leader.

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TEXT 10

Listening Task 1. Questions 1-10. Listen to the report Congo Gun Battle is Approved by UN. Provide the missing information in the boxes on the right side. Keep your answers as short as possible. You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at Task 1.

Example:0. Recent event in Congo.

U.N. peacekeepers killed 50 militiamen.

1. Incident that occurred on Tuesday.

2. Countries of origin of the UN soldiers participating in the battle.

3. Number of U.N. troops killed.

4. Security Council’s position expressed in the statement.

5. Number of civilian victims of the conflict since 1999.

6. Area of the battle.

7. Country which the casualties were taken to.

8. Accusation against U.N. peacekeepers.

9. Crimes committed by the militiamen.

10. Number of refugees.

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LISTENING TASK 2

81

TEXT 1Women Trapped in Saudi Prison of Prejudice

Listening task 2. Listen to the recording. For each question circle the best answer (A, B, or C).You will hear the recording twice.Now you have 30 seconds to look at the questions.

Example:

0. The Saudi women’s crime was

A. illegal driving a convoy of cars.B. violation of Muslim men’s rights.C. ignorance of Islamic traditions.

1. The women demanded

A. higher education.B. drivers of their own.C. equality of rights.

2. In the weeks after the incident, the women had to

A. leave their country.B. stay in Saudi Arabia.C. be beheaded.

3. The women were forced

A. to forget about driving.B. to change their jobs.C. to interrupt their studies.

4. The women previously studied

A. only in their own country.B. either in the U.S or in Europe.C. in the U.S., Europe and at home.

5. In the U.S.A., one of the women

A. became a medical doctor. B. is studying for a medical degree.C. got a degree in education.

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6. One of the women says she

A. has to wear a long chador at home.B. doesn’t feel free without her husband.C. learned to be independent in the U.S..

7. On the day of the interview, the women

A. drove the cars themselves. B. had personal drivers.C. used public transport.

8. At the interview, the women said they were afraid of

A. a war in their country.B. loosing their drivers.C. going to the Philippines.

9. At the time of the incident American female soldiers

A. walked with their heads exposed. B. were driving military vehicles.C. talked to journalists in the street.

10. A Saudi political scientist thinks that

A. the women chose the wrong time.B. the time for the event was acceptable.C. there will never be the right time.

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TEXT 2Campaigning Countess Dies Aged 100


Example

0. The Countess died

A. before her 100th birthday.B. on her 100th birthday.C. after her 100th birthday.

1. She was born to the family of.

A. a revolutionary.B. a diplomat.C. a staff officer.

2. During the First World War

A. her life was quite peaceful.B. her family was in danger.C. she had to travel a lot.

3. She met her future husband

A. during the First World War.B. after the Second World War.C. after the First World War.

4. While living in England, she

A. fought against dictatorship in Hungary.B. tried to remove her family from Hungary.C. followed the main battles in Hungary.

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5. 5. While she still lived in Hungary, she realized that

A. she liked vacations in Germany.B. her father liked journalism.C. she wanted to be a journalist.

6. At the beginning of the Second World War, she kept contact with

A. the Hungarian and Italian leaders.B. Teleki’s son-in-law and Mussolini.C. Teleki and Mussolini’s son-in-law.

7. After the war her newssheet appeared in

A. 40 countries.B. 30 countries.C. 14 countries.

8. During the Hungarian uprising in 1956

A. she hid refugees in Vienna.B. she interviewed refugees.C. she herself was a refugee.

9. Her work included

A. articles for newspapers and magazines.B. reports and interviews for the radio.C. books and articles for newspapers.

10.After the Communist regime, lady Listowel

A. came to Hungary every year.B. lived in Hungary permanently.C. visited Hungary occasionally.

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TEXT 3Keeping it in a Family


Example

0. in Greece, family life is

A. more important than anything.B. not as important as friends.C. not as important as business.

1. Greeks have a lot of friends because

A. they like to communicate with people.

B. it is important for their business.

C. they are hospitable and friendly.

2. It is important for visitors to know the Greek history and traditions because

A. Greeks are very proud of their culture.

B. people in Greece appreciate their history.

C. you cannot negotiate without knowing it.

3. When you meet Greeks for the first time, it is advisable to

A. speak English.

B. give them a kiss.

C. follow formalities.

4. You can address your Greek partner by his first name if you

A. have met him a few times.

B. are invited to a meeting.

C. are offered to do so.

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5. Going to a business dinner,

A. don’t plan to negotiate.

B. allow extra time for it.

C. don’t expect to drink.

6. Don’t be surprised to be

A. invited to a family celebration.

B. asked about private matters.

C. welcome by your associates.

7. If you are asked about your family, you

A. don’t have to answer.

B. may ask similar questions.

C. should be natural.

8. Negotiations in Greece are usually

A. very noisy and hot.

B. warm and friendly.

C. very long and tiring.

9. During negotiations you should

A. interrupt and ask questions.

B. extend your knowledge.

C. speak conclusively.

10.You have to be careful about using gestures because Greeks

A. may think you are rude.

B. avoid some gestures.

C. don’t use any gestures.

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TEXT 4PRIVATE FARMING IN RUSSIA


Example

0. The number of Chinese workers hired by the farmer is

A. 600.B. 6,000.C. 60.

1. Before starting private farming, Viktor Shubin

A. served as a border-guard.B. worked as a taxi driver.C. was a communist leader.

2. Mr. Shubin started his business in 1991 with

A. raising cattle.B. growing vegetables.C. keeping bees.

3. The Chinese couple earn

A. about 80 dollars a month.B. twice as much as in China.C. 35 dollars a month each.

4. Shubin is successful because

A. he doesn’t pay much to his workers.B. he learned a lot from his workers.C. he always gives tips to his workers.

5. The Chinese workers spend nights

A. in the fields.B. in plastic tents.C. in the dormitory.

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6. Farmers in Russia

A. own their land.B. are allowed to sell land.C. rent their land.

7. In the Soviet era vegetables were brought

A. from the Caucasus.B. from China.C. from western Russia.

8. The Shubin family spend their vacations

A. in China.B. in Birobidzan.C. in Tailand.

9. The farmer is planning

A. to plant cucumbers.B. to produce rice.C. to grow cabbage.

10. Some farmers have to give up their businesses because

A. they are defeated.B. they have little support.C. they dream too much.

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TEXT 5A Visit to Canada


Example:0. On their arrival at Toronto airport they

A. got through customs.B. learned a lot about Canada.C. prepared their journey.

1. The woman felt nervous

A. because she didn’t know much about Canada.

B. although she couldn’t find any reason for this.

C. because she was an inexperienced traveller.

2. The couple decided to leave Britain because

A. David had always had difficulty finding a job.

B. David had never liked his job in the Air Force.

C. David's firm couldn’t offer him enough work.

3. They were worried about

A. leaving their children with friends.

B. missing their son’s birthday.

C. their future life in Canada.

4. An odd thing they discovered in Canada was that

A. the winter was bitterly cold.

B. the heating was on at night.

C. there was a blanket on the bed.

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5. On their first day in Canada they

A. went to offices downtown.

B. had lunch with their friends.

C. tried to find the city centre.

6. During their trip to Niagara Falls they

A. took some pictures.

B. went past the lake.

C. visited a church.

7. In town on Monday morning they

A. could not buy tram tickets.

B. felt rather helpless at first.

C. failed to use the telephone.

8. In the first week David

A. tried hard to find a job.

B. was wasting his time.

C. got a lot of offers.

9. Anne found the Canadian way of life exciting because she

A. got on easily with the people she met.

B. had always been natural and friendly.

C. found it was natural to be a stranger.

10. They decided to stay in Canada because

A. David found a good job.

B. Canada seemed a miracle.

C. David had a final interview.

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TEXT 6New Library Software


Example.

0. The country adopting the new software is

A. .U.S.A.B. France.C. Britain.

1. Pupils in the library are required to

A. store their fingerprint.

B. give their fingerprint.

C. adopt library software.

D.

