Suriyani Sabha sahithyam · 2020. 6. 29. · bm-\n-bn¬ D≈-Xp-amb \nc-h[n {KŸ-ßƒ Cub-SpØ Ime-Øv e-`y-amWv: Patrologia Syriaca (PS), Patrologia Orientalis (PO), Corpus Scriptorum

$Page 1: Suriyani Sabha sahithyam · 2020. 6. 29. · bm-\n-bn¬ D≈-Xp-amb \nc-h[n {KŸ-ßƒ Cub-SpØ Ime-Øv e-`y-amWv: Patrologia Syriaca (PS), Patrologia Orientalis (PO), Corpus Scriptorum$
1www.malankaralibrary.com

Pn. -tN-Sn-bØv

Xncph\¥]pcw

2008

2 www.malankaralibrary.com

Ikpdn-bm-\n-k`mkm-ln-Xy-w

BapJw

c£m-I-c-k-tµiw blq-Z-cn¬IqSn kpdn-bm\n (Ad-amb) am[y-a-

Øn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jy-Ip-e-Øn\p ssIh-∂-Xv. InkvXphpw BZy-in-jy-

∑mcpw kwkm-cn-®-Xv lo_p-hn-t\mSv ASp-Ø- _-‘-ap≈ ]e-kvXo-\n-

b≥ Ad-amb `mj-bmWv. Cu am[y-a-Øn-eq-sS--bmWv InkvXp-hns‚

ImeØpw «ol-∑m-cpsS ImeØpw c£m-I-c-k-tµiw hym]n-®-Xv.

Aßs\ H∂mw-k` F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ kpdn-bm-\n-k` DS-se-Sp-Øp.

Ad-am-b-`m-j-bpsS Hcp hI-t`-Z-amb FtU- ≥ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-emWv

BZy-Im-e-kp-dn-bm\n k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc√mw IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn-b-Xv. -

kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`m-km-lnXyw GXm≠v apgp-h\pw Cu kpdn-bm-\n-bn-em-Wv.

kpdn-bm-\n- mj ]uc-kvXy-sa∂pw ]m›m-Xy-sa∂pw Xncn-bp-∂-Xn-\p- ap≥]v

D]-tbm-K-Øn-encp∂Xvv FkvXmw-Ke F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Fgp-Øp--co-Xn-

bmWvv.- ]-e-kvXo\, kn-dn-b, sak-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ ]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-

ß-fn-se√map≈ km[m-c-W-°m-cpsS `mj-bm-bn-cp∂p kpdn-bm-\n.- tZ-i-

hy-Xym-k-a-\p-k-cn®v A¬]-kz¬]w kzc-t`-Z-ßƒ D≠m-bn-cp∂p F∂-

sXm-gn-®m¬,- kp-dn-bm-\n-`mj Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fn-se√mw s]mXpth Hcp-t]m-

se- B-bn-cp-∂p.

hfsc Bcw- -Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ skan-‰nIv hn`m-K-Øn¬s]´ kpdn-bm\n-

P-\-ßƒ Iq-´-tØmsS InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn.- A-h-cn¬ an°-hcpw blq-Z-

cm-bn-cp∂p F∂p Icp-Xmw. Ah-cp-tS-Xmb `mjy-co-Xn-I-fpw ssieo-]-

tbm-K-ßfpw Cu blq-Z-ssI-kvX-h¿°p-≠mbn-cp-∂p. thZ-]p-kvX-I-ssi-

en-tbmSv hfsc ASp-Øp-h-cp-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p Ah-cpsS ssZh-im-kvX-ssien.

Aßs\ t\m°n-bm¬ blq-Z-]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn® c£m-I-c


-k-tµiw GXm≠v AtX ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ XpS¿∂-h-cmWv kpdn-

bm-\n In-kvXym-\n-Iƒ. ]n¬°me kpdn-bm\n Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ Nne-cn¬

tKt°m-˛-tdm-a≥ kzm[o\w Zriy-am-sW-¶nepw BZy-Im-e- F-gp-Øp-Im¿

skan-‰n-Iv- -th-Z-]p-kvX-I-ssi-en-bn¬ Nn¥n-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv. tdma≥ kmam-

Py-Øns‚ mK-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw, ]e-kvXo-\m,- kn-dn-bm, sak-s∏m-t -anbm

F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ sl√-\n-kw- ta-te-°n-S-bn-ep-≈-h-cnte kzm[o\w sNep-

Øn-bp-≈p.- km-[m-c-W-°m¿- Hm-dn-b‚-en-k-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d-®p-\n-∂p. C°m-

c-W-Øm¬ kpdn-bm-\n- km-ln-Xy-Øn\v X\-Xmb hy‡nXzw D≠m-bn-cp-

∂p.- ]-WvUn-X-temIw Xm¬]-cy-]q¿hw Cu kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn-

te°v D‰p-t\m-°p-∂-Xns‚ Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv.

FtU- ≥- -\n-kn-_nkv Ieme-b-ßƒ Cu ]›m-Øew kz¥-am°n.

ImeIaØn¬ Ko°v XmXznI KŸ-ßfpw Ahsc kzm[o-\n-°m≥ XpS-

ßnbXns‚ e£-W-ßƒ ]n¬°me Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ Zriy-am-Wv. Ad_n

BI-a-W-Øn-\p-ti-jw -Ko-°p-K-Ÿ-ßƒ Ad-_n-bn-te°p hnh¿Ø\w

sNøm-\p≈ Hcp iaw \S-∂p. Ko°n¬ \n∂v BZyw kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°pw

]n∂oSv Ad-_n-bn-te°pamWv hnh¿Ø\w \S-∂-Xv.- a-[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬

Cu Ad-_n-hn-h¿Ø\w kvs]bn-\n¬h®v eØo-\n-te°v `mjm-¥cw

sNø-s∏- p.- A-ßs\ kpdn-bm\n˛Ad_n am[y-aw-hgn Hcn-°¬ IqSn Ko°v

XmXzn-I-˛-ssh-Zy-imkvX KŸ-ßƒ ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv FØn-t®¿∂p.

kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Fgp-X-s∏´ IrXn-Isf ]‰n-bp≈ Hc-h-tem-I-\-amWv

Cu `mKØp \S-Øp-I. ]e-kvXo-\m-˛-kn-dn-bm ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]e k`m-

t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw Ko°n¬ Xs∂-bmWv KŸ-c-N\ \S-Øn-b-Xv. Ah-sc-

∏‰n ChnsS N¿®- sN-øp-∂n-√. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Fgp-Xn-b-h-sc-∏‰n amX-

amWv N¿®. tdma≥ kmam-Py-Øn-s‚ -]u-c-kvXy-]-hn-iy-bn¬ Ko°pw

eØo\pw kpdn-bm-\nbpw D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp-∂p. eØo≥ mj ssk\yhpw

tImS-Xnbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p; ]WvUn-X-temIw Ko°pw km[m-c-W-°m¿ kpdn-

bm-\n-bpw. F∂m¬ an°-h¿°pw Ko°pw kpdn-bm-\nbpw hi-am-bn-cp-∂p.

kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse hfsc ]i-kvX-cm-b- B-Zy-Ime ]nXm-°-∑m-

cmWv am¿- A-^mØpw am¿ At]-apw. ]n¬°me Fgp-Øp-Im-cn¬ ]ap-

J-cmWv am¿ osem-Ivko-\q-kv (+523), tkmKnse am¿ bmt°m-_v (+521),-

am¿ \¿ssk (+502), am¿ _m_mbv dºm (+628), -F-tU- nse am¿

bmt°m_v (+708) F∂n-h¿.- I-em-e-bm-[-y-m-]Icnepw Nne¿ ]mam-Wy-

Øn¬ FØn-bn-´p-≠v. k\ym-k-Øn\v hf-sc-b-[n-Iw -]-Nmcw kpdn-bm-

\n-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ D≠m-bn. XqWn-t∑¬ X]- -\p-jvTn® GIm-¥-hm-

kn-Iƒ "kvXw`-Xm-]- ¿' F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. GIm-¥-hm-khpw Iq´-Po-hn-

kpdn-bm-\n-k`mkm-ln-Xy-w


Xhpw H∂n-®p-t]m-Ip∂ eudm-kn-Ãhpw ChnsS ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv. eudm-

knÃw ]e-kvXo-\-bnepw Xp¿ A-_vZo-\n-epw (-sa-skm-s∏m-t´-an-bm) D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p. kvXw`-Xm-]- ¿ kndn-bm-bn¬ HXp-ßn-\n-∂p. -si-a-tbm≥, -Zm-\n-

tb¬, F∂n-h¿ kvXw`-Xm-]- -cn¬ ]ap-J-cm-Wv. \nc-h[n k\ym-k-N-cn-

X-K-Ÿ-ßfpw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ DS-se-Sp-Øp. Cutim-Zv\mlv cNn® Ncn-

Xw ]kn-≤-am-Wv.- A-Xp-t]mse c‡-km£nhnh-c-W-ßƒ, tImWn-°n-

fp-Iƒ, -ss_-_nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ- F-∂n-hbpw kpdn-bm-\n -km-ln-Xy-`m-

K-am-Wv.

kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ KŸ-ß-fpsS Hcp eLp-hn-h-cWw A_vZotim

Xs‚ ""Im‰-tem-Kn¬'' sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v. AXv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-

cn-®n-´p≠v (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]mNo-\- k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ, tIm´-bw,2006,-

t]Pv 65-˛86). kpdn-bm\n kmlnXy-sØ-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂Xpw kpdn-

bm-\n-bn¬ D≈-Xp-amb \nc-h[n KŸ-ßƒ Cub-SpØ Ime-Øv e-`y-

amWv:

Patrologia Syriaca (PS), Patrologia Orientalis (PO), CorpusScriptorum Christianorum Orientalium-Series Syriaca and Subsidia(CSCO), Studia Sinaitica(12 vols.), Woodbrooke Studies (7 vols.),Bibliotheca Orientalis vols.1-3 (BO), R.Duval, La Litterature Syriaque;A.Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur; I.O.de Urbina,Patrologia Syriaca; S.Brock, A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature,Kottayam 1997; S.Brock, Syriac Studies-A Classified Bibliography (1960-1990),Kaslik, 1996; Le Museon, Oriens Christianus (OC), OrientaliaChristiana Periodica (OCP), Orientalia Lovanensis Periodica(OLP),Melto/Parole de l'Orient Chretien, The Harp, Revue de l'Orient Chretien,L'Orient Syrien.

tIm -b-Øp≈ kocn-bpsS ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-sf√mw kpdn-bm-\n- km-

ln-Xy- kw-_-‘-am-b-h-bm-Wv. kpdn-bm-\n -km-ln-Xy-]-T\w t]m’m-ln-

∏n-°m\pw hf¿Øm\pw ]e ]T-\-tI-µ-ßfpw ]cn-i-an-°p-∂p-≠v. Ah-

bn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p∂ ÿm]-\-am-Wv kocn. AXp-t]mse se_-

t\m-\n¬ I…n-°nse amtdm-\oØm ]T-\-tI-µw, -P¿a-\n-bn¬ tKńw-K-

\nse eqY-d≥ bqWn-th¿kn-‰n,- tlm-f-≠nse sseU≥,- A-ta-cn-°-bnse

ImX-enIv bqWn-th-gvkn‰n Hm^v hmjn-MvS¨ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnepw ]T-\-

tI-µ-ß-fp-≠v. AXp-t]mse kpdn-bm\n ]WvUn-X-∑m¿ ]s¶-Sp-°p∂

""knwt]m-kn-bpw kndn-bm-Ipw'', ""t]m Hmdn-sbt¥ kndn-bIv ÃUo-k''v,

""t]m Hm-dn-sbt¥ t^mdpw kndn-b-Ipw'',- kocn-bpsS ""thƒUv kndn-bIv

BapJw


tIm¨^-d≥k''v F∂n-hbpw kpdn-bm\n ]T-\sØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-

∂p. A©p h¿j-Øn-sem-cn-°-em-Wv Cu ao‰nw-Kp-Iƒ IqSp-I.- C-h-bp-sS

t]∏-dp-Ifpw dnt∏m¿´p-Ifpw Ia-ambn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v.

1.- am¿ A-^m-Xv

kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse BZysØ henb IrXn cNn® BfmWv

A^m-Xv (-4--˛mw \q.). Ko°p-kzm-[o\w C√m-sX, skan-‰nIv ]›m-Ø-e-

Øn-ep≈ kpdn-bm-\n -km-ln-Xy-kr-jvSn-bmWv At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv. ]tZym-

Z\w (XlvhotXm ˛ XlvhntbmtXm) F∂ t]cn¬ 23 ssZh-im-kvX-hn-

i-I-e-\-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ap-\n, am¿ bmt°m_v Fs∂ms°

5/6 \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-Iƒ At±-lsØ hnfn-°p-∂p.-

A-t±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n \ap°v hf-sc-b-[nIw hnhcw e`n-®n-ń-

√. ]n¬°m-eØv At±-l-sØ-∏‰n Fgp-Xn-t®¿Ø ]eXpw Ncn-X-k-Xy-

ambn AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ _p≤n-ap-´m-Wv.- A-t±lw P∑\m AssI-kvX-h-

\m-bn-cp-∂p. InkvXp-a-X-sØ-∏‰n ]Tn®v InkvXym-\n-bmbn F∂p Nne¿

Icp-Xp-∂p.- A-t±lw t]¿jym-°m-c≥ Bbn-cp-s∂∂v ]WvUn-X¿ GI-I-

WvT-ambn A`n-]mb-s∏-Sp-∂p. \n\-sh-˛-tam-kqƒ ]tZ-i-am-bn-cn°mw P∑-

ÿ-ew. ]n¬°me]mc-ºcyw At±-lsØ am¿ aØmbn Bi-a-Ønse

saXm-\m-bn, -am¿ bmt°m_v A^mXv F∂ t]cn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

""_vss\ Iymam'' F∂ kaq-l-Øn¬ s]´ Bfm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ssZh-

k-a¿∏n-X-cmb ]pcp-j-∑m¿ Aß-s\-bmWv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv (-G-I-h-N-

\w:"_¿ Iym-am'). -A-ß-s\-bp≈ kvXo ""_kv Iymam˛ _v\mXv Iymam''

F∂pw hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. "DS-º-Sn-bpsS aI≥, a-Iƒ' F∂¿Yw. AØ-

c-°m¿ h-\-ß-fn¬ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂p.- Nn-e¿ H∂n®p Xma-kn-®n-cp-∂p. GIm-

¥-hm-kn-I-fmbpw Ahn-hm-ln-X-cm-bpw -_-“-Ncyw ]men-°p-∂-h-cmbpw

hnc-‡-Po-hnXw \bn-°p-∂-h-cmbpw C°q-´¿ ]m¿Øp. A^mXv AØ-c-

Øn¬ s]´- B-fm-bn-cp-∂p.

