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سورة النساء

أیھا تعضلوھنوال كرھا ٱلنسآءأن ترثوا لكمءامنوا ال یحل ٱلذین ی ءاتیتموھن مآ ببعض لتذھبوا حشة یأتینأن إال بینة بف ما تكرھواأن فعسى كرھتموھنفإن بٱلمعروفوعاشروھن ویجعل شی

Zاكثیر خیرافیھ ٱothosewhobelieve,itisnotlawfulforyouthatyoushouldforciblytakewomenasinheritance.Anddonotholdontothemsothatyoumaygetawaywithsomeofwhatyouhavegiventhem,unlesstheycommitaclearlyshamefulact.Andlivewiththemintherecognizedmanner.Andifyoudislikethem,thenitisquitelikelythatyoudislike

somethingandAllahhasplacedinitalotofgood.

Āyāt

أیھا كرھا ٱلنسآءأن ترثوا لكمءامنوا ال یحل ٱلذین ی

Maqt Somethingdisgusting

Forceintomarriage

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أن ترثوا النساء ذات

كرھا

أن ترثوا النساء مھر

كرھا

ان ترثوا النساء مال

كرھا

ءاتیتموھن مآ ببعض لتذھبوا تعضلوھنوال أن إالحشة یأتین بینة بف م

Iftheyhavecarriedoutopenimmorality,thentakingbackthemahrispermissable- notmorethantheactualmahrthatwasgiven.Ietotakemoreismakrooh.

Totakethemahrisnotcompulsory.

Ifthereisnoimmoralityonthesideofthewomenitwouldbemakroohtotakebackthemahrorpartofit.

تعضلوھنوالAnddonotforce

them

adala istoholdsomebodybackعضل –تعضلوھن

toholdbackandtheliteraltranslationistoputthemthroughdifficultyandharmthembyphysicaloremotionalabusethatdrivesthemtoseekseparationbymeansofkhula’[topayforthedivorcebyreturningthemahr.

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AccordingtoSayyidni Ibn'Abbas,Sayyidah 'A'ishah dJ andHadrat Dahhakandothers,theword,"fahisha"(translatedas'ashamefulact')heremeansdisobediencetothehusbandandindecentabusesagainsthim;while,AbiQilabah andHasanal-Basri takeittomeanimmodestyandadulteryinthisparticularplace.Thus,thesensewouldcometobe:Ifthesewomenhappentocommitsomeshamefulactortheybehavedisobedientlyandvituperativelywhichforcesthehusbandtothinkofadivorce,then,thisbeingafaultofthewoman,thehusbandhastherighttoholdherinthebondofmarriage,untilhereceivesbackwhathehadgivenher,orhastheoutstandingdowerforgivenbyher.

كان زوج ٱستبدالأردتم وإن قنطارا إحدىھن وءاتیتم زوج م شیeا منھ تأخذوافال

Ifyouintendtochangeonewifewifeforanotherandyouhavegivenoneofthemafortune[heapsofwealth]thendonottakeanythingfromit

Āyāt

Whoisthemarriageagainstandwhoisitfor?

Onthedayofjudgementthemarriagecontractisinfavorofthewifeandagainstthemale…

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منھ تأخذوافال شیeا

Don’ttakeanythingfromitbecausethechoiceoftakinganotherwifebymerefufilling ofdesireandnofaultofthewomenjustbecauseyouwanttochangeher.

نا أتأخذونھۥ بھتبینا وإثما م

“doyouwanttotakeit/throughimputationandanopensin?"

وقد تأخذونھۥ وكیف إلى بعضكم أفضىمنكم وأخذن بعض

قا یث اغلیظ م

Howcanyounowtakebackwhatyouhadgivenherwhennotonlythemarriagehasbeensolemnized,butyouhavealsohadaccesstoeachotherinprivacy?For,inthissituation,whateverhasbeengiven,ifagainstdower[mahr],thewomancertainlydeservedit.Shenowownsitbecauseshesurrenderedherselftoherhusband.

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قامنكم وأخذن یث ماغلیظ

(andtheyhavetakenafirmcovenantfrom

you)

This'covenant'isthebondofmarriagewhichissolemnlyattestedtowiththenameofAllahbeforeagatheringofpeoplefollowingakhutbah

ن ءابآؤكموال تنكحوا ما نكح إنھۥ سلف قدإال ما ٱلنسآءمحشةكان سبیال وسآء ومقتا ف

Anddonotmarrythoseofwomenwhomyourfathershadmarriedexceptwhathaspassed. Itisindeedshamefulanddetestable,anditisanevil

practice.

Āyāt

Theword‘Sabīl isusedbecauseitissomethingthatisfollowed-inthiscase,atradition.