2. Andy O’Brien works as

A. the main vendor of libraries.

B. the firm’s managing director.

C. the firm’s junior librarian.

3. The number of primary schools using the fingerprinting module is

A. 1,000

B. 5,000

C. 2,000

4. The new system is useful for the children because

A. most schools have librarians.

B. the number of books is growing.

C. children get more independent.

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5. The teachers’ advantage of introducing the fingerprinting module

is that

A. schools can save money on librarians.

B. teachers can learn about pupils’ likes.

C. reading books is getting very popular.

6. The system is successful because

A. it is optional in all primary schools.

B. children like using their fingerprint.

C. some schools use library cards.

7. A lot of parents

A. approve of fingerprinting.

B. object to fingerprinting.

C. let fingerprinting work.

8. There is no reason to worry about privacy invasion because

A. the number is unconvertible.

B. all prints are stored safely.

C. each print has a number.

9. According to the firm’s representatives,

A. the police have no access to the numbers.

B. the data cannot be used by criminals.

C. stored fingerprints are meaningless.

10. Simon Davies thinks that fingerprinting in schools

A. is a violation of human rights.

B. is necessary for national security.

C. is exploitation of children.

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TEXT 7Congo Politics Can Finish Off White Rhinos


Example

0. The number of rhinos living in the wild is

A. more than a dozen.B. fewer than a thousand.C. about twelve.

1. White rhinos live in the wild

A. in Congo and Sudan.B. in African zoos.C. only in Congo.

2. People killing rhinos

A. belong to a conservation group.B. are Arab militiamen from Sudan.C. come from Congolese villages.

3. Rhinos are killed because

A. they often attack people.B. there is a war in the region.C. the hunters need money.

4. Tusks and horns of killed animals are transported

A. in trains.B. on donkeys.C. in cars.

5. Parts of rhinos’ bodies are used for

A. carving wood.B. producing food.C. making drugs.

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6. The latest conservation program aimed

A. to move the rhinos from Congo.B. to protect the rhinos in Congo.C. to sell rhinos to foreigners.

7. White rhinos in Congo are

A. not protected by the government. B. a symbol of national pride.C. the main source of national income.

8. In the past, the West sponsored a program for

A. prosecuting the poachers in Congo.B. training the Congolese rangers.C. creating a national park in Congo.

9. Conservationists are accused of

A. selling the animals.B. killing the animals.C. abandoning the animals.

10. The western conservationists think that the Congolese government

A. is dishonest.B. is unstable.C. is useless.

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TEXT 8

Spanish Bullfights


Example:

0. The number of bullfights in Spain every year is about

A. 17,000.B. 7,000.C. 70,000.

1. The disease endangers

A. national industry.B. national agriculture.C. national sport.

2. Fighting bulls are raised

A. only in southern Spain.B. mostly in the south of Spain.C. in uninfected areas.

3. The governmental measures include

A. destroying infected animals.B. prohibiting minor bullfights.C. controlling bulls’ transportation.

4. The disease is usually spread by

A. insects.B. people.C. mice.

5. The disease may infect

A. cattle. B. sheep.C. humans.

6. Bullfighting fans

A. support the strict rules. B. criticize the government.C. worry about bulls.

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7. During the Civil War bullfights

A. continued. B. were banned.C. were only in Madrid.

8. The disease may put at risk

A. some of the biggest events. B. all the bullfights in Spain.C. only events at small plazas.

9. Because of the restrictions, organizers will not be able

A. to buy enough fighting bulls. B. to rent big plazas in Madrid.C. to pay for safety procedures.

10.The number of bulls necessary for one event is

A. at least three. B. usually six.C. twenty five.

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TEXT 9

Dutch Factory Farms Stir Resentment in U.S.


Example

0. The number of Dutch farmers that moved to Ohio is

A. over 40.B. about 14.C. more than 14.

1. Dutch farmers move to U.S because of

A. strong competition.B. lack of good land.C. better opportunities.

2. The Assen family originally wanted to move

A. to the country.B. to Germany.C. to the U.S.A.

3. The Assen family

A. were allowed to have more cows.B. got a permit to build a new farm.C. were forbidden to buy more land.

4. The farmers are criticized because

A. cows are mostly inside the barns.B. the prices for milk remain high.C. cows graze in the neighboring fields.

5. According to the farmers, big farms are needed

A. to reduce the prices on milk.B. to make the cows happy.C. to make more money.

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6. Martin De Haan left his country because

A. he could not afford to have a farm.B. he could not sell his production.C. he could not enlarge his farm.

7. Martin De Haan plans

A. to buy 40 hectares of land.B. to build two football fields.C. to have more than 2,000 cows.

8. The biggest problem of the local residents is

A. the smell from the farms.B. contaminated water.C. the Dutch immigrants..

9. The lawyer says that

A. the number of big farms should be 140.B. the number of inspectors is not enough.C. the number of cows remains too high.

10.Sixteen farms were accused of

A. breaking water protection rules.B. polluting the wastes from farms.C. producing dangerous wastes.

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TEXT 10

Loneliness Grips Big Cities


Example:

0. People can feel lonely

A. in other people’s companyB. while looking for a lover.C. far away from their families.

1. You can feel lonely at a party because you think everyone else

A. is laughing at you.B. is self-confident.C. feels at home.

2. Majority of megalopolis citizens are

A. emigrants.B. natives.C. migrants.

3. Having moved to megalopolises, people usually

A. lose their traditions.B. inherit new traditions.C. preserve their traditions.

4. City-dwellers often have difficulties in

A. talking to natives.B. making friends.C. learning dialects.

5. In a big city it is easy to believe that other people

A. have more money than you do.B. are too busy to pay attention to you.C. lead a more exiting life than you do.

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6. People often feel lonely

A. without telephones.B. in the evenings.C. in empty streets.

7. The usual advice for people living alone is to

A. try to socialize.B. avoid crowds.C. make friends.

8. Telephone conversations are important because they

A. make our live more exiting.B. are a source of information.C. help lessen our loneliness.

9. Loneliness

A. is sometimes needed.B. always brings us suffering.C. usually can’t last too long.

10.People who lack vivid impressions may

A. secure their homes.B. join a pet lovers’ club.C. go out more frequently.

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WRITING TASK 1

102

WRITING TASK 1

As a commander of a peacekeeping unit, you are in charge of de-mining a

large area. Write a memo to your superior and request additional strength for

the mission. Explain

why you need more personnel;

what equipment you are in need of;

what role could soldiers with dogs play in the mission;

what else you plan to do in order to make the work of your unit more

efficient.

(You should write about 140 words.)

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WRITING TASK 2

In a letter to your friend, write about one of your professional goals, either

short term or long term, in connection with your military career. Explain

– what your goal is;

– why you want to reach it ( what the benefit is);

– how you plan to realise it;

– what difficulties you expect.


104

WRITING TASK 3

You are an experienced soldier who has served in several NATO missions

abroad. Your friend who is planning to go on a mission for the first time, has

written you a letter asking for advice. In your reply write him

- about the requirements he should meet to be chosen for service abroad;

- how peacekeepers should behave in a foreign country;

- what problems you encountered in one of your missions;

- about the advantages and disadvantages of a service abroad.


105

WRITING TASK 4You are serving in the Hungarian peacekeeping unit in Afghanistan. A

colleague of yours is also preparing to join the unit. Provide him\her with some

useful information. Write about

- the weather conditions;

- the site of the camp;

- the local people and their relationship with the foreign soldiers;

- necessary things he\she should bring from home.


106

WRITING TASK 5

Your unit is going to organise a common exercise with its counterpart from

England. Your commander ordered you to write a report about the present

state of preparations. In your report write about the

- time and place of the planned exercise;

- preparation of the training area;

- accommodation of the troops;

- equipment and weapons to be used


107

WRITING TASK 6

You had a chance to take part in a military language training course in the USA.

After coming home you have to write a report to your commander about the

course. Write about

- the length of the course and the material you covered;

- your accommodation on the base;

- the rules you had to follow;

- the people you met.


108

WRITING TASK 7

As a military observer in Afghanistan, you are stationed at the Forward

Operating Base. Write a letter to your friend about

- the living conditions on the base;

- your tasks and responsibilities;

- your relations with military personnel from other countries;

- your experience with the local population.


