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Supplementary Materials

Supplementary Material 1 - Focussed group discussion questionaire

RMDNo of participants

Section I: General description of the domain

1. What is the main cropping pattern of your region ?

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2. What is the average landholding in your region ?

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3. What are the major agricultural eqiupments you use ?

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4. What are the main source of irrigation ?

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5. Are you using any micro-irrigation (sprinklers or drip) techniques ?

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6. What type of fertilizer do you use in your region ?

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7. What agriculture related challenges do you face in your region ?

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8. List the number of villages in your surrounding having simmilar challanges ?

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9. What are the different programs run by government in your region ?

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10. Do you feel these programs are sufficient (Yes/ No) ?

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11. If No, what kind of programs you want in your region ?

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12. Do you feel your area is different from the other parts of the district (Yes/ No) ?

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13. If Yes; what are the differences ?

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14. Do you think your area needs different programs as per your area requirements (Yes/ No) ?

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15. If No, what kind of programs you want in your region ?

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Section II: Farmers perception about their bio-physical resources

Soil Resources

1. Do you have soil related problems in your region (Yes/ No) ?

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2. If Yes; what are the various soil problems you are facing in your region ?

Soil related problem Severity of the problem(Mild, Severe, Very Severe)

3. Whether soil related problems are affecting your agriculture/ crop productivity (Yes/ No) ?

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4. Is government taking any steps to rectify soil related problems in your region (Yes/ No) ?

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5. If Yes; list those measures ?

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6. Is farming community of the region are taking any steps to rectify soil related problems (Yes/ No) ?

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7. If Yes; list those measures ?

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8. Have you ever taken these issues to government official or any other body (Yes/ No) ?

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9. If Yes; to whom and what was the outcome ?

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10. What in your view should be done to improve soil resources of your region ?

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Groundwater Resources

1. Do you have groundwater related problems in your region (Yes/ No) ?

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2. If Yes; what are the various groundwater related problems you are facing in your region ?

Groundwater related problems Severity of the problem(Mild, Severe, Very Severe)

3. Whether groundwater quality problems are affecting your agriculture/ crop productivity (Yes/ No) ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

4. Is government taking any steps to rectify groundwater related problems in your region (Yes/ No) ?

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5. If Yes; list those groundwater improvement measures ?

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6. Is farming community of the region are taking any steps to rectify groundwater related problems in your region (Yes/ No) ?

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7. If Yes; list those groundwater improvement measures?

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8. Have you ever taken these issues to government official or any other body (Yes/ No) ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

9. If Yes; to whom and what was the outcome ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

10. What in your view should be done to improve groundwater resources in your region ?

……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

mm

Supplementary Material 2 - RMD specific best practices

RMD Major Constraints

Existing District Level Programs (Specific to the

identified major constraints)

Proposed Programs(District Administrative

Authorities)

Proposed Best Practices(FGD findings)

Practices Related References

Resource Rich and Sprinkler Irrigated

Declining good quality groundwater level

Establishment of WHS

Adoption of sprinkler irrigation by farmers

Training and demonstration on proper water management

Irrigating crop at critical stages

In-situ moisture conservation (Contour furrow, bunding, vegetative barriers, residue retention, inter row water harvesting, off season tillage)

(Khan and Singh, 2006; Pathak et al., 2009; Saxena et al., 2014)

Undulating topography

Land leveling using laser land leveler

More demonstration on laser land leveler

Diversified farming system with agro-forestry options

Laser assisted land leveling

(Jat et al., 2009; Pandey, 2007; Shiferaw et al., 2009)

Massive Aravalli deforestation and mining

Currently no program

Testing new varieties of seeds for afforestation

Learning from IRRAD managed Afforested Aravalli stretch

Joint forest management Community forest

management

(Aggarwal et al., 2006; Ilstedt et al., 2007; Pagdee et al., 2006)

Irregular electricity supply


No proposed plan Solar power smart irrigation system

(Harishankar et al., 2014; Raitha, 2014)

Fallow cultivable land during summer season.


Demonstration and exposure visit on Mustard-Kasni (perennial herb) intercropping.

Perennial cropping system (Cox et al., 2006; Toensmeier, 2016)

Resource Poor and

Saline groundwater


Rice-wheat will be studied for salinity/alkalinity build-

Conjunctive use of groundwater and canal

(Hanson et al., Qadir and

Canal Irrigated

up from life saving irrigation given in the kharif season

water Use of salt tolerant crop

variety Drip irrigation for saline

water

Oster, 2004; Singh et al., 2012)

Polluted and insufficient canal water


No proposed plan Actions towards the industrial effluent discharge

Prevention of on-farm pollution (by efficient application and use of chemical fertilizers)

(Kaur et al., 2009)

Water logging Currently no program

Bio-drainage through tree plantation

Control of canal seepage On-farm water

management Cropping pattern

adjustment; shift from rice to low water intensive crops

(Singh et al., 2012)

Soil salinity Application of gypsum for soil salinity

Experimental research in different cropping systems for salt build-up

Demonstration and exposure visits on green manuring

Conjunctive use of groundwater with in-situ moisture conservation

Adoption of reclamation measures (scraping, flushing, leaching)

(Qadir and Oster, 2004; Singh et al., 2002)

Resource Rich and

Kotla Lake

Irrigated

Declining good quality groundwater level.

