Upload
hoangkhuong
View
214
Download
0
Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(
P[RF
PK[NBZBF[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG.CPGXBKKGOJGCFZB[GQ[N
IDKZEGNTHZ\R[KOGP\YRKQ[O\KYGQDEGN.PRGZG\[NHFCFKG[O,GBZCTFSVNKO
[NHFCCZB[KFO,GBZCTFSGNPG\NMNBIEGBIE,GBZCTFKNEKOPVKZIKMFGRF,
GCKEKFOMEKO[NPBFGT[ZKONGD[FQPJKNKQNMNSVNGSVN.PCNBKPMRSKMFRKO
GPFPKKRKFQ,PFQFKGPVYKTKQ,GCFQFKGPENKYKQ.GNBFKFIXZCKZG[NKO[BKRFPBKZF
PBGZCK\F[GBCF.ISKEKOGBR[KPT[FFKGPZYEKQCVRKFOCBCGYG\[NBGZ
[CKEKFQ,GBGPZKONVRKFOECZK[KZG\G\G[CIG\,GFNGKOCMRGZG\GCRCNKOGCPXN\KO
GCIXGXZG\GCMNK[KZCNBPSVZ,TNIP[T[ZFPTNG\FKGZEG\PTHZ\K[ZBN
NTHZ\R[KOMRDEIP[T[ZFPTNG\[C\FNKO,[TNKFQNGKOTGPEKQCMNK[KZ
GBGPZKO[KZF.GTPEG[RKMFRKOC[TZFTNKGQ[KGZEPTHZ\K[ZBNNTHZ\R[KO,G[RK
IXGXZG\CKEKFQ.YZBFDCZ,\YTGGFZKTGG\YTG.FDKTGNPTNFT[KZK\,\YTGGFZKTG
G\YTG.FDKTGNTHZF\YTGGFZKTGG\YTG.FKG\GYTKQGFGNMKQTE[PDKTKQN[TZFKGXB
PPHZI.FDKTGN[TZFKGXBPPHZI,FVMGVRKFQPPHZINPTZCGBPZG:BCG\KRG[FKG
CPYGOFHFBIGZKFOBNFFKMNGVRKFOYEPF,GP[\IGKOYEPFN[P[,GBRGNKF
TKRKRG.ZCKKFGEFBGPZ:FKG[GRKQGBGPZKQBRGNKFGNKFTKRKRG.
DPZB
B.CZKK\B~1|\RGZCRQ:PK[NBZBF[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG.~2|PK[NBZBF
KZG[NKOC\VBZ\FNBZBFMZLRIPEPTGNO.~3|PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[CCRKRGNB
ZBFCRKQPVGBZPTGNO.
C.VKZG[K
BPGZBKONCCB
FBIZGRF
[CCZKK\B
~4|PBKFKB?{BPZBCKKGBK\KPBZCISEB:HFCRKQFGZEGS.
~5|CPBKCRKF?{BPZZCB:CBCRK[K[BGPZPZB.BKMBEBPZK:CBCRK[K[BMGINB
GPZPZB.BVKY[VFGTKKN[VF,MKFKMKENYCNSKEB.SCZNP[TKKQCEFCB,BPZGNKF
ZCRQ:[CYKF,EFMK[VKZJVK,EPK\IHKMBEG\BEKPB.
D.CZKK\B
RGSV\
~6|\RKB,ZCKKFGEFBGPZ:PK[NBZBFEKGVNGSJGQ[NBNMSREZKB[NPXZKONBZBF
CMCGEQ[NK[ZBN.BPZG:MPKQCSKNYKDEGNFFK\F,SJKGNVRKOPSJKG,VTPKO[FKG
CF[[KOZCGBTN[[KOZCGBMVNKOMKGXBKPXZKO,GFKGCF[CTKOGBI\Y\EZBG\
[NHFCMRDE[CTKOGBIE[NSRFEZKDEGNF,MNBI\GBI\BKRFVIG\FPT[ZKO
GBIEZCGBMMZKHFC.GCKPF[NTWCBPXTK\F,GIHQFMRS\TGPETNKFGFSGEZKQ
CKEG.GMKGQ[FDKTNTRG\BPQ{FNFPRKUCSGEZ,GMNFTOTGRKQBPQ.GNBFKGKG[CKQ
PTGZCKQ,BNBHFCKQCVRKTXPQ,GMSVKQCVRKTXPQ,GRVIKQCVRKTXPQ,GJZSKKOCVRK
TXPQ,GDZEKKOCVRKTXPQ.GM[TRKRMRS[OFKFPMKZCTNKBGPR\GGRVRFN[O,GP[O
VZRS\GGVZRS\BR[KCK\G.
531
E.FTZ\BCKK
NCZKK\B
~7|BPZBCKK:GMGNFGYJNKRFGBNMSREZGSPGYEQ.
F.[RKEKGRKO
YXZKOCFTZ\
BCKK
~8|PBKJTPBBKTR[G?P[GOETCZKBFBKYZB:NB\GSKVGQN[GCCEZLFHFTGE,GBKRFG
FEGZB\G.
~9|MKB\B,B[MIKRFGEFGGYZGCSKVZB:K[BF’TNKLDGKPZIGY.BPZ:PMEKFFGBDCZB
CTKNPK\KSVKR\BCT[ZFKGPK,ENKFHKYBGB\KSVKR\BCIP[BKGPK,RVNTNKKFG
GYJNKRFG.
532PSM\SGMF{VZYIPK[K:FINKN
PSGZ\F\NPGE
~1|PK[NBZBF[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG.P[R\RG,SGMFFB.~2|PK[NBZBFCK\
FPYE[CCRKRGNBZBFCRKQPVGBZPTGNO.F[GGCCCNKCCBC\ZBET"B.~4=5|CCNKCCBC\ZBE
T"B.~6|\GSV\BSGMFEG)PFE’NKCZPQ,TP’273(,KZG[NPKSGMFFB,RFT"B=T"C.[[KOZCGBTN
[[KOZCGBMVNKOMKGXBPXZKO.F[GGCCNKDKJKQRHT"C.~7=9|GMGNFGYJNKRFG...RVNTNKFGGYJNKRFG.
F[GGCCNKDKJKQRHT"C;KZG[NPK[O,RFT"C.~8|NB\GSKVGQN[GCCEZLFHFTGE.ECZKOKHJH.~9|K[B
F’TNKLDGKPZIGY.ECZKOMIPJ.
Z["K
KGZEKQNTHZ\R[KOMFRKOGNGKOKGZEKQPTHZ\K[ZBN[FKBDCGFF,NTHZ\R[KO[NPJFFKPRFC[KVGT
FFZ.GP\YRKQ[O\KYGQDEGNPVZ[CDPZB.GBZCTFSVNKO[NHFCCZB[KFQCZB[MNPRGZFGPRGZF.
KNEKOCIGZKO,GCKEKFOMEK[PQ,GTGNKOMNBIECSGNPG.PCNBKPMRSKMFRKOGPFPKKRKFQFKGPVYKTKQ
PPMRSKCDEKF[ZE[FKGP[NXCGZ,GPBCRJKFOFK[RKO,PVYKTKQYGZTKQNT[G\V\KNG\.[NBFK\F
PBKZFPBGZCK\F[GBCFNVK[FPRGZG\DCGFKQIP[KOBPF,GFZFCK\DCGF,GFBGZFHGZI\CMN
FTKZ,GMG\NPHZIK[FGBNSGUTHZ\R[KOFKFRPGL,MEBPZKRQCSEZKGPB)JH,B(,GFPRGZG\TGNKQ
NPTNFFKPRF.CBCGYG\[NBGZHGZYKQBG\OMNVKPTNF,GPYCNKQBG\O,GK[[CYKBKQNT[G\MQ
CBZCTBCGYG\BGC[PGRF,GHGZYHGGPYCNHG,GHGZYHGGPYCNHG.ECZK\G[CIG\PVZ[CDPZB.IP[
T[ZFPTNG\BGZLFPTNFCZGICFTHZF,GZGICFPTNFIXKBPFGZGPFIXKBPF,MEBPZKRQCPSM\
PEG\)VZYCP[RFD(GCSEZKGPB)JH,B(.[TNKFQFNGKOTGPEKQ~CMNK|[KZ{N[PI\CK\F[GBCF,
BCNEGMQN[KZFYZCQ{BXNFPHCIFKF.\YTGGFZKTGHFSKPQNKNLNPNBG\FPKONRKSGLPQ
F[KNGI.FDKTGNTHZFNYZYTTHZ\R[KO.\YTGGFZKTGG\YTGGCZB[F[RF)ND,C(,KNKUCMN\YKTG\
V[GJFNVRKFGV[GJFNBIZKFG\ZGTFCBPXT.GFKG\GYTKQGFGNMKQCBNG[N[BIZGRG\PBZKMKQTE
[PDKTKQN[TZFKGXBPTHZ\R[KONFZFCK\,N[KVGNGNPHZI,GF[TZFFGBPMGGQMRDE[TZ[PTHZ\
K[ZBNNTHZ\R[KO,GKGZEKQPPTZCNPHZI,GM[FKGRMRSKQNPYE[FKGFGNMKQPPHZINPTZC,EZL
TNKKF.FVMGVRKFONPTZC,NXEFTHZG\GFFKMN,NGPZECZHF.BCG\KRGCCK\FZB[GQFKGMGVZKQ,GNB
FKGVRKFONCK\BNBBIGZKFOBNFKMNF’GDG’{VSGYFGBCKIHYBN.[GRKQBG\FMGVNKQBG\F,
MEPVZ[BRGNKFGNKFTKRKRG.
PBKFKBBKHFPQFCRKRKO,[N[NPF,BG[NRIPKFCQIMNKF,BG[NFGZEGS[S\ZGGCRBG.{
~[KK[B|{[KK[XCGT,NBNCQGNB[IGZ,BNBMTKQKZGY,CNTHCK"[)BVGZ,RGJFN[IGZ(.~GPZPZB|{
[KK[NCQ.MGINB[K[BXCGTMMIGN.BVKY[VF[GZF[NBCRKORMRSF,G[GZFKGXBF.EPKIHK
MBEG\BEKPBMDNKFKO,[FBCRKOP[GRKOCPZBKFQHGPHG,GFTKRKOFPS\MNG\CFQ[GJJG\,GRZBG\
MBKNGDNKFKOFOREKOGRTKO.EKGVNGSJGQN[GQKGRK\:EKG{[RKO,VNG{N[GQ[ZKO,MPGPJZVGNKQ,
GMPGEKGVGNKQPZGPK,E\TRK\)KI,C(,SJGQ{N[GQSJKG,[RKSJGKQ.SJKGMVGNNK[KC\[ZKO[N
BNMSREZKB,[FNMG[OKGIRQCQYZIG[ZKFIKKNKONBIZIGZCQCK\ZB[GQCKPKKZPKFGR\KK[CG[O,
GBUTNVK[TNF[ORCGMERXZGFIZKCB\PXZKO,GRFZDGPK[ZBN[FNMG[O,MPG[R\RCBTNKFO
KZPKF)PC({TNGCRKFO[ONDEGNFGTG[Z,TE[FIZKCOBNMSREZGS.CSKNYKVNJKZKQDCGFKORYZBKO
CSKNYBG\.MRDE[CTKOGBIEHYRKO[T[GNFOSRFEZKQ.MMZKHFCDZSKRQ,CKPFMTKQBNPKPCZ"B
)CKPF([NRG.IHQFMRS\[P[FXCGZ.NTRG\BPQ[FKF[NKI[NVRKF\KCFDGPZCZM\G,GFQNBFKG
KMGNKQMGNQN[PGTYGNG.HFCKQMSVKQXGZVKHFC,XGZVKMSU.RVIKOIZ[KCZHN.JZSKKOIZ[KRIG[\.