109

WRITING TASK 8

You have been offered a new assignment. The new job would require you to move from Budapest. For some reason you do not want to do so. Write a report to you commander, in which:

state the purpose of the report and politely refuse the offer;

explain the reasons for your refusal (list at least three reasons);

recommend a colleague of yours who would be the right candidate for the job;

express your hopes for a satisfactory solution.

(You should write about 140 words)

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WRITING TASK 9

You are a recruiting officer at the Hungarian MoD. Write a short article to a local newspaper to attract more young people to the military. Write about:

the important tasks the military fulfils;

the opportunities and benefits for contract soldiers;

the promotion system in the army;

the army sport facilities, recreation areas, etc.


111

WRITING TASK 10

You have the order to organize an international military conference. In a report to your superior write about

- the planned program of the event;- the participating delegations and the VIP guests;- the speakers invited to participate and the topics of their presentations;- the problems you have in your work as the organizer of the event

(accommodation and other logistical support).(You should write about 140 words).

112

WRITING TASK 2

113

WRITING TASK 1

You are attending an English language training course in the U.S. Write a

letter to your workmates telling them about your experience. Write about

what progress you have done so far;

your relationship with your classmates and teachers;

the people you have met outside the school;

the most interesting event that has happened to you until now.


114

WRITING TASK 2

Write about your favourite sport. In your composition mention the

following:

whether sports are popular in your country;

what you personally like about this kind of sport;

some teams or famous players in this sport;

whether you are good at this sport.


115

WRITING TASK 3

Write about the positive role of entertainment and relaxation in your life.

In your composition write

why it is important for you to relax;

what you mean by relaxation (reading, having fun, going out, etc.);

about your favourite places to go out;

what you would advice to workaholics.


116

WRITING TASK 4

You have just returned from a package tour. In a letter to your friend

describe your holiday. Write about the following:

the hotel facilities and the programs offered;

the people you traveled with and your tourist guides;

an event or unusual incident you witnessed or were involved in;

whether it was really good value for money.


117

WRITING TASK 5

In his letter a friend of yours asks whether he should start a distance

learning course via the computer rather than go to class. In your reply:

list some advantages and disadvantages of this new type of

education;

write about your own experience in e-learning and give him advice;

tell him whether you would consider learning English in this way;

explain in more detail why or why not.


118

WRITING TASK 6

The shopping habits of Hungarians have changed in recent years. Write

about the changes that have taken place since big shopping centers

opened in this country. Discuss the following points:

- traditional shopping habits Hungarians had in the past;

- new ways of buying things;

- changes in the shopping habits of pensioners, adults and teenagers;

- your own shopping habits.


119

WRITING TASK 7

More and more people in Hungary use mobile phones. Write what you think

about the use of mobile phones. Discuss the following questions:

- how mobile phones have made our life better;

- what problems they may cause;

- how different groups of people (for example: teenagers, pensioners,

businesspeople, etc.) use mobile phones;

- why a mobile phone is important to you personally.


120

WRITING TASK 8

Getting a job is not easy in Hungary. What are the possibilities and

difficulties young people have trying to find a job? Write about

- the most popular and well-paid jobs in today’s Hungary;

- what job you would like to have and why;

- what requirements young people have to meet in order to get a good

job (education, language knowledge, etc.);

- what people or organizations can help you find a job.


121

WRITING TASK 9

Write about the area (village or town) where you live. Discuss the following

questions:

- why you like to live in this village or town;

- what has changed in your town recently;

- what problems people face in the area where you live;

- what you would like to change in the life of your local community.


122

WRITING TASK 10

Smoking remains a big problem in Hungary. What is your opinion about this

issue? In your composition, write

- what health problems smoking may cause;

- what the government is doing to solve the problem;

- how to prevent children from starting smoking;

- about your personal attitude to smokers.


123

EXAMPLES OF SPEAKING TASKS

124

TASK 1: GENERAL TOPIC

1. Free time

2. How do you usually spend your free time?3. Why do you think people today have little time for entertainment?4. If you had enough time and money, what would you choose to do in your

spare time? Why?5. Young people do not read much. How do you explain this?6. What are the advantages and disadvantages of having a computer at home?

2. Shopping

1. Speak about your shopping habits.2. What do you think of the new shopping centers in Budapest?3. How often can you afford to buy new clothes?4. Where do you usually buy food? Why?5. Are you satisfied with

3. Tourism

1. Why do you think tourism is getting more and more popular?2. What countries have you been to and what did you like about them?3. Where would you like to go next time?4. What would show to your foreign friends in your town?5. What should be done to attract more foreign tourists to Hungary?

4. Television

1. What are your favorite TV programs? Explain why you like them.2. Children spend too much time in front of the television. What is bad about it?3. What is your opinion about the Hungarian commercial channels?4. Some people say there are too many American movies on TV. What is your

opinion?5. What is your opinion about soap operas?

5. Pets

1. Why do people need pets?2. Where can you buy one?3. What are some problems pets might cause in your home?4. What should be done about dog dirt in the streets?5. What do you think is an ideal pet?

125

TASK 2: ROLE PLAY

1. Serving on an international mission, you had a meeting with the military attaché of your country. You parked your service car in front of the building. After the meeting you found it robbed. Talk to the police officer and explain the situation.

2. You are a foreign guest staying at a London hotel. You would like to get some tickets for a concert. Talk to the receptionist and ask for necessary information and assistance.

3. You are on holiday in England. Yesterday you lost your passport and today the Hungarian Embassy is closed. Explain the situation to the policeman guarding in front of the Embassy and ask for help.

4. You are staying at a hotel in a foreign country. You have found your room flooded. Explain the situation to the receptionist and ask for help.

5. While on a trip to the USA, you want to buy a good book about the Second World War. In a book store, explain to the shop assistant what you want and ask for advice.

126

TASK 3: MIILITARY TOPIC

1. Peacekeeping

1. How would you identify the goals of peacekeeping?2. In which countries of the world were peacekeeping forces deployed in the past?3. What are the countries where peacekeepers are deployed currently?4. What do you know about the participation of Hungarian troops in some peacekeeping missions?5. Would you like to take part in a peace support operation? Why? Why not?

2. Joint military training

1. How does joint training differ from other kinds of military training?2. What is the main purpose of joint training?3. What skills does it develop from military personnel?4. What requirements should Hungarian soldiers meet in order to participate in joint military training?5. Have you ever taken part in a joint exercise? What was your task? Talk about your experiences in communicating with foreign soldiers.

3. Discipline in the military

1. Do you think discipline in the Hungarian armed forces is proper? 2. What are the ways of improving discipline?3. Why is discipline so important for the military?4. What qualities should a good commander have in order to keep discipline in his\her unit?5. Some training officers say that it is easier to maintain a high level of discipline in a professional military. Do you agree?

4. UN peace support operations

1. What do we call UN peacekeepers and what are their tasks?2. What do you know about the special requirements to peacekeepers?3. What is special about the training peacekeepers get before the mission?4. Why is it important for Hungary to participate in UN peacekeeping?5. How can UN peacekeeping troops support civilian population?

5. Prestige of the military

1. What respect does the military have in Hungary?2. Why has people’s attitude to the military changed recently?3. What should the government do in order to make the military more attractive for young people?4. What is the role of the military for the international prestige of Hungary?5. Do you think military jobs will be more popular in the future?

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TASK 4: CURRENT EVENT

1. Croatia’s joining the EU has been postponed because Croatian war criminals are still at large.

2. After the first democratic election in Iraq, the number of terrorist acts is still growing.

3. There are new plans concerning reductions in the Hungarian military.

4. Because of the recent developments, the Israeli-Palestinian conflict is again in the focus of the media.

5. SFOR is an important stabilization factor in the Balkans. The Hungarian contribution to this international mission is significant.

