Su Tich Duc Phat Thich CA Mau Ni - Minh Thien Dieu Xuan

8/3/2019 Su Tich Duc Phat Thich CA Mau Ni - Minh Thien Dieu Xuan

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S TCH C PHT THCH-CA MU-NI

(n bn 05/2009, c hiu chnh v b tc)Minh Thin Diu Xun

---o0o---Ngun

http://www.quangduc.comChuyn sang ebook 16-8-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc LcCc on truyn gio ca vua ASOKAPh - h Thi - t SiddhatthaMu - h Thi - t SiddhatthaLi M uCch c ch Pali v SanscritPhn 1

A-TIN THN C PHT THCH-CA MU-NI1- B-tt Sumedha (Thin-Hu)2- B-tt Vessantara (H-Minh)

B- C PHT N SANH1- Lai lch h Gotama v b-tc Sakya2- Lc mi sanh (nm -624)3- Sau khi sanh

C- THI GIAN LM THI-T

Thi th u
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Thuyet%20Phap/Phat%20Su/


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Tui trng-thnhPhn 2

D- THI GIAN XUT GIA HC O1- Ra i (nm -595)

2- V o-s th nht: Alara-Kalama3- V o-s th nh: Uddaka-Ramaputta4- Su nm tu kh-hnh ti Uruvela

E- C PHT THNH O1- Chn li tu trung-o2- m thnh o (nm -589)3- Tun-l u tin sau khi thnh o4- Tun-l th hai sau khi thnh o

5- Tun-l th ba sau khi thnh o6- Tun-l th t sau khi thnh o7- Tun-l th nm sau khi thnh o8- Tun-l th su sau khi thnh o9- Tun-l th by sau khi thnh o10- Hai Thin Tn u Tin

Phn 3F- C PHT THUYT PHP LN U TIN

1- Ln ng i Lc-Uyn2- ng Kondanna v 4 ngi bn xut gia3- c Pht thuyt kinh Chuyn Php Lun (nm -589)4- c Pht thuyt kinh V Ng Tng5- ng Yasa v 4 ngi bn xut gia

Phn 4G- T H TH NHT N H TH 5

H th nht ti Lc-Uyn (nm -589)

1- Nm mi ngi bn khc ca ng Yasa xin xut gia2- Pht trao s mnh hong php cho cc v t-kheo3- ng Uruvela Kassapa, 2 ngi em, v 1000 t xut gia4- c Pht ni Kinh La (Aditta-Pariyaya):5- H th 2 ti Venuvana (nm -588)6- H th 3 ti Venuvana (nm -587)

Phn 57- H th 4 ti Jetavana (nm -586)

Phn 6

H- T H TH 6 N H TH 20


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1- H th 6 ti Jetavana (nm -584)2- H th 7 ti lng Samkassa (nm -583)3- H th 8 ti rng Bhesakala (nm -582)4- H th 9 ti tinh-x Ghosita, Kosambi (nm -581)

Phn 75- H th 10 trong rng Rakkhita (nm -580)6- H th 11 ti Ekanala, gn Rajagriha (nm -579)7- H th 12 ti Veranja, x Kosala (nm -578)

Phn 88- H th 13 ti thnh ph Calika, x Koliya (nm -577)9- H th 14 ti Jetavana (nm -576)10- H th 15 ti vn Nigrodha, Kapilavastu (nm -575)

Phn 911- H th 16 ti thnh ph Alavi (nm -574)12- H th 17 ti Venuvana (nm -573)13- H th 18 ti tng Caliya, x Koliya (nm -572)14- H th 19 ti Griddhakuta (nm -571)15- H th 20 ti Jetavana (nm -570)

I- T H TH 21 N H TH 431- H th 21 ti Jetavana (nm -569)

2- H th 22 ti Jetavana v Pubbarama (nm -568)3- H th 23 ti Jetavana (nm -567)Phn 10

4- H th 24 ti Jetavana (nm -566)5- H th 25 ti Jetavana (nm -565)6- H th 26 ti Jetavana (nm -564)7- H th 27 ti Jetavana (nm -563)

Phn 118- H th 28 ti Jetavana (nm -562)9- H th 29 ti Jetavana (nm -561)10- H th 30 ti Jetavana (nm -560)11- H th 31 ti Jetavana (nm -559)12- H th 32 ti Jetavana (nm -558)13- H th 33, 34, 35 ti Jetavana (nm -557/ -555)14- H th 36 ti Jetavana (nm -554)

Phn 1215- H th 37 ti Venuvana (nm -553)

Phn 13


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16- H th 38 ti Jetavana (nm -552)17- H 39 ti Jetavana (nm -551)18- H 40 ti Jetavana (nm -550)19- H 41 ti Jetavana (nm -549)20- H 42 ti Venuvana (nm -548)21- H 43 ti Jetavana (nm -547)

Phn 14J- PHT NHP NIT-BN

H 44 ti Jetavana (nm -546)Phn 15

2- H 45 Ti Lng Beluva gn Vesali ( Nm - 545)3- Pht nhp nit-bn ti Kusinagar (nm -544)

Phn 16 - PH NHKit tp kinh in ln th nht ti Rajagriha (nm -544)Kit tp kinh in ln th nh ti Vesali (nm -444)Kit tp kinh in ln th ba ti Pataliputta (nm -244)Kit tp kinh in ln th t, ca Nam tng ti Aluvihara(nm -200)Kit tp kinh in ln th t, ca Bc tng ti Kudalavana(nm -200)

Kit tp kinh in Nam tng ti Mandalay, Min-in (nm1871)Kit tp kinh in Nam tng ti Rangoon, Min-in (nm1954)Tng Lut (Vinaya Pitaka)Tng Kinh (Sutta Pitaka)Tng Lun (Abhidhamma Pitaka)

Phn 17 - PH NH

1. Sariputta (X-Li-Pht), tr hu nht.2. Moggallana (Mc-Kin-Lin), thn thng nht.3. Maha-Kassapa (Ma-Ha Ca-Dip), hnh u- nht.4. Subhuti (Tu-B-), gii khng nht.5. Punna Mantaniputta (Ph-Lu-Na Mn-T-T), thuytphp nht.6. Maha-Kaccana (Ma-Ha Ca-Chin-Din), lun ngh nht.7. Anuruddha (A-Na-Lut), thin nhn nht.8. Upali (u-Ba-Ly), tr lut nht.


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9. Rahula (La-Hu-La), mt hnh nht.10. Ananda (A-Nan), a vn nht.

Phn 18 - PH NH4- BA MI BA V T S

Maha-Kassapa (Ma-Ha Ca-Dip) nm -624 n -5202. Ananda (A-Nan) nm -605 n -4853. Sanavasin (Thng-Na-Ha-Tu, Thai Y) nm -550 n-4704. Upagupta (u-Ba-Cc-a) nm -500 n -4305. Dhitaka (-a-Ca) nm -460 n -3806. Michaka (Di-Gi-Ca) nm -440 n -3607. Vasumitra (B-Tu-Mt, Th Hu) nm -420 n -330

8. Buddhanandi (Pht--Nan-) nm -370 n -3009. Buddhamitra (Pht--Mt-a) nm -360 n -29010. Parsva (Hip Tn Gi) nm -360 n -27011. Punyayasa (Ph-Na-D-Xa) nm -300 n -23012. Asvaghosa (M Minh) nm -270 n -19013. Kapimala (Ca-T-Ma-La) nm -250 n -18014. Nagarjuna (Long Th) nm -240 n -13015. Kanadeva (Ca-Na--B) nm -170 n -90

16. Rahulata (La-Hu-La-a) nm -150 n -6017. Sanghanandi (Tng-Gi-Nan-) nm -100 n -2018. Sanghayasas (Tng-Gi-Da-X) nm -50 n +2019. Kumarata (Cu-Ma-La-a) nm -15 n +6020. Jayata (X-D-a) nm +30 n 10021. Vasubandhu (B-Tu-Bn-u, Th Thn) nm 70 16022. Madura (Ma-N-La) nm 120 - 19023. Haklenayasas (Hc-Lc-Na) nm 150 - 230

24. Simha-Bhiksu (S T T Kheo) nm 200 - 28025. Vasasuta (B-X-T-a) nm 240 - 32526. Punyamitra (Bt-Nh-Mt-a) nm 300 - 38827. Prajnatara (Bt-Nh-a-La) nm 360 - 46028. Bodhidharma (B--t-Ma), S T ti Trung-Hoa,nm 440 - 52929. Hu Kh (Hoei-Keu), Nh T ti Trung-Hoa nm 487 593

30. Tng Xn (Seng-Tsan), Tam T ti Trung-Hoa nm 517- 606


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31. o Tn (Tao-Sinn), T T ti Trung-Hoa nm 580 65132. Hong Nhn (Houng-Jenn), Ng T ti Trung-Hoa nm602 - 67533. Hu Nng (Hoei-Neng), Lc T ti Trung-Hoa nm 638- 713Tam Tng Php-s: Huyn Trang (Hiuen Tsang) nm 602 -664

Phn 19 - PH NHVua Asoka (tr v -264 / -227)Vua Devanampiya Tissai s Maha Mahinda

Ni s SanghamittaLumbini (Lm-t-ni)Bodh-Gaya (B- o trng)Migadava (Lc Uyn)Kusinagar (Cu-thi-na)Rajagriha (Vng-X)Jetavana (Vn K-, K-vin tinh x)Vesali (T-x-ly)

i Hc Pht Gio NalandaPhn 20 - PH NH7- i Cng u Pht

3 Tng Phi Ln Trong o Pht37 Php Tu Cn Bn6 Php Tu Ca B-tt4 Php Tu Ca i B-ttTh Lp Tu Chng Trong o Pht

Cc Cnh-Gii Theo o Pht8- SCH THAM KHO

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---o0o---Cc on truyn gio ca vua ASOKA

(t nm 244 n 227 trc ty lch)


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Ph - h Thi - t Siddhattha

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Mu - h Thi - t Siddhattha

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Li M u

Trong bc u hc Pht, chng ti thng gp nhiu tr ngi ln v

vn- danh-t. V trong kinh sch ting Vit thng dng ln ln cc chVit, ch Hn-Vit, ch Pali, ch Sanscrit, khi th phin m, khi th dch


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Fontaine, chuyn Lc Long Qun ly b u C sanh ra 100 trng... l c ththay khng c tht?

Ngoi ra, chng ta cng nn cn c vo Ba Php n ca c Th Tn

bit gio l no ng l do ngi ch dy hay khng phi do ngi ch dy.Ba Php n l V Thng, V Ng, Nit Bn theo Pht gio Nguyn thy,hayKhng, V Tng, V Tc (V Nguyn) theo Pht gio i tha.

Chng ti mong rng quyn S tch c Pht Thch Ca mu Ni ny cth mang n cho qu v c gi mt ci nhn y , ng n v cuc ic Pht v Gio l gic ng v gii thot ca ngi ch dy.

Trong khi son tho quyn " S tch c Pht Thch Ca mu Ni" ny dnhin chng ti phi tra cu cc ti liu hin hnh, nhiu khi phi trch dn

nguyn vn, khng dm sa i, theo ng tinh thnVn d ti o, thut nhibt tc. V li ch chung ca ngi hc Pht, chng ti chn thnh cu xin quv tc gi cc ti liu tham cu vui lng thng cm v tha th. D vi s cgng ca chng ti, cc ti liu hin nay v s tch c Pht vn cn rt nhiuthiu st v sai lm, chng ti rt mong cc v thc gi vui lng ch bo thm chng ti c th nh chnh v b tc thm vo k ti bn ti.

Nam-m Bn S Thch-Ca Mu-Ni Pht.

Vit ti Antony, Php quc, ma thu nm 2004.Minh - Thin Trn - Hu Danh

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Cch c ch Pali v Sanscrit(Gia ch Pali v ch Sanscrit, chng ti chn ch no d c

v thng dng nht.)

- Ch Pali thng n gin v d c hn ch Sanscrit.

a ngn, nh amount(Anh). Thng c th lt b. V d: chPippala c th vit v c l Pippal; ch Arahat c th vit v c lArhat. di, =aa, nh cha(Vit), father(Anh).ai nh ai(Vit).e nh d(Vit).i ngn, nh i(Vit), pin(Anh).

di, nh police(Anh).

o nh -t(Vit).u nh tu(Vit), fou(Php).


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c, ch nh ch(Vit).d nh i u(Vit).g nh ghe go(Vit).h nh h hng(Vit).

j nh joujou(Php), hoc nh dj trong Djakart(Php).p nh papa(Php).ph p v h c ri ra nh uphill(Anh).s, sh nh ti sao(Vit), sure(Anh), chien(Php).th c ri ra nh hothouse(Anh).v u ch hoc sau mt nguyn m, c nh v vy(Vit).v sau mt ph m nh Bodhisattva, c nh ch u(Vit).y nh danh d(Vit, ging Nam).

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Phn 1

A-TIN THN C PHT THCH-CA MU-NI

Trong kinh sch, nht l trong hai b kinh Bn-sanh (Jataka) v Bn-s(Itivuttaka), c rt nhiu cu chuyn v tin thn c Pht. Chng ti ch k ray hai kip 3 sau cng trc khi c Pht th hin n sanh v thnh o.

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1- B-tt Sumedha (Thin-Hu)4

mt i qu-kh xa xa, thuc kip Trang-Nghim 5 (Vyuha-kalpa),c Thi-t tn l Samantaprabhasa (Ph-Quang) con vua Arcimat (ng-Chiu), xin php vua cha vo ni Himalaya tm thy hc o, ly hiu lSumedha (Thin-Hu). Ngi theo hc vi nhiu v i s, cu o cao thng,nhng lng cha tha mn. Mt hm Sumedha u l vi 500 ngoi-o

c ton thng, c thng 500 ng tin vng. Sumedha vui mng t-githy, mang tin ln ng tm n cng Pht Dipankara 6 (Nhin-ng) angc tr ti th Divapati. Gia ng gp mt c gi (tin thn ca cngcha Yasodhara) ang i, tay cm by hoa sen mu xanh va thm va p,chng lin hi mua. Nhng c gi p: "Ti mang hoa cng Pht, u c bnm ng hi mua". Sumedha (Thin-Hu) a ra 500 ng tin vng, nn-nxin mua nm hoa sen cng Pht, nhng c gi vn ng lm thinh, khngp. Tng th, chng ni:

- C cng dng hai bng cng c ri. Ti t xa n y, mong c

hoa sen qu bu ny cng Pht Dipankara v xin hc hi gio l cao


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thng ca ngi. Xin c thng cm nhng li cho ti nm bng i; ri cmun g ti cng lm theo.

- Anh i, c gi ng hng i m, ng nhn xung t, rt r ni.

Khng bit sao va trng thy anh th em em lng thng anh lin h. Emmun tng khng cho anh nm bng sen ny anh cng c gic ng.Nhng anh phi ha vi em l anh chu ci em lm v trong kip ny v mimi v sau.

- C i, Sumedha p. C l ngi rt d mn v rt chn tht. Va gpc ti cng c cm tnh vi c ngay. Nhng ti pht tm cu o gii thot.

Nu ci v th b rng buc, lm sao ti c th xut gia tm o !?

- Anh c ha vi em i. Ri sau ny mi khi anh mun xut gia th em

cam kt s khng ngn cn m cn tm cch gip anh thc hin c honton ch nguyn.