DZEKKOBGZDKQ.GRVRFN[OGR[MZNFONPNBM\O.FFGBDCZBFGFTNKGRBPZPYZBHF,GDHZ\PNLFKB
NFIZKCF.GENKHKYBDCFFZGI.
533 FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(
\YXKZ
NVKP[RFSGMFFB,PK[NBZBFB\[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG.
CCZKK\B[CZB[FSGDKBFHB\PGCB\PSGZ\HGNXE[\KPSGZG\EGPG\,CTRKKQKGVKKO
[NKZG[NKOGFPYE[.FDPZBPSCKZF[FMGGRFNPYE[FGZEGS[FKFCRGKP[GZG\[N
BCRKOMIGNG\GNCRG\FPSGEZG\NSKZGDKQC[RKTGPYKO[GRKO,CEPG\DNKFKO.FGZEGS
CKY[NXVG\B\YKZG\FPYE[CHFC,BLFIMPKO[MRTGBG\G[NBNT[G\MQ.CSGU
FSGDKBPGCB\CZKK\B[NF\RBZCKKFGEFCTRKKQCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF[CPXZKO,
[BUFKBVG\I\CN[GQ"PK[NBZBF".BCKKPTKZ[YFKN\KFGEKBNMSREZKFGCK\
FMRS\[NFORIZCGCKEKBNMSREZPGYEGQ,GCTNFDPZBPSCKZ[RTR[GTNML[TCZGTN
BKSGZFIHZFNPXZKO)ECZKOKHJH(.
PQFRK\GITGNF[FPSGZ\CTRKKQFBEZKMNG\EPGK\FDNKO[NFPYE[P[YV\JMRKYF
BEZKMNK\CCNK\EGGYB,GFPSGZ\CTRKKQZXGRG[NFGZEGSNXVG\B\YKZG\FPYE[
CHFCFRF[KNGC[NMPFBKZGTKOFPGHMZKOCM\CKKGSUCQP\\KFGGVKNGQ.NVKKGSUCQ
P\\KFG,IHK\PYE[G[NFGZEGSCBP\FKK\FPXGVFHFC)PNIP\FKFGEKOF,
203=211,222=224(,BLFIMPKOF\RDEGNFXC\R[ZHFCCV\IFCK\)YEPGRKG\KH,
149=163;PNIP\FKFGEKOB,648=655(.NVKVKNGQ,\G[CKKZG[NKOF\RDEGNFXC\PDKRK
HFCCIHK\FBZPGQ[NFGZEGS)P[NI\NDBKGS,299=305(.FPSGZG\CTRKKQIGZCQ
KFGEKBNMSREZKFFQ[KCG[KO[NCZKK\BFPGCB\CPYCKNF[CKZG[NPK,SGMFFB,RF
T"C,GNVKFFKFJZKKBRGSYKSZBIZBKNML.
PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF
CP[RFSGMFFB[RKRG:"BPZG:1
PK[NBZBF[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG".
CKSGESGDKBHG[\KCZKK\G\~1=3,6|[BUCFQBZCTFV\DPKOFPRGSIKOCN[GQ"PK[NB
ZBF".VKSYB~1|P\KKIS\N[PI\CK\F[GBCF,GFKBHFFCN[GRFNN[GQFP[RF.NBIZKF
PXBRG[\KCCG\RGSVG\[BUFQTRKKRQ\GVTG\FY[GZG\CKZG[NKO:"PK[NBZBFKZG[NKO
C\VBZ\FNBZBFMZLRIPEPTGNO.PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[CCRKRGNBZBFCRKQPVGBZ
PTGNO"~2=3|.FCZKK\BF[RKKF,[NFPYCKNFC\GSV\BSGMFEG)PFE’NKCZPQ,TP’273(,
P\BZ\B\CK\FMRS\[CBNMSREZKF[CPXZKO{GFKBVG\I\CPKNKO"PK[NBZBF
EKGVNGSJGQ[NBNMSREZKF[NPXZKONBZBFCMCGEQ[NK[ZBN"~6|.CTYCG\FCCB
F[NK[K\CCZKK\BFZB[GRF~3|,CTRKKQCK\FPYE[CCRKKRG,PGCB\KBGZYXZ[NIGPZK
FCRKKQ[[KP[GCPYE[FGZEGSGFEKGRKOCKRGNCKQFIMPKOCTRKKQHF,PVKBPGZBKCCN~4=5|,
GCTYCG\FCZKK\BF[RKKF~6|PXBRGEKGQCDGZNFYFKNFFKFGEK\CBNMSREZKF[NFFKF[KKL
CK\FMRS\FPVGBZ~5=7|.
MBPGZ,VKSYB~1|CCZKK\BFZB[GRFHFFNN[GQP[R\RG.PYCKNFNCZKK\BF[RKKF~6|,CTRKKQ
CK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF,PXBRGC\GSV\BSGMFEG,BLNBPXBRGPYCKNG\CSVZG\F\RBK\
NVKSYBG\~2=3|CCZKK\BFZB[GRF,FCCBF[RKKFFTGSY\CKGVKKF[NKZG[NKOGFCCB
FTGSY\CCK\FPYE[.GNBTGE,BNBPYCKNFNINYF[RK[NFSGDKB~4=5|PXBRGCCCNKCCB
C\ZBET"C,GBV[Z[K[CPGCBF[OZPH[BUTXOFRKSGI"PK[NBZBF..."CY[ZNCK\
FPYE[BKRGCKJGK\RBKMVK[TGNFPVKSYB~3|CSGDKB[NRG,BNBECZKBPGZBKO.GHFN[GQ
FPYCKNG\:
1FPKNF"BPZG"ISZFCPGCBG\PQFP[RFCTEKFCCNK,BLFKBPGVKTFCTEKFRGSI[NFP[RFGFKZG[NPK.Y[FNTPGETN
V[ZFECZ.CZXU[NVZYFCP[RFP\VYE\FPKNF"BPZG"MSPPQFPCIKQCKQFFTZFTN"FINKNIP[FG[[F"[CZK[B
[NP[RFB,FPDEKZFINKNHFM"INKN[NCK\F[GBCF",NCKQF\KBGZFBZGL[N"[PI\CK\F[GBCF",FNYGIPPYGZ
BIZ)"BPZG...";ZBGK"RBV[JKKQ,PCGBNRGSIFP[RF,KZG[NKO\["S,TP’726=728(GP[\ZTPQFSKVB[NP[RFBTENSGU
P[RFE;ZBGNTKN,FEKGQCVZYF,SGDKBB,"[GBCF",PEGZ"PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF".CSGDKG\FCCNKPXBRGSGDKG\RVZEG\
NP[RFSGMFFB)ZK[B(GNP[RFSGMFFB)SKVB(GBKNL,ML[BKQFZK[BGFSKVB[NP[RFBCVKZYKQPGCBG\CZXU,
GBV[Z[P[GOMLSCZGDZSRKFCCNK[FV\KIF"BPZG"PKG\Z\CVKSYBG\,GCTYCG\FVKSYBG\FG[PJFFPKNFDO
M[FCKBGB\RGSIFP[RFCPNGBF{FB)ZK[B(NIGEG-FB)SKVB(GBKNLNIGE.
534PSM\SGMF{VZYIPK[K:FINKN
FSGDKB[NRG)CCNKSGMFRBT"B=T"C(CCBC\ZBET"B
\RGZCRQ:...PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[CCRKRG
NBZBFCRKQPVGBZPTGNO.
PBKFKB?{BPZBCKKGBK\KPBZCISEB:HF
CRKQFGZEGS.
BPZK:PK[NBZBFCRKQFGZEGS,NBZBFCRKQ
RBFPKPKG.
CPBKCRKF?{BPZZCB:CBCRK[K[B
GPZPZB.BKMBEBPZK:CBCRK[K[BMGINB
GPZPZB.BVKY[VFGTKKN[VF,MKFKMK
ENYCNSKEB.SCZNP[TKKQCEFCB,BPZGNKF
ZCRQ:[CYKF,EFMK[VKZJVK,EPK\IHK
MBEG\BEKPB.
CPBKCRKKF?BPZZCF:CBCRK[K[BGPZPZB.
BKMBEBPZK:CBCRKMGINB,[K[BGPZPZB.
BVKY[VFGTKKN[VF,MKFKMKERYCKNSKEB.
SCZNP[TKKFCEFCB,BPZGNKFZCRQ:
[CYKF,EFMK[VKZJVK,EPKIHKMKBKEGG\B
EKPB.
CPYCKNFCCCBC\ZBPXBRGP[VJBIE,"PK[NBZBFCRKQFGZEGSNBZBFCRKQRBFPKPKG",
F\GVSB\PYGPQ[NFCCBCCZKK\BCSGMF,"PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[CCRKRGNBZBFCRKQ
PVGBZPTGNO",GFPKPZBFBPGZBK\CSGMF,"HFCRKQFGZEGS".FP[VJFP[GNCCCCBC\ZB
PGCBCN[GQ"BPZK"BG"BPZG",2
GNBCN[GQFXTF[NCZKK\B.CPYX\FTEKOCCCBC\ZB
FP[VJISZNINGJKQ,3
GCBIZKOFP[VJPGCBNNBN[GQ"BPZK"BG"BPZG".4
BV[Z[FN[GQ
"BPZK"CCCBC\ZBP[YV\B\FTGCEF[DOTKYZO[NFPBPZKO"PK[NBZBF"CY[Z
NCK\FPYE[GKZG[NKOFGBBPGZBK.NVKHFK[NFRKI[ZCISEBG/BGBCKKFOFBIZBKONB
ZYNHKFGKFPYE[FPGHMZMPYE[FGZEGSBNBDONTXOFECZKO[PK[NBZBFB\KZG[NKO
GFPYE[NBZBFMZLGCRKKQRBFBGRIPEBGPVGBZPKPKG.5
MBPGZ,NVKSYB~1|,"PK[NBZBF
[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG",K[RFPYCKNFCP[R\RG,GNVKSYB~6|,FCZKK\B
F[RKKF,"BPZZCKKFGEFPK[NBZBFEKGVNGSJGQ[NBNMSREZKB[NPXZKONBZBFCMCGEQ
[NK[ZBN...",PYCKNFC\GSV\BFXPGEFNP[R\RG,GBKQSVY[ECZKZCKKFGEFFGCBG
C\GSV\BSGMFCTYCG\FEPKGQCRKSGINPF[[RGKCP[R\RG.