128

KEYS

129

READING TASK 1

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1. C B A B C D A B C D

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

2. D A D B D C C B A A

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

3. A B B A D B C D A C

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

4. D B C A D C A B D B

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

5. C B D C B B A D A B

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

6. D B A C B A B D C C

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

7. B C A D B C A D A C

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

8. D C D B D A C C D A

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

9. B D B A C C B A C C

Text 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

10. C A D C B D A C C D

130

READING TASK 2

Text 11 12 13 14 15

1. G B C I F

Text 11 12 13 14 15

2. I E A F H

Text 11 12 13 14 15

3. D H A FF I

Text 11 12 13 14 15

4. I E G B H

Text 11 12 13 14 15

5. C G A D F

Text 11 12 13 14 15

6. H B C F D

Text 11 12 13 14 15

7. D I B F H

Text 11 12 13 14 15

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8. G E A C B

Text 11 12 13 14 15

9. F C A E H

Text 11 12 13 14 15

10. B H C F A

132

READING TASKS 3-4

16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

1 7 2 4 6 5 CD AE BE CD AD

2 3 4 6 5 2 BC AD BD BE AC

3 2 5 4 7 1 BD AC BE CD CE

4 5 1 2 7 6 CE AD DE AD BD

5 4 1 5 3 7 AC BE CD BE BC

6 6 4 7 3 1 AD BC AE AD DE

7 4 7 5 1 2 BC CD AD CE BE

8 6 4 3 5 2 AC AD BD BC AE

9 2 7 6 5 3 AC CE BC BC CD

10 2 7 6 5 3 AD CD AB AE BE

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LISTENING TASK 1TEXT 1

Example:

0. The occasion of the ceremony Withdrawal of U.S. troops from Bosnia

1. Role of the EU in Bosnia Control of operations in the country.

2. Number of U.S. troops in

Operation Joint Endeavor

100,000.

3. The first U.S. unit in Operation Joint

Endeavor

The 1st Armored Division. (2)

4. Strength of NATO troops deployed

into Bosnia

More than 60,000.

5. Weather conditions during the

intervention .

Terrible winter, flood. (2)

6. Mission accomplished by the

engineers

A bridge was built

7. Number of refugees About 2 million.

8. Nickname of one road in Sarajevo “Sniper Alley”. (2)

9. One task of U.S. peacekeeping

troops

To separate the warring parties. (2)

10. Goal of civil affairs personnel To better (improve) condition in Bosnia.

(2)

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TEXT 2

Example:

0. Date of the ratification of the Vienna Document

1999

1.Countries, evaluating Estonia Hungary and Italy. (2)

2. Unit under evaluation: 3rd Mechanized Brigade. (2)

3. Date of arrival in Tallin: 9th March.

4. Speaker’s job: Brigade Commander.

5.Strength of the unit evaluated : 2355 troops.

6. Equipment of the unit:Battle tank T-72 - 35 pieces, BTR-70 armored personnel carrier - 112 pieces. (2)

7. Length of the briefing: 2 hours.

8. Facility visited: Equipment parking area. (2)

9. Time of departure: 1730 local.

10. Overall assessment of the visit:The visit was an important contribution to furthering mutual confidence. (2)

135

TEXT 3

Example:0. Reason for the demonstration:

Protesting against the reconstruction of a mosque

1. Number of demonstrators: Over 3,000

2. Task of the SFOR troops:To be ready to intervene to maintain a safe and secure environment (2)

3. Reinforcement of the SFOR troops: 130 Green Jackets from the S Company

4. Special guests present at the ceremony

The Special Representative of the Secretary General of the UN, the American Ambassador (2)

5.Damage caused by the demonstrators

16 vehicles were damaged, shop windows were smashed

6. Task of the Czech helicopter To extract special guests and officials (2)

7. Facility besieged The Islamic Community Building

8. Help provided to evacuated people on the base

They were given food, shelter and medical care (2)

9. Actions taken by the local police:Emptying the square and evacuation of people from the square (2)

10. Number of casualties: 37 people wounded

136

TEXT 4

Example:

0. The area of disasterAustrian mountainous regions

1. Damage due to the floods Undermining of roads, railways and

bridges. (2)

2. Countries represented in the

Multinational Military Rescue Forces

Italy, France, Denmark, Holland. (2)

3. Problem with the deployment of the

Italian troops

They were sent to the wrong area.

(2)

4. National team tasked with the

evacuation of farmers

The Dutch team.

5. Total number of evacuated people 50,000.

6. Accomplishment of medical teams. They prevented possible epidemics.

(2)

7. Task of engineers To protect three chemical plants.

8. Failure of the logistic supplies Not enough clean, dry clothes.

9. Biggest problem during the rescue

operation

The condition of roads.

10. Results of the rescue operation It saved many lives and a lot of

property. (2)

137

TEXT 5

Example:

0. Dates of the exerciseJune 24-28

1. Weather conditions during training

burning heat and heavy rain

2. Number of personnel participating in the exercise

1,500

3. Main aim of the exercise training in coordinating the use of air and land forces (2)

4. Range of the weapon used by the Royal Artillery unit

27.5 km

5. Task of the Dutch troops fire support for air assault troops (2)

6. Canadian contribution observation tasks

7. Equipment used by the Czech troops

illuminating rockets

8. Mission of British helicopters carrying troops (2)

9. Focus of training for F-18 pilots contact with ground personnel (2)

10. Task of the US Marine unit providing video images of the scene (2)

138

TEXT 6

Example:

0. New member to be included in an international military exercise

Japan

1. Name of the exercise Cobra Gold 2005

2. Time of the exercise May

3. Number of participating countries Four. (2)

4. Duration of the exercise Two weeks

5. Focus areas of the exercise Humanitarian assistance and evacuation operations. (2)

6. Number of Thai participants 2,655 personnel.

7. Political goal of the present Japanese government

Japan’s more meaningful security role in the region. (2)

8. Mission of the Japanese deployment in Iraq

Helping in rehabilitation programs. (2)

9. Biggest Japanese military operation since 1945

Help in tsunami relief in Indonesia. (2)

10. Modern-day threats mentioned Terror attacks and missile strikes.

139

TEXT 7

Example:

0. Name of the operational concept. Rapid Decisive Operations.

1. Strength of land forces to participate in the attack.

Between 50,000 and 75,000.

2. Supporting forces. 5 aircraft carriers.

3. Concept of operations. To conduct an attack that achieves complete surprise. (2)

4. Mission preceding the ground assault.

10 days of intensive air strikes.

5. Total strength of the deployment. 250,000 soldiers, sailors, Marines and airmen.

6. Places to hold the reserves. Bases in Turkey and Kuwait.

7. Targets to be avoided. Bridges and other infrastructure targets. (2)

8. Systems to be used to demonstrate firepower.

Bombers, cruise missiles, fighter aircraft. (2)

9. Initial focus of air strikes. Potential chemical and biological weapons delivery systems. (2)

10. Task of reconnaissance.To monitor sites suspected of housing weapons of mass destruction. (2)

140

TEXT 8

Example:

0. Number of the contaminated countries

More than 140

1. Munitions mentioned in the survey Anti-vehicle mines, mortar rounds and grenades. (2)

2. Endangered groups of people Civilians, aid workers, peacekeepers.

3. Kinds of munitions on the agenda of the Geneva meeting

Anti-vehicle mines, cluster bombs.

4. Effect of anti-tank mines on impoverished countries

They stop the delivery of water, food and healthcare. (2)

5. Number of dangerous sites in Iraq More than 2,200.

6. Major cause of the accidents in Iraq People try to sell munitions as metal. (2)

7. Condition of 45 routes in Sudan Of high-risk, reportedly mined. (2)

8. Reason why people have left agricultural land

Tractors hit mines.

9. Aims of the British non-governmental organizations.

To protect civilians and to help the victims of UXO. (2)

10. Result of the legal action in Kenya Total 5 m. pounds as compensation.

141

TEXT 9

Example:0. Class of the American ship.

Aircraft carrier.

1. North Korean perspective of U.S. policies.

U.S wants to invade North Korea. (2)

2. Reason why the American ship arrived in South Korea.

A scheduled exercise with South Korea’s military.

3. Aim of the planned activity.To enhance cooperation between the two militaries. (2)

4. Number of the Kitty Hawk’s personnel.

More than 3,200

5. Issue on the agenda of the six-nation forum talks.

Dismantling North Korean nuclear program. (2)

6. Aim of the U.S. diplomatic efforts.To convince North Korea to give up its nuclear program.

7. Countries to be visited by the U.S. Secretary of State.

China, Japan, South Korea.

8. Purpose of the visit.To form a common strategy with the U.S. allies in the region. (2)

9. U.S. position concerning separate talks with North Korea.

U.S. won’t have separate talks.