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مت تكم علیكم حر ھ تكم وبناتكم أم تكم وأخو تكم وعم ل ٱألختوبنات ٱألخوبنات وختكم ھ تي وأم تكم أرضعنكم ٱل ن وأخو عةم ض ت ٱلر ھ ئبكم نسآئكم وأم تي ورب في ٱل

ن تي نسآئكمحجوركم م علیكمبھن فال جناح دخلتمتكونوا لمبھن فإن دخلتم ٱلئل بكم من ٱلذین أبنآئكم وحل سلف قدإال ما ٱألختین بین تجمعواوأن أصل

إن Zحیما غفوراكان ٱ maternalyouraunts,paternalyoursisters,yourdaughters,yourmothers,yourareyouforProhibitedرaunts,daughtersofbrother,daughtersofsister,yourmotherswhosuckledyou,yoursistersthroughsuckling,mothersofyourwivesandyourstep-daughtersunderyourcarewhoarebornofyourwomenwithwhomyouhavehadintercourse- butifyouhavenothadintercoursewiththem,thenthereisnosinonyou.Andthewivesofyoursonsfromyourloins,andthatyoucombinetwosisters(inwedlock),except

whathaspassed.Surely,AllahisMost-Forgiving,Very- Merciful

Āyāt

Raba’ib Rabība (singular)Daughterofa

womanonemarried,whoarefrom

anothermarriage.

مت علیكمحرتكم ھ أم

(Prohibitedforyouareyourmothers)

It is unlawful to marry one's own mother.تكم ھ أم - (your mothers), includes all grandmothers, paternal or maternal.

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وبناتكم(andyourdaughters)

Itisunlawfultomarryone'sownrealdaughter,andthedaughterofthedaughter,andthedaughteroftheson.

تكم وأخو(andyoursisters)

Marryingone'sownrealsister.isunlawful,aswellasmarryingan'allatisister(half-sisterfromthesamefatherbutdifferentmother),andalsomarryinganakhyafi sister(half-sisterfromthesamemotherbutdifferentfather).

تكم وعم(andyour

paternalaunts)

Marriagewiththerealsisterofone'sfather,hishalf-sisterfromtheirfather'ssideandhishalf-sisterfromtheirmother'ssideisunlawful.Itmeansthatonecannotmarryanypaternalauntfromthethreekindsdescribedabove.

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تكم ل وخ(andyour

maternalaunts)

Marriagewithasisterofonesmother,whetherreal(haqiqi)orhalf-sisterfromtheirfather'sside('allati orhalf-sisterfromtheirmother'sside(akhyafa,isunlawful)

ٱألخوبنات(anddaughtersofbrother)

Marriagewithone'sniecesisalsounlawful,whethertheybehaqiqi;'allati orakhyafi Marriagewiththedaughtersofallthreetypesofbrothers,realorhalf,asgivenabove,isnotlawful

ٱألختوبنات(anddaughtersofthesister)

Itmeansthatmarriagewithone'smaternalniecesisalsounlawful,whetherthesistersbehaqiqi or'allatiorakhyafi Thedaughtersofsuchsisterscannotbetakeninmarriage.

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تكم ھ تيوأم ٱلأرضعنكم (andyourmotherswhosuckled

you)

Thisreferstowomenwho,eventhoughtheyarenottherealmothers,aretreatedinSharI'ah likemothersinthesensethatmarriagewiththemisasprohibitedaswithone'srealmother.Thequantityorthefrequencyoffeedmakesnodifference;thesaidunlawfulnessstandsestablishedunderalleventualities.Muslimjuristsrefertothisastheunlawfulnessthroughfosterage.

انما الرضاعة من الجماعة

unlawfulness that becomes established through suckling shall come into effect only when suckling has taken place at atime when the child has no other option but to suckle and grow through it.

تكم نوأخو معة ض ٱلر (andyoursistersthroughsuckling)

Marriagewithsistersrelatedthroughthebondoffosterageisunlawful.

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RULINGS

1.Ifaboyandagirlweresuckledbyacertain

woman,thetwoofthemcannotbemarriedtoeachother.Similarly,marriagewiththedaughterofa

foster-brotherandfoster-sisterisalsonotpossible.

2.Marriagewiththelinealmotheroffoster-brotherandfoster-sisterispermissible.Itisalso

lawfultomarrythefoster-motherofthelinealsisteroffoster-sister;andthefoster-sisterofthelineal

sister.

3.theunlawfulnessofmarriagebecomes

establishedifthefeedisreceived-bythechildduringthedaysof

sucklingeitherthroughthemouth,orthenose.Shoulditbethatthefeedisgiventothechildbyanyotherinlet,oritisinjectedin,then,theunlawfulnessoffosteragewillnotcome

tobeestablished.