F[KPG[CN[GQEKGVNGSJGQ,CKGGRK\diplen stoon,"SJKGMVGN",CY[ZNCK\FMRS\
CBNMSREZKF,PHMKZECZKOBIZKO[RPSZGPVKZCKKFGEFTNKEKFBPGZBFCCNKZICB
EVGPCEK\B)[NBCPSDZ\CZKK\B(CTRKKQFEKGVNGSJGQ[NFZFCK\:"FZFCK\SJKGMVGN
FKF,SJKGNVRKOPSJKG")CCNKVSIKOKDT"C;CCNKSGMFPET"C(.RZBF[TEG\FZBKKF[N
ZCKKFGEFCY[ZNCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF{[FZKFCKJGK"PK[NBZBF"BKRGRBFCVKBEO
[NBZBFCTXPG6
{FGSCFNBIZPMQCCCNTNFZFCK\CKZG[NKO,7
[BMQFKFCRGK
MEKGVNGSJGQ,SJKGNVRKOPSJKG,NVKTEG\G[NKGSUCQP\\KFG)YEPGRKG\JG,396,411=415;M,
221(.NVK\KBGZHF[N\GNEG\FPSKZFK[NGPZ[FKGGXZG\FPSGZ\[NZICBEVGPCEK\B
GFKGGXZG\FCCBF[RKKFGF[NK[K\CCZKK\BFZB[GRFCSGDKB[NRG~2=3|KSGEBIENFQ.RK\Q
CRYNNFCKQB\FSKCFNFKGGXZG\FPSGZ\[NZICBPVGPCEK\B[NVKFXKKQZCKKFGEF
N[CIB\FEKGVNGSJGQ[NFZFCK\,CRGSUBGCPYGOHF[NCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF.MBPGZ,
RZBFNGPZ[ECZKZCKKFGEFCTRKKQCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKFFKGTEG\ZBKKF,GRK\QCRYN
2"BPZK...RBFPKPKG"CEVGSKOCNCE.CM"KGJKYQ115:"BPZG...PVGBZPKPKG",GCDKNKGQ[NM"KVKZRXF:"BPZG...PVGBZPTGNO".
3MLCM"KVKZRXF)VRKO(,M"KBSYGZKBNGM"KVZKH.1337
4M"KPKRMQ:"GPK[NBZB’CRKKQFZGEG’NBZB’CRKKQPVGBZPKPKG".
5MPGCQ,KGVKKO[NKZG[NKOGFPYE[PGHMZKONZGCCECZK\RBKOGBPGZBKO;ZBGNP[NCCNKYKEG[KQPJT"C;\GSV\BKGPBC
C=E)PFE’NKCZPQ,TP’230(.FIKEG[FGBCRKSGIFECZKOCP\MGR\"PK[NBZBF".
6F[GGECZKFPFZ["B,IKEG[KBDEG\TNB\Z,E"FCPBKCRKKF,CY[ZNCZKK\BFZB[GRF:"EP[PTEFBK\RBBIZFIGZCQ
CK\[RKFGFGFGBZBFMNHFYGEOIGZCQFCK\[RKGYBPZPK[NBZBFMG’",GZBGNFNQ,[BORXBP\GLFRIF[FCCB
F[RKKFGF[NK[K\[NFCZKK\BFZB[GRF,"PK[NBZBFKZG[NKO...PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[...",FQPKSGEO[NBPGZBK
CCN,BKQHFBNBP[GO[I[[GNMCGEO[NKZG[NKOGFPYE[GRKSIGCMGGRFPKPZG\CSDRGQHFMIKYGKNECZKZCKKFGEF
CCZKK\BF[RKKF.
7NJKTGRKOCTRKKQHFZBGB’TPK\,PFEGZFGVKZG[PYKUNVZY’PYGO[RFDG’)TCGE\EGYJGZ,ZP\DQ\["S(,TP’204=210;
NTKN,FEKGQCVZYE,SGDKBH,’BKXJCB’,TKGRKFVKZG[NVKSYB~3|.
535 FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(
NFCKQMKXEKKIS"MCGENK[ZBN"EGGYBNPZMHKFGEKHFCIGWNBZW,CPYGONCK\FPYE[
CKZG[NKO{FZKZCKKFGEFNBHMFNZBG\B\CK\FPYE[CCRKKRG.CKPKGFKK\FKZG[NKO
PG[VN\TE[BGN\I\KKF,GZYPK[ZBFB\CK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKFKMGNFKFNJTGQ[ZBF
MCGENK[ZBNPKPKG.BLNBPGZBKCCN,[NBFKGCYKBKOCFKSJGZKFGCPGTEFPEGKY[N
FIGZCQG[N[R\NKE\G[NZCKKFGEFCZBKNTK,G[GGEBKNBKETGBKP\KRIZCCK\FMRS\
CBNMSREZKF,FKFRZBFPGHZ[ZCKKFGEFPKKISMCGEMFDEGNNK[ZBNNSJKGFMVGN[CCK\
FMRS\CBNMSREZKFCPYGONF\KKISNSJKGFMVGN[NFZFCK\CKZG[NKO!ZICBTEMQBG
FGSKU,BVGB,NECZKZCKKFGEFF\KKISG\NSJKGFMVGN[NFZFCK\CKZG[NKOMEK[PTPEG
GPYGPG[NCK\FPYE[NBKYGVIGCPBPZGFDGZU[NZCKKFGEF:"PK[NBZBFEKGVNGSJGQ[N
BNMSREZKFCPXZKONBZBFMCGENK[ZBNPKPKG",NBPGZ:BPROZCKKFGEFZGGFZGCRI\
PCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF,BLFGBTXPGKET[DOCFZFCK\FKFEKGVNGSJGQMHF.
KK\MQ[FZYTNFKGGXZG\FCZKK\BFZB[GRFCSGDKB[NRGEGPF:NPT[FK[MBQCZKK\B
BG\RJK\BI\,GFKBHGFPGCB\C\GSV\BSGMFEG,CVKSYB~6|CSGDKB[NRG,GCPYCKNF
CKZG[NPK.CTYCG\FRKSGI"PK[NBZBF[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG"
[CP[RFSGMFFBFGCBFC\GSV\BGCSGDKG\F\NPGEKG\CZKK\B[NZCKKFGEFCRKSGI
EGPF,"PK[NBZBFEKGVNGSJGQ[NBNMSREZKFNBZBFMCGENK[ZBNPKPKG",GFP[MF,
FP\BZB\CK\FMRS\[CBNMSREZKFCVZGJZGJ.BV[Z[ZCKKFGEF[RFB\FECZKONNB
Y[ZNP[R\RG,GC\GSV\BGC\NPGEKOFOFGXPEGNP[RFCTYCG\FEPKGQFN[GRK,BLBV[Z
DO[ZCKKFGEFCKY[CMGGRFNFYCKNB\FMCGE[CSEZKF\VKNFCCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF
N[PIF[CCK\F[GBCFCCK\FPYE[CKZG[NKO,GNZBG\CMLRIPFVGZ\B:BPROIZCF
TKZRGG[PIFBKQNRG,BCNMCGEK[NRGCEKGVNGSJGQ[CBNMSREZKF,[PCRFGEGPFNHF[NFZ
FCK\,GKFGEKOZCKOTEKKQRYFNKO[O.
BLCZCG\FKPKOCCCNR\TPTPGFEYGKG\FFKSJGZKG\FY[GZG\C\BZKLNKE\GFPEGKY[N
ZCKKFGEFCZBKNTK,IGZCQKZG[NKOGIGZCQFYFKNFFKFGEK\CBNMSREZKF,8
GNMQF\Y[G
NFCKQB\FECZKO.PEGTP\KKISZCKKFGEFNMCGEK[ZBN[CSJKGFMVGN[NCK\FMRS\
CBNMSREZKFCTYCG\ECZKO[RBPZGCY[ZN[PI\CK\F[GBCF?MNGONBFKFPQFZBGK
NF\KKISCFY[ZHFYGEOMGNNKGVKKO[NKZG[NKOG[NCK\FPYE[?NMQKXZGCZKK\B
FPGZMC\PECZKFP[RFCB[ZN[PI\CK\F[GBCF,G[\KCCG\RGSVG\CTRKKQKZG[NKO
GFPYE[,FPRGSIG\CSDRGQEGPFGPYEKPG\B\ECZKZCKKFGEFCTRKKQCK\FMRS\
[CBNMSREZKF,GCMLR[PZMCGEO[NKZG[NKOG[NFPYE[,GBUPVGZ[FNLFPI[CF
[FCKBB\ZCKKFGEFNFTKZCTRKKQCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF:FECZKOCTRKKQF[PIF
FTKNBK\[CCK\F[GBCFFHMKZGB\FKGVKFTKNBK[NKZG[NKOGFCRKKQFPVGBZ[NFPYE[,
GBNGFO[FHMKZGNGB\MCGEK[ZBNFCBNKEKCKJGKCCK\FMRS\[CBNMSREZKF.
GBOZICBPVGPCEK\BGZCG,ZCKFGEFCZKIHYBN,FOFBIZBKONECZKOFPKGISKONZCK
KFGEFCQBKNTKCTRKKQFSJKGFMVGN[NFZFCK\,ECZKO[RGTEGNFXKNB\MCGEFPYE[PVRK
JTR\ZCKKFGEFCTRKKQMCGEK[ZBNFTKNBKFCBNKEKCKJGKCBNMSREZKFEGGYB,BV[Z[BCKK
GZCISEBFOFBIZBKONECZKOCTRKKQKGVKKOG\VBZ\OFTKNBKKO[NKZG[NKOGFPYE[.
CSGDKBCCCBC\ZBET"BFGCBGFECZKOBNRMGQCN[GQ"BPZK",MECZKBPGZBKO,CTGE
[CSGDKB[NRGFOFGXDGMCZKK\BFPFGGFPTCZPECZKFP[RFCTRKKQ[PI\CK\F[GBCF
NECZKZCKKFGEFCCZKK\BCTRKKQFEKGVNGSJGQ[NBNMSREZKF.[PB\BPZ[PIFPMBQGCRKKQ
PMBQ,GPFTRKKQHFBXNHF,GMKXERTEZKGVKKF[NKZG[NKOGKGVKG[NPCRFFPYE[P\KBGZKO
BNG,FZKNVRKLP[RFSEGZFGCFPTCZP[PI\CK\F[GBCFCKZG[NKONKZG[NKOFMZL,
NCRKKQFPYE[TXPGGNCRKKQCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF.B[ZNBCKKGZCISEB,NBFO[KCIGB\
KGVKKO[NKZG[NKOGFPYE[,PYGPG\[NBZBGPKPKFO,BNB\VYKEOPXJPXONHKFGKCRKKQ
FPYE[FPEGCZMPYE[FGZEGS.
8ZBGNFNQ,TKGRKFVKZG[NVKSYBG\~7=9|.