Saline water intrusion in good quality

Kotla lake (under construction) is partially addressing the irrigation needs of this region

Completion of Kotla lake

Adoption of sprinkler and drip irrigation

Demonstration on irrigation at critical stage to save excess


(Narain et al., 2006; Pathak et al., 2009; Saxena et al., 2014; Sharma et al., 2014)

groundwater zone

irrigation need. Recharging the saline aquifer with harvested rain water

Higher application of chemical fertilizers


Site specific nutrient management to control overdose of fertilizer application.

Reduced tillage and residue retention

Fertilizer application based on soil health cards

(Chander et al., 2013; Chivenge et al., 2007; Hobbs et al., 2008; Tewatia, 2007)

Soil erosion Currently no program

Demonstration and exposure visits on farmer's adopted soil erosion measures

Vegetative measures (wind break, vegetative barriers)

Mechanical measures

(Grace III, 2002; Morgan, 2009; Pathak et al., 2009)






management


Salt water intrusion


No proposed plan Recharging the saline aquifer with harvested rain water

Extraction wells Adjustments to pumping

well

(Abd-Elhamid, H.F., and Javadi, A.A., 2008, Thomas et al., 2015)

Resource Poor and Rainfed

Highly saline groundwater(No source of irrigation – agriculture is

Establishment of minor lakes

Popularization of in-situ rain water harvesting through broad beds and furrows method

Sprinkler/drip irrigation

In-situ moisture conservation (Contour furrow, bunding, vegetative barriers, residue retention, inter

(Hobbs et al., 2008; Narain et al., 2006; Pathak et al., 2009;

totally rainfed) after creating facility of community ponds Demonstration and exposure visits on green manuring

row water harvesting, off season tillage)

Conservation agriculture measures

Rockström et al., 2010; Rusinamhodzi et al., 2011; Saxena et al., 2014)

Diminishing mixed cropping system.


Demonstration on Bajra/Sorghum/Pulses - Wheat/Mustard/Pulses based mixed and intercropping system.

Promotion of traditional rainfed mixed cropping practices

Promotion of green manuring practices

Promoting drought tolerant rainfed crop varieties

(Hanson et al., 2008; Qadir and Oster, 2004; Rockström and Oweis, 2009)

Moderate Resource and Canal Irrigated

Saline groundwater


Popularization of judicious use of brackish water through demonstrations on alternate/ conjunctive use of brackish water.

Conjunctive use of groundwater and canal water

Use of salt tolerant crop variety

Drip irrigation for saline water

(Hanson et al., 2008; Qadir and Oster, 2004; Singh et al., 2012)

High soil salinity Prescribed doses of fertilizers

The reclamation of sodic soils and waters through gypsum will be done.

Conjunctive use of groundwater with in-situ moisture conservation

Adoption of reclamation measures (scraping, flushing, leaching)

(Qadir and Oster, 2004; Singh et al., 2012; Siyal et al., 2002)




Prevention of on-farm pollution (by efficient application and use of

(Kaur et al., 2009)

chemical fertilizers)Resource Rich and

Canal Irrigated

Declining good quality groundwater and salt water intrusion


Training and demonstrations on proper water management with special focus on the awareness and adoption of sprinkler and drip irrigation. Irrigating the crop at critical stages.


Recharging the saline aquifer with harvested rain water


well

(Narain et al., 2006; Pathak et al., 2009; Saxena et al., 2014; Sharma et al., 2014; Thomas et al., 2015)




Prevention of on-farm pollution (by efficient application and use of chemical fertilizers)

(Kaur et al; 2009)

Resource Rich and

WHS Intensifie

d

Increasing groundwater salinity in one part of the region


Training and demonstrations on proper water management with special focus on the awareness and adoption of sprinkler and drip irrigation.

Irrigating the crop at critical stages.

Recharging the saline aquifer with harvested rain water

(Sharma et al., 2014)

Need for more WHS


Construction of WHS near catchment area of drain,

In-situ moisture conservation (Contour

(Kerr and Sanghi, 1992;

panchayati/ farmers land. furrow, bunding, vegetative barriers, residue retention, inter row water harvesting, off season tillage)

Indigenous water conservation measures

Narain et al., 2006; Pathak et al., 2009; Saxena et al., 2014)

Operational and maintenance issues of WHS

Maintenance of WHS.

Involving community in operation and maintenance of WHS.

Community managed WHS (Balooni et al., 2008; Malik et al., 2014)






management


Salt water intrusion


No proposed plan Recharging the saline aquifer with harvested rain water


well

(Abd-Elhamid, H.F., and Javadi, A.A., 2008, Thomas et al., 2015)

References

1. Abd-Elhamid, H.F., and Javadi, A.A., 2008. An investigation into control of saltwater intrusion considering the effects of climate change and sea level rise. In Proceedings of 20th Saltwater Intrusion meeting, 4-7.