At±lw Xs‚ IrXn t]¿jy-bn¬ h®v 337-˛\pw 345-˛\pw CS-

bv°mWv cNn-®-Xv. H∂p apX¬ ]Øp hsc-bp≈ A[ym-b-ßƒ InkvXo-

b-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\- am-\-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p. ]Xn-s\m∂p

apX¬ ]Xn-aq∂p hsc-bp-≈-h-bn¬ bqZ-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ°pw A\p-jv-Tm-\-

ßƒ°pw FXn-sc-bp≈ \ne-]mSv `mKn-I-ambn Zriy-am-Wv.- ti-jn-®h

A∂sØ t]¿jy≥k` A`n-apJo-I-cn® ]iv\-ß-sf-∏-‰n-bm-Wv. 22

]tZym-Z-\-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n--bnse 22 A£-cßƒsIm≠v XpS-ßp-∂p. 23-



˛mw A[ym-bw- ho≠pw kpdn-bm-\n-bnse H∂mw A£cw sIm≠v Bcw-

`n-°p-∂p: (1)- hn-izm-kw. (2)- kvt\-lw. (3)- D-]-hm-kw. (4) -]m¿Y-\.

(5) -bp-≤-ßƒ. (6) _vss\ Iymam. (7) A\p-Xm-]n-Iƒ. (8) -a-cn-®-h--cpsS

D∞m-\w. (9) -F-fn-a. (10) -C-S-b-∑m¿. (11)- ]-cn-t—-Z-\w. (12)- s]-k-lm-s∏-cp-

∂mƒ. (13) -km-_-Xv.(14)- D-]-tZ-iw. (15) -B-lm-c-hy-Xym-k-ßƒ. (16)- P-\-

Øns‚ ÿm\-Øp≈ hnPm-Xn-b¿. (17)- ssZ-h-]p-X-\mb anin-lm.

(18)- I-\y-Xz-sØbpw hnip-≤n-sbbpw Ipdn®v bqZ¿s°-Xn-sc. (19)- H-∂n®p

tN¿°-s∏-Sm≥ \n›-bn-°-s∏- -h-cm-Wv Xß-sf∂ bqZ-ho-º-Sn-°-en-s\-Xn-sc.

(20) -Z-cn-Z-kw-c-£-Ww. (21)- a-X-]o-U-\w. (22)- a-c-Whpw A¥y\mfp-I-

fpw. (23)- ap-¥n-cn-°p-e-sb-∏-‰n. Hmtcm mKhpw Fgp-Xnb Ime-sØ-∏-‰nbpw

IrXn-bn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS At±lw kqN\ \¬Ip-∂p. H∂p apX¬ ]Øp-

hsc 337-˛epw 11- apX¬ 22 hsc 344-˛epw 23-˛mw A[ymbw 345-˛-ep-amWv

At±lw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. Cu IrXn Cw•o-jn¬ kocn-bn¬ \n∂v ]kn-≤o-

I-cn-®n- p-≠v. ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n At±lw Fgp-Xn-bXv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-amWv:

Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bn¬, -tIm- -bw,1991, -t]. 17- 38.

blq-Z-˛-ssI-kvXh ]›m-Ø-e-amWv A^m-Øn-t‚-Xv.- P-dp-ktew

amXr-k-`-bp-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ k`m-k-aqlw KmV-_‘w ]pe¿Øn.-

b-lq-Z-Nn-¥m-tem-I-hp-ambpw Ah-cpsS KŸ-ß-fp-ambpw At±lw ASp-

Øn-S-s]-´p. ""Xncp-en-Jn-X-in-jy≥'' F∂v At±lw kzbw hnfn-°p-∂p (]-

tZym. 22,26). Xncp-en-Jn-X-ß-fn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ Nn¥ ]mZ-aq-∂n-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ tkmX pw Ah-bm-Wv.

InkvXob XXz-ßƒ ]Tn-∏n-°m\pw bqZ-a-X-Øns‚ ]tem-`-\-ß-

fm¬ BSn-bp-e-bp-∂-hsc Dd-∏n-°m-\p-amWv At±lw Xncp-en-Jn-X-hym-

Jym\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. hy‡n-I-fp-sSbpw kaq-l-Øn-s‚bpw Pohn-X-km-l-

N-cy-ß-fn¬ kphn-tijw A¿Y-kw-]p-jvS-am-°m-\p≈ ]cn-iaw \S-Øn.-

kp-hn-ti-j-ß-fpsS I¿Ømhv tbip-hm-Wv.- B-Xy-¥n-I-ambn Xncp-en-JnX-

I¿Øm-hv ssZh-am-Wv. -Xn-cp-en-JnXw ssZhn-I-hn-⁄m-\-Øn-I-hm-Wv.

B¿°pw AXns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw Af-°m-\m-hn-√.- AXv _lp-hn-[-

hym-Jym-\-ßƒ°v hnt[-b-hp-am-Wv. Hmtcm-cp-Øcpw kzoIm-cy-am-bh sXc-

s™-Sp-°p-I. Hcmƒ°p ]‰nb hymJym\w as‰m-cmƒ°v ]‰n-b-Xm-I-W-

sa-∂n-√. Hc-h-kcw \¬Ip∂ hymJym\w as‰mcp ]›m-Ø-e-Øn\p ]‰n-

bXpw BI-W-sa-∂n-√. Xncp-en-Jn-X-]-T\w ]hr-Øn-bn-te°p \bn-°-Ww.

AXm-b-Xv, I¬∏-\-Iƒ ]men-°p-∂-Xn-te°pw kzbw-\n-K-l-Øn-te°pw

kvt\l-Øn-te°pw \bn-°-Ww. ss__n-fnse KŸ-ß-sf√mw At±lw

D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

am¿ A^mXv


InkvXp sIm≠p-h∂ c£sb kuJy-am-°-em-bn- A-t±lw an°-

t∏mgpw NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ InkvXp-hns\ "kuJy-Zm-b-I\mbn'

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- ]m-]sØ apdn-hmbn ImWp-∂p. Cu apdn-hp-W-°m≥

A\p-Xm-]-Øn\p amXta Ign-bq. ""t]mcm-´-Øn¬ apdn-th-‰-h≥ hnZ-Kv≤-

\mb sshZys‚ ssII-fn¬ Xs∂-Øs∂ ka¿∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v e÷n-°p-

∂n-√...-A-Xp-t]m-se, kmØm\m¬ apdn-th-‰-h≥ Xs‚ sX‰v Xncn-®-dn™v

AXn¬ \n∂I-em\pw ]m]-tam-N\sa∂ acp-∂n\v At]-£n-°m\pw e÷n-

t°-≠-Xn-√'' (-]-tZym.7,3).

]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n \memw ]tZym-Z\w N¿®- sN-øp-∂p.- In-kvXp-hns‚

]t_m-[-\hpw amXr-Ibpw A\p-I-cn-®m-Wv InkvXym\n ]m¿Yn-°p-∂-

Xv. ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n s]mXp-hmbn N¿® sNøp∂ Hcm-Zy-tc-J-bm-Wn-Xv.

ssZh-Xn-cp-ap-ºmsI ]m¿Y\ kzoIm-cy-am-Ip-∂-Xn\v lrZ-b-hn-ip≤n Ah-

iym-h-iy-am-sW∂v At±lw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p. -hn-ip≤ KŸ-Øn-¬

\n∂p≈ \nc-h[n DZm-l-c-W-ß-fm¬ KŸ-Im-c≥ C°mcyw hy‡-am-

°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. ]m¿Y\ B¥-cn-I-_-en-bm-sW∂ Bi-bhpw DS-

\ofw ImWmw. "_en-°p-]-Icw ]m¿Y\' F∂ Bibw blq-Z-cpsS

CS-bn¬ 70-˛m-am-≠n-\p-tijw ]_-e-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Pdp-ktew ssZhm-e-b-

Øns‚ XI¿®-bmWv Cu Nn¥bv°p hgn-sX-fn-®-Xv. AXv A^m-Xn-

s\bpw kzm[o-\n-®p. "apdn-°p-≈n¬ IS∂v IX-I-S®v ]m¿Yn-°pI' F∂

I¿Xr-\n¿tZiw (a-Øm.6,6) lrZ-b-Ønse ]m¿Y-\sb Ipdn-°p-∂-Xm-

bn At±lw hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. B¥-cn-Im-h-ÿ, ]tXy-In-®v,- a-‰p-≈-h-

tcmSv £an-°¬, ]m¿Y-\bv°v Hcp ap≥D]m-[n-bmbn At±lw IW-°m-

°p-∂p. ]m¿Y-\-bn¬ "ssZh-Øns‚ hniaw' IqSn-bp-≠v. AXv kXv]-

hrØn-I-fn¬ AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. AXm-b-Xv, DØ-a-]m¿Y-\-Isf kXv]-

hr-Øn-Iƒ A\p-[m-h\w sNøWsa∂p kmcw.

""ad-™n-cn-°p-Ibpw F∂m¬ F√mw ImWp-Ibpw sNøp∂ ssZh-

tØmSv cl-ky-ambn ]m¿Yn-°Ww'' F∂p ]d-™p-sIm-≠v, C]-Imcw

]m¿Yn-°m≥ \ΩpsS c£-I≥ P\sØ ]Tn-∏n-®p.- ho-≠pw, ""apdnbn¬

IS∂v hmXn-e-S®v \nKq-V-\mb ]nXm-hn-t\mSv ]m¿Yn-°pI''(aØm.6,6)..-

lr-Z-b-hn-Nm-c-ßfpw BK-l-ßfpw ssZhw Adn-bp∂p F∂p ImWn-°m≥

\ΩpsS c£-I≥ BK-ln-°p-∂p'' (]tZym.4,10). ""£oWn-X\p hniaw

\¬Ip-I,- tcm-Knsb kµ¿in-°pI, -]m-h-s∏-´-hsc klm-bn-°p-I..

]m¿Y\ \√Xpw AXns‚ ]hr-Øn-Iƒ \√-Xp-am-Wv.- A-b¬°m-c\p

klmbw sNøp-tºmƒ ]m¿Y\ kzoIr-X-am-Ipw. sX‰p-Im-tcmSv £an-

°p-tºmƒ ]m¿Y\ tIƒ°-s∏-Spw.- ssZ-hn-I-i‡n \nd-bp-tºmƒ

]m¿Y\ i‡n-a-Øm-Ipw'' (4,14-˛16).



InkvXo-b-Po-hnXw F∂Xv A^m-Xns\ kw_-‘n®v kphn-ti-j-

]m-X-bn-eqsS \pIw hln-®p-sIm≠v InkvXp-hns\ A\p-I-cn-°-em-Wv.

Ffn-a-bmWv InkvXp-in-jy\v G‰hpw D]-Im-c-]-Z-am-b -kp-Ir-Xw.- a-\p-

jy-]-IrXn _e-lo-\-am-Wv. -A-Xns\ Xs‚- kz¥w al-Xz-Øn-te°v

Db¿Øp-∂-Xv ssZham-Wv.- F-fna \ntj-[m-fl-I-kw-K-Xn-b-√.""a\p-jys‚

thcp-Iƒ `qan-bn-emWv \ń-cn-°p-∂-sX-¶n¬, I¿Xr-a-l-Xz-Øns‚ Xncp-

ap-ºmsI Ahs‚ ê-ßƒ Db¿∂p-I-bdpw''(9,14). hn\o-X\v I¿Øm-

hp-ambn kº¿°Øn¬ G¿s∏-Sm-\mIpw: ""hn\o-X≥ Ffn-a-bp-≈-h-\m-

Wv.- F-∂m¬ Ahs‚ lrZ-bw D∂-X-ß-fn-te°v Db-cp-∂p. Ahs‚ uanI-

\-b-\-ßƒ ùan-I-am-bh ImWp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ lrZ-b-I-Æp-Iƒ atlm-

∂-X-ß-fn-ep-≈h Z¿in-°p∂p''(9,2).

A^m-Xns‚ a\p-jy-Z¿i\w at\m-l-c-am-Wv.- a-\pjy-i-cocw kuµ-

cy-Øn\pw k¥p-jvSn°pw ]Im-i-Øn\pw hnfn-°-s∏- n-cn-°p∂p: ""kvt\ln-

°p-∂-hs‚ ]°-te°v ssZhw hcp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v, -F-fn-asb kvt\ln®v

hn\o-Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ Ign-bpI \ymb-bp-‡-am-Wv. hn\o-X≥ EPp-am-\- -

\pw -£-am-io-e\pw Icp-W-bp-≈-h\pw XnI-hp-≈-h\pw kXy-k‘\pw

\√-h\pw hnth-Inbpw im¥\pw _p≤n-am\pw ]im-¥\pw kam-[m-\

-]n-b\pw Zb-bp-≈-h\pw am\- m-¥-c-Øn\v Hcp-°-ap-≈-h\pw kXv]-hr-

Øn-Iƒ°v k∂-≤\pw Bg-ap-≈-h\pw Nn¥m-io-e\pw kuµ-cy-hm\pw

BI¿jn-°p-∂-h-\p-amWv''(9,14).

t]¿jy≥ InkvXp-aXw BZy-Im-eØv samØ-Øn¬ Xm]- -

ssN-X\yw \nd-™-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. A^mXpw InkvXo-b-Po-hn-XsØ AØ-

c-Øn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXns‚ ASn-ÿ-m\w hnizm-k-am-Wv. AXp

a\pjys\- ssZ-hm-e-b-am-°p-∂p.- A-hnsS InkvXp -Xs∂ hkn-°p-∂p.-

hn-izmkw Bflm¿Y-amb kvt\lw km[y-am-°p-∂p.- AXv ssZh-kvt\-

l-Ønepw ]c-kvt\-l-Ønepw ]kv]-jvS-am-Ip-∂p.