Nghe c gi ni nh th, Sumedha (Thin-Hu) min cng nhn li.

Ri hai ngi tm ti ni c Pht Dipankara (Nhin-ng) ang ng.Qun chng ng o ang vy quanh c Pht. C c vua v qun thn nlm l dng hoa cng Pht. Sumedha v c gi c len li n gn, nhng cnkhong hai mi bc na th h khng ti no tin ln c na. Sumedha

rt sung sng c nhn thy Pht Dipankara tn mt. Bng nhin chngcm thy tinh thn sng khoi l thng. Chng pht nguyn s c gng tuhc cho n khi c hon ton gic ng nh ngi . Chng ch thnh tungnm hoa sen ca mnh ln khng trung cng dng Pht theo thng l lc

by gi. Nm hoa sen c tung ln khng trung bng bin thnh nm i senln trang nghim rc r, l lng gia khng gian. C bn gi trao cho chnghai hoa sen ca c, nh dng cng dm. Chng li ch thnh tung ln khngtrung cng dng Pht. Hai a sen ny hin thnh hai i sen ln ng hai

bn Pht. Trc s ngc-nhin ca i chng, c Pht Dipankara hoan-hgii-thch s d c s k-diu nh th l do tm v cng thanh-tnh v thnhknh ca ngi cng dng. Ri Pht gi Sumedha (Thin-Hu) v c gi n

bo:

- ng l ngi c nhiu thin cn, hy rng tinh tn tu hnh s t co qu ln. Cn c ny cng c thin duyn vi ng, nhng c nn tn trngli ha, nn khuyn khch ch khng nn ngn cn bn c xut gia tu hc.

T Sumedha theo Pht Dipankara hc o, v sau th b-tt gii vt-kheo gii. Sumedha c gng tinh-tn tu hnh B-tt. Mt hm c Pht

Dipankara i t tinh x Sudassana n thnh ph Ramma, gia ng gpch t ly, B-tt Sumedha lin ci o ng mc m tri ln ch d t,


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nhng cn ht mt cht khng bit lm sao, ng bn x tc lt thm cho Phti qua khi lm chn. Nhn thy B-tt Sumedha s thc hnh y 10thnh hnh 7 nn c Pht th-k 8 cho ng s thnh Pht hiu l Sakyamuni(Thch-Ca Mu-Ni) trong i Hin-kip (Bhadra-kalpa).

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2- B-tt Vessantara (H-Minh)9

n lc Pht Kassapa (Ca-Dip) 10 ra i, nhm Hin-kip th chn, B-tt Sumedha (Thin-Hu) ti sanh lm thi t Vessantara (Visvantara, HMinh), chuyn thc hnh hnh b th t lc u th; khi ln ln lm vua, rixut gia theo Pht Kassapa v tr thnh B-tt Vessantara (cn gi lSvetaketu). Nh cng hnh y nn khi lm chung B-tt Vessantara c

sanh v ci tri u-Sut (Tusita) lm B-tt b-x, lnh o ch Thin ciny v din thuyt php mu cho Thin chng nghe. Ngi u-Sut bnngn nm, dng php tng 11 gio-ha chng sinh. Mt hm ngi nhnxung th-gian thy chng sinh phn nhiu ch ua nhau to c, chm mtrong t-kin, khng bit tin nhn qu ti phc, sng au kh v th-xc lntinh-thn, cht b a trong ba ng c 12. Ngi pht tm t-bi, nguyn gingth gio-ha chng sinh, mang n nh sng chn-l cu chng sinhthot khi sanh gi bnh cht, chng c o qu nit-bn, an lc thanh tnh.

Ngay lc ton thn ngi phng i-quang-minh, i a mi tm tng

ng, ma cung n nu, mt tri mt trng ht tinh quang, chn ng tt c trirng tm b 13. Ngi lin quan st nm vic di y:

1- Quan st thi k, ngi thy tui th con ngi lc by gi khong100 nm, rt thun li; v vi th mng qu di con ngi khng thc cth no l gi cht, vi th mng qu ngn th khng c thi gian tu tp.

2- Quan st lc a, ngi chn Jambudipa (bn o n-) v lc bygi ngn ng v t tng trit hc ni y c pht trin hn ht..

3- Quan st quc , ngi chn Majjhimadesa (Vng Trung n,thung lng sng Hng); v ni y c nhiu nh hin trit v minh qun xuthin.

4- Quan st chng tc, ngi chn dng di Sakya vi vuaSuddhodana l ngi c tm o nht. Theo kinh Lalitavistara th dng hny c 64 c tnh cn thit.

5- Quan st ngi c c tnh lm m v Pht tng lai, ngi chn

hong hu Maha-Maya; bit rng b ch cn sng thm 10 thng 7 ngy na.Theo kinh Lalitavistara th b Maha-Maya c 32 c tnh cn thit.


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Khi thy c duyn n, B-tt H-Minh bn ph chc ngi v lnho ch Thin li cho ngi Di-Lc (Maitreya, Metteyya) lm B-tt b x, rit cung tri u-Sut (Tusita) ging trn, th hin nhp thai ti thnhKapilavastu, x Sakya 14, gn chn ni Himalaya, thuc vng bin gii ng-

bc nc n- v Nepal ngy nay, lm con trai ca vua Suddhodana (Tnh-Phn), v hong-hu Maha-Maya. Hong-tc x ny u thuc dng-diSAKYA (Thch-Ca).

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B- C PHT N SANH

Mt v Pht ra i l mt nhn duyn ln rt him c, l mt nim vuiv tn cho tt c mun loi chng sanh. c Pht l bc V Thng Chnh

ng Chnh Gic, c tr tu v lng t bi rng ln cng tt, v thng cm nikh trin-min v b bn ca chng sanh m lm nn ngi dng phng tinth hin n sanh ch dy v du dt chng sanh ra khi vng sanh t lunhi, t n nit-bn an-lc thanh-tnh.

V phng din lch s, chng ti xin trnh by trc huyn thoi v 5h ca c Pht l Gotama (C-m), Sujata (Thin-Sanh), Okkaka (Cam-Gi), Suryavamsa (Nht-Chng) v Sakya (Thch-Ca), sau mi ni n lcPht n sanh.

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1- Lai lch h Gotama v b-tc Sakya15

Vo thu xa xa, th Saketa, hin nay l Ayodhya 16, thuc minTrung n-, c ging dn Aryan. Theo kinh Pht Bn Hnh(Abhinikramana-sutra), kinh Thp Nh Du, kinh Ambattha (Digha-nikaya 3)v kinh Mahavastu (do ngi Buddhaghosa ch gii vo th k th nm sau tylch), th xa kia ni y c v vua tn l Maha-Sammata (i-Mao-Tho)nhng ngi cho em, xut gia theo i tin Gotama (C-m) 17 tu trongrng. ngi i khng nhn ra mnh l vua, ng ly h thy l Gotamalm h mnh. T ngi ta gi thy ng l Maha-Gotama (i C-m) vgi ng l Culla-Gotama (Tiu C-m).

Hai thy tr tu trong rng, trong mt ci am bn cnh mt vn ma(cam-gi, okkaka) ln. Mt hm c 500 tn cp nh cp ti sn ca quan,trong lc chy trn bng qua vn ma, nh ri nhng cp c trongvn. Quan qun theo du tm n, cho Culla-Gotama (Tiu C-m) l gic

cp, lin dng tn bn cht, mu chy lnh lng xung t. Maha-Gotamaang c vic i xa, dng thin nhn nhn thy, bun b ri l. ng lin bay v


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n ni, gom mu trn ln vi bn trn mt t, vo thnh hai vin ln bngnm tay, t ln bn th gia tri, ri ch nguyn rng:

- C-m ti thnh tm cu nguyn ch thin bin hai hn mu ny

thnh ngi.Qua 10 thng, nh hp th nh sng mt tri, vin bn tri ha thnh

mt b trai, vin bn phi ha thnh mt b gi, u ly h Gotama (C-m). Cc quan i thn trong triu nghe tin, rc v cung nui dng. Btrai c t tn l Sujata (Thin Sanh) 18, cn gi l Okkaka (CamGi)19 hay Suryavamsa (Nht Chng)20. B gi c t tn l Subhadda(Thin Hin).

V sau cc i thn lp Okkaka (Thin Sanh) lm vua hiu

l Ikshvaku (-Ma vng), v Subhadda (Thin Hin) lm hong hu, sanhc bn ngi con trai tn l Okkamukha, Karakanda, Hatthinika, Sinipura,v nm ngi con gi l Piya, Suppiya, Ananda, Vijita v Vijitasena. Sau hong hu Subhadda qua i, vua Ikshvaku ci thm mt cng cha tr p

phong lm hong hu sanh c mt ngi con trai tn l Jantu.

V mun lp Jantu ln lm vua nn v hong hu th nh xui gic vuaIkshvaku y bn ngi con trai ca hong hu Subhadda ra khi nc. Bnhong t ny cng vi nm ch em gi i v hng ng bc, n gn chn

ni Himalaya, gp nh hin trit rt gii thin vn a l tn Kapila khuynnn li y lp nghip. Ni y ln hi tr nn phn thnh. Vua Ikshvakuc tin ny, tht li khen rng "Sakya vata bho raja-kumara ", c ngha l"Cc v hong t ny qu tht l nhng ngi c kh nng". T b-tc cacc hong t v vng quc ca h sng lp mang tn l Sakya (Thch-Ca),c ngha l "ngi c kh nng" hay ngi anh hng. nh n nh hin tritKapila, cc hong t Sakya t tn th x Sakya l Kapilavastu. t lu sau,ngi ch c l Piya mc bnh ci, vo rng . Trong khi vua x Kasi Benares l Rama cng mc bnh ci, truyn ngi cho con trai c ri vo sutrong rng ni , thi may gp thuc ht bnh. Hai ngi gp nhau, vuaRama ch thuc cho b Piya c lnh bnh, hai ngi n vi nhau, thnhlp x Koliya, ln lm vua21.

Kapilavastu, bn hong t con vua Ikshvaku (Okkaka) khng th lpgia nh vi ngi bn x v khng c ai thuc giai cp qu tc (Ksatriya)nn phi sng chung vi bn ch em gi cn li nh v chng 22. Trong s bnhong t ny c ba ngi cht, hong t cn li l Okkamukha (Ni-Cu-La 23)ln lm vua. Sau truyn ngi cho con l Cu-L 24 (?). Cu-L truyn ngicho con l Jayasena (C-Cu-L 25). Jayasena truyn ngi cho con

l Sihahanu (S-T-Gip). Vua Sihahanu (S-T-Gip) sinh c bn ngicon trai l: Suddhodana (Tnh-Phn), Dhotodana (Hc-


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Phn), Sukkodana (Bch-Phn) vAmitodana (Cam-L-Phn); v mt ngicon gi l Amita (Cam-L vng phi) g cho vua Suppabuddha (Thin-Gicvng) x Koliya. Vua Sihahanu truyn ngi cho con l Suddhodana. VuaSuddhodana (Tnh-Phn vng) v hong hu Maha-Maya sinh ra thi

t Siddhattha (S-t-Ta) v sau thnh Pht hiu l Sakyamuni (Thch-CaMu-Ni).

Do c Pht c c thy nm h: Gotama (C-m), Okkaka (Cam-Gi), Sujata (Thin Sanh), Suryavamsa (Nht-Chng) v Sakya (Thch-Ca).

Nhng ngi thi by gi thng dng ting Gotama ch h ca c Pht,ting Sakya ch dng-di, b tc hay tn x, v ting Sakyamuni chPht hiu ca ngi.

Pht hiu Sakyamuni c ngha l "nng nhn tch mc ". Sakya l "nng

nhn ", l bc anh hng c kh nng hn ngi. Muni l "tch mc", tch tnh,vng lng, cng c ngha l nhn-t. Sakyamuni cng c ngha l " bc anh-hng hon-ton ".

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2- Lc mi sanh (nm -624)

Vua Suddhodana GOTAMA v hong-hu Maha-Maya l ngi giu

lng nhn i, knh trng thnh hin. gn bn mi tui m cha c con.Vua v hong hu thng lp n cng vi, v m hi b th cho ngi nghokh cu sanh c mt hong nam hu sau ny ni ngi vua.

Nm 62426 trc ty lch, ti khu lm-vin xinh p Lumbini 27 (Lm-t-ni, hin nay thuc lnh th Nepal), thi-t Siddhattha GOTAMA, thuc dng-di b tc Sakya, con vua Suddhodana GOTAMA, 42 tui, v hong-huMaha-Maya, 44 tui, sanh vo ngy trng trn thng Vesak 28 (cn gi lVisakha hay Vaisakha, tng ng vi thng t hay thng 5 dl).

Trc mi thng, trong khi c vua cho php gi tm gii thanhtnh, vo m trng trn thng Asatha (thng 6 hay thng 7 dl), ti thnhKapilavastu 29 (Ca-t-la-v), hong-hu Maya nm mng thy mt con voitrng su ng 30, trong bng c mt hoa sen ln mu trng, t trn tri bayxung chun vo hng phi ca b, lc b cm thy thn tm khoi lc, nhnhng, sng chi nh nh trng rm. Sng hm sau, b thut li gic chim

bao k diu y cho vua nghe. Nh vua cho mi 64 nh tin tri B-la-mn ngii mng; cc v ny on l hong-hu mang thai v thi-t sp csanh ra s l mt i hoc mt thnh nhn ting tm lng-ly. T lc th

thai thn tm hong hu lun lun c an lc, thanh tnh, tr hu sng sut.


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Theo phong tc, gn n ngy sanh, hong-hu Maha-Maya i t thnhKapilavastu v nh cha m rut l quc vng Suppabuddha v hong huAmita thnh Devadaha cn gi l Ramagama thuc x Koliya (Cu-li,hin nay thuc lnh th Nepal). Gia ng phi on tm ngh chn trong

khu lm vin Lumbini, cch Kapilavastu khong 30 km v hng ng-nam,ang ma hoa c xinh ti. Hong-hu n mt h nc tm ra, thay i y-phc, ri i ngm cnh p xung quanh h. Thy a hoa V-u 31 (asoka) vcng xinh p trn cy, b vi tay phi nh hi th chuyn bng. B vi ngvn cnh cy. Cc th n vi chy n ng chng mn bn pha. Bng cit rung ng, ho quang chiu khp ni, ri thi t xut hin ra i 32, thnngi thanh tnh khng b nh nhp, v mt an lnh khng khc la. Ch thin

bit ng cu th ra i lin hin n tung hoa, tu nhc, ca ht chc mng.Hong hu v cc cung n hn hoan cho n thi-t 33. Khi mi sanh ra thi-t Siddhattha cng c tm ra ln u tin 34 ti h nc ni trn. H ncPuskarini ny hin nay c xy li theo hnh vung mi cnh 20m, ni tingl linh-thing, c kh nng tr bnh cho ngi xung tm. Bn cnh h hincn mt cy b- to ln, cnh l sum-s, c t hi c Pht cn ti th.Bn cnh h hin nay c ngi n th n thn Maha-Maya, trong c ch vtr chnh xc ni c Pht n sanh, v c hai bc tranh ni iu khc cnhc Pht n sanh, mt bc bng v mt bc bng cm-thch . n nm244 trc ty lch, vua Asoka c n y chim-bi theo s hng dn cao s Moggaliputta-Tissa (Mc-Kin-Lin-T -Tu). Vua Asoka c chodng gn h mt tr k nim. Trn tr c khc nm hng gm 93 ch

bng ting Brahmi nh sau:

(C ngha l: Vua Piyadasina, c cc v thin thn knh mn v ng

h, ch thn n nh l ch ny, sau khi ln ngi c 20 nm. y l nic Pht Sakyamuni n sanh. Vua h lnh xy dng mt vch thnh bng bao quanh ni ny v mt tr bn trong nh du ch c Th Tn nsanh. Vua cho php dn lng Lumbini t nay ch ng mt phn tm thu mcc.)