536PSM\SGMF{VZYIPK[K:FINKN
PXE[RK,K"RBV[JKKQZGBFCCZKK\BFZB[GRFCZKK\BBG\RJK\.9
NET\G,FDZSQ[NFP[VJ
CCCBC\ZBZBFNRDETKRKGB\FSGDKB[NRGBGMKGXBCF,TOFCZKK\BCTRKKQ"PK[NBZBF
CK\FPYE[CCRKRG"GFFSCZ[NBCKKBG[NZCISEB,[PEGCZCCRKKQFGZEGS,BLPMKGGQ
[TKYZTRKKRF[NFSGDKBCCCBC\ZBFGBCFGZEGS)FIGPZFHFPGCBCTKXGPF[NBDEFTN
IKKFGZEGS(\PX\FDZSQCCCBC\ZBB\N[GQFCZKK\BCSGMF,"PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[
CCRKRGNBZBFCRKQPVGBZPTGNO",GB\FTZ\BCKKBGZCISEBNCZKK\BCSGMF,"HFCRKQ
FGZEGS",NMEKPKPZBBI\,"PK[NBZBFCRKQFGZEGS,NBZBFCRKQRBFPKPKG".CMDGQHFBKQ
PQFZBGKNFXKDB\FECZKOMCZKK\B,BNBMBPKZFMNNK\FP\GPX\\PPYGZ\RBKGPYGZ
BPGZBK.K[SKPGMKONML[FCZKK\BFZB[GRFFKBBG\RJK\,MECZKBV[JKKQ,GFKBBMQFPXT
[CFY[ZG[RFZCKKFGEFB\ECZKGCTRKKQCK\FMRS\CBNMSREZKF.FPTKKQC\GSV\BSGMF
VZYEK\Z[O[ECZKZCKKFGEFCFNMFGYGJTKOB\ZXUF\KBGZ[N[PI\CK\F[GBCF:
~B|CZB[GRFM[FKGZGBKQ[PI\CK\F[GBCFFKGBR[KOZGBKQPCVRKOGR[KOZGBG\
PCIGW.GM[ZBGCK\EKQ[FQCBKQNKEKYNG\ZB[T[G[N[DHGHJZBG\CTHZF...~C|ISKEKO
GBR[KPT[FFKGPZYEKQNVRKFQCBCGYG\GBGPZK’NVRKFOECZK\G[CIG\.PFFKGBGPZKQ?
B[ZKPK[NBIJBGMNPK[IJBKPIN...~D|FNNFHYQBG’:...~E|PT[FCZCQ[PTGQCQ
DPNKBN[FKFPZYEC[PRFBCGYG\[NBGZ...~F|BP’Z’KFG[TCQIRRKFMNKPK[PI\CK\
F[GBCFNBFKKRGZGBKQ[KRF.P[MKPKQBRGN\PKE[N[IZ,P[ONCK\FMRS\,P[O
NPGSVKQ,P[ONBMKNFG[\KF,GP[ONCK\FPEZ[,P[ON\PKE[NCKQFTZCKO,P[O
N[PI\CK\F[GBCF.
~G|BP’Z’KFGEF:MN[NBZBFCEVNSJJGQ[NBMSREZKB[NPXZKONBZBFMCGENK[ZBN
PKPKG.MPKQCSNYKDEGNFFK\FSJKGNVRKOPSJKG.VTPKOFKG[OMVNKOMKGXBKPXZKO.
G[CTKOGBI\YJEZBG\[NHFCFKG[OMRDE[CTKOGBIEHYQMNBI\GBI\PT[ZKO
GIP[ZCGB.GCPF[NTWCBPXT,GIHQFMRS\TGPETNKFGFSGEZKQCKEG.RJNNYZG\GFNF
PRKUCSGEZKQGFQTGRKQBPQTNMNCZMFGCZMFGFNFPRKUCSGEZKQGFQTGRKQBPQ.GNBFKG
KG[CKQPTGZCCKQ,BNBHFCKOCVRKTXPQ,MSVKOCVRKTXPQ,GDZEKKOCVRKTXPQ,JZSKKOCVRK
TXPQ,GRVIKQCVRKTXPQ.GMNMLNPF?MEK[KFBBMSRKKCBGRKJVNNBGPRG\GGP[OVZRSF
KGXBF.
~H|GNGKOCMRGZG\GCRCNKOGCPXN\KOGMNMNK[KZPFQBGP’[KZFPTNG\FRFCZMGGDG’~I|
K[PFQ[FKGBGP’[BGKEKMOYE[GDG’~J|GM[RVJZKQHFPHFPFFKGBGPZK’KCZMLF’PXKGQ
GDG’GZBFCRKOGDG’~K|[\KIXGXZG\CKEO.YZBFDCZ,\YTGFZKTGG\YTG.Z’KFGEFBG’BKQ
VIG\P[CTGNBKG\ZTN[[T[ZF.[N[NV\KI\[TZKO,FBG’TNV\KI\QBKRGBG’TN
RTKN\QFBG’TNRTKN\QBKRGBG’TNV\KI\.[N[NVRKPHCIFBGP’NVRKPHCIBKRGBGP’
NPTNFFT[KZKFBGP’NPTNFFT[KZKBKRGBG’NVRKPHCI.
FFRIF[CDKCG[YEGOKG\Z[NFECZKOYEPGNECZKZCKKFGEFFVKSYBG\~2=3|PQFCZKK\B
FZB[GRF[CSGDKB[NRGKMGNFNFSCKZB\ZXUFECZKOC\GSV\B:CKZG[NKOFKK\FBPRO
[PIFPBKQMPGF,GFKBTXPFFKK\FMZLRIPEPBKQMPGFG,GCFPYE[PVGBZPBKQMPGFG,
BLZCKKFGEFPTKZ[DOBOMNHFIZC,MCGENK[ZBNTEKKQK[RG:CBNMSREZKF.BLY[F,BO
MQ,NFCKQPEGTFG[PJGFVKSYBG\CTRKKQKZG[NKOGFPYE[PQF\GSV\B,GFECZKOTGE
XZKMKOTKGQGEKGQGFMZT.
TKGRKVKZG[
~1=3|\RGZCRQ:PK[NBZBF[PI\CK\F[GBCFNBZBF[PIFPKPKG.PK[NBZBF
KZG[NKOC\VBZ\FNBZBFMZLRIPEPTGNO.PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[CCRKRGNBZBF
CRKQPVGBZPTGNO
9ZBGK"RBV[JKKQ,PCGBG\NSVZG\FBPGZBKO,KZG[NKO\[M"D,TP’.199
537 FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(
N[BN\FBG\RJKG\[NCZKK\BHGZBGNTKN,PEGZ’PFNLFSGDKBG\GNEG\KF’.
~3=5|PK[NBZBFCK\FPYE[CCRKRGNBZBFCRKQPVGBZPTGNO.PBKFKB?{BPZ
BCKKGBK\KPBZCISEB:HFCRKQFGZEGS.CPBKCRKF?{BPZZCB:CBCRK[K[B
GPZPZB.BKMBEBPZK:CBCRK[K[BMGINBGPZPZB.BVKY[VFGTKKN[VF,MKFKMK
ENYCNSKEB.SCZNP[TKKQCEFCB,BPZGNKFZCRQ:[CYKF,EFMK[VKZJVK,EPK\IHK
MBEG\BEKPB
NVKF\KBGZ[NKGSUCQP\\KFGBMQXKVFFGZEGSB\CK\FPYE[CHFC.HF\KBGZFCK\
CPNIP\FKFGEKOF,203=211,222=224:
FDGCFGFBGZL[NFIHK\FKG[GKO,PBFBPFMNBIE,BCNBIGZKFCK\FKGXZKO
CBZCTKOBPF,[MQPNVRKGCNJGMPKQM\VKKO[NT[ZKOBPFP[RKFXEEKO.DGCFG[N
F[TZFZB[GQFKF[CTKOBPFGZGICGT[ZKOGIP[BPF,GNBFKGNGEN\G\{FGB[KYU
B\ZYKTF[PKOGFBKQSGU.FIHK\MGNFFK\FPXGVFHFC,GEZMFRDNFFIEZFZB[GQ
PCIGWCMNFEZG,GPF[SCKCF[TZFVRKPKRVNTNFTKRKOPGBZMGNGCHFC.GBUTNVK
[FPYE[FKFPIGNYCVRKON[RKIEZKO,ZYFIEZFZB[GQRI[UNZGGIFCMNDGCFG,
P\R[B\[TKOBPF,BGZMGIPK[KOGZGICGT[ZKO.MBPGZ,F[TZBN\GLFCK\FKF
PXGVFMGNGCHFC,FGBGMNFYKZPSCKC.PTNKGFKGDOFDVRKOFFO[NHFC,[CFOFKG
\NGKKOB[MGNG\HFCMYGP\BK[...GFKGNGEN\G\HFC,DGCFQIP[KOGIP[BPFGZGICQ
[[T[ZF...
CIHK\GNBISZFPBGPFPQFECZKOFPZFKPKOB\FRV[BGB\FTKQ.MKCFKG\GPXGVF
PMNTCZCNGIG\HFCMCEKO,FGBRDF,PKETOFRWFIPF,MRDFB[MFNGFJ,[PK
[F\BPWNFS\MNCGRBNWNFSCB\TKRKGMPYZRG\F[P[.NHZKOFRKD[KOPZIGYFKF
RZBFMFZPG[ND,MKMNPF[NBFKFPXGVFHFCFKFNCQXIGZ.CZB[GRRTXGIGEKHFCMEK
NPRGTPQFTGVG\N[C\[OGNHFO.
BOBMQXKVFFGZEGSB\FPYE[PMNTCZCNGIG\HFCMCEKO,PRKKQFPSGZ\[NZCB[NVKF
CKY[FGZEGSNXVG\B\YKZG\FPYE[CHFC,BLNBT[FMQPVRK[NBFGEGNGIMPKO?
EGPF[K[MBQTKZGC[NG[VZ[KG\[GRG\PKPKFCK\F[RK[R[\PZGC\GET\O[NKFGEKCCN
MPSGZG\TPGPG\,GMEZMO[NKSGEG\[NPSGZG\[CTNVFREEGVZJKOPSKVGZNSKVGZTE
[FVMGNSKVGZBIE:)B(\KBGZFPYE[FR"N[NVKGBMQXKVFFGZEGSB\FPYE[CHFC,
G[KNGCFHFCGFBCRKOFNCRG\[NF[K[KXZPZBFPZFKCNPZIGY[NFZPG[ND;)C(SKVGZ
R[ZFHFC[\NFFGZEGSCIHK\FPYE[,[BG\GFGZKEGFIMPKO,TNVK\KBGZ[NKGSUCQ
P\\KFG;)D(\NKK\PDRKHFCTNBZPGQFGZEGSCKZG[NKOTNKEKVGRJKGSVKNBJGS,PT[F
[TGZZF\RDEG\PXEFKFGEKOTNVK\KBGZ[NVKNGQFBNMSREZGRK.