10. Condition set by the North Korean leader.

Guarantees that North Korea won’t be attacked. (2)

142

TEXT 10

Example:0. Recent event in Congo.

U.N. peacekeepers killed 50 militiamen.

1. Incident that occurred on Tuesday. Militiamen attacked civilians. (2)

2. Countries of origin of the UN soldiers participating in the battle.

Pakistan and South Africa.

3. Number of U.N. troops killed. Nine troops.

4. Security Council’s position expressed in the statement.

The Council welcomed the action of the peacekeepers. (2)

5. Number of civilian victims of the conflict since 1999.

50,000

6. Area of the battle.Near a fortified militia camp, 20 miles from the capital of the region. (2)

7. Country which the casualties were taken to.

South Africa.

8. Accusation against U.N. peacekeepers.

They are ineffective. (2)

9. Crimes committed by the militiamen.People were killed, houses were looted and burned. (2)

10. Number of refugees. 70,000.

143

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144

TAPESCRIPTS

145

TASK 1

TEXT 1

U.S. Peacekeepers Finish Bosnia Mission

Ladies and Gentlemen,

It is a great honor for me to take part in the ceremony that officially marks the

American mission complete and mission accomplished. It means that the last U.S.

peacekeeping troops in Bosnia are gone, and the European Union has taken over

control of operations in the country.

More than 100,000 U.S. personnel served in Operation Joint Endeavor. Thousands

more supported the servicemembers from bases in Italy, Germany and Hungary. In

the lead of that operation was the 1st Armored Division, which has recently returned

from Iraq.

In late 1995, following the signing of the Dayton Peace Accords, more than 60,000

NATO troops poured into Bosnia. The NATO intervention came during the height of a

terrible winter. Flooding delayed the U.S. portion of the operation. But despite the fact

that we had this challenge thrown at us, the young sergeants, the young unit leaders,

were the ones who pulled it off.

Army engineers emplaced a tactical ribbon bridge over the Sava River that marked

the boundary between Croatia and Bosnia. American soldiers then took up

peacekeeping duties.

And they were needed. During the almost four-year war that preceded the Dayton

Accords, more than 200,000 Serbs, Muslims and Croats were killed. Many had to

leave their homes and about 2 million became refugees. Bosnia's capital was a

ruined, bombed city. One road in Sarajevo earned the nickname of "Sniper Alley"

because of the constant gunfire along it.

Tuzla, where the U.S. effort was headquartered, also contained many flashpoints

where Serbs lived next to Muslims. Muslims lived next to Croats. American troops

and their NATO allies had to separate the warring parties. Civil affairs personnel went

into the areas and worked with the various ethnic groups to better the conditions in

the country.

146

TEXT 2Conduct of Evaluation Visit

According to the Vienna Document ratified in 1999, the Republic of Hungary with a

guest inspector from Italy conducted an evaluation visit in Estonia. The Notification of

intent to evaluate the 3rd Mechanised Brigade in Rakvete was accepted by Estonia on

03 March 2005. The evaluation team arrived at the point of entry, Tallin, at 0315 local

on 09 March. After completing routine guest procedures, the senior Estonian escort

explained that the team would depart for the site early the next morning. At 0800

local on 10 March, the evaluation team left Tallin, arriving at the 3rd Mechanized

Brigade headquarters three hours later.

The evaluation started with the unit briefing given by the Brigade Commander. The

speaker focused on the historical background. He also provided the most important

information about the strength and the mission of the unit. According to this

information the brigade has as many as 2,355 personnel. As for the equipment, the

unit has 35 T-72 battle tanks and 112 BTR-70 armoured personnel carriers.

After the briefing, which lasted for two hours, the members of the team visited the

equipment parking area where close observation and photography was permitted. No

military activities were conducted at the time of the visit and the evaluators had many

opportunities to talk to the soldiers of the brigade.

The evaluation team and their escorts departed the brigade at 1730 local.

The Republic of Hungary notes with satisfaction the successful execution of the

evaluation visit. The relationship between the escort and evaluation teams were

professional, cordial and open. All in all, it was an important contribution to furthering

mutual confidence between the two participating states.

147

TEXT 3

Demonstration in Banja Luka

Gentlemen,

I’d like to brief you on the violent demonstration that prevented the groundbreaking

ceremony for the reconstruction of the main mosque in Banja Luka on May 7.

The ceremony should have started at 11.30 hours but an hour before, we were

reported that over 3,000 Bosnian-Serbs armed with stones and bottles had gathered

on the square where it was supposed to take place.

Our SFOR troops were mandated to be ready to intervene to maintain a safe and

secure environment. We were reinforced with 130 men of the S company of the

Royal Green Jackets. By the time the confrontations started all the special guests

and officials had already arrived at the square. Among them were the Representative

of the Secretary General of the UN and the American Ambassador.

At 11.00 hours the crowd started throwing projectiles, - heavy stones and bottles - at

local authorities, delegations and members of the international community, which

resulted in smashing shop windows and damaging 16 vehicles.

At about 11.40 a Czech helicopter was sent to the spot to extract guests but it

couldn’t land and had to turn back because the operation was made risky by the

presence of the hostile crowd.

The officials and special guests found refuge in the Islamic Community Building and

had to stay there besieged by the crowd.

At 2.30, the guests along with some 340 Bosniacs willing to attend the ceremony and

also trapped at the Islamic community building were evacuated by the Green Jackets

to our base. Here they were given food, shelter and medical care.

Late in the afternoon, the demonstrators moved off. The siege ended at 18.30 when

the local Police Special Forces had emptied the square and had evacuated all the

people.

The confrontations caused 37 people to be wounded.

148

TEXT 4Floods in Austria

Ladies and Gentlemen,

I’d like to brief you on our last week mission in the disaster area in Austria.

As you know, the torrential rains caused floods in mountainous areas. Even big

towns suffered severe damage, such as the undermining of roads, railways and

bridges.

Our Multinational Military Rescue Forces had to help the civilian authorities of

Austria. The combined operation of rescue teams from Italy, France, Denmark, and

Holland was all in all successful, although there was a problem with the deployment

of the Italian troops. They were mistakenly sent to the least threatened place and

because of this were literally jobless for several hours.

In spite of all the efforts of the civilian authorities, several farming families were cut off

by the floods. They managed to survive the highest point of the flood by climbing on

the roofs of their houses and finally were evacuated in helicopters by the Dutch team.

The disaster caused six dead, one hundred and eighty people needing to go to

hospitals and eight missing, and the total number of people evacuated was fifty

thousand.

The medical teams were well supplied with vaccines and prevented possible

epidemics in the areas. As for the teams of engineers, their task was to protect three

chemical plants, which if flooded, could have polluted large areas.

The logistics supplies were well organised. Shelters were full of necessary items. But

unfortunately, there were not enough clean, dry clothes for some flood victims.

Once again, I would like to stress that the multinational rescue operation was a

success in spite of the problems we had. The most significant of these was our

inability to deal with the deteriorating condition of roads, all of which need

strengthening.

To sum up, this rescue operation did save many lives and protected a lot of property.

149

TEXT 5Exercise Iron Spear

Glamoc, Bosnia, was the scene for another successful SFOR live-fire exercise. The

exercise called Iron Spear took place during the period of June 24-28 and saw both

heavy rain and burning heat. Contributing countries included Great Britain, the

Netherlands, Czech Republic, Canada, and the United States.

Altogether 1,500 troops were deployed in the area for the exercise the main aim of

which was to train the Offensive Support Group in coordinating the use of air and

land forces.

The 26th regiment of the British Royal Artillery contributed with their mainstay AS90,

which provided massive fire power from its heavy 155mm gun with a range of 27.5

km.

The Netherlands forces contributed with a mortar battery from the 42nd Mechanised

Battalion in Sisava. The Dutch troops were providing fire support for their air assault

troops with 120 mm mortars.

Units from the 1 Royal Canadian Regiment carried out observation tasks with the

Grizzly APC.

The Czech Mechanised Battle group were in action with illuminating rockets.

Air support was provided by the UK and US. The Royal Air Force Support Helicopter

Flight flew in from Split with their Chinooks, which were used for carrying troops

during the air assault.