Trong k s ca ngi Huyn Trang vo th k th by c ni " u tr c hnh con nga rt m thut v trn lng". Nhng hin nay cha tmc di tch tng con nga c bit y.

Kinh sch cn ni n trong lc c Pht n sanh th ng thi bynhn vt sau y cng cho i: 1-Cy i B-, 2-Yasodhara (Da-Du--


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La), 3-Kaludayin (Ca-Lu--Di), 4-Channa (Xa-nc), 5-Kanthaka (ngaKin-trc), 6-Con voi bu, v 7-Bn bnh chu-bu 36.

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3- Sau khi sanh

Qua ngy hm sau, tin ng Asita Kaladevala (A-t-) do thy im ltrn tri, bit c thnh nhn va ging sinh, lin cng vi t l chu rutgi ng bng cu, tn Nalaka 37, t sn ni Himalaya n xin php vua cxem tng cho thi-t38. Vua Suddhodana rt vui-v cho bng thi-t ra nhl tin ng. Nhng, trc s kinh-ngc ca mi ngi, thi-t bng nhinquay v pha tin ng v t hai chn ln u tc ca ng. ang ngi trn gh,tin ng Asita vi ng dy chp tay x cho thi-t 39 v tin on thi-t s

tr thnh bc v-nhn cao qu nht ca nhn loi. Nh vua cng lm theo, xcho thi-t. Trong khi xem tng cho thi-t, tin ng Asita t v rt vuimng, nhng khi xem xong th ng o ln khc nc-n. Nh vua ngc nhinhi im lnh d th no, ti sao ng ht vui mng li khc. Tin ng Asitasc si p:

-Tu i Vng, thi-t c 32 tng tt 40v 80 v p 41, sau ny s lv Chuyn Lun Thnh Vng cai tr bn chu thin h; nhng chc ngi sxut gia tu hnh thnh bc V Thng Chnh ng Chnh Gic, l bc thy

li lc ca khp cc ci tri v ci ngi, ging dy php mu ban vui cukh cho chng sanh. Rt tic nay ti qu gi ri, khng cn sng n lc c nghe li ngi ch dy, nn ti ti thn ti khc.

L qun nh c t chc vo ngy th nm sau khi thi-t ra i.Vua Suddhodana triu-tp su v hin-trit B-la-mn chn tn v tinon tng-lai cho con. Tn c chn l Siddhattha (Siddartha,Sarvarthasiddha) c ngha l ngi thnh-t nguyn-vng. Sau khi bn thov tng-lai ca thi-t, nm v a ln hai ngn tay, tuyn b:

- Mun tu i Vng, thi-t s tr thnh bc Chuyn-Lun-Thnh-Vng (Cakravartin), v hong- v-i nht th-gian nu ngi mun tr-vthin-h. Nu xut gia tu hnh, ngi s thnh bc Chnh-ng-Chnh-Gic(Samma-sambuddha) cu nhn-loi ra khi cnh ti-tm au-kh .

Nhng v tr tui nht tn Kondanna (Kiu-Trn-Nh)42 ch a ln mtngn tay v ni:

-Tu i Vng, sau ny, sau khi nhn thy mt ngi gi, mt ngi

bnh, mt xc cht v mt tu s, thi-t s xut gia i tm chn-l v s trthnh mt v Pht, V-Thng Chnh-ng Chnh-gic.


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Sau khi sanh thi-t c by ngy th hong-hu Maya t trn 43, vngsanh v cung tri ao-li 44 (Tavatimsa). Thi-t c giao cho ngi d rutcng l th-hu trong triu l b Pajapati Gotami 45 (Ba-X-Ba- Kiu-m-Di), chm sc. Do cc li tin on ca cc nh tin tri nn vua Suddhodana

tm mi cch cho thi-t Siddhattha hng y lc th trong hongcung, khng bao gi nhn thy cc cnh kh au, bnh hon, gi cht i.Khi thi t c su tui, vua Suddhodana cho mi cc v thy ni ting votriu dy hc, mong o to thi-t thnh mt v vua tng lai c y- kh-nng v c-hnh k nghip ngi.

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C- THI GIAN LM THI-T

T lc n sanh (nm -624) n lc xut gia vo nm 29 tui (nm-595).

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Thi th u

Thi t Siddhattha d l h in 46

Nm ln 7 tui, thi-t Siddhattha c i d l h-in ngoi cngthnh pha nam vi vua cha khai mc ma cy cy. Ngi di bng mtca tng cy ni-cu- 47 to ln, thi-t chm-ch nhn cnh ngi dn cy taylm chn bn, mnh trn trng-trc di cn nng chy, m hi nh-nhi, vac gng n su li cy xung t va cm roi nh v la ht con tru. Contru c sc ko cy di ln roi, lm bt ln nhng mng t ln. Nhng congiun qun-qui au n. Nhng con chim bay n tranh nhau n giun. Mtcon chn ang lng-vng gn rnh bt chim. Mt anh th sn ang tmcch ging by bt chn. Thi t than thm: "i! i sng l mt trng tranhu git hi ln nhau dy y au kh". Trong lc mi ngi vui-v theo dinhng tr vui ca cuc l th thi-t ngi tro chn theo li kit-gi trm-ngm suy-ngh, nh tm theo li ch qun 48 v c s thin (sotapanna49).Trong khi thi gian tri qua m bng cy ni-cu- y khng di ng, vn yn mt ch che mt thi t. Cc cung n thy hin tng l nh vy th lylm ngc nhin n tu cho vua hay. Nh vua n ni, ng yn lng nhnthi-t mt lc ri x cho v ni: "Hi ny con yu qu, y l ln th nh

ph vng nh l con". Ri nh vua c bi k khen rng:

"Nh la trn u ni,

" Nh trng gia khng-gian," t ht thy ngi sao.


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" Ngi thin di gc cy," Uy quang chiu sng ngi." Cng nh lc s sinh," Thn ta thin ri,

" Thn quang soi khp c" Mi phng ch chng sinh" Nhn y m c .50

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Thi t Siddhattha hc vn

T thu nh thi-t t ra thng-minh xut chng. Trong mi mnhc, t vn-chng n v-thut ... ngi ch cn hc mt thi-gian ngn l hts hc ca thy.

Nm ln 8 tui, vua cho mi v gio-s ni ting tn Visavamitra (T-xa-b-mt-a-la) vo cung dy thi-t v cc vng-t v Phn vn (Sanskrit)v kinh V- (Veda). Va mi gp thy ba u thi-t hi:

-Tha thy, ti rt mng hm nay c thy ti y dy bo, ti munhc nhng sch v Phn-vn v Veda. Nhng b c 64 loi (Brahmana,

Nighandu, Sokkharappabhedana, Itihasa, Veyyakarana, Rigveda,

Atharvaveda, ...)51

, vy thy nh dy v loi no trc?52

Gio-s Visavamitra vn l mt ngi thng minh, ti tr, hc rng,nhng khi nghe thi-t mi 8 tui hi nh th th tot m-hi trn, v chnhng cng cha bit ht 64 loi m thi t va k. ng vi-vng qu xungc bi th khen tng thi-t nh sau:

"Gii thay! Hay thay! Cha tng c!" Mt ngi sng sut c nh ngi." Tr-tu trong sng vng nht nguyt," Thng hiu cc php ca th-gian." May mn chng ti c gp ngi" Qua di gt ngc ti hc-ng!" Nhng sch m ngi va mi ni,"Qu l chng ti cha tng thy.

" D nhin ngi thng hiu ri!

" ng lm o-s cho tri, ngi,

" Chng ti u dm lm gio hc!" Ci xin ngi s ch bo cho.53


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Thi t Siddhattha hc v

V v thut, khi thi t c khong 12-13 tui, triu thn gii-thiuv-s Kshantideva (Sn---B) l ngi thng hiu 29 mn v-ngh, dy thi-t. V-s c lnh v thnh, vo yt-kin vua; vua rt vui-v giaocho dy thi-t. u tin v-s biu-din cc mn quyn cho thi-t xem.Thi-t ni: "Cc mn ny ti thng hiu ri, khng cn phi hc". Vycc mn y v-s ch phi dy cho cc vng-t khc thi. Sau v-s emht ti lc biu-din cc mn b-truyn cho thi-t xem v vt, ci nga,ci voi, li chin xa, s dng cung, kim, trng thng, mc cu ... Nhngthi-t cng ni: "Nhng mn ny ti thng hiu c ri". Ti y v-sbit mnh khng c ti g hn dy, bn lm bi k khen thi-t rng:

"Thi-t tui th u," Hc hi rt an-nhn," Chng mt bao cng lc," Nhy mt hiu lin." Gp trm ngn k khc," Hc tp bit bao nm," Thnh cng rt t i." V-ngh vi vn-chng,

"Thi-t vt hn ngi.54

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Thi t Siddhattha cu chim thin nga 55

Ngoi ra thi-t cn t ra c lng t i c bit. Mt hm, thi-t vokhong 12 tui, ang chi ngoi sn th c con chim thin-nga b tn bntrng cnh x xung bn cnh. Thi-t du-dng sn-sc vt thng cho con

thin-nga, c mt lc sau th c ngi em c cu l Devadatta (-b-t-a), nh hn thi t mt tui, trn tay cn cm cung tn, n bo rng chnhmnh bn c nn i bt chim thin nga li. Thi-t khng chu tr. Cuicng vic ny c a ra triu nh phn x. Gia triu, Devadatta ni:

-Lc con chim thin nga ang bay trn tri th n khng thuc v ca aic. Nhng chnh ti bn trng con thin nga ri xung t th n tr thnhca ti.

Thi-t bin lun rng:-S sng l iu qu nht trn i, k l s t do. Con chim thin

nga ang bay trn tri l biu tng ca s sng v s t do. N khng th trthnh vt s hu ca ngi bn n. V vy chim thin-nga phi c giao


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cho ngi bnh vc s sng v s t do cho n ch khng nn giao chongi git hi n. Git hi l iu khng nn lm. Do ngi c tm githi khng c quyn lm ch s sng v s t do ca k khc.

Sau khi tho lun mt hi lu, triu thn cho rng thi-t Siddhattha cl.

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Tui trng-thnh

Thi t Siddhattha lp gia nh 56

Lc thi t Siddhattha c 16 tui, vua Suddhodana bn tnh vi triu

thn tm ngi v tng lai cho thi t, mong rng vi s rng buc gia nhthi t s b nh xut gia v s tr thnh mt i mang li s v vangcho cho dng h Sakya. Cc v i thn gii thiu nhiu c gi nhan sc vc hnh, nhng vua Suddhodana bo:

- Thi t kh tnh lm ! Chng ta phi hi trc xem thi t thch cngi v nh th no.

Vng lnh vua, cc v i thn lin n gp thi t hi kin ngi v

vic chn la ngi v tng lai. Siddhattha p:- By ngy na ti s tr li qu v.

Ri thi t t ngh:

- Ta bit r rng v s au kh u do ham mun, tham i m ra. idc l ngun gc ca au kh, xch mch, hung d, phin mun, l ly thucc, l ngn la, l li gm hi ngi. Ta khng cm thy sung sng gkhi bn cnh mt ngi n. Ti sao ta li khng chn li sng yn tnh

trong rng? tm ta s c an nhn, thnh thi trong ci vui thin nh.

Nhng di p lc gia nh v ca mi ngi xung quanh, cui cngthi t nghing v truyn thng gia nh v gc li l tng xut gia. Thi tnh li cc v B-tt trc kia cng u lp gia nh c. Hoa sen thanh tnhkhng th lm bn nh. n k hn, thi t ni vi cc v i thn:

- Nu phi lp gia nh th ti thch c ngi v o c hn l ch csc p. Ngi phi diu hin, t thin, chn tht, khng gian xo v ganht, khng thch se sua, ru ch, c bc v tic tng. Ngi cng phi l


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mt c du hin, mt b ch tt vi ti t, khng n h thc khuya dy sm.Ngi phi tr p nhng khng t cao.

Sau khi nghe cc v i thn thut li li thi t, vua Suddhodana ra lnh

cho v gio s B-la-mn trong triu:- Ny ng B-la-mn, ng hy i khp th Kapilavastu, vo tng nh

tm nhng c gi c nhng c im m thi t m t, d l con nh qutc, hay B-la-mn, hay thng gia, hay nng dn cng c. V thi t chch trng n c hnh ch khng phn bit giai cp. ng bo cho ta bit ttc nhng c gi .

Chng bao lu, ng B-la-mn v bo co vi vua v nhng c gi ng chn cho thi t. Trong s ng ch c bit n cng cha Gopa-

Yasodhara (Da-Du--La), cng tui vi thi t Siddhattha, con vuaSuppabuddha (Thin Gic Vng), l ngi c y nht nhng c imm thi t Siddhattha nu ra. Nh vua lin cho t chc mt i l pht qucho nhng c gi ni trn. Trong bui l, tng c gi tr p bc n nhnmt mn n trang qu gi do chnh tay thi t Siddhattha trao cho. Nhngthi t vn thn nhin, khng t ra ch n c no c. Cui cng Yasodhara

bc n, i mt trn sng, vui v, diu hin nhn thng vo mt thi t.Thi t Siddhattha hi lng tng v khng cn mn n trang no tng choc. Yasodhara mm ci ni:

- Tha thi t, hnh nh ti c li g nn ngi khng mun tng qu choti phi chng?

- Tha c, khng phi vy, ch ti c n sau cng thi. Vy c hynhn mn qu ny.

Ni xong, thi t ci chic nhn trong tay mnh ra, trao cho Yasodhara.Nhng Yasodhara ci ni:

- Ti khng dm nhn chic nhn ring ca thi t ang dng u?

- C c nhn i, y l mn qu mn ca ti tng c m !

- Ti khng dm ! Ti n y khng phi ly mn trang sc ca thit m chnh l lm mn trang sc cho thi t.

Ni xong, Yasodhara rt lui. Siddhattha th ngi nhn theo.

Cc v i thn u cho rng thi t Siddhattha ch c bit nYasodhara. Vua Suddhodana lin c s thn n th Devadaha x Koliya


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xin cu hn cng cha Yasodhara cho thi t Siddhattha. Nhng vuaSuppabuddha gt ngang, cho rng cha ai thy Siddhattha c ti cn g v vthut. Vua Suddhodana rt phin mun v b mt th din. an i cha, thit Siddhattha vn mn b mt cho cha bit tuy cha bao gi biu din v

thut, chng c th tranh ti vi bt c ai. Yn ch, vua Suddhodana nghvi vua Suppabuddha t chc mt cuc tranh ti v v thut m ngi thngcuc s thnh hn vi Yasodhara.