TNPT[FR[ZFHFCPSGVZCYEPGRKG\KH,149=163,GPNIP\FKFGEKOB,648=.655HFN[GQKGSU
CQP\\KFGCPNIP\FKFGEKO:
CTKZFKG[RKIMPKO[RI[CGEKKYRKOC\GZ\FPGNE\,GCTYCG\HB\FKFMCGEOZCCTKRK
MNFTO,[OFBIEKFGEFCQXVKZBG[OF[RKP\\KFGCQPZDNB.YFNDEGN[NXTKZKO
VYEB\EZ[G\F\GZF[NFO,GPKGONKGOF\MRSSCKCOXCBCIGZKO.GMB[Z[PTG
[FPNL[GYTCEMBGQGPINF,RHZYFPVKFOPKNFNICGZFMKFDKTF[T\FM[ZNYRB
NMCGEFBNGNDEGTB\FXGZG\[RT[GCRKDGENIGYKFBCG\.RDEFIGYFKFN[KOCFKMN
XNPKOGVZGJGPG\G\CRKG\MN[FQ[NCTNKIKKO,GFRFFYKOFPNLTNF[TZFDEGNR[Z
HFC.B\HFEZ[GFIMPKONFGZKE,CBGPZO[BUBOK[CMLP[GOSMRF,FZKKVFNPG\
NPTQIGYKFPGNE\.
TNPT[FPDKRKFHFCPSGVZCSVZFP[NI\NDBKGS[NVKNGQFBNMSREZGRK,299=305:
VKNBJGSFKFBIEPYXKRKG~[NFYKSZJKCZKGS|,B[ZR\PRFMRXKCCKFGEF.FGBRKEC
PDKRKOPXGVKHFCNBZPGQFPNLFGZEGSCTKZFYGE[,NBMNMLNMCGEJKCZKGS,BNBKG\Z
538PSM\SGMF{VZYIPK[K:FINKN
MEKNFYRKJB\FXKCGZ.NBXGKZFTNKFOEPG\MN[FKBGNB[GOECZBIZBSGZ,BNB
M\GC\V[GJFGCF[RKECZKO:[OFPRECG[PG[NPK[NMCGEGRGEC.BLMB[ZFCKRGHB\
FZCKO,NBIZ[FPT[FFVLMCZN[KIFCVKMN,CIZGNEGCZKFOB\BZCT\CRKFPNL
~FGZEGS|,[NBRVNGCMCGEOGCPTN\OPPNMKO,GMQB\[BZXBXBKFPNLGDOB\CTNK
F[ZZF[C\GMO.FNNGVRGCCY[FNCJNB\FIKEG[FPFVMRK[NFPDKRKO,[NBNINN
PRFDKBCG\[R[PZGNBGZLMNFEGZG\NNBFVZFPXEPNMKOGYKSZKO...P[FCIKRGCTNK
F[ZZFMKFGBP\IZJTNPT[FG,BUMKNBZXFNFZBG\HB\,M\CGBNJKCZKGSPM\CK
\IRGRKORPZXKOCKG\Z...IK[PFZGPCNKNFP\KQNPIZM\CPM\CBNVKNBJGSGCGRHKVG\
G\GMIG\ZCG\TNTHG\PT[FGFIE[RKGXKGGFTNKGNFSKZPKEB\FPDKRKOGNFTCKZOPQ
FPJZGVGNKQ~KZG[NKO|BNYKSZKF[NIGUFKO...GBPRO[ODOFGXCG.CEZLHGR[PZFCT\
GCTGRFBI\DOMCGEFYKSZGDOFRGFDFRG[QKISNTKZRG.
BOBMQNBXGKZ[GOECZTNFPD]RKOFNNGY[FNFCKQPEGTF\RDEGNFOFKFGEKO,GMKXEZBG
CFOIKNGN[N"PRFDKBCG\[R[PZGNBGZLMNFEGZG\NNBFVZFPXEPNMKOGYKSZKO",
GR\NCJGFIGYZKOC[BNFHG.10
BV[Z[FIKEG[FPFVMRKFHFFKFCTKYZIKEG[BS\JK[NB
FKFNJTPO[NCTNKF[ZZFFKFGEKKO,GCMLEGPFSKVGZFGGKMGICTRKKQPD]RKFHFC[R\NGTN
BZPGQFGZEGSNSKVGZCCCNKTNFGGKMGICTRKKQXKVGKPYE[FGZEGSCNGIG\HFC.MBQGMBQ
CKY[F[NKJNXVG\CRKKQBCQCHFC,GMBQGMBQZBGCMLFIMPKORKDGENPSGZ\BCG\PJTPKO
BS\JKKO,BU[BKQBKSGZFNM\KCECZ.11
PYE[FGZEGSXGVFBPROCHFC,GBKQZPHNML[FECZTGZZB\F\RDEG\O[NFIMPKO,
PJTPKOBS\JKKOBGBIZKO,BLFGBYG[JDOCR[ZHFC,GR[ZHFBMQTGZZB\F\RDEG\
FIMPKO.MPGMQF\RDEGFKFGEKO[IKGMPF[RKONBIZPMQ,PJTPKO[BKROCZGZKOMN
XGZMO,NXKVGKYKZG\BZPGRG[NFGZEGSCJSKHFCCTNKM\GCG\V[GJG\.12
NBGZFTGCEF
[PYE[FGZEGSBMQXGVFHFCRK\QNFCKQCRYNMKXE[GNCG[RKFSKVGZKOFBIZKOHFCHF
GFVMGCCCNNSKVGZTNF\RDEG\FIMPKONXKVGKYKZG\FPYE[CJSKHFC.
R[BZZYNFCKQB\F\KBGZFINGVK[NZCBNPYE[FGZEGS.PRKKQ[BCZCBB\FPSGZ\{
FPGJTK\NMBGZF,NVK\KBGZKGSUCQP\\KFG{[[VG\FBCRKOCPYE[FGZEGSSGEZG
CTGPYKO[GRKOMEKN[GG\NCRKKQB\BGVKKQFKVF[NBEGG\FKO?EGPF[F[TZFHG[NZCB
PCGSS\TNJMRKY\CRKKQCCNK\EGGYB.BV[JKKQMCZFXCKTTNML[FPKNF"BEKB/TEKB",
"BEGF",P\GTE\DOCPRETK\,GKSGEFCBMEK\edu sa tamtinCP[PT"DBG\FKO",GYZGCF
N[GZ[TE"KCPGCQ"TCZ".13
GFRFPXBRGCM\GC\BSZIEGQF\KKISG\NPNMK[V\FKO
sa BAD.MES-su-nu tamtimma edu salhusun,"B[ZYKZG\KFO~FVRKPKKO|KOGMG\NKFO
~FIKXGRKKO|BEGF".CPCJZB[GQRZBF[BKQFMGGRFNIGPG\EPGKG\DNKO,MCECZKZCB,BNB
CDNKO[FOTXPOP[P[KOM\NKO,[FZKTZKFPNMKOFNNG[GMRG\TN[V\FKO.BLPMKGGQ
[K[MBQNBZYFXKZGU"MG\NKFOBEGF",MN[GRG[NZCB,BNBDOFXKZGU"YKZG\KFOKO",
GCY[ZNYKZG\VRKOGEBK[BKQFPEGCZCKOTXPGFP[P[YKZ,BV[Z[BUMBQFMGGRFFKB
NTZKOTN[V\FKOFCRGKG\BCRKMIGNNCQ.
10HB\CPKGIETNZYTFTGCEF[KGSUCQP\\KFGPSVZSKVGZEGPFTNVGRJKGSVKNBJGS,GNVKGCKY[NFMRKSNKZG[NKO
EKGYRBG\[NFYKSZJKCZKGS)YEPGRKG\KI,55;PNIP\FKFGEKOC,169=174(.K[BGPZKO[PEGCZC[RKDNDGNKO[NSKVGZ
BIE,GK[SCGZKO[PEGCZC[RKPT[KO[GRKO.ZBGS’ERKBN=RJU,VKNGQFBNMSREZGRK,M\CKOB,TP’135,FTZF439,GTP’150,
\GSV\NFTZF439,GXKGRKO[O.
11BV[Z[K[ZPHNGGKMGIBS\JKRGSUCTRKKQEGPFCP[RFPKEG\DIB[ZNVKF"RPRG"[NG[PBG\MGFRKOTNDVQFHFCF\NGK
CV\IFFKMN)ZBGDOFPGCBFPECZKKGSUCQP\\KFGNTKN,PPNIP\FKFGEKOB,211;JYKJGS,FKSJGZKF,F,F(.NVKPYX\
FTEKO[NFP[RF[O"RPRGTNKF[NG[PBG\MFRKONVRG\F",GZDKNKONVZ[TNVKECZK[PGBNCCCNKIGNKQXT"C,
FPMRFB\FTRKKQFHF"N[GQFGBK",[REZ[GMGFRKOZCKOMEKNVRG\B\FDVQPB[MGNG\KG,BGNVRG\GPPYGONPYGONT\
FXGZL.BLFN[GQ"RPRGTNKF"PGY[K\CFY[ZHF,G[PBBV[ZNFXKT[FMGGRFFPYGZK\FKK\F[RPRG)FXCKTG(TNKF[NG[
PBG\MGFRKOGFINKJGNVRG\F,PJTPKOBS\JKKO.
12DOBOFPT[FFPSGVZBXNVKNGQFGBDNDGN[NFPT[FCEKGYRBG\JKCZKGS)ZBGNTKN,FTZF10(,DKZS\VKNGQPTKEF
[NVIG\NVKDNDGNBIE[NFSKVGZPEGCZFKFCJSKHFCINYKO[[KP[GXKVGKNCRKKQ[CRFFGZEGS,GBV[Z[FSKVGZFCCNK
TNRKSKGQNXVG\B\MG\NKFPYE[CHFCFGBDNDGNRGSU[NPT[FHF.
13BV[JKKQ)NTKN,FTZF9(.
539 FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(
TNMNVRKO,YZGCNGPZ[F\KBGZFBEZKMNK[NBCRKCRKKQTODGGQMIGNFSEGZG\CRECMKO
CTGPYKO[GRKOBUFGBNYGIP\KBGZCCNKBEZKMNKMN[FGB.FEKVGQFPEGZDFKFBNPRJ
YK[GJPGTEUCBEZKMNG\[NFBKPVZKFFSSRK\.14
B[ZN[KPG[CBCRKMING[K[EGGYB,FRF
PXBRG[RCGMERXZP\BZCM\GC\GFPVGZSP\MKXEXKVFB\FKSGE[NPYE[PZEGLCCCN,
FBSDKNF,CBCRKuqni u gisnugalli,MGINBG[K[B,MPG)FKKRG:MBKNGFKG,CPYGO(DCSGHV\.15
PQF\KBGZKOFNNGTGNF[F[VF[CFF[\P[ZCBN\BZB\FSDRGQFBZMKJYJGRKFPGTEU
TNFIMPKO,CRKDGENSDRGQFPGHFCFBFGCTNFGZEGS,[BGCFPQFBEZKMNG\FCCNK\
GFVZSK\.TNMNVRKO,PTRKKQFECZ[FQF\KBGZ[NKGSUCQP\\KFGB\FPZBF[NFPYE[
PZIGYGFQF\KBGZ[NFIMPKOB\PZBFFPYE[P[\P[KOCPJVGZG\PQFJCT:FHFC
GF[K[RZBKOMFZPG[NDPZIGYBXNKGSUCQP\\KFG,GBKNGBCRKFMINGF[K[RZBKOMDNK
FKONVKF\KBGZ[NZCB.