2. Aggarwal, A., Sharma, R.S., Suthar, B., Kunwar, K., 2006. An ecological assessment of greening of Aravali mountain range through joint forest management in Rajasthan, India. Int. J. Environ. Sustain. Dev. 5, 35–45.

3. Balooni, K., Kalro, A., Kamalamma, A.G., 2008. Community initiatives in building and managing temporary check-dams across seasonal streams for water harvesting in South India. Agric. Water Manag. 95, 1314–1322.

4. Chander, G., Wani, S.P., Sahrawat, K.L., Kamdi, P.J., Pal, C.K., Pal, D.K., Mathur, T.P., 2013. Balanced and integrated nutrient management for enhancedand economic food production: case study from rainfed semi-arid tropics in India. Arch. Agron. Soil Sci. 59, 1643–1658.

5. Chivenge, P., Murwira, H., Giller, K., Mapfumo, P., Six, J., 2007. Long-term impact of reduced tillage and residue management on soil carbon stabilization: Implications for conservation agriculture on contrasting soils. Soil Tillage Res. 94, 328–337.

6. Cox, T.S., Glover, J.D., Van Tassel, D.L., Cox, C.M., DeHaan, L.R., 2006. Prospects for developing perennial grain crops. BioScience 56, 649–659.

7. Grace III, J.M., 2002. Effectiveness of vegetation in erosion control from forest road sideslopes. Trans. ASAE 45, 681.8. Hanson, B., Hopmans, J.W., Šimŭnek, J., 2008. Leaching with subsurface drip irrigation under saline, shallow groundwater

conditions. Vadose Zone J. 7, 810–818.9. Harishankar, S., Kumar, R.S., Sudharsan, K., Vignesh, U., Viveknath, T., 2014. Solar powered smart irrigation system. Adv.

Electron. Electr. Eng. ISSN 4, 341–346.10. Hobbs, P.R., Sayre, K., Gupta, R., 2008. The role of conservation agriculture in sustainable agriculture. Philos. Trans. R. Soc.

Lond. B Biol. Sci. 363, 543–555.11. Ilstedt, U., Malmer, A., Verbeeten, E., Murdiyarso, D., 2007. The effect of afforestation on water infiltration in the tropics: a

systematic review and meta-analysis. For. Ecol. Manag. 251, 45–51.12. Jat, M., Gupta, R., Ramasundaram, P., Gathala, M., Sidhu, H., Singh, S., Singh, R.G., Saharawat, Y., Kumar, V., Chandna, P.,

2009. Laser assisted precision land leveling: a potential technology for resource conservation in irrigated intensive production systems of Indo-Gangetic plains. Integr. Crop Resour. Manag. Rice-Wheat Syst. South Asia Int. Rice Res. Inst. Los Banos 223–238.

13. Kerr, J.M., Sanghi, N., 1992. Indigenous soil and water conservation in India’s semi-arid tropics. Citeseer.14. Malik, R., Giordano, M., Sharma, V., 2014. Examining farm-level perceptions, costs, and benefits of small water harvesting

structures in Dewas, Madhya Pradesh. Agric. Water Manag. 131, 204–211.15. Morgan, R.P.C., 2009. Soil Erosion and Conservation. John Wiley & Sons.16. Narain, P., Khan, M., Singh, G., 2006. Potental for Water Conservation and Harvesting Against Drought in Rajasthan. IWMI.17. Pagdee, A., Kim, Y., Daugherty, P.J., 2006. What makes community forest management successful: a meta-study from

community forests throughout the world. Soc. Nat. Resour. 19, 33–52.18. Pandey, D.N., 2007. Multifunctional agroforestry systems in India. Curr. Sci. 92, 455–463.19. Pathak, P., Mishra, P., Rao, K., Wani, S.P., Sudi, R., 2009. Best-bet Options on Soil and Water Conservation.

20. Qadir, M., Oster, J., 2004. Crop and irrigation management strategies for saline-sodic soils and waters aimed at environmentally sustainable agriculture. Sci. Total Environ. 323, 1–19.

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term effects of conservation agriculture on maize grain yield under rain-fed conditions. Agron. Sustain. Dev. 31, 657–673.24. Saxena, A., Goyal, R., Roy, M., 2014. Water Management for Climate Resilience in Arid Region. Central Arid Zone Research

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measures in an irrigated semi-arid region of india. Irrig. Drain. 61, 357–365.28. Siyal, A., Siyal, A., Abro, Z., 2002. Salt affected soils their identification and reclamation. Pak J Appl Sci 2, 537–540.29. Tewatia, R., 2007. Voluntary initiatives and regulations for fertiliser best management practices in India. Fertil. Best Manag.

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static-content.springer.com10.1007... · Web viewList the number of villages in your surrounding having simmilar challanges ?