Cuc tranh ti gm ba b mn: u kim, bn cung v u vt. C cthy 500 thanh nin tham d. V u kim, ch c Devadatta c 5 chiuca thi t Siddhattha, Nanda c 3 chiu, cn my ngi khc ch c 1 - 2 chiu l cng.

V bn cung th c 3 tm bia c dng ln t gn n xa, mi ngi

ch c bn mt mi tn vo mi tm bia. Nanda ch bn c mt mi tntrng vo tm im bia gn nht, cn hai mi kia u ra ngoi tm im.Devadatta bn c hai mi tn trng vo tm im bia th nht v bia thnh, mi ngi hoan h nhit lit, nhng n mi th ba th ra ngoi tmim. Nhng ngi khc th c 3 mi tn u sai tm im. n phin thi tSiddhattha, ba ln dng cung, cung u b gy. Thi t hi cha c cy cungno khc chc chn hn khng. Vua Suddhodana bn sai qun cn v vo nth hong thng Sihahanu mang ra mt cy cung tht to v nng, khng aidng ni. Siddhattha dng cung mt cch nh nhng, bn c 3 mi tn u

trng vo tm ca 3 tm bia. Ton th khn gi v tay hoan h nhit lit.

n phn u vt, khng ai ch ni Siddhattha. Devadatta 3 ln b hlng chm t. Sau cng thi t chp c 36 thanh nin vo m mnh mt lc,chng chuyn thn lc vung tay ra mt ci, c 36 ngi u ng ln xungt. Devadatta tc gin v ganh t, b v trc.

Vua Suddhodana rt vui mng, phn khi, v cao hng sai qun hu lChanna (Xa-Nc) dt con nga chng hung d Kanthaka (Kin-Trc) ra chomi ngi ci th. Vi thanh nin ci th u b nga ht vng xung t.Siddhattha ngi vng trn lng nga cho n khi con nga chu ng yn.Thi t cho nga chy ba vng sn, ri tr li cho vua Suddhodana v vuaSuppabuddha.

tn vinh thi t, vua Suddhodana li sai Channa v triu dt con voitrng tt p nht ca mnh ra cho thi t ci v cung. Channa va dt voi rati cng thnh th gp Devadatta va v n ni. Devadatta hi:

- Ngi dt voi i u?

- Tha ngi, ti dt voi ra cho thi t ci v.


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ang cn nng gin, Devadatta, tay tri nm ly vi voi, tay phi mmnh vo u voi. Con voi to ln ng gc cht lin, nm cht c cng thnhkhin ngi qua li khng c. Nanda ti sau, nm vi ko voi ra khi cathnh. Thi t Siddhattha i trn chin xa57 lng ly cng va v n ni, thy

vy ln ting trch Devadatta v khen ngi Nanda, ri bc xung dng thnlc nhc voi ln nm ra xa mt cu-l-x (trn 500m), khi voi ri xung lmln t thnh mt ci h ln, n nay cn lu truyn l h voi.

Lc by gi thi t Siddhattha c 17 tui, l thnh-hn vi cng chaYasodhara c t chc v cng long trng. Nhng mt thi-gian sau, nhnthy Yasodhara khng sc quyn r lm cho Siddhattha b nh xut gia,vua Suddhodana li kn thm cho thi-t hai b th phi na l Gopika (C-Di) v Migaranika (Lc-D), ngoi ra cn cc th-n khng k. Nh vua licho xy ba cung in cho thi-t ty theo thi-tit nng, lnh hay ma 58.

V cuc i nhung la y c Pht k li nh sau:

"i sng ca ta (lc by gi) tht l t-nh, v cng tinh-vi. Tronghong cung, ch ta , ph hong c o ao, xy nhng m sen. Khi sen

xanh ua nhau khoe mu y th sen vn mnh ph sc pha bn kia, vtrong m bn cnh sen trng ua nhau khoe v p di nh nng ban mai.Trm hng ca ta dng u l loi thng ho hng t x Kasi59 a v.

Khn v xim o ca ta cng may ton bng hng la bc nht t Kasi ch

n.

"Ngy cng nh m, mi khi ta bc chn ra khi cung in l c tnglng che sng nng.

"Ph hong cng kin to ring cho ta ba ta cung in. Mt cho ta ma lnh, mt ma nng v mt ma ma. Trong sut bn thng ma talu ti mt bit in c y tin-nghi, gia nhng cung tn phi n. Chon hng n-t ca ph hong cng c n sung mc sng ch khng phinh cc nh khc, gia-nh ch c n cm xu v thc n c".60

Vua Suddhodana lm mi cch ngn cn vic xut gia ca thi-t.Va t chc cc tr chi, ca, v, nhc, kch trong cung ni, va t-chc cccuc b-th, phng sinh, khuyn dn tu thin, va b-tr khng cho thi-t rakhi thnh nhn thy cnh dn i kh, gi, bnh, cht. Thi-t Siddhattha trong hong cung vui-th vi nm cnh dc-lc th gian rng-r mi nm.

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Thi t Siddhattha nh i nguyn61


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Lc by gi ci tri Tnh-C 62 c mt v Tin (rishi) tn Suddhavasa(Tc-Bnh) thy thi-t vui-th vi nm cnh dc-lc trong hong cung, rng-r 10 nm, mc d tm khng am-m nhng thi-gian thm-thot qua maukhng i ngi, v th ng ng trn h-khng lc canh khuya ln ting ni

rng: "Hi ngi H-Minh (Vessantara) B-tt, xin ngi hy sm nhm chncnh i phm-tc m xut gia tu o. Xin ngi ch yn vui vi dc-lc mqun i nguyn cu chng sinh au kh khi cnh sinh, gi, bnh, cht".Ri ng Suddhavasa li c bi k sau y:

"Hay thay nhn-gi tui cao ri,

"Mau chng xut gia cho mn nguyn.

"Sm ban li ch khp tri ngi.

"Nm cnh dc lc63 nn nhm chn,

"Ch m su trn 64 ci i.

"Ch c xut gia hnh i tr,

"Tu thin, nh, hu, t Chn-nh65 ,

"Mi mong cu c kh lun-hi.

"Chng sinh hon-nn nhiu phin-no!

"Nhn-gi l bc i-y-s

"Thuyt nhiu php dc cha bnh ngi,

"Mau chng a ln i thng gic.

"Chng b v-minh che ti mt,

"Cng bao t-kin vy rng buc,

"Khai thng tr-tu c sng ngi,

"Lm cho tri, ngi, mt ht bnh.

Thi-t Siddhattha nhiu i nhiu kip trng cn lnh nn khi nghetrn khng c bi k xong, ngi t bit n lc xut gia tm o.


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Cng m v Tin Suddhavasa dng thn lc lm cho vuaSuddhodana chim bao thy by cnh tng nh sau:

1- Thy l phn ca vua -Thch t ca thnh phng ng bay

ra.2- Thy Thi-t ci con i bch tng i ra cng thnh pha nam.

3- Thy Thi-t ngi trn xe t m t cng thnh pha ty i ra.

4- Thy mt ci xe ln ch rt nhiu chu bo trang-nghim i ra cabc.

5- Thy Thi-t ng mt con ng ln gia thnh, tay cm di

nh vo mt ci trng ln.6- Thy Thi-t ngi trn lu cao qung chu bu xung v c rt

nhiu ngi li ly em i.

7- Thy bn ngoi thnh c su ngi ct ting khc ln, ri vt mnhln ra t trng rt th thm.

Nh vua tnh gic, tm bi-hi lo-s, sai triu ngi on mng voxem th lnh d th no. Mng-s vo hu vua, nghe vua k xong, suy-ngh

hi lu ri tu rng:

- Tu B-h! Kh lm, h thn khng hiu thu, xin B-h tha th !

Nh vua ang bun lo th c quan gi ca vo tha:

- Tu B-h! Ngoi cng thnh c ngi xin vo on mng hu B-h.

- c, cho h vo y.

Tin ng Suddhavasa gi lm ngi on mng, vo n ni, nghe vuak xong lin tha rng:

- Tu B-h! im th nht l thi-t s xut gia; im th hai l imthi-t s c qu; im th ba l im thi-t c php t v y 66; th t lim thi-t thnh Pht; th nm l im thi-t chuyn php lun; th su lim thi-t c ba mi by phm php bo 67; th by l im nhm lc sngoi o 68 lo bun ku khc. Xin B-h c hoan-h, khng nn lo bun lmg, v ton l nhng im lnh.


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Ni xong, tin ng Suddhavasa bi t lui ra. Vua Suddhodana nghexong, trong lng tuy bt lo bun, nhng li ngh cch by thm nhiu th vuitiu-khin trong hong cung thi-t qun ch xut gia.

---o0o---Thi t Siddhattha do chi bn ca thnh

Tin ng Suddhavasa mun cho thi-t i chi ra ngoi thnh bitnhng vic xu tt ca i, mc-ch khuyn-khch thi-t chn b nm mndc-lc 69 chn hong cung. ng gi mt tn qun hu ni chuyn vi thi-t,khen chn sn lm l ni lc th nht ca con ngi. Thi-t nghe ri n xin

php vua cha c ra ngoi cc ca thnh do chi. Vua ra lnh sa sangng x, treo c dng phn trang nghim trn cc no ng thi-t sp i

qua.

Hm thi-t ngi trn xe vng sng chi cng vi Channa (Xa-Nc)v on qun hu h-tng ra ca thnh pha ng. Dn chng c tp hphai bn ng ri hoa v hoan-h thi-t. Tin ng Suddhavasa bin hnhlm mt ng lo ngho-nn, lng cng, rng rng ht, i tht-thu, mt cixung t, hi th ph-pho, u bc nh tuyt, tay chng gy, run ry, khp-khnh i qua trc xe thi-t. Thi-t nhn thy, ngm-ngi hi Channa:

- Ngi ny lm sao th?- Tha thi-t, ngi ny l ngi gi.

- Gi l g?

- Tha thi-t, ngi ta sinh ra lc cn t tui gi l tr. T su mitui tr ln c-th suy-tn, tc bc da mi, lng cng sn vy, tinh-thn mti, th ra khng hn ht vo, ch cn ch cht, gi l gi.

- Thn ta ri y cng b nh th ?

- Vng! Tha thi-t, sang hn tuy khc nhau, c tr tt c gi, nhtnh khng ai thot khi cnh gi nua nh ng lo ny. Thi-t sau ny cngth.

Thi-t cm thy bun cho thn-phn con ngi, lin bo on ty-tngquy xe tr v cung. Sut my hm lin thi-t trm-ngm suy-ngh mtmnh tm cch thot tng gi kh cho tng lai mnh v tt c chngsinh.


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Mt hm khc, thi-t li cng vi Channa v on ty-tng ra cathnh pha nam. Suddhavasa bin thnh mt ngi bnh, thn hnh tiu-ty,run ry, nm trn phn v nc tiu ca mnh bn l ng, rn r thm-thit,hu nh sp cht. Thi-t nhn thy, hi Channa:

- Ngi ny sao li nh vy?

- Tha thi-t, ngi ny ang cn bnh nng sp cht.

- Th no gi l bnh?

- Khi thn-th khng c yn-n, hoc b nng, hoc b lnh, hoc bau nhc, thng tn trong ng tng, kh lc bc nhc, tinh thn yu ui,mng sng bp-bnh, gi l bnh.

- Ch ring mt ngi ny hay ai ri cng th?

- Tha thi-t, khng ring g ngi ny u, tt c tri, ngi, cho nmun vt, khng ai thot khi bnh hon.

- Nh vy chnh thn ta y ri cng th !

Thi-t bun-b ra lnh quy xe tr v cung. Sut my hm lin thi-ttrm-ngm suy-ngh mt mnh tm cch gii-thot khi cnh gi, bnh cho

mnh v tt c chng sinh.

Mt hm khc, thi-t li cng vi Channa v on ty-tng ra cathnh pha ty.Suddhavasa bin thnh mt xc cht nm bn v ng, btu snh-n, hi thi, rui nhng bu quanh, trng rt gh tm. Thi-t kinh-ngc hi Channa:

- Ny Channa, ngi ny sao li nh vy?

- Tha thi-t, y l ci xc cht ang ch thn nhn ha tng!- Sao li gi l xc cht?

- Tha thi-t, con ngi hoc b bnh nng, hoc b thng-tch ccni him-yu, hn la khi xc, c-th khng cn mt cht sinh-lc, chngkhc g g , b li cha, m, v, con, h-hng, sau khi ha tng thn-th sch cn li mt ng tro tn.

- Chnh thn ta ri y cng li nh th sao?


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- Tha thi-t, tt c cc sinh vt cho n cc bc vua cha u khngtrnh khi ci cht.

Thi-t bun-b ra lnh quy xe tr v cung. Sut my ngy lin, thi-

t trm-ngm suy-ngh mt mnh tm cch gii-thot khi cc tng khgi, bnh, cht cho mnh v tt c chng sinh.

t lu sau thi-t li cng vi Channa v on ty-tng ra ca thnhpha bc. Suddhavasa ln ny ha thn lm mt v sa-mn 70 mc o c-sa, tcru nhn-nhi, trang-nghim trm-tnh, v mt thanh-thot, chn bc khoan-thai, tay cm bt i kht thc bn v ng. Thi-t ngm nhn mt hi, chtnh li kip xa, lin xung xe, n trc v sa-mn nh-l ri hi:

- Tha ngi sa-mn, xut gia nh ngi th c li ch g?

- Tha thi-t, ti nhn thy con ngi ti gia lun-lun b au-kh vsinh, gi, bnh, cht, tt c cc php th-gian u v thng, bi-hoi,khng an, nn ti la gia-nh, thn-tc, n ch an-nhn, thanh-vng, cu thot ch kh-no y. Ti tu-tp o v-lu 71 gii-thot, iu phc nmgic quan 72, khng cho sa-ng vo nm cnh dc-lc 73 ca th-gian, pht tmt-bi ban nhng php v-y 74cho i, v gi tm bnh-ng h-nim75 chng sinh khng b -nhim bi cc php th-gian, c o gii-thot. l mc-ch xut-gia ca ti.

Thi-t nghe xong trong lng hoan-h, t ngh rng: " Trong ton cinhn thin, c l ch c li tu xut-gia ny l hn ht ". Thi-t lin gic thu quy xe tr v thnh. Chiu hm thi-t ngi trm-ngm suy-ngh:"Chnh thn ta phi chu sanh, g, bnh, cht, phin-no v -nhim. Ti saomi ngi vn mi-m chy theo nhng ci m bn cht u v-thng nhvy. V phi chu sanh, gi, bnh, cht, phin-no v -nhim, ta nhnthc c s tai-hi ca nhng iu y. Hay ta th i tm ci cha ai thnht, ci chn-l tuyt-i, ci hnh-phc ti thng ca cnh nit-bn " 76.Ri thi-t li ngh: "i sng ti gia tht t-tng cht-hp, l ch n-nuca bi trn -trc, phin-no v rng-buc. Ch c xut gia mi c th cc mt i sng an-tnh, thong-dong, t-ti " 77.