~5|BPZZCB:CBCRK[K[BGPZPZB.BKMBEBPZK:CBCRK[K[BMGINBGPZPZB
FKKRGPZPZB)KGGRK\marmaros,NJKRK\marmor(FKKRG[K[B,G[RKFOVKZG[O"[K[".ZCRG
DZ[GOVKZ[:"[K[B{[K[NCQ;GPZPZB{PRGPZKQ",MRZBFTNSPLFEPKGQCXNKN
PZPZB=PRGPZ,GZ["KVKZ[:"[K[B{[K[KZGY[YGZKQCK"[;GPZPZB{[K[NCQ".16
MVK
[PTKZ[’YZGKS,C\ZDGONBS\ZBGPXBRG"TPGEKPZPKZKQSPYKQKZYKQGCZYKQGPZGYKQ
GIKGZKQ",EFKKRGPZPZKQCIPK[FDGGRKO,17
GNVKHFRZBFFKFNGPZ[F[K[FGBNCQJFGZ,
alabastronCKGGRK\,GBKNGFPZPZBFKKRGF[K[FPGMZTOTGZYKXCT,M[KPG[FZDKNCN[GQ
marmarosCKGGRK\,GMVKZG[ZCRGDZ[GO,BONBPJTPG.MQVKZ[YGFGJ,FTZGLF[NO,TZL
[[1:"weisser Marmor, Alabaster".18
BLCECZKRCGMERXZENTKNZBKRGF\KKISG\NBCRKONCRG\GMIGNG\CNCE,uqni u gisnugalli,
EFKKRGlapis lazuliG-alabastron.BUPECZKFIMPKONFGZEGSFKFRZBF[PEGCZCBCRKONCRG\
GMIGNG\CNCE,[FZKBNGFQFBCRKOFRZBG\MDNKFKO,GNBF[K[FPRGPZ.NMQRZBFMET\
YZGKSCSVZGCDZPRK\19
[CPKPZBHG,NVIG\,GCPSGZ\[TGPE\PBIGZKF,BKQRKSKGQNFCIKQ
[IHGZ[TZBK[\ZCIGPFFVRKPK\[NFTKZCCN[RCRFTNKEKRCGMERXZF[RKCZCTFZB[GQ[NFPBF
F[K[K\NVRF"S.F[IHGZRT[FCPGHKBGQPergamonCZNKQ
14ZBGD. Huff, Encyclopedia Iranica, s.v. ‘‘Architecture iii: Sasanian’’, volume 2, p. 330.
15kima gai u kupri uqni u gisnugalli subat biti usalbis,M\GC\RCGMERXZ,JGZ2,[GZF49;ZBGChicago Assyrian
Dictionary, volume 5, p. 105, s.v. gisnugallu;RCGMERXZP[GGFMBQCKQIHK\[NMGINB)lapis lazuli(G[K[B)alabaster;
ZBGNFNQCSPGL(NIHK\V[GJF[NNCRKOGMGVZ,GFIMPKOCECZKZCBP[GGKOCKQIHK\[NMGINBG[K[BNIHK\[NHFC.
NPYE[KOCCNKKO[XGVGCNCRKOTOHKDGDMIGNZBG[O,volume 1, p. 162, s.v. agurru.
16CVKZG[KFONCCBC\ZBET"B;VKZG[KZ["KFGT\YGP[ODONSGMFRBT"C.
17[’YZGKS,YEPGRKG\F\NPGE,MZLB,INYC,CZNKQ=GKRF\ZV"E,TP’.252KXGKQ[TNBUPGCBFHGBKQYZGKSPMZKTCKQZ["K
NZCRGDZ[GO,GTKKRG[O,FTZF4,[IHZCGPPF[M\CCPFEGZFFDZPRK\[NSVZG)"FBZMKGNGDKBFB[MRHK\[NKB’288
CFTZF165"(,[FKKRGPZPZBFKKRG[K[B.ZBGNFNQCSPGL.
18K[NXKKQ[F-alabastronFT\KYBKRGFBCQFPMGRFalabasterCNGTHK\[NKPKRGG"CFJ"CTCZK\FIE[F,BNBSGD[N[K[
NCQ,weisser MarmorMN[GRG[NYGFGJ,GRYZBCKPKRGoriental alabasterBGonyx marble.
19ZBGS. Krauss, Talmudische Archaeologie, I, Leipzig 1910, p. 288, n. 165,GZBGNTKN,FTZF.17
540PSM\SGMF{VZYIPK[K:FINKN
CKQ[K[BNPZPZB,G"PZPZB"G"[K[B"FON[GRG\MVGNKO{TCZK\PYZBK\GNGTHK\{
[RGTEGNFSCKZHFB\HF.
~6|\RKB,ZCKKFGEFBGPZ:PK[NBZBFEKGVNGSJGQ[NBNMSREZKB[NPXZKONBZBF
CMCGEQ[NK[ZBN.BPZG:MPKQCSKNYKDEGNFFK\F,SJKGNVRKOPSJKG,VTPKO[FKGCF
[[KOZCGBTN[[KOZCGBMVNKOMKGXBKPXZKO.GFKGCF[CTKOGBI\Y\EZBG\[N
HFCMRDE[CTKOGBIE[NSRFEZKDEGNF,MNBI\GBI\BKRFVIG\FPT[ZKOGBIE
ZCGBMMZKHFC.GCKPF[NTWCBPXTK\F,GIHQFMRS\TGPETNKFGFSGEZKQCKEG.GMKGQ
[FDKTNTRG\BPQ{FNFPRKUCSGEZ,GMNFTOTGRKQBPQ.GNBFKGKG[CKQPTGZCKQ,
BNBHFCKQCVRKTXPQ,GMSVKQCVRKTXPQ,GRVIKQCVRKTXPQ,GJZSKKOCVRKTXPQ,GDZEKKO
CVRKTXPQ.GM[TRKRMRS[OFKFPMKZCTNKBGPR\GGRVRFN[O,GP[OVZRS\GGVZRS\
BR[KCK\G
NCZKK\BF[RKKFCSGDKB[NRG~6|PXBRGPYCKNG\C\GSV\BSGMFEG)PFE’NKCZPQ,TP’273(
GCKZG[NPKSGMFFB,RFT"B=T"C.RXKDMBQB\RGSIBG\FCZKK\B[C\GSV\B,CKZG[NPK
GCCCNKHGNXEHG:
\GSV\BSGMFEGKZG[NPKSGMFFB,RFT"B=T"CCCNKSGMFRBT"C
BP’Z’KFGEF:MN[NBZBF
CEVNSJJGQ[NBMSREZKB
[NPXZKONBZBFMCGE
NK[ZBNPKPKG.
\RK:BPZZCKKGEFMN[NBZBF
EKVNKBKSJC’[NBMSREZKBF
NBZBFMCGEK[Z’PKPKG.
\RKB,ZCKKFGEFBGPZ:PK
[NBZBFEKGVNGSJGQ[N
BNMSREZKB[NPXZKONB
ZBFCMCGEQ[NK[ZBN.
MPKQCSNYKDEGNFFK\FSJKG
NVRKOPSJKG.VTPKOFKG[O
MVNKOMKGXBKPXZKO.
MPKQCSKNYKDEGNF,FKFGBSJKG
NVRKOPSJKGFK\F,VTPKOFKG
CFMVNKOMKGXBKPXZKO.
BPZG:MPKQCSKNYKDEGNF
FK\F,SJKGNVRKOPSJKG,
VTPKO[FKGCF[[KO
ZCGBTN[[KOZCGB
MVNKOMKGXBKPXZKO.
G[CTKOGBI\YJEZBG\[N
HFCFKG[OMRDE[CTKO
GBIEHYQMNBI\GBI\
PT[ZKOGIP[ZCGB.
GCPF[NTWCBPXT,GIHQ
FMRS\TGPETNKF
G[CTKOY\KEZBG\[NHFCFKG
[OPYGCTG\BCRKOJGCG\
GPZDNKG\MRDE[CTKOHYKRKO,
GMNBI\GBI\FK\FTGPE\
CT[ZKOGIP[ZKCGBEKRZKHFC.
GCKPF[NTWCBPXT,GIHQ
FMRS\TGPETNKF.
GFKGCF[CTKOGBI\
Y\EZBG\[NHFCMRDE
[CTKOGBIE[NSRFEZK
DEGNF,MNBI\GBI\
BKRFVIG\FPT[ZKO
GBIEZCGBMMZKHFC.
GCKPF[NTWCBPXTK\F,
GIHQFMRS\TGPETNKF
GFSGEZKQCKEG.
RJNNYZG\GFNFPRKU
CSGEZKQGFQTGRKQBPQTN
MNCZMFGCZMFGFNFPRKU
CSGEZKQGFQTGRKQBPQ.
TPEBIEPFQNYZBG\C\GZF,
FKFFPPGRFPRKUCSGEZKQGFQ
TGRKQBIZKGBPQ.
TNMNCZMFGCZMF[FKFPCZL
FKFFPPGR’PRKUCSGEZKQGFQTGRKQ
BIZKGBPQ.
GFSGEZKQCKEG.
GMKGQ[FDKTNTRG\BPQ{
FNFPRKUCSGEZ,GMN
FTOTGRKQBPQ.
GNBFKGKG[CKQPTGZCCKQ,
BNBHFCKOCVRKTXPQ,
MSVKOCVRKTXPQ,GDZEKKO
CVRKTXPQ,JZSKKOCVRK
TXPQ,GRVIKQCVRKTXPQ.
GMNMLNPF?MEK[KFB
BMSRKKCBGRKJVNNBGPRG\G
GP[OVZRSFKGXBF.
BUTNVKMQNBFKGKG[CKQ
PTGZCCKQ,BNBKG[CKQMN
BGPRG\GBGPRG\CVRKTXPF,
[BOKCGBBMSRBKKFBPKECY
CCRKBGPRG\GGP[OFK\F
VZRS\GKGXBF.
GPKFIZKCF?
JZGDKKRGSFZ[T.
GNBFKGKG[CKQPTGZCKQ,
BNBHFCKQCVRKTXPQ,
GMSVKQCVRKTXPQ,GRVIKQ
CVRKTXPQ,GJZSKKOCVRK
TXPQ,GDZEKKOCVRKTXPQ.
GM[TRKRMRS[OFKF
PMKZCTNKBGPR\GGRVRF
N[O,GP[OVZRS\G
GVZRS\BR[KCK\G.