Fixed wing support was provided by F-18s flying in from the USS Eisenhower and

from various air bases. They were not firing this time, but had good practice

exercising contact with the ground personnel.

The US Navy had one P3 Orion aircraft in the area above Glamoc doing air

reconnaissance, in close cooperation with a US Marine ground unit providing the

tactical HQ with useful video images of the scene.

Exercise Iron Spear was initiated and completely planned by the Royal Artillery

Headquarters. It was the second in the series of training exercises started one month

earlier.

150

TEXT 6

Japan To Participate in An Exercise

Members of Japan's ground forces reportedly will participate in an international joint

military exercise for the first time.

Jane's Defense Weekly reported in its Friday edition that Japan's army will send a

small number of personnel to take part in the exercise Cobra Gold 2005, to be held in

Thailand in May.

According to the U.S. Pacific Command, the annual exercise involving U.S. and Thai

forces is the premier multilateral exercise in the Pacific. Singapore will also take part

in this year's event, which is going to last for two weeks.

The main areas Cobra Gold focuses on are humanitarian assistance and evacuation

operations.

Officials said Japan's involvement in Cobra Gold, while small by comparison to

Thailand's 2,655 participants and 3,614 personnel from the U.S., was important

symbolically.

Although Japan does not officially have a military, it has its Self-Defense Forces;

however, their activities are tightly restricted by the country's war-renouncing

constitution, drafted by the U.S. after Japan's defeat in World War II. At the same

time, the present Japanese government has been moving towards a more

meaningful security role in the region.

Last December, the Japanese government extended the deployment of non-combat

troops to Iraq, where they have been helping in rehabilitation program. Earlier this

year, Japanese ships and troops were sent to Indonesia to carry out Japan's largest

military operation since 1945 to help in tsunami relief efforts.

The shift was evident when in December the Japanese Parliament approved

changes to its defense policy, calling for the army to develop "multi-function, flexible

defense capabilities" in response to modern-day threats such as terror attacks or

missile strikes.

151

TEXT 7Rapid Decisive Operations

Gentlemen,

I’d like to brief you on the concept of Rapid Decisive Operations. This plan would

emphasize decapitating the Iraqi regime by targeting Saddam’s institutional power

base. The operations would combine air power with a force of between 50,000 and

75,000 ground troops. They would be supported by as many as five aircraft carriers.

The new plan would cripple Saddam’s command by striking Baghdad first. The

concept of operations is to conduct an attack that achieves complete surprise. The

operations would probably include intense air attacks, followed by a combined

airborne and ground assault on strategic targets.

The ground assault would come after 10 days of intensive air strikes in order to take

down air defences, command and communication centres, and troop concentrations.

The overall strength of the deployment will be as many as 250,000 soldiers, Marines,

airmen and sailors, but many of the ground troops will be held back at bases in

Turkey and Kuwait as reserve forces in case the initial invasion meets unexpected

resistance.

Air Force strikes will focus on presidential palaces, military and security police

facilities and bases, while targets such as bridges and other infrastructure should be

avoided.

Under this concept of operations, the air campaign element would be significantly

more intense than prior air campaigns conducted thus far. Hundreds of systems

ranging from bombers and cruise missiles to fighter aircraft would be involved in a

massive display of firepower focused initially on any potential chemical or biological

weapons delivery systems.

Reconnaissance assets such as the Predator and the Global Hawk UAVs would be

tasked with helping to monitor sites suspected of housing weapons of mass

destruction.

It is estimated that an attack could be launched 45 to 60 days after the order is given

by the US President.

152

TEXT 8Anti-Mine Lobby Lists Blighted Lands

According to the first global survey published recently more than 140

countries or disputed territories are contaminated by unexploded

ordnance, such as anti-vehicle mines, mortar rounds and grenades. The

survey also released the figures of the harmful impact of such munitions

on civilians, aid workers and peacekeepers.

The report was published to coincide with a meeting of the UN's

Conventional Weapons Convention in Geneva to discuss ways to control

the use of anti-vehicle mines and cluster bombs.

Explosive remnants of war are costing civilian lives and livelihoods in 90

countries, many of them the world's poorest. Anti-tank mines are stopping

the delivery of water, food and healthcare in impoverished countries such as

Sudan, Afghanistan and Angola. This leaves the most vulnerable populations even

weaker.

The report says that in Iraq, along the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

experts identified more than 2,200 sites contaminated by unexploded cluster

"bomblets". Many accidents in the south and centre of the country are the result of

people trying to sell unexploded bombs, mortars and grenades as scrap metal.

Not much better is the situation in Sudan, where forty-five routes in the

Nuba Mountains have been identified as "high-risk, suspect or reportedly

mined". People here have abandoned agricultural land after tractors hit

mines.

Several non-governmental organizations in Britain have taken the lead in

pushing for an effective legal framework to protect civilians from

unexploded ordnance and help the victims. As a result of their

campaigning, some victims sue the governments responsible for damages.

For example, following legal action against the British government over

accidents at firing ranges in Kenya, 1,280 villagers received compensation

payments totalling 5 million pounds.

153

TEXT 9

North Korea Says U.S. Military Moves Reach War Phase

The North Korean Central News Agency said yesterday that having sent the aircraft

carrier USS Kitty Hawk into the region, the U.S. has moved its military exercises with

South Korea into a “real war'' phase. According to the country’s leaders, this proves

that the U.S. policy to invade North Korea remains unchanged.

The USS Kitty Hawk arrived in South Korea on March 15 for a scheduled joint military

exercise with the South Korean Forces. According to a DoD spokesman, the exercise

is designed to enhance cooperation between the two militaries.

The aircraft carrier, the U.S. Navy's oldest active ship, visited South Korea in March

last year and its previous trip there was in 2000. The aircraft carrier has a crew of

more than 3,200 sailors.

Despite the communist country’s claims of its peaceful nuclear program, there are

wide-spread concerns that North Korea may already have at least 10 nuclear

weapons. North Korea has rejected holding a fourth round of multinational talks on

dismantling its nuclear program within the six-nation forum that also comprises the

U.S., China, Japan, South Korea and Russia.

The U.S. has said repeatedly that it has no intention of attacking North Korea. The

main goal of all U.S. diplomatic efforts is to convince North Korea to give up its

nuclear program.

U.S. Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice will visit Japan, South Korea and China as

part of her tour to Asian nations this week. She will work during her trip to try to form

a common strategy with U.S. allies in the region. In her statement, Rice said that

North Korea wants to meet with the U.S. separately, but the U.S. won’t have separate

discussions, because the six-party forum fosters a united front to resolve the dispute

over the program.

North Korea's leader said the country will rejoin the talks if it receives guarantees it

won't be attacked.

154

TEXT 10Congo Gun Battle is Approved by the UN

The U.N. Security Council supported U.N. peacekeepers’ action in Congo who killed

at least 50 militiamen.

Last Tuesday, several civilians were attacked by militiamen in the northeastern

Congo region of Ituri. Two days later, U.N. soldiers from Pakistan and South Africa

engaged in a gunfight with the militiamen and killed at least 50 of them. The battle

occurred five days after nine Bangladeshi U.N. troops were shot in the same area.

In a policy statement read at a public meeting, the Council welcomed the action of

the peacekeeping mission and its "continued robust action in pursuit of its mandate."

Ituri is one of Congo's worst trouble spots, where ethnic militias have killed 50,000

civilians since 1999, when the current U.N. Mission in the Democratic Republic of

Congo was established.

According to the New York Times, the gun battle took place on Tuesday between

242 Pakistani peacekeepers and militia fighters. It broke out at a heavily fortified

militia camp near the village of Loga, 20 miles north of the capital of the Ituri region.

50 to 60 militia members had been confirmed dead.

Two peacekeepers were wounded and were evacuated to South Africa.

The operation was an aggressive shift in the way the United Nations is tackling its

mission to shepherd Congo toward peace and stability after years of accusations that

peacekeepers have been ineffective.

The militia, which belongs to the ethnic Lendu political party has been terrorizing

villages of the rival Hema tribe for months. The fighters have killed dozens of people,

looted and burned homes, and forced more than 70,000 people to flee to the hills

since December.