---o0o---

Thi t Siddhattha xin php xut gia

Sng hm sau, cng-cha Yasodhara, ang mang thai sp n ngysanh, v mt mt-mi, va thc gic vi ni vi thi-t rng:


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- Tha thi-t, hi hm em trn-trc mi ng khng c, n khi vachp mt th chim bao thy 20 im chng lnh nh sau: Em thy qu tlay-ng, l phn ca vua -Thch vng xung t, cc ngi sao trn triri-rng, mt cy lng ln trong thnh b Channa ly i, v cn ct tc em

mang i nt, nhng xu chui anh-lc trn mnh em b ri mt c, thn hnhem bng tr nn xu-x, chn tay t nhin ri-rng, v thn th la-l, ngiln gh th gh sp cng, nm ln ging th ging gy chn, li thy nhngni ln sp , trong thnh nhng cy c-th gy ng ngn-ngang, mt trngmt nh sng, mt tri mt tinh quang, trong thnh nhng ngn uc chysng u hng ra ngoi, thn h thnh ku khc, thnh Kapilavastu binthnh ni hoang-vng, hoa qu trong vn u ri-rng, cc trng-s h-vchy tn-lon. Theo em ngh th 20 im c-mng ny c l l im em spcht, hay l thi-t sp dt tnh n-i b em m i hay sao?

- y ch l do cng-cha lo-s ti i xut-gia 78 thi. Song gicmng ny ch l nhng im lnh, khng c g ng lo ngi, cng-cha cyn tm, khng nn phin-no lm chi cho mt tinh-thn.79

- Tha thi t, em sp n ngy sanh n, con ca chng ta sp cho i,c th l mt hong nam. Xin thi t oi ngh n m con em s phi sngi hiu qunh bun thm ni hong cung nu khng c thi t bn cnh. Xinthi t hy li vi em v con, ng i xut gia.

- Cng cha i80

, c bao gi nng nhn thy mt ng c hay mt b lo 80, hay 90, hay 100 tui khng? Lng h cng xung nh mt mi nh spsp , tay rung ry chng gy, dng i khp-khnh nh sp ng xung bt clc no, tui tr i vi h ch cn l mt k nim xa vi, rng gy xu-xo,la tha vi si tc bc trn u, da nhn nheo nh tri mp kh ! C baogi nng ngh n mt ngy kia chnh nng cng s phi chu cnh gi nuanh vy, khng th no trnh khi khng?

Cng cha i, c bao gi nng nhn thy mt ngi n ng hay mtngi n b au yu bnh hon, phi chu on-oi trn phn v nc tiu cachnh mnh khng? C ngi cn c ngi khc chm sc, c ngi thkhng c ai chm sc c ! C bao gi nng ngh n mt ngy kia chnhnng cng s phi chu cnh au yu bnh hon nh vy, khng th no trnhkhi khng?

Cng cha i, c bao gi nng nhn thy xc ca mt ngi n ng haymt ngi n b, mt hai hay ba ngy sau khi cht, snh trng, nt n, hithi, rc r khng? C bao gi nng ngh n mt ngy kia chnh nng cngs phi chu cnh cht chc thm thng nh vy, khng th no trnh khi

khng? ...


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- Thi thi, thi t ng ni n nhng cnh tng ng gh s nh thna, s c nh hng khng tt n con ca chng ta.

- Ny cng cha, ta mun xut gia chnh l c tm ra phng thc

thot khi nhng cnh au kh trong sinh, gi, bnh, cht, sanh t lun hicho chnh ta, cho nng, cho con chng ta, v cho tt c chng sanh ang mmui chm m trin min trong bin kh sanh sanh t t. n khi thnh cngta s tr v y cu nng, cu con v tt c mi ngi. Nng nn can m li ch ta, ng ngn cn ta.

Cng cha Yasodhara nm p mt xung ging tht-tht khc.

Vi hm sau thi-t vo gp vua cha xin php i xut gia:

- Knh ly Ph-vng, lng con m ngy mun xut gia tm o gii-thot, knh xin Ph-vng hoan-h cho con c toi nguyn.

- Thi-t con! Cha rt thng yu con nn cha khng nh lng nothy con tr thnh k n xin khng nh khng ca, ba i ba no, ry ymai . Hn na cha mong con sau ny s ni ngi vua cai tr thin h. Conng i u ht, c li y vi cha, ri con mun g cha cng chiu con.

- Nh Ph-vng mun cho con li th xin Ph-vng ban cho conbn iu ny: Mt l lm sao cho con tr mi khng gi; hai l lm sao chocon mnh kho hoi khng bnh; ba l lm sao cho con sng hoi khng cht;

bn l lm sao cho con hc c o gii-thot cu chng sanh khinhng thng-kh i.

- Ny con yu qu, c theo bn iu con xin th chnh cha y cngkhng c, lm sao cha ban cho con c !

Sau khi thi-t ly t lui ra, vua Suddhodana bun ru hp tt c nhngngi thn-tn trong hong cung li, ni rng:

- Thi-t va li y xin php i xut gia. Nu ta ng cho i th sauny khng c ngi ti tr k v, vy ai c -kin g hay gi thi-t lihong cung chng?

- Tu i-vng, quan Tng-binh ni, h-thn s t 500 binh-s hng-trng khe mnh thay phin nhau ngy m canh gc ti mi ca thnh, vthm 500 binh-s tinh-nhu tun-hnh ngy m trn mt thnh, th chc-chnkhng th no thi-t ln ra khi thnh c.


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- Tu Hong-thng, Hong-hu Pajapati ni, thn thip s tng-cngthm cc th-n xinh p nht trong hong cung ngy m hu-h thi-t,va gip vui bng cc tr chi, ting n, ging ht, va trng chng thi-t.

- Cc khanh rng cn-thn, vua ni, ta s trng thng.Mt hm, thi t Siddhattha ang i do chi trong mt cng vin

ngoi thnh, gp lc tri nng tt, thi t xung h nc trong xanh gianhng hng cy cao vt tm cho mt. Trong lc ang k c, bng ngheting vua tri ao-Li l Sakka Indra vng vng bn tai:

- Hi ngi H-Minh B-tt, thi k xut gia n, ngi ch nn chnch na, chng sanh au kh trin min ang cn ngi cu .

Nghe xong, thi t Siddhattha thy lng hng hi phn khi. Va lc yc qun hu mang lnh vua n bo cng cha Yasodhara va sanh hongnam. Thi t vui mng ln lng nga phng nhanh v thnh. Lc thi t hnhoan i ngang qua, c Kisa Gotami ng trn lu nhn thy lin ct ting ht:

- Hnh phc thay c lm cha,

Hnh phc thay c lm m,

Hnh phc thay c lm v

Ca mt chng trai nh th.

Trong lc ang vui mng phn khi, thi t Siddhattha lin qunh ngali, nm tng nng xu chui ngc eo c ca chng tr gi mt trm ngnng tin vng, ri tip tc v hong cung. Thi t cht ngh: Ai ai cngmong c hnh phc, nhng hnh phc th gian v thng, sanh, gi,

bnh, cht ny tht chng tn phai; lm th no c c Hnh-Phc Chn-Tht Vnh-Cu?

---o0o---

Phn 2

D- THI GIAN XUT GIA HC OT nm 29 tui n nm 35 tui.


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1- Ra i (nm -595)

Nm 595 trc ty lch, thi-t Siddhattha c 29 tui 81. Cng chaYasodhara va h sanh hong nam duy nht l Rahula 82 c by ngy. Sau

ba tic linh-nh mng chu ni ch tn ca vua cho i, m qukhuya, mi ngi u mi-mt. Vua tri -Thch l Sakka Indra 83 dngthn lc lm cho tt c quan qun v th-n ng say m, nm ngn-ngangkhp mi ni. Ring thi-t cm thy bn-khon khng ng c, t ngh nnnhn c-hi c mt khng hai ny ra i. Ngi im lng ng nhn cng-cha Yasodhara v Rahula ln cui cng t-gi. Hai m con nm bn nhauto nn mt hnh-nh m-cng chan-ha tnh thng thing-ling, cao-c,ngy-th, nng-nn, m-du lm thi-t xc-ng, chn chn. Thi-t chtnh n sng m, b kh v b-bn ca chng sinh phi chu trong v lngkip, ngi lin bc vi ra ngoi gi Channa:

- Channa, ngi mau dt nga Kanthaka n y cho ta.

- Tha thi-t, by gi qu na m, ngi dng nga lm g?

- Thi ti, ta i xut gia tm o, ngi ch cn ta, khng c tri ta.

Channa run s, ln dt nga ti. Thi-t va ln mnh nga th tri t

rung chuyn su ln. Channa ch kp bm ly ui nga th bn ng Thin-vng 84 bay xung cm bn chn nga bay vt qua thnh, ti ch o-sBhargava (Bt-Gi hay Bt-ca-b) tu kh hnh th p xung. m rngngy mng 8 thng 2 85 nm Bnh Dn (-595), thi-t Siddhattha v Channathy mnh ang bn kia b sng Anoma 86, cch thnh Kapilavastu 36 dm(58 km) v hng ty nam 87, gn lng Anupiya, thuc x Malla. Thi-t rtgm ct tc va pht nguyn: " Ti ct b m tc ny pht nguyn onht phin-no v tp-chng". Vua Tri -Thch (ao Li) l Sakka Indralin a vt o hng tc ca ngi ri bay v thin cung xy thp cng dng.Thi-t li thm ngh: "Cn tm o bo ny ta cng phi thay i mi thnhtng xut gia". Sakka Indra bit lin ha lm ngi i sn, tay cm cungtn, mnh mc o c-sa vng i ti. Thi-t nhn thy hi rng:

- Ti sao ng mc o ca ngi tu-hnh m i lm vic git hi nh vy?

- Tha ngi, ti mc o ny cho my con hu nhn thy khng bchy. Nh vy ti mi sn c nhiu.

- ng mc o thy tu m lm vic st hi tht khng nn. Cn ti mun

xut gia cu gii-thot m cha c o tu-s. Vy ng nn i o vi ti i.


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Sakka Indra thnh knh ci o c-sa dng thi-t. Thi-t cng ci o boi cho. Thi-t hoan-h mc o c-sa xong 88, uy dung t nhin ci bin,thm ngh: "T y ta tht c hnh tng xut gia ".

Trc khi t-gi

89

, thi-t n-tn ni vi Channa: "Ny Channa, ta thyngi th gian, thn tuy xa nhau m khi tm hp nhau th tm h vn theonhau. Cng c ngi thn tuy gn nhau m tm khng hp nhau th tm hvn xa cch nhau. Ta la b cung in ngai vng ch c mt mnh ngi theota ti y. Ta s li ni nhn vng ny tm o, cn ngi hy mang cctrang-phc ca ta v dng ln Ph-vng v tu rng: Tu B-h, i vicc s tn-vinh, quyn-th v lc-th i, Thi-t khng ngh n, khngmong mun, cng khng cu sinh ln cc ci tri hng nm mn dc-lc,v cng khng phi bt hiu, gin-hn, m chnh v thy chng-sinh lmng lc no, khng bit con ng chnh, chm ni trong vng sinh t lunhi, nn Thi-t nguyn xut gia tm phng-php gii-cu cho h. Ci

xin B-h ch bun v Thi-t. Nu Ph-vng ni ta cn t tui, cha nnxut gia, th ngi tu rng: Tu B-h, mng ngi v-thng khng chn-nh tui, c ai l ngi chc n gi mi cht. Ngi tha vi d tarng: Ngi ta sinh ra i, n-i c ngy bit-ly, ta v mun on-trnhng mi au-kh nn i xut gia hc o, xin b ng thng nh lmchi m sinh su kh. Ngi cng nn ni vi cc cng-cha rng ta mun

ph b ci mn v-minh, nguyn thnh ngi chnh-gic ri s tr v a dtmi ngi ln ng gii-thot."

Channa nghe xong bi cho thi-t, nc mt m-a, ln nga tr vthnh.

Channa v n hong cung; hong-hu Pajapati, cng-cha Yasodhara vhai b phi Gopika v Migaranika, cng cc th-n nhn thy Channa v mkhng thy thi-t u lo-lng hi:

- Thi-t by gi u?

- Tha hong-hu, thi-t la b nm mn dc-lc cu o gii-thot. Hin ngi ang ni sn lm, mc o c-sa, ct b ru tc, thnh ngixut gia. Xin hong-hu hoan-h!

- Ta c ph g ngi, hong-hu ni, sao ngi li dm thi-t mtmnh ni sn lm lnh-lo y c th, c trng, ly g bo-m tnh-mngcho thi-t?

- Tha b, thi-t bt con tr v trnh b nhng mn trang-phc ny v

xin b c an tm, ng lo bun g, chng bao lu thi-t c qu chnh-gics tr v.


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- Nh ngi v c lm hi ta, cng cha Yasodhara ni, ngi cn tr vy lm chi na?

- Tha b, thi-t vt thnh xut gia l do sc thn-thng ca ch thin

lm cho mi ngi ng say, ri bn ng Thin-vng xung nm bn chnnga bay ln tri m i, ch con y ch l k theo hu m thi. Xin b tha-th. Nhng m hay lm, qu lm! Khi thi-t bay qua thnh t nhin c ho-quang sng chi c tri t. Tht l k l!

V n hong cung, nga Kanthaka v cng bun b, b n my ngy ring ln ra cht, vng sanh ln cung tri ao-li (Tavatimsa).

Thi-t Siddhattha, by gi tr thnh sa-mn Gotama, li b sngAnoma by ngy, vui th tnh-ta gia cnh u-tch ca ni rng, gn thnh

ph Anupiya ca x Malla. Ni y v tn sa-mn c dp quan-st li tu kh-hnh ca nhm ng Bhargava (Bt-Gi). Cc ng o-s kh-hnh ny chethn hoc bng l, hoc bng c, hoc bng v cy kt li; khi n th dng ccth cy, c, hoa,qu, c ng n mi ngy mt ba, hoc hai ngy, ba ngymt ba; c ng th thn nc, thn la, c ng th mt tri, mt trng; cng ng mt chn sut ngy, c ng a hai tay ln tri sut ngy, c ngnm trn chng gai, hoc nm gn bn ng la, hoc m nc. Sa-mnGotama (C-m) hi:

- Cc ng tu kh hnh nh vy cu iu g?- Chng ti mong sau khi cht s c sanh ln cc ci tri hng phc.

- c sanh ln cc ci tri, sa-mn Gotama ni, tuy vui th tht, nhngkhi ht phc cng li b a-lc, sinh t lun hi trong su ng 90; ktcuc cng b kh trong sanh t lun hi. Ti mun tm cch tu no tr htci cn-bn kh .

Tho-lun n ti cng khng ai tm c phng-php no hay. Sa-mn

Gotama bn xin t gi tip-tc con ng tm o. ng Bhargava thy sa-mn Gotama c tng tt v ch ln lin bo:

- Ny o-hu, cch y khong 120 dm v hng ng nam, gn th Vesali ca x Vajji (Bt-k), c mt v o-s rt ni ting, o-c su-rng, ti hc cao minh, tn l Alara-Kalama (A-la-la Ca-lam) 91 c n 300-t. Vy o-hu nn n m-lun th xem.

Sa-mn Gotama cm n ng Bhargava ri ln ng tm n o-s

Alara-Kalama.