541 FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(
\RKB,ZCKKFGEFBGPZ:PK[NBZBFEKGVNGSJGQ[NBNMSREZKB[NPXZKONBZBF
CMCGEQ[NK[ZBN.BPZG:MPKQCSKNYKDEGNFFK\F,SJKGNVRKOPSJKG
FCKJGKEKGVNGSJGQFGB\T\KYTCZK[NFXKZGUFKGGRKdiplostoon,[VKZG[GSJKGMVGN,CRKKQ
CTNTPGEKOMVGNKO,SJKGNVRKOPSJKG.NBPXBRGB\FXKZGUFHFCPYGZG\CKGGRK\,BLPXBRG
MKGXBCG,tetrastoon,"SJKGPZGCT",20
MVK[FTKZYZGKS.PMKGGQ[SJKGFGBCRKKQFV\GI
PXEEKG,GPMKGGQ[CSGUFCZKK\B[RGK[FKFGEKOK[CGCPCRFNVKFBGPRGKG\[NFO,FRKI
YZGKS[BKQPEGCZCCK\MRS\YCGTBNBC[GYBGCPZMHPSIZK[[KP[DON\VKNF.21
BL
NKCZPQIGNYTNYZGKSGJGTQ[BKQSVY[PEGCZCCK\FMRS\"FDEGNGFRFEZCKG\Z"[P\BZ
VKNGQ,CP[NI\NDBKGS,.20NKCZPQPTKZ[PXBRGCPEZ[\FNKONPHPGZXD[BUCK\MRS\
CJCZKFFKFCRGKCXGZ\"EKVNKBSJKB",22
GMN[MQCPXZKO,[BKQFD[PKOKGZEKO[O,BKQ
JTO[NBKCRGCK\MRS\CXGZ\CSKNKYK,SJKGMVGN,NNBYKZG\.23
MLPGMIPQFTGCEF[NVK
SGUFCZKK\BCKZG[NPKRIZCCK\FMRS\TNKEKJZKKBRGSYKSZ,GBKQJTO[KIZKC[GY[[KP[
CBYZBKN\VKNF.HB\GTGE:NVKFPSGVZCFP[LFECZKOCKZG[NPK,24
JZKKBRGSFXKTNR[KO
CCK\FMRS\NFKPNJBO\K[PTRFNNDKGRG\KG,GFQTRGNG"PFETCE\CBZTKKBTCECTKNKKB",
GMVK[VKZ[PBKZBK[[NGO,FKKRG:PF[T[K\C\I\GRKO)THZ\FDCZKO[CKQTPGEKFSJKG(
T[FCTNKGRKO)THZ\FR[KO[TNDDFSJKG(.25
PMNHFPGMKINKCZPQ[PEGCZCSJKG[RCRF
PNM\IKNFN[P[CK\MRS\,GMV[GJO[NFECZKO.
GFKGCF[CTKOGBI\Y\EZBG\[NHFCMRDE[CTKOGBIE[NSRFEZKDEGNF,MNBI\
GBI\BKRFVIG\FPT[ZKOGBIEZCGBMMZKHFC
MKGXBCHFC\GSV\B,BLCPYCKNF[CKZG[NPKPXBRGVZJRGSU,[FY\EZBG\FKG"PYGCTG\
BCRKOJGCG\GPZDNKG\".NKCZPQPYCKNB\FRBPZMBQN\KBGZMKSB[NPFCPEZ[KO
PBGIZKO,[BUFGBFKFPYGCTBCRKOJGCG\GPZDNKG\,GDONKEGFGXCG"[CTKOY\EZBG\[N
HFCN[CTKOHYRKO".BV[Z[FGBZGPHNML[\KBGZHFFGTCZP\KBGZMKSB[NPF,[FZK
JCTKKG\Z[\FKKRFY\EZBG\[NSRFEZKDEGNFCKZG[NKOPB[ZCBNMSREZKF.PECZKNKCZPQ
P[\PT[NET\G"MRDE[CTKOGBIE[NSRFEZKDEGNF"BKQVKZG[GNFG[KCTNKFO[CTKO
GBIEHYRKO,FPFGGKOMTKQSRFEZKQ[NKFGEKBNMSREZKF,BNBPGJKCEYGZJKCKFCBNFHMKZ
B\FSRFEZKQCKZG[NKO.
BLRZBF[CZKK\BHG[NZCKKFGEFYEPFN\KBGZKFMKSBFBDEK[N[NPFFPNL.YZGCNGPZ
[[CTKOBG[CTKOGBI\FY\EZBG\RCRGMRDEHYRKFKFGEKOCBNMSREZKFGNPTRO,GNBRCRG
"MRDE"HYRKFSRFEZKQCKZG[NKOCBGVQSPNK.GBMQKEGTNRGPMPFGMPFPYGZG\[NKFGEK
BNMSREZKFFKK\FDKZGSKF,PGTX\HYRKO,26
GK[IGYZKO[NPEGPQFPYGZFHF[DKZGSKFHG
FKK\FCP\MGR\FSRFEZKQCKZG[NKOGMNNF[CTKOGBIEHYRKO.27
NVKRGSIM"KNGREGQ,M"KPKRMQ95GFEVGSKO,MNY\EZBFKK\FT[GKFT[ZKOGIPK[FBG
T[ZKOGBIE"ZCGBMMZKHFC",BL[BZFTEKODGZSKODKZSBFYZGCFKG\ZNPXKBG\,"T[ZKO
20[’NKCZPQ,\GSV\BMV[GJFE,PGTE,RKGKGZY\[M"C,TP’889=890,E"FMN[NBZBF,TNVKS. Krauss, Byzantische
Zeitschrift, 2 (1893), p. 532,GZBGDOFFVRKG\CFTZF7NTKN.
21S. Krauss, Synagogale Altertuemer, Berlin 1922, p. 261;ZBGBXNNKCZPQ,[O.
22GZBGDOPYCKNG\FPXGKRG\BXNNKCZPQ,[O,TP’890,FTZF.6
23NKCZPQ,[O,E"FSJKGNVRKOPSJKG.
24ZBGPGCBFNFNQ,TKGRKFVKZG[NVKSYBG\~7=9|.
25P’BK[[NGO,"VKZG[CPBPZKZG[NPK",CK\\NPGEE)\ZP"F(,TP’.200
26BKDZ\BZKSJKBS,310;VKNGQ,RDEVNBYGS,.74
27ZBGE. Schuerer, The History of the Jewish People, Edinburgh 1979, volume 2, p. 211.NVKVKNGQ,[O,FPG[NFZGPK
VNBYGSTXZ[NG[KOG[PGRFPICZKFDKZGSKFB[ZPKRFBGDGSJGS,GBOMQFECZ,BV[ZCFINJ[SLICZKGFKG[CTKOBG
[CTKOGBIE.BLZBGDOV. A. Tcherikover, Corpus Papyrorum Judaicarum, volume 1, Cambrdige MA 1957, pp. 9-
10;[’BVNCBGO,"SYKZF[NBGXZFVVKZGSKOFKFGEKKO",B,\ZCKWMI)\[K"J(,TP’424=425;B’M[Z,KFGEKPXZKO
FFNRKSJK\GFZGPK\,\NBCKC\[N"J,TP’310,FTZF24;SGHQ=RJU)NTKN,FTZF10(,TP’38,FTZF.116
542PSM\SGMF{VZYIPK[K:FINKN
GBIEZCGBEKRZKHFC",MPGCPYCKNG\,GEGPF[EZMO[N\KBGZKECZKOPGVNBKONFZCG\
VNBKFO\GLMEKFPSKZF.28
GCKPF[NTWCBPXTK\F,GIHQFMRS\TGPETNKFGFSGEZKQCKEG.GMKGQ[FDKTNTRG\
BPQ{FNFPRKUCSGEZ,GMNFTOTGRKQBPQ
NVKFPYCKNG\PEGCZCTKYZC[T\YZKB\F\GZF{C\GSV\B"RJNNYZG\..."GCKZG[NPK
"TPEBIEPFQNYZBG\C\GZF...".FCCNKPZIKCB\FTRKKQNTCZCZMG\F\VKNFCMNN.29
FZB[GRKOFY[GTNFCZKK\B[NRGPQFCZKK\BFBGSZ\NTRG\BPQK\GPF)\GSV\BPDKNFD
MH~PFE’NKCZPQ,TP’361|GPYCKNG\(,G\KZXGPF[\KZXG.30
BLBKQMNSKCFNFRKI[CYFKNF
FKFGEK\CBNMSREZKFFMKZGB\FEYG\FFNM\K\FHB\{PECZKVKNGQTGNF\PGRF[N
FNMF[F\V\IFCBGVQTXPBKPQFFNMFFVZG[K\GFZCRK\DOCTKYZKFECZKO,GMN[MQ
[BKQNXVG\PFONFMKZVZJPVZJKFNMG\\VKNFMVK[F\V\IGCBZWK[ZBN.
GNBFKGKG[CKQPTGZCKQ,BNBHFCKQCVRKTXPQ,GMSVKQCVRKTXPQ,GRVIKQCVRKTXPQ,
GJZSKKOCVRKTXPQ,GDZEKKOCVRKTXPQ.
MBPGZ,HKYFHGCKQPYXGTNPCRFHFFCKBB\YZGKSNJTGQ[PEGCZCPZMHPSIZK[[KP[DO
CK\MRS\.BLM[ZFTKE[PXBRGCM\GCG\KGGRKG\PZICKFBKPVZKFFZGPK\[FKK\FHKYFCKQ
F\BDEG\FKFGEKOCBKDGEKOPYXGTKKONCKQ[KNGCOGPTPEOCPGSEG\FYFKNF,G[KTZ
["XGZ\BKZDGQHGRT[\FCPKEFZCFCEZL[NFYCNFNF\BZDRG\Q[NFTZKOFKGGRKG\TXPQ",
[BUCFQ[KP[FBKDGEFPYXGTKCSKSNKKXGDCPSDZG\YFKN\KG\.31
GM[TRKRMRS[OFKFPMKZCTNKBGPR\GGRVRFN[O,GP[OVZRS\GGVZRS\BR[KCK\G.
F[GGPT[KF[NKIKOKID,[OP\GBZ[VBGNGSF\BZICYGZKR\GSBXNKFGEKC[OTYKNB
GB[\GVZKSYKNF,P[GO[MPGFOBUFGBFKFP\YQBGFNKO,GFGBPXBBXNOTCGEFGTCEG
KIE.32
~7=9|BPZBCKK:GMGNFGYJNKRFGBNMSREZGSPGYEQ.PBKJTPBBKTR[G?P[GOETCZK
BFBKYZBNB\GSKVGQN[GCCEZLFHFTGE,GBKRFGFEGZB\G.MKB\B,B[MIKRFGEFGG
YZGCSKVZBK[BF’TNKLDGKPZIGY.BPZ:PMEK,FFGBDCZBCTKNPK\KSVKR\BCT[ZF
KGPK,ENKFHKYBGB\KSVKR\BCIP[BKGPK,RVNTNKKFGGYJNKRFG
NIGPZ[CVKSYBG\~7=9|PXBRGPYCKNFCKZG[NPKSGMFFB,RFT"C,CSGUFPGCBFPQ
FCZKK\B[O.FCZKK\BCKZG[NPKPS\KKP\CPKET[NBPXBRGMKGXBCGC\GSV\BGCCCNK:
"GPKFIZKCF?JZGDKKRGSFZ[T".PKENBIZPMQPXBRG:
\RKZCK[PTGQCQKGIK:C[N[FPYGPG\FGHFZGK[ZBN[NBN[GCBZWPXZKO,[RBPZMK
B[ZZBK\OB\PXZKOFKGONB\GSKVGNZBG\OTGETETGNO,GKK’BPZNMONB\GSKVGQ
N[GCCEZLFHFTGE,GF[KCLKK’PXZKOCBRKG\.GC[N[\QIHZG,GC[N[\QRVNG,BI\CKPK
SRIZKCPNLB[GZ,[RBPZFGKFKGZEKOPXZKONTHZF.PFM\KCC\ZKF?GPXZKOBEOGNB
BNGSGSKFOC[ZGDGP’.GBI\CKPKKGIRQCQYZI,GFK\FFIZCB[ZB\OKZKBKOPPRF[O
\[KDB\MOGDG’.~GBI\|CKPKJZGDKKRGSFZ[T.RGNENGCQC\[TFCBC,GFKGP\TRKQ.P\F
C\GCIRGMF,GFENKYGRKZG\.[NIFB[\GGBPZFNG:TE[B\PMC[B\FCZCZKKOCGB
GMCG[B\FKFGEKO[PZEGCL.I[CPK\KNT[ZFKGPKQGB\BNIP[F.B\BGB[MIGQ
TSKYKQCBGZKK\B,CVSGYBK[BTNKLDGKPZIGYPYXFFBZWGDGP’.BPZNGQ:...PFFGK\GQ
28ZBGNKCZPQ)NTKN,FTZF20(,TP’891,E"FMNBI\GBI\;BGXZPVZ[KF\NPGE,SGMF,MZLC,KZG[NKO\[P"J,TP’\\PJ,
E"FMNBI\GBI\,GXKGRKO[O.