155

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TASK 2

TEXT 1Women Trapped in Saudi Prison of Prejudice

It was a rather unusual event in the capital of Saudi Arabia on 6 th November, when forty nine Saudi women violated Islamic tradition by driving a convoy of cars through the city. All the women were arrested.

In the weeks that followed, the women, who had acted to demand equal rights, were denounced by religious leaders. An imam called for them to be beheaded. The women were prohibited from leaving the country. Many lost their jobs or scholarships to study abroad. They were labeled “fallen women” and communists. Their children were ridiculed at school.

Most of the women had been educated in the US or Europe. Many were from prominent families, taught at the women’s section of King Saudi University and were married with children.

Leila was studying for a medical doctorate in London and had come home for a visit just before the drive-in, intending to return to university. Now, she said, she was trapped. Another woman, whose name is Mona, spent 3 years in the U.S. and holds a doctorate in education from Oregon. She is the mother of several children.

Both agreed to talk to foreign reporters and arrived at the interview in long black chadors. “I learned to have freedom in the US,” said Mona. “I had to stand on my feet. Suddenly, I can’t do anything without my husband.”

They were brought in chauffeur-driven cars, the usual mode of transport for the average Saudi. The women said they decided to press the issue of driving right because they feared that, if war came to Saudi Arabia, their chauffeurs, natives of countries like the Philippines or India, might flee.

At the time of the drive-in, US servicewomen were driving military jeeps and trucks in Saudi Arabia and Western women journalists were walking about with their heads exposed. As a Saudi political scientist says, “The atmosphere made them think it would be acceptable. But they miscalculated. Their timing was bad.”

Mona was skeptical of the theory that their timing was wrong. “I don’t know,” she said, “If there will ever be a right time.”

156

TEXT 2Campaigning Countess Dies Aged 100

Hungarian-British aristocrat Judith, Countess of Listowel, died on July 15, three days after her 100th birthday.

She was born in Kaposvár, in 1903, as a daughter of an Austro-Hungarian embassy staffer and a member of the aristocracy. She lived a relatively sheltered childhood during the First World War, but things started to become more complicated with the revolutionary swings that succeeded the armistice.

Having met and married a British aristocrat between the two wars, she set up her new residence in London, escaping from the Communist dictatorship established in Hungary after the Second World War. From her adoptive country, she battled to extricate the rest of her family from Hungary, but the struggle proved long and hard and she was required to use all her considerable resources.

Back in Hungary, she realized her vocation was journalism, giving her diplomat father great cause for concern. She started writing for newspapers in Hungary and later returned to London as a foreign correspondent. She tried to prevent Italy and Hungary from siding with Hitler at the beginning of the war, but her appeals to Count Ciano, Mussolini’s son-in-law and her kinsman the Hungarian Prime Minister Paul Teleki, were to no avail.

Once the war was over, she started up the newssheet East Europe and the Soviet Union, which at its peak circulated in 40 countries, denouncing the situation in the Eastern Bloc, but it was in 1956, during the uprising in Hungary, that saw her most notable writing. In Vienna she interviewed refugees from the Hungarian uprising as they poured over the border.

Apart from her activities as a journalist, she also published books with great success. With the death of Communism, Lady Listowel was finally able to return to her native country, which she visited annually until the end of her life. And with the new regime, she sought compensation for seizure of property after the Second World War.

157

TEXT 3Keeping it in a Family

Family plays a central role in Greek life and many businesses, particularly smaller ones, are family-run.

Building personal relationships with associates is vital, as all Greeks have a wide network of friends and family who may in turn become useful contacts. Greeks are very proud of their cultural heritage and showing awareness of their history and traditions will be appreciated. Take time to enjoy a coffee with associates at a local cafe and soak up some culture – a must for any visitor to Greece.

English is widely spoken. Although an informal culture, observe formalities on the first meeting and address counterparts by their surname, unless invited to use their first name. If you have met your counterparts several times, you may be greeted with a kiss on both cheeks.

Greeks are fairly flexible about timing and meetings have a tendency to overrun, so allow plenty of extra time in your schedule.

Business dinners are very popular and are often a good opportunity for negotiations. A warm and friendly people, the Greeks are excellent hosts and dinners can last several hours, with wine and ouzo typically served with the meal. You may also be invited to an associate’s home for a meal or a family celebration. Don’t be surprised if you are questioned about your family and career – this is quite natural and you are welcome to reciprocate.

Business negotiations tend to be very energetic, with most people voicing an opinion. You will be expected to prove your case conclusively so don’t be put off by interruptions and questions. The Greeks admire experience so where possible show that you have extensive knowledge of the subject.

Be aware that an upward nod of the head means no, not yes. Avoid making the OK sign with your thumb and forefinger and don’t use the palm of your hand to indicate „stop” as these are considered very rude gestures.

158

TEXT 4

PRIVATE FARMING IN RUSSIA

Zhuang Yimin is one of the 600 Chinese agricultural workers hired by local Russian farmers in Birobidzan near the Russian-Chinese border. His boss is Viktor Shubin, a former taxi driver, who decided to try his hand at private farming in 1991, the year the communist lid finally came off Russian economy.

Starting with 100 hectares, Mr. Shubin at first went into bee-keeping. But when the venture failed, he moved on to vegetables and later started raising pigs.

Mr Zhuang and his wife make about 120 dollars a month – or twice their regular wages in China. They work long hours, but as they told the reporter through an interpreter, they didn’t come to travel, but to work.

The success of Mr. Shubin is due in large part to the tips learned from Chinese seasonal workers, who showed him first how to raise vegetables, then watermelons and now pigs. In addition to Mr. Zhuang and his wife, who now work with his 80 pigs, he hired another 36 Chinese workers. They spend their nights in the dormitory on his farm and long days in the fields, carefully coaxing watermelon plants through holes in the plastic film that keeps the soil moist.

Mr. Shubin insists that the 890 hectares he works are his, outright. He is not allowed to sell them, however, because farmers in Russia do not actually own land. They either rent it or are allowed to hold it for themselves and their heirs.

In the Soviet era, vegetables were shipped in from western Russia, and fruit from the Caucasus, at subsidized prices. Then, when the border with China opened, Chinese traders rushed in to fill the vacuum, at cheaper prices.

Mr. Shubin and his wife have no complaints. They drive a Japanese car, live in a newly acquired house in Birobidzan and have taken vacations in Thailand.

Next year, Mr. Shubin plans to plant rice on the other side of the Amur river

But here, in the Russian Far East, private farming is a calling only for the brave. Many have to give up farming after several years, their dreams defeated by an economy that gives very little support to enterprising farmers.

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TEXT 5A VISIT TO CANADA

After we had got off the plane in Canada, we went through customs. Considering how much we had travelled round Europe, I was surprised to feel so nervous. We had read as much as we could find about Canada and had prepared the journey.

We considered leaving Britain because the last years had been a struggle. David had started his career in the Air Force but after a while had realized he had made a mistake. Now, his present firm was going on a three-day week. He had hardly known what to do next. We left our children with friends for three weeks and were worried about being away for our son’s birthday.

As soon as we arrived in Toronto, we tried to decide if it would suit us. The Canadian winter is bitterly cold, but inside it was so warm we had only a blanket on the bed. At home it would have been unthinkable to have kept the heating on all night. The next morning we drove into town and looked for the city centre. We did not find it. On a Saturday afternoon the offices and streets were empty. Finally we had dinner at our friend’s flat. She offered to take us to Niagara next day. Everyone must have seen pictures of Niagara Falls, but to us that day it seemed to describe the very spirit of Canada. We drove back through Niagara village on the banks of the lake, a beautiful old village with a very pretty church in excellent condition.

On Monday morning we took a tram into town and had great difficulty buying the tickets. It was not easy to get used to the different way of doing things. After a short while, we could use the telephone and find our way round the shopping centre.

So the first week went on. David had thirty interviews. People were kind to him and nearly everyone gave him an appointment, but most of them had nothing to offer. He felt he had been wasting his time. I found the Canadian way of life exciting. I was struck by the friendliness. For the first time, I found that I could be completely natural and friendly to strangers.