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Vua Suddhodana sau khi hay tin thi-t vt thnh xut gia th m ngythng nh, lng d ho-hon. Ngi triu-tp qun-thn m lun ri sai quanThi-s cm u mt nhm vn-thn i mi thi-t v hong cung. Trongnhm c nm vng-tn dng Sakya 92 l cc ng Kondanna (Kiu-trn-

nh), Bhaddiya (Bt-), Dasabala-Kassapa (Thp-lc-Ca-dip) cn gi lVappa (B-s-ba), Mahanama-Kulika (Ma-ha-nam Cu-l), Assaji (t-b, A-x-du). Phi on n khu rng bn b sng Anoma, gp o-s Bhargava,hi rng:

- Tha o-s, thi-t Siddhattha ri thnh i xut gia c ti y khng?

- Tha qu ngi, c mt ng-t ti y m o cng chng ti, nhnghin gi c l ang ni v o-s Alara-Kalama gn th Vesali ca xVajji.

Phi-on lin t gi o s Bhargava v tip tc i n Vesali, tm no trng Alara-Kalama. n ni thy thi-t mc o sa-mn, lin qu xungtha rng:

- Knh tha thi-t, i-vng tuy bit thi-t mun xut gia hco t lu, nhng ngi vn ngy m mong nh, tinh-thn d-di, thn-thhao mn. Xin thi-t hy mau tr v hong cung, i-vng s dnh ringmt ni yn-tnh thi-t an tm tu hc, c g phi ni sn lm vng-v

mi c.- Ti sao khng bit ni kh tm v thm tnh ca Ph-vng. Chnh v

mun gii-quyt tn gc-r cc ni kh trin-min ca chng sinh m tiphi i xut gia tm o. V li by gi Ph-vng ti c chu ni lRahula bn cnh an i v ni nghip sau ny. Xin qu v hy tr v tucng Ph-vng, khi gii-quyt xong ci kh ni trn ca chng sinh ti str v.

Thy thi-t c y tng xut gia li mt lng khng-khi khng

lay chuyn, nhm nm anh em ng Kondanna tnh nguyn li bo-v thi-t, quan Thi-s tr v tu li vi vua.

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2- V o-s th nht: Alara-Kalama93

Khi sa-mn Gotama va gp o-s Alara-Kalama lin nh-l v ni:

- Tha o-s, xin o-s cho con th gio v sng i phm-hnhthing-ling di s hng-dn ca o-s.


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- Hy li y vi ta, hi anh bn tr, cch dy ca ta nhm gip ngithng-minh sm nhn thc c gio-l cao siu bng tr-tu trc-gic cachnh mnh, v thc hin cuc sng trong s chng-ng . Ngi tu phidit tr chp thn l ng, n khi thnh tu th thn thc ri khi thn nh

chim s lng, mc tnh bay ln t do trong tam gii, l gii thot.- Tha o-s, gio-l cao siu m o-s nhn-thc bng tr-tu trc-

gic phi c thc hnh nh th no v kt qu nh th no?

o-s Alara-Kalama lin gii-thch cho sa-mn Gotama bit cch tu-tpv cc cnh-gii chng-ng theo th lp nh sau:

1-Khng tham sng s cht, khng ham mun danh li ti sn th gian,nhm chn cc th vui th tc, sn sng vui v la b tt c th c S-thin,

t Ly Sanh H Lc a (c tm ly trn bt nhim). Sau khi mng chung,c th sanh n cc ci tri Phm-chng-thin (Brahma-parisajja), Phm-

ph-thin (Brahma-purohita), i-phm-thin (Mahabrahma). Ngi c sthin v nh thau nc c (tm) yn lu ngy, cn cu (phin no) lng

xung c 8/10, thn tm nh nhng vui v; nhng khi nc b quy ng,cn cu li ni tr ln.

2-Xa la cc th vui th-tc, chuyn vui trong thin-nh th c Nh-thin, t nh Sanh H Lc a (c tm nh). Sau khi mng chung, c

th sanh n cc ci tri Thiu-quang-thin (Parittabha), V-lng-quang-thin (Appamanabha), Quang-m-thin (Abhassara). Ngi c nh thin vnh thau nc c yn lu ngy, cn cu lng ht xung y thau, nctr nn trong sut, tm c nh nhng, nh tnh, sng sut; nhng khi ncb quy ng, cn cu li ni tr ln.

3-Nm cn 94 thanh tnh. Khng cn cm th bun vui trc ngoi cnh,tm lun lun an lc trong chnh nim th c Tam-thin , t Ly H Diu

Lc a (c nm cn thanh tnh). Sau khi mng chung, c th sanh n ccci tri Thiu-tnh-thin (Parittasubha), V-lng-tnh-thin(Appamanasubha), Bin-tnh-thin (Subhakinha). Ngi c tam thin v nhthau nc c c lng trong, tt c cn cu u lng xung y thau vc vt b ra ngoi ht 8/10.

4-Su cn95 thanh tnh. Khng cn thc phn bit, khng cn c chpng sai, phi quy, hay d, tt xu, m ng, chnh t. Tm lun-lun an lc,thanh-tnh, siu-thot, khng ngn-ngi th c T-thin, t X Nim ThanhTnh a (c cn thanh tnh). Sau khi mng chung, c th sanh n ccci tri Qung-Qu thin (Vehapphala), V-Tng thin (Asanna), V-Phin

thin (Aviha), V-Nhit thin (Atapa), Thin-Kin thin (Sudassana), Thin-Hin thin (Sudassa), Sc-Cu-Cnh thin (Akanittha). Ngi c t thin v


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nh thau nc hon ton trong tro tinh khit, khng cn mt cht cn cu.Nc c th b quy ng, nhng vn trong tro, khng b vn c.

5-Thc-hnh thin-nh, ha mnh vi vn vt v bin. Cm thy thn

mnh v vn vt ng mt th tnh, ng ha tan trong ci h-v khng bin-gii, th c Khng-V-Bin-X ( Akasanantya-yatana), c thn khng. Saukhi mng chung, c th sanh vo ci tri V-sc th nht. Ngi c KhngV Bin X v nh nc bc thnh hi, khng cn trng thy, nhng cth ong li thnh my, thnh ma. Ngi c Khng-V-Bin-X c thc Thn-Tc-Thng.

6-Thc-hnh thin-nh, khng cn thy mnh c thn, ch cn ci tm-thc v-bin, bnh ng vi chng sanh mun loi khng khc, th c Thc-V-Bin-X ( Vijnanantya-yatana), c thc khng. Sau khi mng chung, c

th sanh vo ci tri V-sc th hai. Ngi c Thc V Bin X v nhnc bc thnh hi tht nh, khng th ong li thnh my, thnh mana. Ngi c Thc-V-Bin-X c th c Thin-Nhn-Thng, Thin-

Nh-Thng v Tha-Tm-Thng.

7-Thc-hnh thin-nh n khi chng-ng cc php u khng, khngc g l ca mnh (V-s-hu), khng c g chng c (V-s-c), khngc g cn thit (V-s-dng), th c V-S-Hu-X (Akincanna-yatana),c php khng. Sau khi mng chung, c th sanh vo ci tri V-sc th

ba. l ci tri cao nht m ti chng-ng. Ngoi ra khng cn g na.Ngi c V S Hu X v nh nc bc thnh hi tht nh, vt rangoi bu kh quyn, ch cn mt cht tnh t. Ngi c V-S-Hu-X cth bit c mt s kip trc ca mnh.

Sa-mn Gotama theo li ch-dn tu-tp vi ngy cng chng-ngcnh-gii V-S-Hu-X. Nhng ngi cng tht vng v cha thu-trit cchn-l ti-thng m ngi mong-c. o-s Alara-Kalama ly lm hoan-h thy -t li-lc ca mnh thnh cng mau chng, khen rng:

- Ny o-hu, ti tht v cng hoan-h c c mt ngi bn ng tung knh nh o-hu. Gio-l m ti chng-ng bng tu-gic v tuyn-b thnh-t, th nay o-hu cng chng-ng nh ti. Vy o-huhy li y vi ti, chng ta hy cng nhau hp sc dn-dt nhm o-sny.

- Tha o-s, tm la khi thn vn cn ng chp, tc cn sanh t lunhi. Con t thy cn phi tu tin thm na v tm con cha hon-ton vng-lng, ci-gc sanh t cha dt tr, cnh-gii nit-bn cha chng-ng, chn-

l v thng cha thng t. Con xin t gi o-s tip-tc ln ng tmo.


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3- V o-s th nh: Uddaka-Ramaputta 96

ng Kondanna khuyn sa-mn Gotama nn n gp thy c ca ng lo-s Uddaka Ramaputta 97 (Ut-u Lam-Pht) gn thnh Rajagriha98 (Vng-X), x Magadha (Ma-kit-). Thnh Rajagriha, cn gi lRajagaha, cch Vesali khong 160 km v hng nam. Sa-mn Gotama cngvi nm anh em ng Kondanna i mi ngy ng n gp o-s UddakaRamaputta. Lc by gi o-s 75 tui v c 700 -t, 300 tu hc ti chv 400 cc a-im khc. o-s ging:

- Thng-thng ngi ta hay chp ni hnh-tng ca mun s munvt, hoc chp rng cc s vt u khng c hnh tng, nh vy u l lm-

lc c. Nn cn suy-xt cho chnh-chn, ch lnh th ci th nhim-mu (l'essence, ci tinh-th, chn nh) ca mun s mun vt m thi. Nh vy mitrnh khi mi vng chp ng, nhn, chng sanh, th gi, tm khng cnngh tng (c tng khng), ng qu gii-thot cao nht, khng cn aukh na, v sanh v ci tri Phi-tng phi-phi-tng".

Sa-mn Gotama nhp nh vi ngy chng c nh Phi-tng phi-phi-tng (N'eva-sanna-nasanna-yatana), khng cn tri-thc cng khng phikhng cn tri-thc, tm-thc tr nn t-nh n i khng th ni l c hay

khng c tm-thc. V nh nc r ra thnh oxy v hydro, khng phinc nhng cng c th l nc. c tin ny o-s Uddaka Ramaputta rtly lm vui-v ni:

- Ny o-hu Gotama, ti v cng hoan-h c c mt ngi bn ngtu ti c ng tn-knh nh o-hu. Nhng g ti hiu-bit v chng-ngth nay o-hu cng hiu-bit v chng-ng. Vy th o-hu hy liy dn-dt nhm o-s ny h ti, v ti nay qu gi ri, khng cn th-gian ny bao lu na.

- Tha o-s, con thy trong cnh-gii Phi-tng Phi-phi-tng vncn cc hnh nghip vi-t lm nhn cho tm ci kh vi-t sau y:

1-Tm cn sanh nim, l sanh kh.

2-Nim nim ni tip nhau, l gi kh.

3-ng nim cha dt, nh-lc cha vng, l bnh kh.

4-nh-lc cn c th b thi chuyn, l t kh.


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5-Cn nh nhung, l i bit ly kh.

6-Cn c iu khng va , l on tng hi kh.

7-C khi cu nh chng ng v c s cn tr, l cu bt c kh.

8-Th, tng, hnh, thc cha hon-ton dt, l m x thnh kh.

Con cu o v thng, mong dt tr tn gc r mi hnh-thc au kh.Ch nguyn cha thnh, nn con xin php o-s c tip-tc ln ngtm o.

- Ny o-hu Gotama, o-s Uddaka Ramaputta ni, ch nguyn cao-cca o-hu tht ng thn-phc, vy khi o-hu thnh cng xin hy nh

n ti trc.Tnh c vua Seniya Bimbisara n thm o-s Uddaka Ramaputta, thy

vy lin n nh l sa-mn Gotama v ngh chia cho ngi phn na giangsn nu ngi chu li Magadha. Sau khi sa-mn Gotama t chi, nh vuayu-cu sa-mn sau khi thnh cng nh tr li thnh Vng-x ngi.

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4- Su nm tu kh-hnh ti Uruvela

(t nm 595 n nm 589 trc ty lch )

Sa-mn Gotama thy rng khng cn ai khc gii hn ngi c thnng ta, n lc ngi phi t tu t chng t s nguyn. Ngi bncng vi 5 ngi bn o l Kondanna (Kiu-Trn-Nh), Bhaddiya (Bt-),Vappa cn gi l Dasabala-Kassapa (Thp-Lc Ca-Dip), Mahanama-Kulika(Ma-Ha-Nam Cu-L) v Assaji (t-B) t gi o s Uddaka Ramaputta,n kh-hnh-lm (tapovana, dukkharakrya) ti lng Uruvela, gn thnh ph

Gaya, cch Vng-x khong 30 km v pha ng-nam, chuyn tu khhnh. Vo thi by gi, cho n nay vn cn, n-, c nhiu o-s tin-tng mnh-lit rng li tu khc-khe p xc, kh hnh c th khc phc vthanh-lc thn tm, dit tr tt c dc vng, v a n gii-thot cng tt. Dnhin sa-mn Gotama quyt nh trc-nghim php mn ny.

Ngi n mt hang ho lnh lng chng ni Dungsiri, bt u mtcuc tranh-u quyt-lit khc-phc thn xc, vi nim hy-vng rng mtkhi lm ch c mi nhu-cu phc-tp v phin-toi ca thn th tm s

c gii-phng khi s thng-tr ca vt-cht t n mc gii-thotcao-siu. Ngi c-gng n mc cng tt ca li tu kh-hnh. Ch n l, r


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cy, vi ht m, ht u mi ngy, ng rt t, sut ngy ngi thin hoc ikinh-hnh. Thn hnh ngi ch cn da bc xng, ci rn gn ng xngsng. V sau c Pht k li trong kinh Majjhima Nikaya (Trung B) s36, cnh ngi tu kh-hnh nh sau:

"Lc y t-tng sau y pht sanh n ti: Hay l ta th cn cht rngli, cong u li p st vo vm hm trn, v dng t-tng thin bp,ch-ng v tiu-dit t-tng xu. Th ri ti cn cht rng li, cong uli p st vo vm hm trn, v c-gng -bp, ch-ng, tiu-dit t-tng

xu bng nhng t-tng tt. Lc ti tranh-u nh vy th m-hi t trongnch ti chy tun ra. Nh mt ngi mnh u c mt ngi yu

xung, n mnh xung, bt phi thn phc, ti cng tranh-u nh vy hng-phc nhng t-tng bt thin. Ngh-lc ti tht mnh-m v bt khut.Tinh-thn ti tht vng-vng khng lay-ng. Nhng thn ti mn mikhngcn chu ng ni s c-gng kin-tr nng ln n. Mc d nhng cm-

gic au-n pht sanh trong thn ti, n khng nh-hng n tm ticht no."

"Ri ti t ngh: Hay l ta hy tham-thin v s nn th mt ln na! Riti kim-sot cht-ch s ht vo v th ra bng ming, bng l mi, bng ltai. V khi ti nn th th u ti au bng ln khng-khip. Cng nh c mtlc-s sit cht u ti bng mt si dy da cng. Tuy nhin ngh-lc ti vnmnh, Nhng cm-gic au-n khng nh-hng g n tm ti."

"Ri ti t ngh: Hay l ta hy tham-thin v s nn th mt ln na! Riti nn th bng ming, bng l mi, bng l tai. Khi ti kim-sot hi thnh th th mt lung hi mnh thc xuyn qua bng ti. Cng nh c mttn -t thin-ngh hay mi tp-s ang dng dao bn rch bng ti. Tuynhin ngh-lc ti vn mnh. Cm-gic au-n nh th khng h nh-hng

g n tm ti."