D]-hmkw A^m-Xns‚ as‰mcp kp]-[m-\ -Nn-¥m-hn-j-b-am-Wv. imco-

cn-I-amb D]-hmkw am\- n-Ihpw Bflo-b-hp-amb D]-hm-k-Øn\v klm-

b-I-am-Wv. hy¿Yhpw \nµy-hp-amb hm°p-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ \nh¿Ø-\w,

tcmj-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ D]-hm-kw, -hm-cn-°q-´m-\p≈ A-Xym¿Øn-bn¬

\n∂p≈ hnSp-X¬, ]m¿Y-\-bn¬ i≤m-ep-hm-Im≥ \nZ-bn¬ \n∂pw Ae-

k-X-bn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ D]-hmkw F∂nh Cu am\- n-tIm-]-hm-k-Øn¬

AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. -A-Xm-b-Xv, imco-cn-tIm-]-hmkw Bfl-hn-ip-≤o-I-c-

W-Øn\pw ip≤o-I-c-W-Øn\pw a\-xkw-kvI-c-W-Øn\pw hgn-sX-fn-°Ww

F∂p-km-cw.1

1. Pope Benedict XVI, On “Aphrahat” in L’Osservatore Romano, N.48 (2021) 28November, 2007, p.13

am¿ A^mXv


2.- am¿ At]w (306˛373)

alm-\mb am¿ At]w saskm-s∏m-t´-an-bm-bnse \nkn-_nkv ]´-

W-Øntem AXn-\-SptØm BWv P\n-®-Xv. C∂v \pssk-_n≥ F∂v

\nkn-_nkv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXv sX°p-]-Sn-™-m-d≥ S¿°n-bn-emWv

At]-ans‚ ]nXmhv \nkn-_n-kn¬ \n∂pw AΩ Aao-Zv (-Zn-bm¿_-°o¿)-

]-´-W-Øn¬ \n∂p-ap≈ `‡-cmb InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t]-an\v

Hcp ktlm-Zcn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. _mey-]mbw apX¬ At]-ans‚ hnizm--

k-]-cn-io-e\w \nkn-_n-kn-se- sa-Xm-\mb am¿ bmt°m-_n-s‚ (303-˛338)

Iogn-em-bn-cp-∂p. At]w Xs‚ buh-\m-cw-`-Øn\p aptº amtam-Zokm

kzoI-cn®v ""DS-º-Sn-bpsS a°ƒ (-_vss\ -Iym-am)'' F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Xm]-

-k-aq-l-Øn¬ AwK-am-bn.- am¿ bmt°m-_mWv At]-an\v amtam-Zo-

kmbpw Uo°≥ ]´hpw \¬In-b-Xv.

am¿ bmt°m_v 326-˛-t\m-S-SpØv At]-ans\ \nkn-_nkv aX-]-T-\-

im-e-bpsS ][m-\m-[ym-]-I-\mbn \nb-an-®p. ss__nƒ hymJym-Xmhv

F∂¿Yw hcp∂ "av]ivIm\m' F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]kvXpX XkvXn-I-bpsS

t]cv. Cu Iem-ebw ]n¬°m-eØv hfsc ]i-kvXn-bn-te°v Db-cp-Ibpw

kmc-h-Ømb kw`m-h\ k`bv°v \¬Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp.- am¿ bmt°m-

_v (303-˛338), am¿ _mt_m-hm-bv (338-˛350),- am¿ shmtfm-tKkv (350-˛361),

am¿ A_-lmw (361˛?) F∂o saXm-∑m-cpsS Iogn-emWv At]w

]h¿Øn-®-Xv. t]¿jy≥ cmPm-hmb j∏q¿ c≠m-a≥ (309-˛379) 338,346,350

F∂o h¿j-ß-fn¬ \nkn-_nkv ]´-Ww BI-an-®p.- aq∂p Xh-Wbpw

]´Ww [oc-ambn sNdp-Øp-\n-∂p. t]¿jy≥ ssk\yw aq∂p]mh-iyhpw

]cm-P-b-s∏´v ]n∑m-dn. ]Xn-tcm-[ -]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw Zpcn-Xm-izm-k -]-

h¿Ø-\-ßƒ°pw t\XrXzw sImSp-°m≥ Uo°≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬

At]w AXy-[zm\w sNbvXp.

hnizm-k-Xym-Kn-bmb Pqen-b-≥ NI-h¿Øn 363-˛se t]¿jy≥ bp≤-

Øn¬ sIm√-s∏-´p.- bp-≤-Ø-S-hp-Im-cmb tdma≥ ssk\ysØ hos≠-Sp-

°m≥ th≠n tPmhn-b-≥ NI-h¿Øn D≠m-°nb HØp-Xo¿∏-\p-k-cn®v

\nkn-_nkv ]´Ww t]¿jym-°m¿°v hn´p-sIm-Sp-t°-≠n-h-∂p. XpS¿∂v

ssIkvX-h-sc√mw \nkn-_nkv hn´p-t]m-bn.- At]w Iptd-\mƒ Aao-Zn¬

Xma-kn-®-tijw FtU- -bn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn.- A-hn-sS-h-®mWv At±lw

Xs‚ KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®-Xv. In.-h.371/2˛¬ ]ń-Wnbpw ]I¿®-hym-[nbpw

]nSn-s]´v FtU- -bn¬ At\-I¿ acn-®p. acn-®-hsc AS-°m\pw tcmKn-

Isf ipiq-jn-°m\pw Zcn-Zsc klm-bn-°m-\p-ambn At]w Hcp k∂-

≤-kwLw cq]o-I-cn®v tkh-\-\n-c-X-\m-bn. [\n-I-cn¬ \n∂v ]Ww ]ncn®v



]mh-s∏- -hsc klm-bn-®p.- tcm-K-_m-[n-Xsc NnIn-’n-°m≥ BXp-cm-e-b-

hpw A\m-Ysc ]m¿∏n-°m≥ ]m¿∏n-S-ßfpw D≠m-°n.- A-hsc Xo‰n-t∏m-

‰m≥ `£Ww kw -cn-®p.- I-jvS-∏m-Sp-Iƒ \nd™ Cu kmap-ly-tk-h\w

At]-ans‚ BtcmKyw XI¿Øp. 373 Pq¨ 9˛\v At]w A¥-cn-®p.

am¿ At]w Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ Uo°≥ ipiqj \n¿h-ln-®p.

Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-kw-_-‘n-bmb sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ

Ko°v-˛-e-Øo≥ k`-I-fn¬ DS-se-Sp-Øp. Aßs\ NcnXw sI´p-I-Ybv°v

hgp-Xn-ho-Wp. F∂m¬ kpdn-bm\n `mj-bn¬ At]-ans‚ Poh-N-cn-X-

kw-_-‘n-bmb IrXn-Iƒ H∂pw Xs∂ Gsd-°mew Fgp-X-s∏- n-√. Bdmw

\q‰m-≠n-\p-tijw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw Poh-N-cn--X-kw-_-‘n-bmb \nc-h[n

sI´p-I-Y-Iƒ DS-se-Sp-Øp.- A-h-bn¬ Ncn-Xmwiw H´pw-Xs∂ Cs√-∂mWv

]WvUn-X-a-Xw.

kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse G‰hpw henb k`m-]n-Xm-hv, kp]-kn≤ ]Sn-

ÃnIv Ihn, Bcm-[-\-I-a-tØmSv hniz-kvXX Imńb hy‡n, F√m-h¿°pw

ImcpWyw h¿jn® Uo°≥ F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ am¿ At]w ]i-kvX-

\m-Wv. ItØm-en-°m-k` 1920-˛¬ am¿ At]-ans\ km¿h-Xn-I- k-`m-

a¬∏m≥ F∂p hnfn-®p.- Htc kabw ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\pw Ihn-bp-am-

bncp∂p At±-lw. ssZh-imkvXw Imhym-fl-I-ambn Fßs\ Ah-X-cn-

∏n-°m-\mhpw F∂v kphy-‡-ambn At±lw Imń-Ø-∂p. hnizm-kw,- i-c-

Ww, kvt\lw F∂o kpIr-X-ßƒ At]-an¬ \nd-™p -Xp-fp-ºn-\n-∂p.

Zcn-Z-\mbpw kwip-≤-\mbpw At±lw Cu temI-Øn¬ Pohn®v ]c-tem-

I-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xymi ]I¿∂p. ssZh-Øn¬ ASn-bp-d®v hniz-kn-®-

Xn-\m¬, ]c-kvt\-l -]-hr-Øn-I-fn¬ apgp-In. ]I¿®-hym[n _m[n-®-hsc

Xs‚ acWw hsc ipiq-jn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

"]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ hoW' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ am¿ At]w \nc-h[n

hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n hf-sc-b-[nIw Fgp-Xn. Ic -Im-WmØ IS-ens‚ hym]vXn-

tbmSv IrXn-Isf D]-an-°mw. At±lw Xs‚ IrXn-Iƒ°v hnhn[ `mjm-

cq-]-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v:

(1) -X-\n-K-Zyw (-Xp¿Km-am). thZ-]p-kvX-I- hym-Jym-\-ßfpw Nne

]mj-WvU-Xm-hn-cp-≤ -Ir-Xn-Ifpw Cu KW-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

(2)- K-Zy-]-Zy-an-in-Xw (-hr-Ø-K-‘n-bmb KZyw/saam) ]kw-Kw,

-]-`m-j-Ww, -]-kvXm-h-\,- ]-_‘w Fs∂ms° saam (-sa-ta)

hnh¿Ø\w sNømw.

am¿ At]w


(3) ]Zyw (-aZvdmim). X\n- ]-Zy-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv At]-ans‚ an°-

Ir-Xn-I-fpw.- ]-√-hn-]m-´v (-Hm-\o-km), Xmcm-´p-]m-´v (-kq-Ko-km),- kvtXm-X-

Km-\w (-sX-iv_p-lv-Xm), ]m¿Y-\m-Km-\w (-t_m-hq-km),- a-m[y-ÿ-yKm-\w

(tk-s_¬Xm/]Sn-∏m-´v) F∂n-ßs\ ]e-Xcw Km\-ß-fp-≠v. ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-

ep≈ \o≠ Dt]-tZ-i-ßƒ°v aZvdmim F∂p ]d-bmw. ]mSn [ym\n-°m-

\mbn Fgp-X-s∏-´-h-bm-W-h.

alm\pw temI-Kp-cp-hp-am-b -A-t]-ans‚ t]cn¬ ]n¬°m-eØv

]ecpw KŸ-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n-®n-´p-≠v. kpdn-bm\n ]WvUn-X-∑m-cpsS Kth-

j-W-ß-fpsS ê-ambn bYm¿Y-Ir-Xn-Isf a‰p-≈-h-bn¬ \n∂v th¿Xn-

cn-®n- p-≠v. Cub-Sp-Ø -Im-eØv FUvaWvUv s_°v F∂ _\-Un-IvssS≥

k\ym-kn (-P¿a-\n) am¿ At]-ans‚ an° IrXn-I-fp-sSbpw hna¿i-\-∏-

Xn-∏p-≠m°n P¿a≥ hnh¿Ø-\-tØm-sSm∏w ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Cu hna¿i-

\-∏-Xn-∏n\p apºv aq∂v kam-lm-c-ßƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. aq∂n-s\bpw D√w-

Ln-°p-∂-Xm-Wv s_°ns‚ ]Xn-∏v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bmWv At]w IrXn-

I-fpsS kap-®-b-ßƒ:

(1)- tdm-a≥ kap-®-bw (1732-˛1746). -h-Øn-°m≥ KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬

D≠m-bn-cp-∂-hbpw am¿ At]-ans‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-h-bpamb-

ssI-sb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v Bdv hmey-ß-fn-embn ]kn-≤o-I-cn®p.

tPmk^v As -am\pkv, ]o‰¿ samt_-dm-Iv,- Ão-^≥ As -am-\pkv

F∂n-h-cpsS \nkvX-µ- ]-cn-i-a-^-e-am-bn-´mWv Cu ]Xn-∏p-≠m-b-Xv.

kq£va-]-cn-tim-[-\tbm, imkvXob ]T-\-ßtfm IqSm-sX-bmWv Cu

kap-®bw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv. BZysØ aq∂p hmey-ß-fn¬ At]-ans‚

IrXn-I-fpsS Ko°p]Xn∏pw eØo≥ hnh¿Ø-\hpw sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

]n∂sØ aq∂p hmey-ß-fn¬ IrXn-I-fpsS kp-dn-bm-\n- aq-ehpw AXns‚

eØo≥ ]cn-`m-jbpw sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v.

(2)- Hm-h¿s_-°ns‚ kap-®-bw (1865): HmIvkvt^m¿Un¬ \n∂p

]kn-≤o-I-cn® Cu kap-®-b-Øn¬ At]-an-t‚-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-´-ncp∂

]Xn-s\m∂v IrXn-Iƒ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. ]cn-`mj IqSmsX aqe-IrXn amXw

sImSp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p.

(3) eman-bpsS kap-®-bw (1882- 1902): Cu kap-®-b-Øn\v \mep hmey-

ß-fp-≠v.- kp-dn-b-m\n aqehpw eØo≥ ]cn-`m-jbpw \¬In-b-n-cn-°p-∂p.

e≠≥, ]mco-kv, HmIvkvt^m¿Uv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse ssI-sb-gp-Øp

-]-Xn-Iƒ eman D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. CXn¬ sImSp-Øn-cn-°p∂ Nne IrXn-

Iƒ At]-an-t‚-X-√.



(4) s_°ns‚ kap-®bw: P¿a≥Im-c-\m-b s-_-°ns‚ ]Xn-∏mWv

Ct∏m-gp≈ ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ B[n-Im-c-nI-am-bn-´p-≈-Xv. At±lw 1936 apX¬

tdman¬ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v sk‚ v B≥kew C≥Ãn-‰yq-ń¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw At]-ans‚ IrXn-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ ZØ-i-≤-\m-Ip-Ibpw

sNbvXp. 1962-˛-\p-tijw P¿a-\n-bn-¬ Xncn-s®Øn acWw hsc (1991)

At]w- Ir-Xn-I-fpsS ]T-\-Øn¬ apgp-In.- kp-dn-bm\n aqew X\n®pw

AXns‚ P¿a≥ ]cn-`mj X\n®pw BWv At±lw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. CSCO F∂ KŸ-]-c-º-c-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Ah shfn®w I≠-Xv.

1. thZ-]p-kvX-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ

D-Xv]-ØnbpsSbpw ]p-d-∏mSns‚bpw hymJym-\-ßƒ (CSCO 152-˛153):

DXv]-Øn-`mjyw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿

At]w,- DXv]-Øn-`m-jyw, tIm´bw 2001). kpdn-bm-\n -k-`-bn¬ kpdn-

bm\n `mj-bn¬Xs∂ DXv]-Øn°v `mjy-sa-gp-Xnb BZy-sØ-bmƒ am¿

-A-t]-am-Wv. hmNym¿Y -]-[m-\-amWv Cu `mjyw. bqZ-∑m-cpsS D¬]-

Øn - m-jy-km-ln-Xy-tØmSv At]w ASpØp ]cn-N-bn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu IrXn

BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬Xs∂ A¿ta-\n-b≥ mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNø-

s∏-ń-cp-∂p.2 ]q-im-°m (-DXv]-Øn`m-jyw), -Xp¿Km-am (]pd-∏mSv hnh-c-Ww)

F∂mWv kpdn-bm-\n. DXv]-Øn-bpsS BZysØ Bdv A[ym-b-ß-fpsS

`mjyw Ign-™m¬ _m°n `mK-ßƒ Ahn-sSbpw Chn-sSbpw kv]¿in-

°pI amXw sN-øp-∂p.- D-Xv]Øn 49 hni-Z-ambn N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. -]p-d-∏mSv

hnh-cWw Xmc-X-tay\ sNdpXm-Wv; A]q¿W-hp-am-Wv.- A-[ymbw 32

sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-∏n°p-∂p. c≠p `mjy-ßfpw \nc-h[n bqZ]mc-º-cy-

ßƒ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. F∂p- am-X-a-√, bqZX¿Kq-anIv sSIvÃp-I-fn¬

\n∂pw Nne-t∏m-sgms° D≤-cn-°p-∂p.- a‰v ]g-b-\n-b-a-K-Ÿ-ßfpw At]w

hymJym-\n-s®∂v Icp-X-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶n-epw, Ct∏mƒ e-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂-h-bn¬

\n∂v CXp amX-amWv At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂p-≈Xv F∂mWv s]mXp-th-

bp≈ A`n-]m-bw. tPmjzm, \ymbm-[n-]-∑m¿,- km-ap-th¬,- cm-Pm-°-∑m¿,

Zn\-hr-Øm¥w F∂n-h-bpsS `mjy-ßƒ A¿ta-\n-b≥ `mj-bn¬ e`y-am-

Wv. -F-∂m¬ ]kvXpX `mjy-ßƒ At]-an-t‚-X√ F∂mWv Ct∏m-

gsØ \nK-a-\w.