We decided to stay. David had a final interview and was offered a very good job. It seemed like a miracle.

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TEXT 6New Library Software

After the U.S., another country, Britain, is adopting a new library software system that uses fingerprinting. Many people get alarmed hearing that thousands of schoolchildren are having their fingerprints taken and stored on school computers as primary schools across the nation adopt library software that requires pupils to give their fingerprint each time they take out a library book.

The main vendor of library management systems for schools in the UK is Micro Librarian Systems. According to Andy O'Brien, the firm's managing director, five thousand primary schools use the firm's products. Some 1,000 secondary schools use the firm's Eclipse library software; as for the fingerprinting module, it is used in 2,000 schools.

The system gets the children more involved in the library. It's designed to be self-service, because most primaries don't have a librarian. Introducing the system means the children are quite independent in the library, so they can go and choose a book and take it out. And it enables teachers to look at what books are popular so they know what types of books to buy for the children.

The fingerprinting module is optional - if a school prefers, it can continue to issue library cards. According to O'Brien, the new system works well because children like giving their fingerprint. Schools report that library books are now borrowed even by those children who never did it before.

There has recently been a sharp increase in the number of parents complaining about fingerprinting. But the firm’s representatives do not share parents’ fears about invasions of privacy. They explain that the system is secure because it’s not possible to convert the resulting number back into a thumbprint. It would, therefore, be useless to the police, criminals or anyone else.

However, Simon Davies, director of a British human rights organization, says the use of fingerprinting in schools is a "scandalous exploitation of the innocence of children". The digital persona is being stored and used unnecessarily. These are library systems - we're not talking national security levels here."

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TEXT 7Congo Politics Can Finish Off White Rhinos

The northern white rhinoceros is considered by conservationists to be the most endangered large mammal on earth. The number of these animals is declining and there are fewer than a dozen still alive in the wild. Besides those found in zoos, where they have not reproduced well, these rhinos exist only in Congo, in a national park near the border with Sudan that is full of wild life and lush vegetation, but also men with guns.

The immediate culprits are poachers from the Arab militia groups that have been pillaging villages in the Darfur region of Sudan. Rather than attacking people, these militias are on a mission to make money. They kill elephants and rhinos, leaving the carcasses and taking the valuable tusks and horns, which are carried back in long donkey trains. The rhinos’ horns are a valuable prize, sought after in Asia for purported medicinal value, and in the Middle East, where they are carved into dagger handles.

These militias are very difficult to combat. But the greatest threat to the rhinos is political, specifically a growing Congolese nationalism that has undercut protection efforts, including a recent program to move five of the remaining animals to safety in Kenya. The plan set off a scandal. Rumors circulated that foreigners were buying up the animals at low prices for taking them out of the country, and Congolese politicians seized on the white rhino as a symbol of national pride, off limits to foreigners.

Another Western-financed project to train and pay Congolese park rangers to fight off the poachers was abandoned last year after the accusations that the Westerners were stealing the animals and selling them abroad. In reality, the survival of the rhinos is the result of an international effort that for decades supported Congolese rangers who worked as bodyguards for the rhinos.

The Congolese government was hoping donors would put the money that was set aside to move the animals into protecting them in the park. But conservationists are wary about pumping money into Congo’s corrupt government.

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TEXT 8

Spanish Bullfights

Despite growing protests from animal rights groups, bullfighting remains very popular in Spain, and Spaniards spend more than $1 billion a year to watch an estimated 17,000 bullfights.

As bullfight season begins, industry officials are warning that most of the ranches that produce the fighting bulls are infected with a disease that threatens to cancel half of the nation’s bullfights and throw the sport into a deep crisis.

The disease, bluetongue, has affected about 60 percent of the bull raising ranches, which are mainly in the southern Spain. This has led the government to place restrictions on transporting the animals from the ranches to uninfected areas, where three quarters of this year’s bullfights are scheduled to take place.

Bulls are rarely affected directly by bluetongue, a viral disease that is transmitted mainly by mosquitoes and that does not affect humans. But bulls are carriers of the virus, and the government officials worry that allowing them to move freely may spread the disease to vulnerable animals such as sheep.

With bullfighting practically sacred in some sectors of Spanish society, popular pressure on the government to avoid interference with the season is immense. “I don’t see why there is so mush concern about bluetongue”, one of the fans said in Madrid. “Bullfights went on even during the Civil War.

The current restrictions are unlikely to jeopardize any of the year’s principal events, but thousands of minor bullfights that take place in the modest plazas of Spain’s small cities and towns are at risk. The sponsors of these events will probably be unable to cope with the financial burdens of complying with the safety guidelines now being considered by the government.

Bullfighting is a very expensive spectacle. Organizers must buy the bulls, normally six, that participate in each event. They generally cost about $25,000 to $100,000 a head. Hiring a matador for an afternoon can cost from $25,000 to $120,000 and many bullfights include three matadors.

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TEXT 9

Dutch Factory Farms Stir Resentment in U.S.

Over the past seven years, more than 40 Dutch dairy farmers have moved to central Ohio, driven out of the Netherlands by costly milk quotas, tough environmental regulations and high land prices. In America, the Dutch farmers have opened large farms.

The Assen family owns one of these farms. Five years ago, they considered to move to eastern Germany or New Zealand. But the big, lucrative U.S. markets were more attractive. They opened their farm two years ago and recently received a permit to expand to 1,700 cows from 780.

The farm is a model of high-tech efficiency. Inside one barn, computerized machines draw milk from 48 black-and-white cows. Cows are milked three times a day. In a barn next door, hundreds of cows munch on feed. Critics say that the conditions are inhumane because the barns are crowded and the cows rarely go outside. But Assen says the cows are perfectly happy. The size of the farm, the farmer asserts, keeps the dairy prices low.

To Martin De Haan, Ohio is the land of milk and honey, emphasis on the milk. A year ago, he fled the Netherlands because he could not afford to expand his small dairy farm. He now owns 40 hectares of terrain where he hopes to build two barns the length of the football fields for 2,100 cows by next year.

But the new generation of large animal farms owned by Dutch immigrants causes sharp protests from the local residents mainly concerned about the odors that spread miles around.

Groups opposing the large farms have sprung up across the region, demanding tougher regulatory oversight. The lawyer representing one of the groups says the number of the big farms has more than tripled in Ohio over the past decade, to about 140, and the state has only a handful of inspectors to oversee their operations.

Last year the Federal Environmental Protection Agency acted against 16 of the Dutch farms asserting that they had violated clean-water regulations intended to prevent wastes from getting into waterways.

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TEXT 10

Loneliness Grips Big Cities

Some of us can feel lonely even in a crowd, among colleagues, in the family and tête-à-tête with a lover. This feeling of loneliness, for example, may come over you when you are at a party, in a room fool of happy laughing people. It suddenly seems to you as if everybody knows everybody else, everybody is sure of himself, everybody knows what is going on; everybody except you.

Statistics proves that the amount of lonely people is higher in big cities: the life in a megalopolis separates people. It is a well-known fact that the majority of megalopolis citizens come from other parts of the country. These people as a rule keep up traditions and principles of their native places. It means behavior patterns, dialects, gestures and doings that are clear only for natives of this or that particular region. These traditions pass from one generation to another. This is the reason why many city-dwellers have problems in communication with other people or with finding a close friend. In addition, in a big city it is particularly easy to get a feeling that everybody except you is leading a full, rich and busy life.

Loneliness is particularly dangerous because people hardly understand they are lonely until their workday is over. Loneliness is usually acute as soon as streets get empty, friends make themselves comfortable in their apartments and telephones do not ring. That is why people living alone are often advised not to stay at home after work but join a club or a society, go out and meet people. Another common way of “curing” loneliness in big cities is active telephone conversations when majority of telephone lines are busy in the evenings. Telephones in a big city are an effective instrument to prevent depression and suicide cases.

Is loneliness always evil? In some cases, people need to stay alone. Loneliness is a problem only when it lasts too long and contrary to people's wish; in other words when this loneliness causes suffering.

The loneliness problem first of all demands adequate solution methods. To feel safe and protected, people may make secure doors and window frames in their apartments, or even take a dog. If you feel you need more acute and vivid impressions, go to the cinema or theatre more often.

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