"Mt ln na, ti li t ngh: Hay l ta li tham-thin v s nn th mtln na! Ri ti kim-sot hi th ra th vo bng ming, bng l mi vbng l tai. Khi ti nn th th mt hi nng kinh-khng thiu t thn ti.Cng nh c hai ngi lc-s ang nm cht tay chn ti t ln mt ngthan chy cho n khi thn ti b thiu ri. D vy ngh-lc ti vn mnh.Cm-gic au-n nh th khng h nh-hng n tm ti."

"Lc by gi c nhng v thin-thn thy ti nh vy th ni vi nhaurng: o-s kh-hnh Gotama cht. Vi v khc ni: o-s kh-hnhGotama cha cht, nhng ang cht dn. Trong khi vi v khc ni: o-skh-hnh Gotama cha cht, cng khng phi ang cht dn v ngi l mt v

A-la-hn. y ch l li sng ca mt v A-la-hn."


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"Ri ti t ngh: Hay ta th hnh php tuyt thc hon-ton! Lc by gic nhng v thin-thn n gn ti v ni: Tha ngi, ngi khng nn hnh

php tuyt thc hon-ton. Nu ngi lm nh vy, chng ti s rt thin-tinh-th b-dng vo thn ngi qua cc l chn lng nui sng ngi. Ti

ngh: Nu ta ni ta hnh php tuyt thc m cc thin-thn li rt thin-tinh-th b-dng vo thn qua cc l chn lng nui sng ta, t ra ta gian-di. Thi ta khng cn phi tuyt thc."

"Ri ti li ngh: Hay ta ch th thc mi ngy mt bm nc u hocrau c!

Khi ti ch dng tht t vt thc c hoc lng nh th th thn ti tr nngy kh nh nhng cng sy ghp li vi nhau. Bn ta ca ti ch cn bngci mng chn con lc-. Xng sng ti nh mt xu chui dng ng ln

v cong vo. Xng sn ti ta nh mt ci sn nh b sp . Trng mtti chng khc no hnh nh nhng ngi sao di y ging su. Da u tirng tc, nhn nheo nh mt tri mp phi kh. Khi mun r da bng thtay ti ng nhm xng sng. Khi mun r xng sng th tay ti ngnhm da bng. V thiu vt thc, da bng ti p st vo xng sng. Lcmun ng dy i tiu tin th ti lung-cung t ng xung. Ti p nh taychn cho thn mnh ti sng li. Than i, lc p nh th, lng trn mnh til-t ri xung t v cht gc. Nhng ngi thy ti nh vy th ni:

o-s Gotama da en. C ngi li ni: o-s Gotama da khng phi en

m xanh. C ngi li ni: o-s Gotama khng en, khng xanh m nusm. Mu da sng sa ca ti tr nn tn-t n nh th v thiu vt thc."

"Ri ti t ngh: D cc o-s kh-hnh hay B-la-mn trong qu kh chu ng nhng cm-gic nhc-nhi, au-n, xt-xa nh th no thcng n mc nyl cng, khng th hn na. D cc o-s kh-hnh hay

B-la-mn trong tng-lai s chu ng nhng cm-gic nhc-nhi, au-n,xt-xa nh th no th cng n mc ny l cng, khng th hn. Tuy nhin,d tri qua bao nhiu khc-kh, kh-khn, au-n, ti vn cha t c

s gic-ng ti thng v ni tm vt ln trn trng-thi con ngi. Hay lcn con ng no khc dn n s Chng-Ng ti thng?"

Thy sa-mn Gotama gn k ci cht m cha t c ch nguyn,Ma-Vng lin hin n gn ngi v ni:

"Ny o-s gy cm, thn hnh tiu-ty! Gi cht gn k. Thn thngi cht mn gn ht, ch cn li mt phn ngn. Nhng hy sng, hio-s, i sng rt tt p. C sng mi to c phc. Hy sng c thnv nng cng t thn la, ngi s to c nhiu phc bo. p mnh sng

i kh-hnh nh th ny lm g? Con ng kin-tr n lc qu thtkham-kh, kh-khn, khng phi d thnh-tu".


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Sa-mn Gotama p:

"Ny Ma-Vng xu-xa, qu-quyt, thn quyn ca ti-li v li-bing.Ngi ch n y v li ch ring ca ngi. Ta tu hnh vi nim tin vng-

chc, vi s kim-sot thn tm cht-ch, vi s tinh-tn v tr-hu. Ta quyt tm nh vy, sao ngi cn mun lung-lc ta? Mu cn th mt kh,tht cng hao mn. Tht ta cng hao mn th tm ta cng thanh-tnh. Tm tacng thanh-tnh th cng an-tr, cng sng-sut, nh-lc cng vng-chc.Th-xc cng au-n th tm cng xa la tham i. Chng y ta bit r thno l s trong sch ca mt chng sanh.

"Tham vng l o binh s mt ca ngi. o binh th nh l bt mn,th ba lthm kht, th t l i dc, th nm l hn trm, th su l shi, th by l hoinghi, th tm l gi di, ngu si, th chn l li-lc, khen

tng, vinh-d, th mi l t cao v khinh ngi.

"Ny Ma-Vng, l qun i ca ngi, l khch lun lun n nobn trong hng ngi xu-xa qu-qui nh ngi. Ngi hn nht yu uith khng thng ni, nhng ai ch ng c o binh y l tm c hnh-

phc.

"Ta ct trn ngn c ca ta chm c Munja99. Sng i hn nht trn th-gian ny tht l nhc nh! Ta th cht trn chin-trng cn hn sng m

tht-bi!"100

Nghe n y Ma-Vng l v tht vng, chn nn, bun ru, b i.

Gn 6 nm tu kh hnh, sc lc sa-mn Gotama cng ngy cng suy yu,thn th gy cm do s nhn n, thc m, thc ngy. C khi ngi b ngt xutrong lc ngi thin di ci cy hoc lc ang i kinh hnh. Hin nay cn cmt ng lng chng ni Dungsiri, vng Uruvela, cch Bodh-Gayakhong 5 km v hngng bc, k nim ni ngi tu kh hnh. Trc ng hin c mt ngi cha Ty-Tng.

Mt hm, ang ngi thin cnh b sng Nairanjana (Ni-lin-thin), sa-mn Gotama bng nghe ting mt gio-s m-nhc ang dy hc-tr trn mtchic thuyn i ngang qua: "Con nn nh, ln dy n phi va ng cng, ting n mi thanh-tao. Nu dy dng qu th ting n mm nhngic cm, nu dy cng qu th dy phi t ". ang lc thn-th suy-tncng-cc, sa-mn Gotama bng ng php tu trung o.

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E- C PHT THNH O

Nm 29 tui (-595) thi t Siddhattha ri b hong cung, n b sngAnoma thuc lng Anupiya, x Malla, tham vn ng Bhargava ang tu kh

hnh; k n mt lng gn th Vesali, x Vajji (Bt-K), hc vi v o sth nht l Alara-Kalama, t n bc thin V S Hu X. Ri ngi li nRajagriha (Vng X), th x Magadha (Ma-kit-), hc vi v o sth hai l Uddaka-Ramaputta v bc thin Phi Tng Phi Phi Tng X. Ch vi ngy hc ht s hc ca thy. Nhng cha c tha mn vi trnh chng ng , ngi n lng Uruvela bn b sng Nairanjana chuyn tukh hnh trong 6 nm na. Sau ngi li b li tu kh hnh lp ra phptu trung o, v 49 ngy sau, ngi thnh o di ci cy B-.

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1- Chn li tu trung-o

Nm 589 trc ty lch, Sa-mn GOTAMA c 35 tui, trong lc thnth suy nhc cng cc, ngi nhn thy li tu kh hnh ch gip ngi tu dittr cc dc vng, lm ch cc i hi ca thn xc; nhng vi thn th suyyu, tm thc khng th t n gic ng hon-ton. T ch ngi, ngi longchong ng ln, c ng v nn bp tay chn cho t, ru tc v qun omc nt trn thn ngi ri l t xung t. Ngi tm n mt bi tha ma gn

lm mt b y phc, xung sng git gi, tm ra, ri mc vo, i ln voxm kht thc. . .

T nay ngi p dng li tu trung o, khng qu hnh xc cng khngqu bung lung, ch n ung va cho c sc kho gi cho tinh thnc sng sut. Ngi bt u phn nh gi gic tham thin, kht thc, ng, kinh hnh, ngh-ngi, nhng vn gi "tam thng bt tc" ngha l bath n, ng v ngh khng c qu y m phi hi thiu. Nm anh emng Kondanna thy vy cho rng ngi thi ch ng lng trong vic tu-tp,

quay v i sng li-dng, nn cng nhau ri ngi i n vn nai (Lcuyn) ti lng Isipatana, hin nay l Sarnath, cch Gaya khong 204 km vhng ty ty-bc tip tc tu kh hnh. Thnh ph Sarnath cch thnh phln Varanasi (tn c l Benares) 10 km v hng bc.

Sa-mn Gotama, trong su nm tu kh hnh, rt nh s gip- tn tnhca nm anh em ng Kondanna v tinh-thn cng nh vt-cht. By gi cnli mt mnh, trong cnh c-n, ngi phi t gii-quyt nhng vn- phc-tp, kh-khn, t ln n nh, nhng ngi khng nn ch ng lng. Ngithng n b sng Nairanjana (Ni-lin-thin, hin nay l sng Phalgu) ngithin nh trn bi ct. Mt hm, c hai c b chn b tn Nanda v


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Bala101 ang dt b xung sng tm. Hai c thy sa-mn Gotama y-phc t-ti, thn-th gy yu, nhng nt mt trang-nghim, hin-lnh, thanh-thot,ang ngi thin nh, th sanh lng knh mn lin la mt con b ci tht tt,tm ra cho n sch-s ri t tay vt ly sa, nu chn, ti ni thnh knh qu

gi dng ln. Sa-mn Gotama nhn sa ri ch nguyn rng:- Ti v lng sinh nn dng mn n ny, nguyn c kh lc kho

mnh; ngi dng cng i i c thc n ngon, thn th hng trng,c tm t, bi, h, x, an-lc, khng tt bnh, sng lu, giu bn, tr-tu y.

Ch nguyn xong, n ri, ngi cm thy thn-th kho-mnh, kh-lcsung-tc. Ngi thm ngh rng: "Su nm kh hnh, o rch t-ti,vy ta nni tm o phn-to 102 ny". Sa-mn Gotama i ln xung sng Nairanjana

git o, tm ra va xong th c v tri Tnh-c dng o c-sa cng-dng.Sa-mn Gotama b o phn-to, mc o c-sa ri t-t i ti m rng, tmmt ci cy mt-m ngi thin-nh. Thng-thng ngi nm ngh t canh

ba n canh nm di mt ci cy. Khi sao mai va l dng, ngi thc dy,xung sng ra mt ri tm ni ngi thin-nh. n gi t ngi i kht thctrong xm lng gn . Sau khi ng xong, ngi i kinh-hnh, xung sngtm, ri li tm ni mt-m ngi thin-nh.

---o0o---

2- m thnh o 103 (nm -589)

n ngy th 49 k t lc nm anh em ng Kondanna b i, trong lcngi ang ngi thin nh di gc cy c-th Ajapala 104 (cch cy B- 100m v hng ng, hin nay c dng bng k-nim gn cng vo B-o-Trng), sp i kht thc, th c hai ch em nng Sujata, con ng xtrng Senani, mang bt cho sa (kheer) n cng v Thn gc cy t nv Thn gip ngi ch toi nguyn theo li khn vi cu con trc y;thy sa-mn Gotama tng mo trang nghim ti sng ang tnh-ta, hainng tng l v Thn hin ra nhn l vt nn hai nng t bt cho sa bngvng trc mt sa-mn Gotama, cung-knh nh-l ri ra v. Sau khi n xong

bt cho sa 105, sa-mn Gotama thy c th kho mnh l thng nn khngi kht thc m ch i kinh-hnh trong chc lt ri xung sng Nairanjanatm. Ngi nhn thy thn mnh hm nay tr nn v cng ti sng, y 32tng tt v 80 v p, da mu vng rng rc-r. Ngi v cng phn-khi,sau khi ra bt xong, ngi ci bt bng vng trn dng nc v nguynrng: "Nu hm nay ta c chng qu thnh Pht, th nguyn cho ci btny ni trn mt nc v tringc li dng sng". Qu nhin ci bt ni


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phu trn mt nc v tri ngc li dng sng 80 si tay, n khi gp phimt xoy nc mnh th chm xung y sng. Sa-mn Gotama hng-hi itr ln b, n cy Pippala 106 (ficus religiosa, cy B-) to ln, cnh l sum-s. Ni y rt thch-hp cho vic thin-nh, va c bng mt, va khong-

khot sng-sa, c rng cy pha sau lng, c con sng chy ngang trc mtvi bi ct vng rng ln, phong cnh tht thanh-nhn. n trc ci cy,ngi thm ngh: "Di ci cy ny, lm th no c mt ta ngi cho yn-tnhtrang-nghim ". Bng thy mt em b gnh c i ngang qua , Sa-mnGotama gi li hi xin mt m c lm ta ngi. Em b vui-v v cung-knh dng ngi su b c sc (kusha) mm-mi nh lng c chim cng, mithm ngo-ngt. Ngi cm n v hi:

- Chu tn g? Nm nay chu my tui?

- Tha ng, chu tn Sotthiya Svastika (Ct-Tng). Nm nay chu c9 tui. M ng xin c lm g? B ng c nui tru b h?

- Khng phi, ti xut gia i tu, u c nui tru b g. Ti ch xin c chm ngi cho m v thng lng c th ngi lu c. Ti ch mongc gic ng thnh Pht cu chng sinh khi mi au kh i.

- Tha ng, b ngi lu trn ng c th s c gic ng thnh Pht h?

- Khng phi vy u chu. Ngi kit gi, lng thng ng ch l phngtin gip cho s thc hnh Ch Qun chng t n nh Hu. Nhng mungic ng thnh Pht cn phi thc hnh y cc hnh T Bi H X nami c. Nu chu mun hc th khi chu ln ln v ti thnh o ri, tis dy cho.Hm nay, ti v chng sinh au kh, nguyn ngi di gc cyny cho n khi chng c V Thng Chnh ng Chnh Gic, nu chatoi nguyn th d tan xng nt tht quyt khng ng ln.107

Ni ri, ngi xp c thnh ta-c v b-on108, ngi kit-gi, lng thngng hng v pha gc cy, mt hi ci xung nhn v hng ng, pha b

sng Nairanjana. Tc th th-gii chn-ng su ln, lm rung-chuyn c trit. Trn khng trung tng n chim vui mng bay ling, trong cnh l ging ht thnh-tht lu-lo, tm b chng tri rng 109 mang hng hoa nma ht v ha tu nhc khc cng dng.

B-tt Gotama ngi trn ta c, y th lc hng mnh nh s-t; tr-tu sng-sut nh vng thi-dng. Ngi bt u thc-hnh cc php thin-nh (Jhana, Dhyana) theo th lp t thp ln cao nh sau:

1 - Qun nim hi th (anapana-sati) thanh-lc v n-nh thn tm.