Zn-b-m-sX- -tdm¨ `mjyw : CXv kpdnbm\n aqe-Ønepw A¿ta-\n-b≥

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønepw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. c≠pw XΩn¬ A¬]-kz¬]-hy-Xym-k-

ta-bp-≈p. Xmky-s‚ kwbp-‡-kp-hn-ti-j-Øn\v At]w cNn® Cu

2. K.McVey, St.Ephrem the Syrian-Selected Prose Works, Washington D.C.1994 (FC. 91).

am¿ At]w


`mjyw hfsc ]kn-≤-am-Wv. At]-ans‚ mjyIr-Xn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw ][m-

\-s∏-´Xpw CXm-Wv. CsXmcp ka-K-`m-jy-a√; ]Xyp-X, sXc-s™-SpØ

Nne `mK-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw \¬IpI amX-amWv. Cu `mjy-KŸw ae-

bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ -A-t]w, kphn-ti-

j-`m-jyw, tIm´-bw, 2002).

a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-c-lkyw hni-Zo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv Znbm-sX- -

tdm¨`mjyw Bcw-`n-°p-∂-Xv. \Zn-Iƒ IS-en¬ HgpIn-t®¿∂v e£yw

]m]n-°p-∂-Xp-t]m-se, anin-lm-bn-te°v ]Xo-I-ßfpw ]h-N-\-hm-Iy-

ßfpw _nw_-ßfpw D]-a-Ifpw \ng-ep-Ifpw \oßp-I-bm-Wv. Ah anin-

lm-bn¬ sN∂p \n¬°p-tºmƒ Ahbv°v A¿Y-]q¿Wna ssIh-cp-∂p.

F√mw anin-lm-bn¬ \nd-th-dm≥ ]g-b-\n-baw ImØn-cp-∂p. AXn-eqsS

am¿ At]w c£m-Ic cl-ky-ß-fpsS Ie-hd Xpd-°p∂p.

at\m-l-c-hym-Jym-\-amWv Znbm-sX- -tdm¨`m-jyw.- Nne DZm-l-c-W-

ßƒ: IS-ens\ im¥-am-°n-b-Xn-s\-∏‰n (eq.8,24) At]w ]d-bp∂p: ""Dd-

ßn-b-hs\ Ah¿ DW¿Øn; Ah≥ IS-ens\ Dd-°n.- H-cn-°epw Dd-

ßmØ Ahs‚ ssZh-Xz-Øns‚ DW¿hns\, C-t∏mƒ im¥-amb IS-

ens‚ Cf-°-Øn-e-qsS ImWn-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p AXv'' (6,25). c‡-km-h-

°mcn I¿Øm-hns\ kv]¿in-®-Xn-s\-∏‰n (a¿t°m.5,25-˛34): ""Bflo-b-

ambn Ahn-SpsØ kv]¿in-®-h¿°v kv]¿i-\-hn-t[-b-amb a\p-jyXzw

hgn kv]¿i-\m-Xo-X-am-b -ssZ-h-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sm≥ km[n®p'' (7,5).

lmt_-en-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂n-SØv: ""lmt_¬ sIm√-s∏-ń-SØv `qan-bpsS

hmbv D≠m-bn-cp-∂n-t√? "`qan hmbv Xpd∂v \ns‚ ktlm-Z-cs‚ c‡w

kzoI-cn-®p' (-D¬].4,11). \ΩpsS I¿Ømhv kwkvI-cn-°-s∏-ń-SØv `qan-

bpsS lrZbw D≠m-bn-cp-∂nt√?'' (11,3). sX°ns‚ cm⁄n-sb-∏‰n ]d-

bp-∂nSØv: ""sX°ns‚ cm⁄n AXns\ \ymbw hn[n-°pw (-a-Øm.12,42).

-Im-cWw Ahƒ k`-bpsS ]Xo-I-am-Ip-∂p.- A-hƒ tkmf-as‚ ASp-

tØ°p h∂-Xp-t]m-se,- k` \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ ]°-te°p h∂p''

(11,4). awK-e-hm¿Ø-sb-∏-‰n -]-d-bp-∂n-SØv: ""l∆m-bpsS ImXn-eqsS acWw

IS-∂p-I-bdn; AXp-t]mse adn-b-Øns‚ ImXn-eqsS Poh≥ ]th-in®p''

(20,32).

hmb-\-°msc CcpØn Nn¥n-∏n-°p∂ samgn-Ifpw Ipd-h√:""Pohn-

®n-cn-°p-∂-h-sc√mw Poh-\p-≈-h-c√; kwkv°-cn-°-s∏-´h-sc√mw acn-®-h-

cp-a√''(15,12). ""am[p-cy-ap≈ \mhns‚ ssI°q-en-tbm-Sp-Iq-Sn,- ap-J-kvXp-

Xn-bpsS coXn-bn¬, [\-hm≥ \ymbm-[n-]s‚ ]°-te°v IS-∂p-h∂p''(15,1).

""a°ƒ (b-lq-Z¿) ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS kºØp amXw -I≠p; Ah-cpsS



\oXn Ah-cpsS IÆn¬ s]ń-√. hnPm-Xn-b-cm-I-s´ Ah-cpsS kºØp

I≠n-√, F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS \oXn Z¿in®p'' (15,15). ""tPmenbpw tPmen°p

hnfn-°m≥ Bfpw C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Ae-k-cm-bn-cp∂ ]cn-i-a-im-en-Isf

Hcp kzcw Iqen-s°-Sp-°p-Ibpw Hcp hm°v DW¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp''

(15,15). ap¥n-cn-tØm-´-Øns‚ D]a hni-Zo-I-cn-°th At]w Fgp-

Xp∂p:""Ah≥ AXn\p thensIń: \nb--aw. ap¥n-cn-®-°n-\p≈ Ipgn

Ipgn®p: _en-]o-Tw. Ahn-sSmcp tKm]pcw ]WnXp: Be-bw...'' (16,19).

""kvt\l-Øns‚ I¿j-I≥ a\- n¬ hnX® I¬]\''(16,23). emk-dns\

Db¿∏n-°p∂ cwKw IcpWm¿Z-amWv: ""Ahs‚ IÆp-\o¿ ag-t]m-sebpw

emk¿ tKmX-ºp-a-Wn-t]m-sebpw I√d qan-t]m-sebpw Bbn-cp∂p'' (17,7).-

an-in-lm-bpsS IÆp-\o-cn¬ IpXn¿∂ tKmX-ºp-a-Wn-bmb emk¿ I√-d-

bm-Ip∂ `qan-bn¬ \n∂v apfs]mń ]pXp-Po-h≥ ]m]n-®p- ]p-d-Øp-h-∂p.

Imhym-fl-IX Ihn-s™m-gp-Ip∂ ssZh-im-kvX- I¬]\ ChnsS Zr-iy-

am-Wv.- I-Ym-]m-X-kr-jvSn-bnepw At]w AZzn-Xob ]mK¤yw ]Z¿in-

∏n-°p∂p: ""Ahn-Sp∂v ]p¬sØm-gp-Øp-sIm≠v Bcw-`n®p; Hcp Igp-X-

sb-s°m≠v Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p.- t_-Xve-tl-an¬ ]p¬sØm-gp-Øp-sIm≠v;

Pdp-k-te-an¬ Igp-X-sb-s°m≠v'' (18,1). tbip-hns‚ Cu tem-I-]-th-

i\w ]p¬sØm-ń-bn¬ BsW-¶n¬, ]´-W-]-th-i\w Igp-X-∏p-d-Øm-

Wv. Hcp Igp-X-bpsS PohnXw t]mse F√mw Ah-km-\n®p F∂p Icp-

Xn-b-h¿s°-Xnsc Xm°o-Xp-am-Wn-Xv.

\-S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ hymJym\w: A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬

amXta CXv e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

hn.-]u-tem-kns‚ teJ-\-ß-fpsS hymJym\w: CXpw A¿ta-\n-b≥

hnh¿Ø-\-Ønte e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

2.- ]m-j-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xn-sc (-K-Zy-cq-]-Øn¬)

ln-∏m-kyq-kn-s\-gp-Xnb A©p ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ.

_¿ssZ-km-s\-Xn-sc(-π-t‰m-Wn-Ãp-Iƒs°-Xn-sc).

am¿-ky-s\-Xnsc aq∂p ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ (-A-_t≤m]tZiØns\Xnsc)

am-\n-s°-Xn-sc.

I-\ym-XzsØ°pdn-®v.

3.- KZy]Zy-an-in-Xw (-sa-ta)

\-ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns\ Ipdn-®p≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\w (CSCO 270-˛271):

InkvXp-hns‚ c£m-I-c-I¿aw kay-°mbn hnh-cn-°p∂ Hcp at\m-l-c-

am¿ At]w


Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv; ""D∂-X-Øn¬ \n∂v Xmtg°v Cd-ßn-h∂v ]mXmfw hsc

Ahn-Sp∂v bmX-sN-bvXp.- A-hn-sS-\n∂v AkwJyw XS-hp-Im-tcm-Sp-IpsS

D∂-X-Øn-te°p Itcdn''. Cu IrXn ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v:

(Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ At]w, -D-Xv]-Øn-`m-jyw, -tIm-´-bw, 2007,-t].178-˛242).

CXns\ 59 mK-ßƒ AYhm JWvUn-I-I-fmbn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. \ΩpsS

I¿Øm-hns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-cw, c£m-I-c-c-lkyw F∂nh BZy--`m-K-Øv

(1-˛13) N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.- ^-cn-tk-b-\mb sia-tbms‚ `h-\-Øn¬ h®v

I¿Ømhv ]m]n-\nsb ]m]-hn-ap-‡-bm-°p∂ kw`hw XpS¿∂p hnh-cn-

°p∂p (14- 24).- sX-‰p-Im-tcmSv I¿Ømhv FX im¥-am-bn s]cp-am-dp-s∂∂v

NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p. -]u-tem-kn\p kw`-hn-®-Xp-t]mse Nne-t∏mƒ I-Æp-I-

fn¬ A‘X hym]n-°mw (25-˛33). F∂mepw AXv Ahn-SpsØ kvt\l-

Øns‚ ]Xn-^-e-\-am-Wv.- Xp-S¿∂v InkvXp-hns‚ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-

Xzhpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p (34-˛35). ho≠pw, ^cn-tk-bs‚ `h-\-Øn¬ \S-∂

kw`-h-ß-fn-te°p Xncn-b-p-∂p (41-˛49). Ah-km-\-`mKw, ]ptcm-ln-X-\mb

sia-tbm-s\bpw sia-tbm≥ ]tXm-kn-s\bpw _‘n-∏n-°p-∂p (50-˛58).

]g-b-\n-b-a -]-hm-N-I-Xz-hpw ]utcm-ln-Xyhpw Fßs\ InkvXp-hn¬

FØn-t®¿s∂∂pw ]utcm-lnXyw Fßs\ sia-tbm≥ ]tXm-kn\v

ssIam-dn-sb∂pw At]w ImWn-°p-∂p. \ap°p amXrI \¬Im-\m-Wv

I¿Ømhv im¥\pw hn\o-X-\p-ambn ImW-s∏-´-sX∂pw At±lw Iqń-

t®¿°p-∂p.

InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\-ß-sf-∏‰n At]w ]d-bp∂p:""]nXmhv Ahs\

P\n-∏n®p; Ah-\n-eqsS F√m krjvSn-I-sfbpw \n¿an-®p. icocw Ahn-

SpsØ ]k-hn®p; Ahn-Sp∂v Xs‚ ico-c-Øn¬ hnIm-c-ßsf \nK-ln-

®p. kv\m\w Ahn-SpsØ P\n-∏n®p; X∂n-eqsS AXv \ΩpsS Id-Iƒ

sh◊-bm-°p-∂p. ]mXmfw Ahn-SpsØ P\n-∏n®p; Ah-≥ AXns‚ \nt£-

]-ßƒ sIm≈-b-Sn-®p'' (2,5).

tbm-l-∂ms‚ kphnti-j-Øns‚ Bap-J-sØ-∏‰n: CXv `mKn-I-ambn

amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

]p-ªn-bp-kn-\p≈ IØv: CXv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v

(Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ At]w, DXv]-Øn-`m-jyw,-t].162-˛177). A¥y-hn-[n-

sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp [ym\-Z¿i-\-am-Wn-Xv. kphn-ti-jsØ Hcp IÆm-Sn-

bmbn Nn-Xo-I-cn-®p sIm≠mWv XpS-°w. Cu IÆm-Sn-bn¬ \√-h¿ Xß-

sfØs∂ ]dp-Zo-km-bn¬ ImWm-\n-S-bm-Ip-w. -Zp-jvS¿ tK-sl-∂m-bn¬ Xß-

fpsS A\-¥-amb Zpcn-Xhpw Z¿in-°pw. XpS¿∂v sNΩ-cn-bm-Sp-I-fp-sSbpw

tImem-Sp-I-fp-sS-bpw Nn-Xo-I-c-Ww, [\-hm-s‚bpw emk-dn-s‚bpw D]a



F∂n-h-bn-te°p IS--°p-∂p. InkvXp-hns‚ hnhn[ t]cp-Iƒ Cu IrXn-

b-n¬ ImWmw (AtXIrXn, -t].166- 168). \√-h-cpsS hmk-ÿ-esØ Z¿in-

®p-sIm≠v At]w ]d-bp∂p: ""Rm≥ AhnsS kpIr-X-ap≈ Bfp-Isf

I≠p. Rm≥ Ah-cpsS kuµ-cy-Øn-\mbn AXn-bmbn BK-ln-®p. \√h¿

\n¬°p-∂nSw Rm≥ I≠p. Ah-cpsS hmk-ÿew Xm¬]-cy-]q¿hw Iman-

®p. hnf-°n-√mØ bmsXm-cmƒ°pw Ib-dm≥ A\p-hm-Z-an-√mØ aW-hd

FXn¿h-iØp Rm≥ I≠p. Rm≥ Ah-cpsS B\µw I≠p. B aW-h-

dbv°v A¿l-amb Hcp ]hr-Ønbpw F\n-°n√ F∂p-I≠v Rm≥

ZpxJnX-\mbn IpØn-bn-cp-∂p. Ah¿ ]Im-i-h-kvXw [cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xm-

bn Rm≥ I≠p.- F-\n-°mbn bmsXmcp tijvT-h-kvXhpw Xbm-dm-°n-

bn-ń√ F∂-Xn¬ Rm≥ ZpxJn®p.- hn-P-b-Øm¬ Aew-Ir-X-amb Ah-

cpsS Inco-S-ßƒ Rm≥ I≠p.- Fs∂ IncoSw [cn-∏n-°m≥ DX-Ip-∂- bm-

sXmcp hnP-b-io-em-fn-X-I¿ahpw F\n-°n√ F∂-Xn¬ Rm≥ ZpxJn-®p.