4.nofeedotherthanthefeedfromthewomansucklingthechild(forexample,milkfrom

animalsormalehumans),establishesfosterage.

RULINGS

5.Ifthefeedismixedinmedicineorinmilkfromagoat,coworbuffalo,the

unlawfulnessofmarriageasbasedonsucklingshallbeestablishedonlywhenthequantityofthewoman'sfeedmeasuresmore,orwhenitisatleastequal.But,ifthe

woman'sfeedislessthanthat,thisunlawfulnessshallnotcometobeestablished

6.Ifmalemammalianglandshappentolactate,itdoesnot

goontoprovetheunlawfulnessofmarriagefrom

suckling.

7.Ifawomanletsachildmouthhernipple,butthereisnocertaintythatthechildhassuckedthefeedin,thenthis

willnotestablishtheunlawfulnessthroughsuckling

anditwillnotaffectthelawfulnessofmarriage,becausetheprohibitionofmarriageisnotestablishedwhereactualsucklingis

doubtful.

8.Ifamanmarriesacertainwomanwhilesomeotherwomanclaimsthatshehassuckledbothofthem,then,

shouldbothofthemconfirmit,itwillbedecidedthatthemarriagewasincorrect.

However,shouldbothofthemrejecttheclaimitwillnotbemandatoryonthespousestovacatethemarriage,however,ifthewomanappearstobeGod-fearingandapracticingMuslim,itispreferableforthespousestooptforseparation

throughdivorce

9.ThewitnessoftwopracticingMuslimsis

necessaryinordertoproveunlawfulnessthroughsuckling.Thiswillnotbe

provedbythewitnessofonemanoronewoman.But,sincethisisaveryseriousmatterinvolvingthewholelifebeinghalalorharamaprecautionary

attitudewillalwaysbeadvisable.10.Accordingtotherecognizedrulesofevidence,thetestimonyofonemanandtwowomenisequaltothatoftwomalewitnesses.Therefore,

evenifonemanandtwowomentestifythefactofsuckling,thefoster-

relationshipwillstandproved.

ت ھ نسآئكموأم(andthe

mothersofyourwives)

Alsounlawfultohusbandsarethemothersoftheirwives.Heretoo,theword,"ummahat"includesallgrandmothersofwives,maternal,paternal,linealorfoster

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ئبكم تيورب فيٱلنحجوركم تينسآئكمم ٱل

بھندخلتم(andyourstep-daughtersunderyourcarewhoarebornofyourwomenwithwhomyouhavehad

intercourse)

Whenonemarriesawomanandsleepswithherafterthemarriage,thedaughterofthatwomanfromanotherhusbandbecomesunlawfulforhim,andsodohergrand-daughters,bothpaternalandmaternal.Marriagewiththemisnotpermissible.

ئلو منٱلذینأبنآئكموحلبكم أصل (andthewivesofyoursonsfromyour

loins)

Thewifeofonesownsonisunlawful,andtheuniversalityof'son'includesgrandsons,paternalormaternal.So,marriagewiththeirwivesshallnotbepermissible.

بكممن أصل(fromyourloins)

Thisparticularrestrictionisusedheretoexcludetheadoptedson.Marriagewithhiswifeislawful.Asfarasafostersonisconcerned,heisgovernedbytherulewhichgovernsthelinealson,therefore,marriagewithhiswifetooisunlawful.

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ٱألختینبینتجمعواوأن(andthatyoucombinetwosistersinwedlock)

Thisparticularrestrictionisusedheretoexcludetheadoptedson.Marriagewithhiswifeislawful.Asfarasafostersonisconcerned,heisgovernedbytherulewhichgovernsthelinealson,therefore,marriagewithhiswifetooisunlawful.

RULINGS

Justasonecannotcombinetwosistersinhismarriage,itisalsounlawfulforhimtocombineapaternalauntandherniece,andamaternalauntandher

niece.Theyto;cannotbecombinedinmarriagewithanyoneperson.

Muslimjuristshavementionedthegeneralprinciplethatanytwowomen,outofwhom,ifonewassupposedtobeamale,then,theirmarriagewitheachotherwouldturnouttobeincorrectaccordingtoIslamiclaw,thustwo

womenofthiskindcannotbecombinedinmarriagewithoneman.

سلفقدماإال(exceptwhathaspassed):

whateverhasbeenthepracticeduringJahiliyyah willnotbecalledtoaccount.

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سلفقدماإال(exceptwhathaspassed):

whateverhasbeenthepracticeduringJahiliyyah willnotbecalledtoaccount.