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2 - Khi tm la i dc v vng tng bng cch qun T Nim X, nhpLy Sanh H Lc a, an tr s thin. (Khng tham sng s cht, khng hammun danh li ti sn th gian, khng m nhim cc th vui th tc, sn sngvui v la b tt c)

3 - Xut s thin, b qun chiu. Gi tm an lc tp trung vo mt im,nhp nh Sanh H Lc a, an tr nh thin. (Xa la cc th vui th tc,chuyn vui trong thin nh)

4 - Xut nh thin, b ci vui thin nh. Gi tm an nhin, bnh ngtrc mi cm th kh vui, nhp Ly H Diu Lc a, an tr tam thin. (Nmcn thanh tnh, khng m nhim nm trn)

5 - Xut tam thin, la tt c cm th kh vui. Gi tm an lc, thanh tnh,

bnh ng trc ngoi cnh, nhp X Nim Thanh Tnh a, an tr tthin. (Su cn thanh tnh, khng m nhim su trn)

6 - Xut t thin. Qun thn mnh ha tan vo ci h-v khng bin-gii nhpKhng-V-Bin-X nh (Akasanantya-yatana). An tr Thn Khng.

7 - Xut Khng V Bin X nh. Qun thn mnh khng cn, ch cn citm-thc v-bin m thi nhp Thc-V-Bin-X nh (Vijnanantya-yatana). An tr Thc Khng.

8 - Xut Thc V Bin X nh. Qun tt c s vt u hon-ton trngkhng, v-s-hu, v-s-c, v-s-dng, nhp V-S-Hu-X nh(Akincanna-yatana). An tr Php Khng.

9 - Xut V S Hu X nh. Qun thn, tm mnh v ton th vn vtu trng khng, khng cn g ngh tng, nhp Phi-Tng-Phi-Phi-Tng-X nh (N'evasanna-nasanna-yatana). An tr Tng Khng

10 - Ri nhn lc tinh-thn sng-khoi, nh lc kin-c, ch c quyt

thnh, ngi c tri-gic khai thng, nhp i-nh, cm thy nm un 110 ukhng, mi tm gii 111 chng c, ng-chp tiu-tan, c Ng Khng, ivo Dit-Th-Tng nh (Nirodha-samapatti), chng c Phng Qungthn-thng du-h, Th-Lng-Nghim nh, y c tng trang-nghim,nh phng i quang minh chiu khp mi phng Pht quc, khin chotri, ngi vui-v, a-ngc sng choang, Ma-vng kinh-s.

By gi t gia hai lng my, B-tt phng ra mt i o ho-quang,chiu ti cung-in ca Ma-vng 112, lm t mt nh sng trn thin-cung

(Tha-ha-t-ti thin). Ma-vng bit B-tt sp thnh o B-, triu tptt c h hng, thin ma, thin binh, thin tng n, dy rng:


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- Hin nay c mt ngi dng Sakya sp thnh o v thng ti Gaya ci Dim-ph-. Chng ta phi mau em binh tng n ni, ph-hoi cho

bng c, nu khng th cung-in ca chng ta s sp-, uy-th v quyn-li ca chng ta s ln hi mt ht.

- Knh ly Ph-vng, con ca Ma-vng l Thng-Ch tha, xin Ph-vng ch em lng th on vi B-tt Gotama, m lm nhng iu cnghch vi ngi, con e cha hi khng kp, xin cha hy ngh li.

- Ch! Con cn nh, cha tng bit sc thn-thng bin-ha ca cha, conng xen vo quyt-nh ca cha.

- Tha cha, chng phi con khng bit thn-thng uy-lc ca cha, tri lichnh cha cha r thn-thng, phc-c, oai-lc rng ln ca B-tt Gotama.

Nu cha khng tin, lc n ni cha s bit.

- Thi i! ng ni na! Cha l V Tri ti cao ci Dc ny. Tt c uphi cht di uy lc ca cha. i dc, tham lam, gin tc, si m l v kh scbn ca cha, khng ai trnh khi. Con hy xem y.

Ni ri Ma vng Ba-Tun lin iu-ng bn o thin binh, thintng, quyt n ni tiu dit v sa-mn sp thnh o. Hng ngn binhtng, u tru mt nga, k hnh d tng, gm tht vang tri, ni ma

ging, sm st, ngp lt, bn tn la ti tp nh ma. Nhng B-tt Gotamavn ngi yn bt ng, khng vt g chm c n mnh B-tt. Ngi ni:

- Ny Ma Ba-Tun, kip trc ngi tng lm ch mt ngi cha, thtm gii, mi ngy cng mt bt cm cho mt v Bch-Chi-Pht. Nhn phcc y nn c sanh v ci tri Tha-Ha-T-Ti lm i Ma-vng. Cn ta tng cng-dng v lng ch Pht trong v s kip, cng c khng thngh bn, th ngi lm sao hi ta c. Thi, ngi hy i i, nu cn ngoan-c, mt ht phc bo, s b a trong ba ng c 113.

- Ny o s Gotama, ng khoc lc, chnh nh nhng cng c tithng m ta mi c lm Cha T ci Dc ny. Tt c mi ngi thgian u bit. Cn ngi ch l mt o s qun, ngi mt mnh di gc cy,th c cng c g? Ai lm chng cho ngi?

- Ny Ma Ba-Tun, i a ny l b m v t ca mun loi chng sanhs lm chng cho ta.

Va ni B-tt Gotama va di tay phi chm u ngn tay xung t.

i a bng chn ng su cch, ting i hng chung trong cc n thxung quanh ngn ln vang di, mt vng t ln trc mt B-tt nt ra, v


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i a thn Sthavara nh na ngi ln khi mt t vi y mn trang scqu bu trn mnh, cung knh nh l trc B-tt v ni:

- Knh tha i B-tt, con xin lm chng v v lng cng c khng

th ngh bn ca B-tt trong qu kh.Ni xong, a thn trn mt nhn Ma Vng, ri rt mnh xung t; mt

t lin li nh c. Binh tng ca Ma-vng b chy tn lon. Ma-vngva hong s va h thn vi rt binh v. Khi y con ca Ma-vng lThng-Ch hin n trc mt B-tt Gotama, nh l st t v sm-hirng:

- Knh ly B-tt! Xin ngi t bi h x, nhn lng thnh knh sm-hi cacon, tha-th cho cha con l k phm ngu trt phm ti no lon B-tt.

Chng con xin cu nguyn B-tt chng thnh o v thng chnh ngchnh gic.

Nhng Ma Vng cha chu thua, quyt dng c k cui cng. Va vn thin cung, lin gi ba c con gi n bo:

- Cc con hy ha-trang v n mc cho tht p, xung ci Dim-ph-,gp sa-mn dng Sakya ang ngi nhp nh di ci cy pippala gn thnh-

ph Gaya, ra ti ma ht, tru chc, khu gi dc tnh, khin cho hn mt ht

thn-thng, khng th thnh o v thng c hi cho chng ta.Ba c gi tn l Tanha (i Dc), Arati (Bt Mn) v Raga (Tham Vng)

nghe theo li cha, ha ra ba nng tin tuyt p, hnh dung yu-iu, nhan-scxinh ti, cng nhau i n ch B-tt Gotama ang ngi, gi em hng hoacng dng, ri ma ht, ln ln tm cch gi chuyn, tru chc, t tnh,quyn r. Nhng B-tt vn ngi an-nhin bt ng, tm tr bn vng nh niTu-di. Ba c thy th, ngc-nhin, n trc mt B-tt xem ngi cn snghay cht. B-tt bo rng:

- Cc ngi trng cn lnh nhiu i, nay c lm thin-n, hngphc bo ni ci tri, sao khng nh thn ny l v thng, c ngy hoidit, cn c thi- v l i vi ta? Thn hnh tuy p m tm bt chnh ckhc chi ci ti da ng nh bn, li y lm chi, hy i i, ta khngdng.

Ni ri ngi a tay ln ch mt, t nhin ba c tin bin dng thnh ba blo da nhn, tc bc, lng cng, long-chong ng khng vng. Ba c hongs lt-t b chy v thin cung trnh li vi Ma-Vng Ba-Tun.


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Vua tri i-phm (Brahma), vua tri ao-li (Sakka Indra, Thch--Hon-Nhn hay -Thch) v v s cc v tri ng y c h-khng, nhnthy B-tt Gotama hng-phc Ma-Vng, ai ny u vui mng, ng thanhtn-thn:

- Hay lm! Hay lm! Cha tng c! Cha tng c! B-tt Gotama gi yc o v thng chnh ng chnh gic!

Cc v tri vui mng, tung hoa, rc hng, tu nhc cng dng.

Sau khi hng-phc Ma-Vng xong, B-tt Gotama tip-tc nhp Dit-Th-Tng nh v bt u cuc chin thng v-vang trong trn gic cuicng ht sc t-nh v kh-khn gm ba giai-on:

1- Tn dit cc vi-t phin-no (Kammavasa) cn n no trong tm lmnghip nhn cho sanh t lun hi (Samsara). n canh mt m ngi tonthng trn gic ny v chng Tc-Mng-Minh(Pubbe-nivasanussati-nana):

Ngi bit r tt c cc tin kip ca ngi, thi-i no, tn g, sanh trngtrong gia-nh no, giai-cp no, sinh sng ra sao, vui thch v au kh thno, cht cch no, ri ti sanh vo cnh no, vn vn ...

2- Tn dit cc vi-t v-minh (Avidyasava). n canh ba ngi ton thngtrn gic ny v chng Thin-Nhn-Minh (Cutupapata-nana): Ngi bit r tt

c s bin chuyn ca vn vt qua cc giai-on thnh, tr, hoi, khng; vbit r chng sanh thi-i no, tn g, sanh trng trong gia-nh no, giai-cp no, sinh sng ra sao, vui thch v au kh th no, to nghip g, chtcch no, ri ti sanh vo cnh no, vn vn ... Ngi bit r tt c nhn duynnghip bo ca chng sanh, t suy ra lut Nhn-Qu Lun-Hi.

3- Tm ra phng cch gip chng sinh chm dt phin-no v v-minh,t n gic-ng hon-ton, thot ra khi vng sanh-t lun-hi. n canhnm, sao mai va l dng, vo ngy mng tm thng chp m lch114 nm Nhm Thn (u nm -589), ngi chngLu-Tn-

Minh (Asavakkhaya-nana): Do bit r tt c cc tin kip ca chnh bnthn mnh v ca mi chng sinh, nn ngi nhn thy r-rng u l kh, ul nguyn-nhn ca kh, u l hnh-phc chn-tht vnh-cu, v lm th no t c hnh-phc chn-tht vnh-cu . Ngi tm ra T-Diu-(Kh, Tp, Dit, o).

c Pht lin c ln bi k 115 u tin sau khi thnh o nh sau:

Lang-thang bao kip lun-hi,

Tm hoi chng gp k xy ct nh116

T sanh phin-no tht m!


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Ny ng th chnh, ta thy ng117.Ch hng xy ct, ng mong,Sn nh 118 sp nt, n dng119 khng cn.

Nh-Lai o qu trn,

i-dc dt sch, chng cn ng nhn. (Kinh Php-C, bi 153 v 154)B-tt Gotama tr thnh bc ton thin ton gic (accariya manussa),

l bc v thng chnh ng chnh gic (anuttara samma sambodhi), l cPht Thch-Ca Mu-Ni (Sakyamuni Buddha). Ngi l bc duy nht trong ccci tri v ci th-gian c y- mi c-hiu sau y:

1- Nh-lai = Thn tm bt ng, khng di i.

2- ng cng = Xng ng nhn lnh s cng dng ca tri v ngi.

3- Chnh bin tri = Tr-tu thng sut. Hiu bit tt c ng nh tht.

4- Minh hnh tc = y cc hnh cao-thng.

5- Thin th = lm cc hnh nguyn cao-thng.

6- Th-gian gii = Bit gii-thch tt c mi s vic th-gian.

7- V thng s = Khng cn ai cao qu hn.

8- iu-ng trng-phu = C y kh nng iu-phc, ch-ng vng-h chng sanh thot m, t ng.

9- Thin nhn s = L bc thy ca cc ci tri v ci ngi.

10- Pht Th-tn = L bc sng-sut, gic-ng hon-ton.

---o0o---

3- Tun-l u tin sau khi thnh o

c Pht ngi khng c-ng di tng cy B- chng nghimHnh-Phc Gii-Thot (Vimutti-sukha). Trong m cui tun ngi xut thinv suy nim v Thp Nh Nhn Duyn 120 (Paticca-samuppada). Nhn vDuyn l nguyn-nhn chnh v cc nguyn-nhn ph lm pht sanh s sng.V-d: S-d c cy xoi mc ln l v c nguyn-nhn chnh l ht xoi, vcc nguyn-nhn ph l t, nc, nh sng, khng-kh, kh-hu ... thch-hpcho s pht trin ca ht xoi thnh cy xoi. Mi hai nhn duyn l 12 yu-

t chnh lm nhn v duyn cho nhau pht sanh hin-tng sanh t lunhi ca chng sanh. Mun chm-dt dng sanh t lun hi th phi dt tr


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mt trong 12 yu t , v phi bit yu t no d tr nht i vi mnh. Ccyu t d tr nht l i, Th v V-minh. Dt tr i-dc l chn ng khngcho 6 cn duyn theo 6 trn. Dt tr Th l tht hnh hnh b-th. Dt tr V-minh l phi hc gio-l v thin qun bit r thn tm v vn vt u v

thng, v ng; bit r Chn-tm, Pht-tnh ca mnh mi tht l thng,lc, ng, tnh.

Vo canh mt m , c Pht bt u suy lun theo chiu sanh khi(anuloma) nh sau: Khi ci ny c th ci kia c, khi ci ny pht sanh th cikia pht sanh.

Do V Minh 121 (Avijja) pht sanh, nn Hnh (Samkhara) pht sanh.

Do Hnh 122 pht sanh, nn Thc (Vinnana) pht sanh.

Do Thc 123 pht sanh, nn Danh (Nama) v Sc (Rupa) pht sanh.

Do Danh v Sc 124 pht sanh, nn Su Cn (Salayatana) pht sanh.

Do Su Cn 125 pht sanh, nn Xc (Phassa) pht sanh.

Do Xc 126 pht sanh, nn Th (Vedana) pht sanh.

Do Th 127 pht sanh, nn i (Tanha) pht sanh.

Do i 128 pht sanh, nn Th (Upadana) pht sanh.

Do Th 129 pht sanh, nn Hu (Bhava) pht sanh.

Do Hu[130] pht sanh, nn Sanh (Jati) pht sanh.

Do Sanh 131 pht sanh,nn Bnh, Lo v T (Jara-marana),

Phin-no, au-kh pht sanh.

Ton khi au-kh trong cuc sng hin ti pht sanh nh th.

Ri c Pht ni bi k 132 sau y:

Khi cc thc-ti hin by,Thnh-nhn thin-nh, r ngay ngn ngnh.

Nhn no qu ny nh-rnh,Cc duyn ph-tr pht sanh lun-hi. (Trch trong Vinaya-pitaka)
http://www.quangduc.com/DucPhat/82sutichducphat02.html#_ftn50http://www.quangduc.com/DucPhat/82sutichducphat02.html#_ftn50


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Khong canh ba m , c Pht suy-lun theo chiu hoi-dit(patiloma) nh sau: Khi ci ny khng cn th ci kia cng khng cn, khi ciny dit th ci kia cng dit.

Khi ht V-minh th Hnh chm dt.Khi ht Hnh th Thc chm dt.

Khi ht Thc th Danh v Sc chm dt.

Khi ht Danh v Sc th Su Cn ch

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