I\y-I-Iƒ A-hn-sS -hm-Xn¬°¬ ap´p-∂Xv Rm≥ I≠p. AXv Ah¿°p-

th≠n Xpd-°m≥ Bcp-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. B ku-`m-Ky-X-e-Øns‚ I¿a-ß-

sfm-∂pw F\n-°n-√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ Rm≥ \ne-hn-fn-®p... Ah-sc-t∏mse

Rm\pw Ft∏mgpw Ahn-SpsØ \ma-Øn¬ A`bw tXSn-bn-cp-∂p. Ahs‚

_lp-am-\-ß-fm¬ Rm≥ _lp-am-\n-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- Fs‚ \nKq-V -sX-‰p-

Iƒ°p-aotX Hcp ]pX-∏p-t]mse Ahs‚ \maw Ft∏mgpw Fs∂ Np‰n-

bn-cp-∂p...- \-ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ hnip≤ kphn-ti-j-Øns‚ tim`-bp≈

IÆm-Sn-bn¬ Cu Imcy-ß-sfms° Rm≥ I≠t∏mƒ Fs‚ Bflmhv _e-

lo-\-am-bn-Øo-cp-I-bpw Fs‚ Acq]n £oWn®v Ah-i-am-Ip-Ibpw Fs‚

icocw s]mSn-bn-te°p hf-bp-Ibpw sNbvXp'' (AtXIrXn, t].170- 177).

tami sNbvX AS-bm-f-ßsf°pdn®v

4. -[m¿anI ]`m-j-W-ßƒ (-tlm-an-en-Iƒ/sata)

hn-izm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ tlman-en-Iƒ (6): CXns‚ ae-bmf ]cn`mj

Xbm-dm-bn-´p-≠v.

\n-s°m-ta-Zn-bmsb Ipdn-®p≈ tlman-en-Iƒ: kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw A¿ta-

\n-b-\n-ep-ambn CXns‚ \nc-h[n `mK-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

_¿ssZ-km-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ tlman-en-Iƒ: At]-ans‚ t]-cn¬ \nc-h[n

tlman-en-Iƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-s≠-¶n-epw, Ipd-®p -amXta At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-

bn-´-p-≈p F∂mWv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw. -s_°v ]kn-≤o-I-cn® \mev hmey-

ß-fn-ep≈ tlman-en-I-fn¬ ( -sata/sk¿tam-sW-kv) Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂h

At]-an-t‚-Xmbn Icp-X-s∏-Sp∂p: saam 1,1-3 (Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Ø-en-s\-∏-‰n).

saam 2,1 (-tbm-\msb∏‰nbpw \n\-th-°m-cpsS A\p-Xm-]sØ∏‰n-bpw.

am¿ At]w


Ko°v,- A¿ta-\n-b≥,- tPm¿Pn-b≥.- F-tXym-]y≥ `mj-I-fn-te°v CXv

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-Iƒ CXn¬ \n∂v Bcm-[-\-

I-a-Øn¬ ]eXpw FSp-Øn-´p-≠v. saam 2,4 (-]m-]n-\n-sb-∏‰n: eq.7) saam

4,2 (-G-Im-¥-hm-kn-I-sf-∏-‰n).

\mIvtStK F∂-t]-cn¬ s_Iv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® saam-Iƒ H∂pw-X-s∂

(CSCO 363- 364) At]-an-t‚-X-√. CXn¬ I\y-I-a-dn-b-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ c≠v

saam-Ifpw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. CXv tIm -bsØ kocn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v.

Ggv kn-e-_nƒ ao‰-dn-ep≈ a‰v \nc-h[n saam-Iƒ At]-an¬ Btcm-]n-®n-

´p-≠v. AØ-c-Øn¬ s] -h-bmWv hnip-≤-hmc tlman-en-Iƒ (CSCO 412- 413),-

A-_-lmw,- C-k-lm-°v, Genbm F∂n-hsc ]‰n-bp≈ tlman-en-Iƒ.

5.- Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ (-aZvdmti/]Zy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ)

am¿ At]-ans‚ IqSp-X¬ IrXn-I-fpw ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-em-Wv. Hmtcm

hcn-bnepw Ggv kne-_n-fp-I-fp≈ "sk]vXm-kn-e-_nIv' KoX-ßfpw 12

kne-_n-fp-I-fp≈ "tZm-sZ°m kne-_nIv' KoX-ß-fp-amWv At±lw

IqSpXembn cNn--®n´p-≈-Xv.

hnizm-k-Ko-X-ßƒ (87): KoX-ß-fn¬ G‰hpw hepXv CXm-Wv.- ap-Øn-

s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ A©v KoX-ßƒ Cu kam-lm-c-Øn-em-Wv.- CXns‚ ae-bmf-

]-cn-`mj Xbm-dm-bn-´p-≠v (CSCO 154˛155).

\n-kn-_n-b≥ Km\-ßƒ (77): CXns‚ eØo≥ Xe-s°-ń-eq-sS-bmWv

CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv (-Im¿an\m \nkn-t_-\m). -C-Xn\v c≠v `mK-ß-fp-

≠v.- H∂mw `mKw (1-˛34) \nkn-_n-kn-s\bpw Ahn-SpsØ saX-m-s\bpw

Ipdn-®m-Wv.- c-≠mw-`m-K-Øns‚ apJy-]-¶pw (35-˛77) InkvXp-hns‚ ]mXm-

f-]-th-i-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wv.- km-Øm\pw ac-Whpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°w 52-

˛54- ¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n--°p-∂p. a\p-jys‚ ta¬ B¿°m-W[n-Imcw F∂-Xns\

]‰n-bmWv X¿°w. Cu kmln-Xy-ssien ]pcm-X\ saskm-s∏m-t´-an-bm-

bn¬ ]tbm-K-Øn-en-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.- ]n¬°me Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Cu kmln-

Xy--ssien Ub--temKv KoX-ßƒ°v D]-tbm-Kn-®p (CSCO 218-˛219;240-˛241).

-]m-j-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Km\-ßƒ (56): am¿ky≥, am\n,

_¿ssZ-km≥ F∂n-h-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßƒs°-Xnsc Fgp-Xnb Km\-ß-

fm-Wv CXn-ep-≈-Xv. tIm¨Xm slsc-skkv F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p (CSCO

169-˛170).

I\ym-Xz-Ko-X-ßƒ (52): Cu IrXn aebmfØn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v

(Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- am¿ At]w, I\ym-Xz-Ko-X-ßƒ, -tIm-´bw 2001). hnhn[

hnj-b-ß-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂ KoX-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-am-Wn-Xv.- Ip-d-



®p- Ko-X-ßƒ amXta I\ym-Xz-sØ-∏‰n N¿®-sN-øp-∂p-≈p (1-˛3.24).-

]-gb \nb-a-Øn¬ \n∂v I\ym-Xz-Øns‚ Nne ZrjvSm-¥-ßƒ FSpØp

ImWn-°p-∂p. "Poh-hr-£-hp-am-bn Hń-°-s∏-´-h-cmWv I\y--I-Iƒ. Ah¿

\nXy-a-W-hm-fs‚ h[phpw Be-bhpw cmP-sIm-´m-c-hp-am-Wv. Ah¿ \nXy-

ku-µ-cysØ \nc-¥cw [ym\n-°p-∂p. D∂-X-Øn¬ IqSp-sI-´p-Ibpw Db-

c-Øn¬ ]d-°p-Ibpw sNøp∂ hm\-ºm-Sn-bmWv I\ym-Xzw'. KoXw 4˛7

ssXew,- I¿Xr-]-Xo-I-ßƒ F∂ kam-lm-c-am-Wv.- A-t]-ans‚ ]Xo-

Im-fl-I- ssZ-h-imkvXw CXn¬ hy‡-am-Wv. 8˛10 I¿Xr-]-Xo-I-ßfpw

11-˛14 I¿Xr-c-l-ky-ßfpw I¿Xr-]-co-£-W-ßfpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. ka-dn-

bm-°m-cnsb k -bpsS ]Xo-I-ambn ImWp-∂p (17- 19).- Ahsf hyXykvX

ho£-W-Øn-emWv At]w ImWp-∂-Xv.- Ahsf hy`n-Nm-cn-Wn-bm-bn-´-√,

\√-h-fm-bn-´mWv NnXo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- km-dm,- Xm-am¿ F∂n-h-sct∏m-

se-bm-W-hƒ.- tbip Ah-fpsS clkyw shfn-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]Sn-]Snbmbn

Ahn-Sp∂v c£n-®p-b¿Øp∂ a\p-jy-Ip-esØ Cu kvXo kqNn-∏n-°p-

∂p. ]Ir-Xn, ]g-b-\n-b-aw, ]pXn-b-\n-baw F∂o aq∂p I¿Xr-In-∂-c-ß-

sf-∏‰n 28- 31 ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.- I¿Xr-]-Xo-I-ßƒ Ch aq∂nepw Fßs\

ad™n-cn-°p-s∂∂v hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p. Ihn-bp-sSbpw ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-

s‚bpw B[ym-fln-Im-Nm-cy -s‚bpw kn≤n-Iƒ ka-RvP-k-ambn

ktΩfn®ncn-°p∂ At±-l-Øns‚ Cu KoX-ßƒ B[ym-fln-I -ssZ-h-

im-kvX-Øn\v henb apX¬°q´mWv (CSCO 223-˛224).

Xncp-k-`-sb-°p-dn-®v (52): hnhn[ hnj-b-ßsf°pdn®v Cu kam-lmcw

N¿®-sN-øp-∂p (CSCO 198˛199).

a-\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Ko-X-ßƒ (28): Cu IrXn ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn≤o-I-cn-

®n-´p-≠v (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ At]w, a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Ko-X-ßƒ,-tIm-´bw

2001). Cu kam-lm-c-Øns‚ tIµ-`mKw 16 KoX-ß-fm-Wv (5-˛20). -Xm-cm-´p-

]m-´p-Iƒ F∂-t]-cn¬ At]w Xs∂ Ah kam-l-cn-®ncn°m≥ CS-bp-

≠v. Ah-bn¬ an°Xpw amXmhv tbip-hn-t\mSv ]mSn-∏-d-bp-∂-h-bm-Wv. Xs‚

k`-bpsS Bcm-[\Iamhiy-Øn\v, AXm-b-Xv P\-\-s∏-cp-∂m-fn-\v,

At]w Fgp-Xn-b-h-bmImw Ch. KoX-ßƒ H∂p apX¬ \mep-h-sc-bp-

≈h At]w Xs∂ cNn-®-h-bm-Wv. F∂m¬ ]n¬°m-eØv Btcm Ah

a‰-h-bp-ambn Iqń-t®¿Øp. Ah-km-\sØ Fs´-Æw (21-˛28) ]n∂oSv Iqń-

t®¿Ø-h-bm-Wv. ssZh-]p-Xs‚ a\p-jym-h-Xmcw Hcp alm-¤p-X-am-Wv.-

ssZ-h-Øns‚ iq\y-h¬°-c-W-amWv AhnsS \S-∂-Xv. ]Xo-Im-fl-I-ssZ-

h-imkvXw KoX-ß-fn¬ \ng-en®p \n¬°p-∂p. -A-Xp-t]m-se, ssZh-

imkvXw F]-Imcw Km\m-fl-I-ambpw `mhm-fl-I-ambpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-

\m-hp-sa∂v At]w ImWn-®p-X-cp-∂p.

am¿ At]w


s]klmKoXßƒ : ]pfn-∏n-√mØ A∏sØ Ipdn®v (21): Iqin-°-en-

s\-°p-dn®v (9); D∞m-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v(5): Ch-bn¬ \n∂v kpdn-bm\n Bcm-

[-\-I-a-Øn¬ ]eXpw FSp-Øn-´p≠v (CSCO 248-˛249).