29ZBGNKCZPQ,[O,TP’891=892,E"FGFNFPRKU.
30ZBG\GSVG\SGMFRCT"B,E"FGMKGQ;XKGRKORGSVKOBXNNKCZPQ,[O,TP’892,GCBGXZPVZ[KF\NPGE)NTKN,FTZF28(,
TP’\\TB=\\TG.
31M[Z)NTKN,FTZF27(,TP’312=.313
32M[Z,[O,TP’313,GFTZF46[O,C[O[’BVNCBGO.
543 FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(
TSKYKQ?BPZGQNKF:FMKQGMQ.BPZNGQ:FFGBDCZBFGB,EI[CPK\KNT[ZFKGPKQGB\B
NIP[F,GFYKVQNKDKGRG\GFZDQ.BPZNR[KFQ:R[PTG\B\ONNKDKGRG\KGBKQBRKFGZDB\MO.
BPZGQNKF:PFETCE\CBZTKKBTCKECTKNKKB.GTKZCEPQCEPQGFNLFEOCKOTEYKVZGS.
CBG\FF[TFRDETFYZQK[ZBNGTGEBKRFT\KEFNIHGZNPYGPFTE[KCGBCQEGE.
VKSYBG\~7=9|CSGDKB[NRGFQ\PXK\FIGPZFHF,C[RKFCENKOTKYZKKO:
.1CKZG[NPKPIZKCFYFKNFFKFGEK\CBNMSREZKFPHGFFBNRMGQM"JZGDKKRGSFZ[T",
EFKKRGJZKBRGSYKSZ,[T[F[PG\CYFKNFHGCTYCG\PZE[NFYFKNG\FKFGEKG\
C\VGXG\CBKPVZKFFZGPK\C[RKO115=117NSVKZF.33
CPKPZ\BCKKCCCNKPXBRGB\
[PGBNMSREZGSPGYEQ,PKKSEFTKZC[R\331NVRF"S,CPYGO[PG[NPIZKCFYFKNF
FKFGEK\CTKZJZKBRGS.F\GSVG\FCIKRGCBRMZGRKHO[CECZ,GFXKTG[VTPKKOF\KK[CG
KFGEKOCBNMSREZKFGVTPKKORIZCFFYFKNFFKFGEK\.34
EGQKXIYBCZCRBNFXKT
[PEGCZCYKSZZGPKC[OBNMSREZ,35
GFDZ"BCFDFG\KGTNB\ZFDKF"JZMKRGS"TNVK
FKZG[NPK.BLRZBF[[PG[NJZKBRGSFGINUCCCNKC[PG[NBNMSREZPGYEGQ,PKKSE
FTKZ,CF[VT\[PF[NFTKZFSPGL,BNB[Y[FNFBPKQ[BCKKTXPGJTFCML,GRZBF
[PEGCZC[KCG[[FGMRSNCCNKSGMFC[NCKFPSKZF[NFSGDKBNBIZDKCG[G.BUTNVK
[NBR[\PZFDKZSBBIZ\CTEKFRGSIMBQ,K[RFTEG\TYKVFNML[FDKZSBFPYGZK\
CECZKBCKKNBFKK\F"BNMSREZGSPGYEQ"BNB"BEZKKBRGSYKSZ"BGMKGXBCHF.CCCNK
DKJKQRHT"CPXBRGEZ[FS\PK\CN[GQ"FYGNYGNKTYCGFKEKOKEKT[G{FYGN,HF
BEZKKRGSYKSZ[FZDCBNMSREZKB[NPXZKO[[KOZCGBTN[[KOZCGBMVNKOMKGXBK
PXZKO;YGNKTYC{HFBSVSKKRGSYKSZ[FZDCMZLCK\ZBZCTPBG\ZCGBGBPZKNK
BZCT\BNVKOZCGB".CPYCKNG\CSVZG\FBZW=K[ZBNK\NEZ[FHG,[CFQFEZ[F
PKGIS\NZCKKFGEF,BGNZCKKFGEFFR[KB,BGNZCKKGIRQ,PXBRGZYCCBBI\,GCF
PEGCZMPGCQCBEZKKBRGS[FZDZCCG\CCK\Z.36
BLMNFTEKOCCCNKDKJKQDGZSKO
"BEZKKRGS"G"BNMSREZKF",GBKQSVY[NRGSIFEZ[F[CCCNKDKJKQ[GZCCFNPSGZ\
FPYGZK\TNCK\ZFPSGZ\FEGPFCTRKKQFZKD\ZCCG\KFGEKOCBNMSREZKF,GHB\TNVK
FSGDKB[NRG{[FZKPXBRG[ODO[K[KOZKCGBTN[K[KOZKCGB,MVNKKOMKGXBK
PXZKO,MN[GQFSGDKB[NRG.GFRFCPGCBFHGFYKSZFZ[TFGBBEZKKRGS,GNBJZKBRGSBG
BNMSREZGS,GYNNFCKQMKXEFGPZ[PGFVIG\PGMZ[NJZKKBRGSC[OCRGFPBGPW
GKGZ[GBEZKBRGS,FKEGTN[PXFCYZCFKFGEKO,MRZBFCECZKBCKKFPYGZKKOMVK[FKG
M[F[VKTGTNN[GQFEZ[FCCCNKDKJKQ,GYNNFCKQDOMKXEFGPZ"BEZKKRGS"
C"BNMSREZGS"C[NCPBGIZKG\ZCCCNKSGMF,CF[VT\FPKNF"BNMSREZKB"FYZGCF.
.2CKZG[NPKRZBF[F\GMQ[NVKSYB~5|CCCNK,HKFGKPIZKCFYFKNF,FGBINYPQFCZKK\B
FPYGZK\[NZCKKFGEF.ZCKKFGEFFKFTEZBKKFNMCGEO[NKFGEKBNMSREZKFCCK\
FMRS\[NFO)BIZ\NBFKFP\BKONGNV\GICN[GQ"PK[NBZBF..."(,BLFGBDO
FBZKL[RKONBIZIGZCQFYFKNFCPZERDEJZKKBRGS,GBV[Z[SKKOB\ECZKGCFTZF
[DOFYFKNFFHB\IZCF.BUBOBKQPEGCZCECZKZCKKFGEFTXPG,BKQJTONR\YB\
FPKNKO"GPKFIZKCF?JZGDKKRGSFZ[T"PQFIGPZF\RBK.BUXKGQFSKCFNTGR[,FIHZF
NPXZKOTNBUFBKSGZ[CECZ,PGCB\CKZG[NPKMCZKK\B[NZCK[PTGQCZKGIBK,GDO
33F[GGP[RFSGJFJKE)"VGNPGS[NYKJGS"(;CCNKDKJKQRHT"B;GZBGE’ZGYI)TGZL(,PZKEG\FKFGEKOCKPKJZBKBRGS:
115=117NSF"R,KZG[NKO\[N"I.
34\GSVG\DKJKQRHT"C,E"FHFBEZKKRGS.
35BCZCRBN,VKZG[TNRCKBKOZB[GRKO,KZG[NKO\[J"G,TP’\MF)FFYEPFFZB[GRFNSVZPNMKO(.MRZBFMGGR\GNBNMSREZ
SGGZGS.
36KZG[NPK\TRK\EF,SIT"E:"\RKBPZZCKKFGEFCKZCKBNTBKCZGLZCKFKFEGZ[FYGNYGNKTYCGFKEKOKEKT[GYGNG[N
KTYCXGGIPPF[T[GNGKEKG[NT[GCCK\Z";CZB[K\ZCFVZ[FSF,SKPQMB)PFE’\KBGEGZ=BNCY,TP’740(:"BPZZ’
KFGEFCZ’BKNTBKZ’FKFEGZ[FYGNYGNKTYCYGNKTYCPXGKIPPF[T[GNGFKEKOKEKT[G,BPZZ’KGIRQYGNBEZKKRGS
[IGYTXPG\FGZDCCK\Z[PGRKOBNUZKCGBCRKBEO".
544PSM\SGMF{VZYIPK[K:FINKN
CCZKK\BHGXGKQPVGZ[G\37
[CKPKJZDKKRGSTCZGTNBKSGZHFGRTR[G.NTGP\HB\,FIGPZ
FPYCKNCCCNKFGBPKPZB[NBCKKGEKGQ[NS\OF\NPGECECZKO.
FCENKOBNGPXCKTKOTNML[BUBORK\QNZBG\CECZKFCCNK\PXG\[NECZKFKZG[NPK,
FSGDKBCKZG[NPKNBFDKTFNCCNCP\MGR\FFPYGZK\BNBF\MRKOJG[J[G\GLMEKPSKZF.
NMQSCZBCKK[M[O[FSKVGZTNFVSGY"K[BTNKLDGKPZIGY"BKRRGCZKK\BBNBPT[F
FPSGVZCBZPK\[RGSICKPKBPGZBKBZWK[ZBN,MLDO[RKVZKJKFPKETFBIZKO,CTRKKQ
[PG[NPIZKCBNMSREZKFGFSKCFNIGZCQ.RZBF[FECZKOKGISGNBCKKP[GO[FGBPSZ
BG\OCCCN,\GLMEKFPZ\[PG[NJZGDKKBRGSC[OCRGFPBGPWGKGZ[G,BEZKBRGS.
37\KIGOFCZKK\BG\GMRFFPEGKYBKROCZGZKOMNXGZMO,[FZKTCZK\GBZPK\P[P[KOCFCTZCGCKB,BLBKQSVY[DOTKYZ
FCZKK\BFKFCRGKCXGZ\[NG[FG[NG[F:[NG[FVSGYKOFBGSZKOTNFIHZFNPXZKOG[NG[FVZYKOC\GNEG\K[ZBN
[CFOTCZGTNBKSGZHF,M[FBIZGQFGB"CKPKJZGDKKBRGS".
545 FSGDKBF[NK[K\:’PK[NBZBF’)RBT"B=T"C(