]dp-Zo-km-Ko-X-ßƒ (15) (CSCO 174˛175): Cu KŸw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®n- p-≠v (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- ]-dp-ZokmKoX-ßƒ, tIm -bpw, 2001). DXv]-

Øn-bn¬ ImWp∂ ]dp-Zo-km- hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ B¥-cn-Im¿Y-Øn-te°v

IS-∂p-sN-√p∂ Nn¥m-[mc blq-Z-cpsS CS-bn¬ InkvXp-a-Xm-cw-`-Øn-\p

-ap-ºp-Xs∂ DS-se-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. mh-\m-k-º-∂-\m-b- At]w ]dp-Zo-kmsb

]Xo-Im-fl-I-am-bn- tX h¿Wn-°p-∂-Xv. ]dp-Zo-kmsb Hcp ae-bmbn NnXo-

I-cn-°p-∂p. "AXv hrØm-Ir-Xn-bn-em-Wv. AXv henb IS-ens\ Np‰n-°n-

S-°p-∂p (2,6). -AXv Ic-sbbpw IS-en-s\bpw Np‰n-°n-S-°p-∂p (1,8-˛9). ]f-

b-Pew AXns‚ ASn-hmcwhsc am-Xta FØn-bp≈p (1,4). Np‰n-Øn-cn-

bp∂ hmfp-ambn \n¬°p∂ tImt_ amemJ AXns‚ ASn-hm-c-Ønse

then kwc-£n-°p-∂p (2,7;4,1). ]dp-Zo-km-bpsS G‰hpw XmgsØ `mK-

amWv Cu aXn¬. AhnsS \n∂v ]dp-Zo-km-bpsS ]Ip-XnZq-c-Øn-emWv

Adn-hns‚ hr£w.- AXv Hcm-¥-cnI AXn¿Øn-bm-bn h¿Øn-°p-∂p.- A-

hnSw Iptd-°qSn Db¿∂-Xm-Wv.- A-hnsS Ib-dm≥ BZ-Øn\pw l∆mbv°pw

A\p-hmZw C√m-bn-cp-∂p (3,3).- Ip-td-°qSn Db-c-ap≈ AXn-hn-ip-≤-ÿ-

eØv ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ Poh-hr-£sØ ad-®p-sIm≠v Hcp I¿´¨ IWs°

Adn-hns‚ hr£w \ne-\n-∂p (3,2). -a-e-bpsS sImSp-ap-Sn-bn-etX ssZh-

km-∂n-[yw'. ]dp-Zokm blq-Z-cpsS ssZhm-e-b--Øn-s‚bpw InkvXob ]≈n-

bp-sSbpw ]Xo-I-am-Wv. Cu ]d-™-h-sbm∂pw hmNym¿Y-Øn¬ FSp-

t°-≠-h-bs√∂v At]-an\v Xs∂ Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p (2,4-˛5). ]dp-Zokm

\ΩpsS temI-Øn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. AXv hyXy-kvX -X-e-Øn-

em-Wv. AXv \ΩpsS ka-b-Øn\v AXo-X-am-Wv.- D-]-cn-ÿhp-am-Wv.- D-∞m-

\m-\-¥cw \oXn-am-∑m-cpsS hmk-ÿ-e-amWv ]dp-Zokm. D∞m-\-tØm-Sp-

IqSn amXta \ap°Xn¬ Ib-dm-\m-Iq. Bflmhpw ico-chpw H∂n-®m-Wv

AhnsS Ib-dp-I (8,9).

hfsc `mh-\m-k-º-∂-ambn ]dp-Zo-km--bnse ac-ß-sf-∏‰n hnh-cn-°p-

∂p (3,13).- an-in-lm-bp-sS ]m¿izw Ip¥-Øm¬ Xpf-bv°-s∏-´-t∏m-gmWv

]dp-Zo-kmbv°p Np‰p-ap≈ thenbpw Np‰n-Øn-cn-bp∂ hmfpw \o°-s∏-´Xv

(4,1). Ft^.2,14-˛s\ DXv]-Øn 3,24-˛p-ambn At]w _‘n-∏n°p-∂p. -BZw

\jvS-s∏-Sp-Ønb al-Xz-hkvXw anin-lm-bp-sS -a-cW-Øm¬ BZ-Øn\p

XncnsI \¬In-. kv\m-\-Øn¬ InkvXp-hns\ [cn-°p-∂-Xp-hgn (tdmam

13,14;Kem.3,27) hnizm-kn-Iƒ al-Xz-hkvXw [cn-°p∂p. a\p-jysc al-

Xz-h-kvXw [cn-∏n-°m≥ ssZhw a\p-jy-thjw [cn-®p. Pe-Øn¬ h®v



a\p-jy¿ al-Xz-hkvXw [cn-°m≥ th≠n InkvXp Pe-Øn¬ Xs‚

alXzw Dcn-™p-h-®p. D∞m-\-Øn¬ F√m \oXn-am-∑mcpw al-Xz-hkvXw

[cn®v aW-h-d-bn-te°v Ibdpw. \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-

e£yw BZ-Øn\v ssZhw \n›-bn-®n-cp∂ al-\o-b-ÿm\w t\Sn-s°m-Sp-

°pI F∂p-≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.- sX-‰n-t∏m-ImØ hn⁄m-\hpw Aa¿Xy-Po-

h-\p-am-W-h. a\p-jy-Xz-Øn¬ Xs∂ Ah≥ ssZhXzw ]m]n-°m\m-bn-

cp∂p AXv: ""ssZh-am-Im≥ BZmw BK-ln®p F∂v AXyp-∂-X≥ Kln-

®p. Ahs‚ BKlw km[n-®p-sIm-Sp-°m-\m-bn Ahn-Sp∂v Xs‚ ]pXs\

Ab®v Ahs\ [cn-®p. Ahn-Sp∂v \ap°v ssZhXzw X∂p, \mw Ahn-Sp-

tØ°v a\p-jyXzw \¬In'' F∂v At]w as‰m-cn-SØv ]d-bp-∂p (-hn-

izm-k-KoXw, 5,17).

D]-hm-ksØ Ipdn-®v (10) (CSCO 246˛247)

Pq-en-b-s\-Xn-sc (4): hnizm-k-Xym-Kn-bmb Pqen-bs‚ ac-W-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-

Wn-Xv.- t]-K-\nkw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°m≥ Pqen-b≥ ian-®p. AXn-\p≈ in£-

bm-bn-´mWv At]w Cu acWw ImWp-∂-Xv (CSCO 174-˛175). Cu KoXw

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -am¿- A-t]w, DXv]-

Øn-`m-jyw,- t].250-˛278). ""Pqen-b-s\-Xnsc k`-sb-∏‰n'' F∂ t]cn¬

Hcp IrXn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. -t]¿jym-°m¿s°-Xnsc bp≤-Øn\p t]mIp-∂-

Xn-\p-apºv Abmƒ k`-bvs°-Xnsc hoºn-f-°n. At∏mƒ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-

WnXv (A-tX-Ir-Xn, 242-˛249).- "ssZhw Xs‚ k`sb Hcn-°epw ssIhn-Sp-

I-bn-√.- A-Xp-sIm≠v b-Øn\v ÿm\-an-√. -Zp-jvS -cWw Hcn°epw \o≠p-

\n¬°n-√.- hn-izm-k-lo-\¿ amXta Pqen-bs‚ ]£Øp tN¿∂v hnizm-

ksØ H‰n-s°m-Sp-°pI-bp-≈p. ssZhhpw Xs‚ amem-J-amcpw k`-bpsS

IqsS-bm-Wv.- km-Øm\pw Ahs‚ ssk\y-ßfpw iXp-]-£-Øpw. -Pq-en-

b≥ ]mj-WvUn-I-sfbpw a¥-hm-Zn-I-sf-bpw- b-lq-Z-scbpw k -bpsS F√m

iXp-°-sfbpw Xs‚ IqsS Iqń. Iqc-ar-K-ß-sf-t∏mse Ah¿ k`-bpsS

ta¬ NmSn-ho-Wp. -\m-a-am-X -ssI-kvX-h¿ Pqen-b-s‚ ]X-\-tØm-Sp-IqSn

e÷n-X-cmbn. ssZ-h-\o-Xn-bmWv Pqen-bs\ Xd-]-‰n-®-Xv'. -In-kvXp-a-X-

Øns‚ kXy-k-‘-Xbpw t]K-\n-k-Øns‚ s]m≈-Ø-chpw Ah-km-\-

`m-KØv hc-®p-Im-´p∂p.- Pq-en-bs‚ ]X-\-tØm-S-p-IqsS t]K-\n-k-Øns‚

Ah-Im-i-hm-Z-ß-sfms° s]mfn-™p F∂v At]w ka¿Yn-°p-∂p.

Z-\-lm-sb-°p-dn-®v (28): Cu kam-lmcw At]-an-t‚-X√ F∂p Icp-Xp-

∂-h-cp-≠v (CSCO 186˛187).

-tkm-Kn-bm-km (-Io¿Ø\w/Xmcm- p-]m- v) F∂ t]cn¬ s_°v Bdv IrXn-

Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠vv (CSCO 186-˛187).- F-∂m¬ Ah At]-an-t‚-X√

am¿ At]w


F∂v A`n-]mb-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-≠v.- A-Xp-t]mse A_lmw IoZq-\m-bm(15),

Pqen-b≥ km_m (24),- hn-izm-k-km-£n-Iƒ(6) F∂o Km\-ßfpw At]-

an¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p∂p F∂p amXw.- A-h-bn-¬ Hcp ]t£ Nne Km\-

ßƒ At]-an-t‚-Xm-bn-cn-°mw. A¿ta-\n-b≥ `mj-bn-ep≈ 51 Km\-ßfpw

Cu KW-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-Xm--Wv (Patrologia Orientalis, 30).

ssZh-im-kvXw

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ImesØ AXn-]-K-¤-cmb ssZh-im-kvX-

⁄-∑m-cn¬ G‰hpw auen-I-X-bp-≈-h-cn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n¬°p-∂-h-

\mWv am¿ At]w.- tK-t°m- -tdm-a≥ temIØp hym]-cn® ]nXm-°-∑msc

Ko°pXXz-imkvXw KWy--ambn kzm[o-\n-®p.- F-∂m¬ At]-ans‚ ssZh-

im-kvX-Øns‚ ASn-Ød hnip≤ KŸ-am-Wv. ssZhn-I- sh-fn-]m-Sn-s‚bpw

ss«lnI hnizmk ss]Xr-I-Øn-s‚bpw InkvXp--tI-µo-IrX cwK-ØmWv

At]w Imep-d-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Dd-hn-S-ß-fn-te°p aS-ßp-tºmƒ \mw

sNs∂Øn \n¬t°-≠Xv Fhn-sS-bm-sW∂v At±lw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p.

At±lw "Dd-hn-S -ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øns‚ Ddh' AtX.

am¿ At]w bqZ-tbm-˛-In-kvXy≥ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ ss__nƒ

hymJym\w \S-Øn; Xncp-en-Jn-X-ßƒ lrZn-ÿ-am°n kzmwio-I-cn-®n-cp-

∂p. hnip≤ KŸ-tem-IØv hnl-cn-°p∂ hm\-ºmSn Bbn-cp∂p B

`mjy-Im-c≥. skan-‰nIv ssien-bn¬ thZ-KŸw hymJym-\n-°p-tºmƒ,

ss__nƒ temIw FhnsS Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p,- A-t]-ans‚ Bi-b-temIw

FhnsS Bcw-`n-°p∂p F∂v Xncn-®-dn-bm-\m-hmØ hn[-amWv At±-l-

Øns‚ hymJym-\-ssi-en.- tK-t°m-˛-tdm-a≥ ssZ-h-im-kv-X-tØ-°mƒ

]pcm-X-\hpw auen-Ihpw ss«ln-I-hp-amb ssI-kvX-h-k-`-bpsS ssZh-

im-kvX-Øns‚ G-‰hpw ]_-e\pw hnJym-X\pw k¿h-kzo-Im-cy-\p-amb

h‡mhv At]w Xs∂-bm-Wv. skan-‰nIv ]›m-Ø-e- ssZ-h-im-kvX-Øn\v

kz¥w Imen¬ \n¬°m\mIp-sa∂v At]w sXfn-bn-®p. B Is≠-Ø¬

k¿h-Im-en-Ihpw km¿h-Xn-I-hp-amb ktµiw \¬Ip-∂p.

ssZhn-I-sh-fn-]mSv a\p-jys‚ `mj-bnepw a\p-jy¿°p-th-≠nbpw

ssZh-sa∂ Dd-hn-S-Øn¬ \n∂v Hgp-In-h-cp-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-Xp-sIm≠v AXv

a\p-jys‚ ssI∏n-Sn-bn¬ HXp-ßn -\n¬°p-∂-X-√, Af-∂p -Xo¿°m-hp-

∂-X-√,- F-Øn-∏n-Sn®v _‘n-®n-Sm-hp-∂-Xp-a√ F∂v At]w hmZn-°p-∂p.

a\p-jy-_p-≤n-bpsS Ib-dn¬ sIń-bn-Sm-hp∂ ssZh-k-¶¬]-ß-fn¬ \n∂-

I∂pw Db¿∂pw At±-l-Øns‚ ssZh-Nn-Xo-I-cWw \n¬°p-∂p.- AXv

_p≤n-sIm≠v Af-∂p -Xn-´-s∏-Sp-Øm-\m-hn-s√-¶nepw Adn-bm\pw Bkz-

Zn-°m\pw km[n-°pw. ]Xn-cq-]m-fl-I -`m-j-bn¬, ka-K-kw-tbm-P-\m-flI



-co-Xn-bn¬, _nw_-]-Xn-_nw-_-ß-fpsS then-tb‰w hgn At±-l-Øns‚

Bi-b-temIw XmXzn-I-am\w ssIh-cn-°p-∂p. km¿h-Xn-I -ssI-kvXh

ssZh-im-kvX -Nn-¥m-[m-c-Iƒ°v ka-Im-eo-\X kwkn-≤-am-°m≥

klm-bn-°p∂ kºp-jvS-Zm¿i-\n-I-X B-g-Øn¬ ]c-Xp-∂-h¿°v CXn¬

kwe-`y-am-Wv.

Ft∏mgpw ]k-∂-h-Z-\\pw kt¥m-j-]-Ir-Xn--bp-amb Xm]- s‚ apJ-

amWv IrXn-I-fn¬ Zr-iy-am-Ip-∂-Xv. hm°p-I-fnepw NnXo-I-c-W-ß-fnepw

Xpfp-ºn-sbm-gp-Ip∂ \¿a-t_m-[w- A-t]-an\v kzX-kn-≤-am-bn-cp-∂p. \¿a-

c-kw- ssZ-h-im-kv -X-⁄-∑m¿°n-S-bnepw Xm]- -∑m-¿°n-S-bnepw

s]mXpth ImWm-\n-√mØ ÿnXn°v B cwKØpw At±lw thdn-´p-

\n¬°p-∂p. kzbw Ifn-bm-°m\pw kmØms‚ ]cm-I-a-ßfpw ]cm-P-b--

ßfpw Nncn°p hI-X-cp-∂-hn[w hnh-cn-°m\pw Kl-\-amb ssZh-im-kvX-

Nn-¥-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ ]p©n-cn- Xq-Im-\p-X-Ip-∂- h¿W-\-Iƒ \S-Øm\pw

At±-l-Øn\v A\m-bmkw km[n-®n-cp-∂p. ]mj-WvU-X-Isf ASn-®p-X-

I¿°m≥ -B-bncw \mhp≈ t]mcm-fn-bmbn hmZ-ap-J-ßƒ -D-b¿Øp-

tºmgpw Xs‚ Cc-Isf \¿a-c-k -\n-jy-µn-bmb hmIv]-b-‰p-sIm≠v hogn-

°m\pw At]w ian-°m-dp-≠v.- b-P-am-\s‚ tai-bv°n-S-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v

ssZh-im-kvX-Øns‚ hn -h-k-ar-≤-amb hncp-∂n¬ \n∂v h√-t∏m-gpw \ne-

Øp- ho-Wp-In-S-°p∂ A∏-°-j-W-ßƒ s]-dp-°n-Øn∂v Xr]v-Xn-b-S-bp-

∂- ]-ń-tbmSv At]w kzbw D]-an-®n-´p-≠v. AtX kabw AP-K-WsØ

BI-an-°p∂ sN∂m-bvIq-´sØ FXn-cn´v HmSn®v ]mjWvU-X-Isf Xpc-

Øp∂ th -∏- n-bmbpw kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°m-dp-≠v. "Bń-S-bs‚ klmbn'

F∂ ÿm\w Ah-Im-i-s∏-Sm\pw At]-an\p aSn-bn-√. ]mj-WvU-Xm-hn-

cp-≤ -Ir-Xn-I-sf-gp-Xnb a‰p]e ]nXm-°-∑m¿°pw D≈-Xn-tesd ssZh-im-

kvX -t]m-cm-´-ho-cyw,- am¿ky≥, _¿ssZ-km≥, am\n F∂n-h-cpsS A_-

≤-kn≤m-¥-ß-fpsS s\Spw-tIm-´-Iƒ ASn-®p -X-I¿°p-tºmƒ At]w

ImWn-°p-∂p.- ]-cn-lm-k- i-c-ß-fpsS tLmc-am-cn-sIm-≠v- B-cn-b-\n-k-sa∂

A_≤ hnizm-k-Øns‚ ]n¬°me hnIm-k-]-cn-Wm-a-ßsf At±lw

\njv]-`-am-°n. s\tbm-˛-B-cn-b-\n-k-Øns‚ hmZ-ap-J-ßsf XI¿°m≥

ka¿Y-amb hmZ-K-Xn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

]WvUn-Xsc Nn¥-bpsS ]¥-b-°-f-Øn¬ Atßm-´p-an-tßm´pw

HmSn®v DØcw apń-°p∂ alm-]-WvUn-X-\mb At]w "HutZym-KnI

kvIqƒhn-Zym-`ymkw C√mØ hnUvVn'F∂v kzbw NnXo-I-cn-°m-dp-≠v.

Ko°p XXz-im-kvX-ßƒ ]Tn-°msX t]mb ]ma-c-\mWv Xms\∂v ]d-

™-p-sIm≠v Ko°p-X-Xz-im-kvX-tØmSv X\n°v IS-∏m-Sn-s√∂v At±lw

ImWn-°p-∂p. hnZym- ym-k-an-√m-Ø-hsc ]p—n-°p∂ ]WvUn-X-tem-I-Øn\v

am¿ At]w


"hnZym-hn-lo-\-\mb' At]w sh√p-hnfn Db¿Øp-∂-Xp-hgn hnZym¿Yn-tem-

I-Øn-s‚bpw kXym-t\z-jn-I-fp-sSbpw ]WvUn-X-∑m-cp-sSbpw a[y-ÿ-

\mbn \ne-sIm-≈p-∂p. ]e-h´w Xe-]p-I™v Btem-Nn-®m-epw- ]n-Sn-In-

´m≥ ]bm-k-ap-≈- Nn-¥m-temIw At]-ans‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS

Is≠-Øm-\m-Ipw. IS-s™-Sp-Ø -hm-°p-I-fn¬ Kwò-cm-i-b-ßƒ hnh-cn-

°p-tºmƒ At]-ans‚ "hnh-c-an-√m-bva-bn-eqsS' Hcp hn\oX hnth-I-im-

en-bpsS apJw-IqSn ImWm-\m-Ip-∂p. B-bncw apJ-ß-fp≈ ssZh-im-kvX-

I-Æm-Snbpw ]nSn-®m-Wv B At]-ans‚ \n¬]v.

Bh¿Ø-\-hn-c-k-amb ssien-sIm≠v t_md-Sn-∏n-°p-∂-h≥ F∂v

At]-ans\ Bt£-]n-®n- p≈ Nne-cp-≠m-Imw. hnZym- ym-k-an-√mØ kmam-

\y-P-\-ßƒ°p-th-≠n-bmWv At±lw Bh¿Ø-\-ssien ]tbm-Kn-®-Xv.

AsXmcp skan-‰nIv coXn-bm-Wv.- ]-WvUn-X-Ω-\y-∑m-sc∂v kzbw sRfn-

™n-cp∂ ]mj-WvUn-Iƒs°-Xnsc km[m-c-W-°m-cs‚ mj-bn¬ kwkm-

cn-°p∂ At]-ans‚ AP-]m-e-\-hy-K-X-bpsS DZm-l-c-W-ambn CØcw

Bh¿Ø-\-ßƒ I≠m¬ aXn. Bi-b-temIw Ah-km-\n-°m-sXbpw

Bh¿Ø\w \ne-bv°m-sX-bpw -\o≠p\n¬°p∂ coXn-bn¬ Hgp-In-∏-c∂v

a\- msI \nd-™p-I-hn-bp∂ D]-a-Ifpw Na¬°m-c-ßfpw A¿Y-I¬]-

\-Ifpw kpN-\-I-fpw hntcm-t[m-‡n-I-fpw sIm≠v then-tb‰w krjvSn-

°m≥ At±lw i≤n-°m-dp-≠v. Btem-Nn-°p-t¥mdpw A¿Y-hym]vXn Gdn-

h-cp∂ coXn-bn¬ Cc-ºn-bm¿°p∂ Xnc-am-e-Iƒ t]m-se-bmWv At±-l-

Øns‚ Imhy-`m-h\ Db¿∂p-s]m-ßp-I. Xnc-Iƒ- A-S-ßp-tºm-gmIpw

a\ pw lrZ-bhpw ssZh-Nn-¥-bpsS alm-k-ap-Z-Øn¬ hnizm-k-Øns‚

I∏-en-d-°p-I-sb∂v At±lw hnh-cn-®n- p-≠v. B I-∏-en-emWv At]-ans‚

bmX. ssZh-kvXp-Xn-Iƒ ]mSp∂ hoW Ft∏mgpw ssIh-i-ap≈ At]-

ans\ ssZh-kvXp-Xn-bp-sS ssZh-im-kvX-⁄--s\∂p hnfn-°mw.

]qhnepw ]p√nepw ]£n-ar-Km-Zn-I-fnepw Ncm-N-c-ß-fnepw a\p-jy-

\nepw a¨X-cn-bnepw F∂p-th≠ kr-jvS-]-]-©Øn-ep-S--\ofw ssZh-

Øns‚ AS-bm-f-ßƒ Z¿in® Nn-X-Im-c-\mWv At]w- a¬∏m≥. a\p-

jy\p a\- n-em-Ip∂ \qdp-\qdv NnX-ß-fn-eqsS hm°p-I-fm-Ip∂ Nmbw-

sIm≠v IY ]d-bp∂ Iem-Im-c≥ F∂ \ne-bn¬ At±lw NnXo-I-c-

W-hn-Z-Kv≤-\m-Wv.- hn-Zq-c-ÿ\pw kao-]ÿ-\p-amb ssZhsØ hm°p-I-

fpsS hkvXm-e-¶m-c-ß-fn-eqsS Zriy\pw AZr-iy-\p-am-°p∂ mjm-]tbm-

K-Øns‚ DS-a-ÿ-\m-W-t±-lw. hm°-pI-fn¬ ad-™ncn-°p∂ ssZh-Nn-X-

ßƒ Ne-®n-X-Øn-eqsS F∂-hÆw Zriy-am-Ip-tºmƒ hmb-\-°m-c≥ hn\o-

X-\m-Ip-∂p. inip-Xp-ey-amb lrZ-b-Øn¬ \nd-™p-I-hn-bp∂ A¤p-Xm-

Z-c-ß-tfmsS ]Ir-Xn-\n-co-£-W -]-Sp-hmb B Ihn-lr-Zbw ssZh-ta-J-e-



bn-te°v Nnd-I-Sn-®p-b-cp-tºmƒ hmb-\-°m-c\pw tIƒhn-°m-c\pw ]d-°m≥

Nn-d-Ip-Iƒ th≠n-h-cpw. At]ans‚ Nn¥-Iƒ°v NndIv apf-bv°p-tºmƒ

\neØp \n¬°p-∂-h≥ H∂pw I≠n-s√-∂p-h-cmw.- Im-c-Ww, At]w ]d-

∂p-b¿∂v A\-¥-hn-lm-b- n¬ FØn-°-gn-™n-cn-°pw.

IrXn-I-fn¬ Ahn-S-hnsS ImWp∂ imkvXob \nco-£-W-ßƒ

\nanØw "k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿°n-S-bnse ssZh-im-kvX-⁄≥' F∂v

At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. I\y-I-a-dn-b-sØ-∏‰n ssZh-im-kvX- Dƒ°m-

gvN-tbmsS hnh-cn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬ "acn-b≥ th-Z-]m-cw-K-X≥' F∂pw At±lw

hnfn-°s∏-Sp-∂p. kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS ]hm-N-I≥, Adn-hns‚ \nd-Ip-Sw,

kndn-bm-bnse knwlw, k`-bpsS s\Spw-Xq¨, c≠mw-tam-i, alm-\m-b -

At]w, I¿Xr-I-c-Ønse hoip-ap-dw, ssIkvX-h- tem-IsØ G‰hpw

henb ssZh-im-kvX-I-hn,- k- m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ImesØ G‰hpw henb

Ihn, Ihn-I-fpsS Ihn, ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\pw ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-

cpsS Ihn-bpw, ]mhp-Iƒ°n-S-bnse Igp-I≥, k`-bnse bq^-ókv \Zn

F∂n-ß-s\-bp≈ A]-c-\m-a-ß-fm¬ "]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Cu hoW'

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]m¿Y-\-bpw hnizm-k-]Jym-]-\hpw tIm¿Øn-W°n

At±lw anÃn-kn-khpw ssZh-im-kvXhpw H∂n-®p-\n¿Øp-∂p.

Xncp-en-Jn-X-hym-Jym-\-ssien

hn. -K-Ÿ-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ krjvSn-]-chpw ]m¿Y-\m-]q-cn-X-hp-amb a\-

\-Øns‚ e-am-Wv am¿ At]-ans‚ ssZh-im-kvXw. AXm-b-Xv, InkvXp-

tI-µo-Ir-X-amb hnip≤ KŸ-[ym-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Db¿∂p- h-∂-Xm-W-Xv.

]m¿Y-\-bp-sSbpw ssZh-kvXp-Xn-bp-sS-bpw -ta-J-e-bn-te°v a\p-jy-a-\-

ns\ FØn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B ssZh-im-kvXw. thZ-K-Ÿ-Øn¬

ssZhm-e-b-Iq-Smcw ÿm]n®v hmk-ap-d-∏n-®- Nn-¥-Iƒ ss«lnI Ime-

tØmSv ka-Im-eo-\X ]pe¿Øn. Xncp-en-Jn-X-Øn-te°v A\p-\n-anjw HmSn-

°-b-dp∂ ssZh-im-kvX-amWv At]-an¬ \mw ImWp-I.

]g-b-\n-ba ]pXn-b-\n-ba hyXymksat\y hN\w sIm≠v hN\w

hymJym-\n-°p∂ ssien-bmWv At]-an-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Znbm-sX- -

tdm¨ `mjy-Øn¬ CXv DS-\ofw ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- Xp-S°w thZ-K-Ÿ-

Ønse GsX-¶nepw hmt°m, -hm-Iy-tam,- Nn-Xo-I-c-W-tam, -]-Xo-Itam

Bbn-cn-°mw.- hym-Jym-\-]mX GsX∂v ap≥\n-›bw IqSmsX XnI™

kzmX-¥y-tØmsS apt∂m-s´m-gp-Ip-∂p.- ap-t∂m´v kz—-kp-µ-c-ambn B

]hmlw \oßp-tºmƒ \qdm-bncw ssIh-gn-I-fn-eq-sS- s]m-ń-sbm-gp-Im≥

Ign-hp≈ bq^-ó-kmbn AXv ]cn-W-an-°p-∂p.- h-N-\-tI-µo-Ir-X-amb

Nn¥-I-fp-am-bmWv Nne-t∏mƒ B IpsØm-gp-°v.- Xn-cp-en-Jn-X-hm-Iy-ßƒ

am¿ At]w


D≤-cn®v hnh-cWw IqSmsX IS-∂p-t]m-sb-∂p-an-cn-°pw. thdn-s´mcp

hymJym\w IqSmsX, hN\w hy‡-am-sW∂ [mc-W-bn¬ apt∂m´p

\oßp∂ `mjy-Im-c≥ \n»-_vZX ]men®p \ne-sIm-≈p-I-bm-bn-cn°pw

Nne-t∏mƒ. Nne thf-I-fn¬ thZ-hm-Iy-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hgp-Xn-amdn kzX-

¥Nn-¥-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m\pw hgn-bp-≠v. thZ-im-kvX-Nn-¥-Ifpw Xncp-

en-Jn-X-hm-Iy-ßfpw th¿Xn-cn-°m≥ Bhm-Ø-hn[w ]ncn-®p-sIń H∂m-

°p∂ ssien-bmbpw AXp amdmw. Xncp-en-Jn-X-sa∂ alm-k-ap-Z-Øn¬

btYjvSw \o¥n-Øp-Sn®p \oßm≥ At]-an\v hnizm-k-am-Ip∂ I∏¬

XpW-bm-bp-≠m-Ipw. ssZh-im-kvX-hn-lm-b- n¬ ]d-∂p-b-cm≥ Nnd-Ip-I-

fp≈ Igp-I-s\-t∏m-se At±lØns‚ _p≤nbpw bp‡nbpw `mh-\bpw

Nn¥bpw Dƒ°m-gvNbpw B \u-I-bpsS ]mbv-a-c-Øn¬ kZm Xbm-dmbn

\ne-sIm-≈p-∂p.- t\-cn- p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ Hgn-hm-°n-s°m≠v ]tcm£-amb

kqN-\-IƒamXw \¬Im-\m-bn-cn°pw Nne-t∏mƒ ian-°p-I. ZrjvSm-¥-

ß-fpw- km-Zr-iy-ßfpw cq]-I-ßfpw hntcm-[m-`m-k-ßfpw hmIv]-tbm-K-

ßfpw t«jm¿Y-ßfpw \¿a-c-khpw Nmen-s®-SpØ Nmb--°q-´p-Iƒ `m-j-

bn-emsI D≠m-Ipw.- Im-hy-`m-h-\-bpsS Nnd-ISn KZy-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ GXp-`m-

KØpw tIƒ-°m-w.- Hcp ]mT-Øn-t\m, hmIy-Øn-t\m, hnhn[ hymJym-\-

ßƒ Is≠-Øm\pw At]w ian-°m-dp-≠v. At\-I-cpsS hyXykvX

hymJym-\-ßƒ \¬Im-\mIpw as‰mcp i≤. hmb-\-°m¿°pw tIƒhn-

°m¿°pw D]-I-cn-°p∂ B[ym-fln-I- Nn-¥-Iƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°pI At]-

an\v CjvS-ap≈ Imcy-am-Wv.- Zn-bm-sX- -tdm¨ `m-jy-Øn¬ \n∂v Nne

DZm-l-c-W-ßƒ amXw Nq≠n-°m-Wn°mw: a≠\pw t]Sn-sØm-≠\pw Zcn-

Z-\p-amb sia-tbm≥ tI∏m (4,20); InW-‰n≥ Ic-bn¬h®p \S-°p∂

hnhm-l-hm-KvZm-\-ß-fp-sS- ]-c-º-c (5,17); c‡-km-h-°m-cn-bpsS IY (7,3-

˛12); ]m]n-\n-bpsS Imcyw (10,8); [\n-I-bp-hm-hn\p ]‰nb Aa-fn (6,24);

ka-dn-bm-bn¬ InW-‰n≥ Ic-bn¬ ImØn-cn-°p∂ tbip (12,16); tbip-

hns‚ ]oUm-\p- -h-cw-Kw (20,21) XpS-ßnb NnX-ßƒ hc-bv°p-tºmƒ \¿a-

c-khpw ‡n-c-khpw Icp-W-c-khpw H∂n-®p-tN¿∂v B[ym-fln-I-X-bpsS

Xnc-bn-f°w At±lw DW¿Øp-∂p.

ssZh-h-N\w hymJym-\n-®p -Xo¿°m-\p-≈-X-√.- F-∂m¬ H´pw hymJym-

\n-t°≠ F∂ hmZn-°p-∂Xpw icn-b-√. Ffn-a-tbm-sS,- \-µn-tbm-sS, ]m¿Y-

\-tbmsS hymJym-\n®p Kln-°-Ww.- \-ΩpsS hyJym-\-ß-sf√mw A]q¿W-

am-sW∂ Dƒ°mgvN IqSp-X¬ ]q¿Wamb hymJym-\-km-[yX Ah-ti-

jn-∏n-°p∂p. Adn-hns‚ AXn-cp-Iƒ- A-\-¥-X-tbmfw F∂p am‰n-h-c-bv°m-

sa-∂p- Np-cp-°w.- C-\n-sbm-cn-°epw Hc¬]w-t]mepw hf-cm-\m-hm-Ø-hn[w

Adn-hns‚ NI-hm-f-ßƒ -A-h-km-\n-®p-t]mbn F∂p Icp-Xm-\m-hn-s√-



∂m-Wv At±lØns‚ A`n-]mbw. Hmtcm Xh-Wbpw [ym\-]-T-\w-hgn

ssZh-h-N-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adn-hns‚ Bghpw ]c∏pw hf¿∂p-h-cp-∂p.

h¿[n-®p-h-cp∂ A¿Y-hym-]vXn-bpsS A\-¥-km-[y-X-bpsS hmXn-ep-Iƒ

Xpd-∂m-Wv InS-°p-I. "B hm-Xn-¬ A-S®pI-f-b-cptX' F∂mWv At]-

ans‚ A`y¿Y-\. -sh-fn-s∏-´Xpw ad-™n-cn-°p-∂Xpw X-Ωn-ep≈ _‘hpw

_‘-an-√m-bvabpw At±lØns‚ F√m- Ir-Xn-I-fnepw Is≠-Øp∂

AXn-]-[m-\-amb B-i-b-ß-fn-sem-∂m-Wv. Adn™Xn-t\-°mƒ D]cn

C\nbpw Adn-bm-\n-cn-°p∂p F∂v At±lw hmZn-°m-dp-≠v: ""hn.-K-Ÿ-

Ønse hm°p-Iƒ°v Hc¿Y-ta-bp≈p F∂p Icp-Xp-I.- A-t∏mƒ

BZysØ hymJym-Xm-hp-Xs∂ AXp- I-s≠-Øpw. ]ns∂ _m°n-sb√m

hmb-\-°m¿°pw tIƒhn-°m¿°pw At\z-j-WØns‚ A[zm-\-tam,

Is≠-Ø-ens‚ BÀm-Ztam C√msX t]mIp-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ \ΩpsS

I¿Øm-hns‚ Hmtcm hm°n\pw AXm-Xns‚ Omb-bp-≠v. Hmtcm

Ombbv°pw At\Iw AwK-ß-fpw Hmtcm AwK-Øn\pw AXm-Xns‚

Xchpw cq]-hpap≠v. Hm-tcm-cp-Øcpw Xm¥m-ß-fpsS Ign-hn\v A\p-kr-X-

ambn tIƒ°p-∂p.- X-\n°v Inń-b-X-\p-k-cn®v hymJym-\n-°p-∂p'' (7,22).

hnip≤ KŸ-Øn¬ \n∂v CjvS-ap≈ `mK-ßƒ amXw ASn-ÿm-\-

am°n a‰p `mK-ßsf BI-an-°p-∂-h-cpsS at\m`mhsØ At]w

FXn¿°p∂p: "X\n°p ]‰nb `mK-ßƒ amXw kmØm≥ Xncp-en-Jn-X-

ß-fn¬ \n∂v X∏n-s∏-dp°n FSp-°p-∂p. X\n°v ]‰m-Øh Ah≥ hn´p-

I-f-bpw. ]mj-WvUn-Ifpw CXp-t]m-se -X-s∂. Xß-fpsS sX‰mb ]T-\-

ßƒ°v tNcp∂ `mK-ßƒ Ah¿ Xncp-en-Jn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v FSp-°p-∂p.

Xß-fpsS sX‰p-Iƒ°v F-Xn-cm-b-h-sbms° hn´p-I-f-b-pw.- A-ßs\ Cu

bP-am-\s‚ (-A-Xm-bXv kmØm-s‚)- in-jy-cm-Wv Xß-sf∂v Ah¿ hy‡-

am-°p-∂p'' (4,8-c).

a\p-jym-h-Xm-c- ssZ-h-im-kvXw

a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Øns‚ ssZh-imkvXw hnh-cn-°m≥ At]-an\v

ssk≤m-¥nI Z¿i-\-ß-fpsS ]n≥_ew Bh-iy-an-√. ""PU-sa-Sp-°p-Ibpw

_e-lo-\X [cn-°p-Ibpw hni-∂-t∏mƒ `£n-°p-Ibpw tPmen Ign-bp-

tºmƒ £Wn-°p-Ibpw £oWn-°p-tºmƒ Dd-ßp-Ibpw sNbvX-Xn-\m¬,

Xs‚ ac-W-k-abw ASp-Ø-t∏mƒ PU-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Cu Imcy-ß-

sf√mw ]q¿Øo-I-cn-°-s∏-tS-≠n-bn-cp∂p'' (20,4). a\p-jym-h-Xmc cl-ky-

Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-\-`m-K-amWv tbip-hns‚ ]oUm-k-l-\-ßƒ. tbip

Xs‚ ico-c-Øn¬ ]oU-Iƒ kln-®Xv shdpw A`n-\-b-am-bn-cp-∂n-√:

""Xs‚ imco-cnI ac-W-Øns‚ Cu \mgn-I-bn¬ ico-c-Øn-\p-≈Xv Ah≥

am¿ At]w


ico-c-Øn\p \¬In...-A-h≥ hni-∏p-≈-h\pw Zmlm¿Ø-\pw- £o-Wn-X\pw

Dd°w Bh-iy-ap-≈-h\pw Bbn-cp-∂-Xp-t]m-se, Ah≥ `b-s∏-´p-t]m-

bn...thZ-\bpw ITn-\m-[zm-\hpw IqSm-sX-bmWv Ah≥ \ΩpsS ISw hoń-

b-sX∂v temI-Ønse a\p-jy¿°v ]d-bm≥ CS-bm-Im-Xn-cn-°m-\m-WnXv...''

(20,6). c£m-Ic ]h¿Ø-\-Øns‚ HmtcmL´hpw tbip a\p-jy-Ip-e-

Øn\p shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xmbn At]w hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p: ""]oUn-∏n-°-

s∏´ kXy-sØ-]Xn I¿Ømhv kXy-Øns‚ kwc-£-I-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p.

-]o-em-tØm-kns‚ apºmsI \n»-_vZ-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- a-‰p-≈-h¿ \ymb-hm-Z-

ß-fn-eqsS hnPbw h-cn-®-t∏mƒ, \-ΩpsS I¿Ømhv Xs‚ \n»-_vZ-X-bn-

eqsS hnP-b-io-em-fn-X-\m-bn.- Im-c-Ww, -k-Xy-]-t_m-[-\-Øns‚ hnP-b-

am-bn-cp∂p Znhy-\n-»-_vZ-X-bpsS ]Xn-^-ew. -A-hn-Sp∂v ]Tn-∏n-°m-\mbn

kwkm-cn-®p.- F-∂m¬ hnkvXm-c-ÿ-eØv \n»-_vZ-\m-bn-cp∂p'' (20,16).

anin-lm-bpsS \n»-_vZX P\-°q-´-Øns‚ hm°p-I-tf-°mƒ hmNm-e-ambn

\ne-sIm≈pIbpw hnP-bw hcn®v êapf-hm-°pIbpw sNbvsX∂mWv

At]-ans‚ hmZw.

Xpf-®p-I-b-dp∂ _nw_-I¬]-\-Iƒ hmcn-hn-X-dn-s°m-≠mWv At]-

ans‚ `mj KZy-Øn-em-bmepw ]Zy-Øn-em-bmepw apt∂-dpI: ""Ah-cpsS

D≈n-te°v ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns\ DuXn-°-b-‰n-b-hs‚ apJØv Ah¿ Xp∏n.

Ah¿ Ahs‚ ssIbn¬ Hcp RmßW sImSp-Øp. ImcWw, hm¿[-Iy-

Øn-se-Øn-b temIw Nmcn \n∂ hSn-t]mse Bbn-cp∂p Ah≥. \ymbm-

[n-]-∑m-cpsS hn[n-hm-N-I-ßƒ Dd-∏n-°-s∏-´Xpw AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-´Xpw

AXp-sIm-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-t]mse Ahn-Sp∂v Fgp-Xn-b-Xpw, Xs‚ `h-

\-Øn¬ \n∂v ZpjvSsc Bń-tbm-Sn-®Xpw AXp-]-tbm-Kn-®m-bn-cp∂p'' (20,17).

aÆn¬ \n∂v sa\™v BZ-Øn\v Poh≥ \¬In-bXpw «ol-∑m-cn¬ ]cn-

ip-≤m-flm-hns\ IpSn-bn-cp-Øn-bXpw ssZhw a\p-jys‚ apJØv DuXn-

s°m-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. -a\pjy\v ssZh-Øns‚ apJØv Xp∏m≥ -]-cym-]vX-

amwhn[w ssZhw apJw XmgvØn- \n-∂p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- ]m-]-]-¶n-e-amb temIw

bphXzhpw ]k-cn∏pw \jvS-s∏´v Pcm-\-c-Iƒ ]nSn-s]´v hogm≥ t]mIth

Ah≥ AXns\ Xmßn-\n¿Øn. Ahn-Sp∂v ]m]n-\n-tbmSv Imcp-Wyhpw

ssZhm-e-b-sØ Aip-≤-am-°p∂ lrZbw ISp-Ø-h-tcmSv Im¿°-iy-hpw

ImWn-®p. Xm≥ c£n-°p-Ibpw in-£n-°p-I-bpw -sN-øp-∂-h-\m-bn ImWn-

®p-sIm-SpØp. "]S-bm-fn-I-fn¬ Hcp-h≥ Ahs\ Ip¥w-sIm≠v IpØn'

F∂ hmIy-sØ-∏‰n k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS temI-Øp-\n∂v e`n-®n-´p≈

G‰hpw lrZ-bm-h¿P-Ihpw ssZh-im-kvX-k-º-∂-hp-amb hymJym\w

At]-an-t‚-Xm--Wv.- kp-Zo¿L-am-b -B -`mKw a\- n-cpØn hmbn-°p-∂-

h¿°m¿°pw ss__nƒ ]WvUn-X\pw ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\pw Ihnbpw



ankv‰n-°p-am-b -At]w A\y-\m-bn-cn-°p-I-bn-√ (21,10-˛13).- ""Xn-cp-en-Jn-X-

ß-fpsS \nKq-V-]-Imiw ImWm≥ \nßƒ°v Ign-hn-s√-¶n¬ -Ah hmbn-

°p∂ A[zm\w Dt]-£n-°p-I'' (20,29) F∂v At±lw ]d-bp∂p. Xncp-

en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS B¥-cn-I-X-bn-te-°p- t]m-bm¬, ]Im-in-X-amb temI-

Øn-em-bn-cn°pw hmb-\-°m-c≥. As√¶n¬ hm°p-I-fpsS then-s°-´p-

Iƒ°-∏pdw IS-°m≥ Ign-bm-sX, A¿Y-a-dn-bmsX Ah≥ AXp-anXpw

]pe-ºp-I-tb-bp-≈p. hmb-\-sIm≠pw tIƒhn-sIm≠pw Ah-km-\n-°msX

hm°p-I-fpsS ]pdw-tXm-Sp-Iƒ hn´v A¿Y--Øn-te°v FØn-\n¬°-Ww.

hmKzn-em-k-Øns‚ hmXm-b-\-ßƒ h-en-®p-Xp-d∂v AI-Øp-I-S-∂mte

ss__nƒhym-Jym-\w- sIm≠v Imcy-ap-≈p. ]]-©-am-Ip-∂- ]p-kvX-Iw,-

Xn-cp-en-Jn-Xw, anin-lmsb∂ Xmt°m¬ F∂nh aq∂pw ssZh-ta-J-e-bn-

te°v FØn-t®-cm≥ a\p-jys\ klm-bn-°p-∂-Xn-\m¬, hm°p-Iƒ°n-S-

bn-eqsS B Xe-Øn-te°v Xo¿Ym-S\w km[y--am-Ip-∂p. A-XtX At]w

Bh¿Øn-®p-]-d-bp-I.3

kXy-s]-k-lm-°p-™mSv

am¿ At]-ans\ IqSp-X-embn kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≈Xv tbml-∂m≥

«olmbpw ]utemkv «olm-bp-am-Wv. F∂m¬ skan-‰n-Iv,-bq-Z-tbm-˛-In-

Ãy≥ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv At±lw Xs‚ Bi-b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-

´p-≈-Xv. kXy-Ip-™m-Smb InkvXp DZvLm-S\w sNbvX ]pXnb DS-º-Sn-

bpsS A\-\y-X-sb-∏‰n At±-l-Øn\v XnI™ Ah-t_m[w D≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. InkvXp-c-l-ky-Øns‚ ap≥Ip-dn-Iƒ (-Xp-]vtk) ]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønepw

]Xo-I-ßƒ ]Ir-Xn-bnepw Z¿in-® -At]w ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ Xs‚ InkvXp-

Z¿i\w Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.- ]-g-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ ]q¿Øo-I-c-WamWv (-ip¬am-

\m) InkvXp. InkvXp-tI-µo-Ir-X-am-sW-¶nte ]gb \nb-a-Øn\v A¿Y-

ap-≈p, AXv InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS KŸ-am-Iq. InkvXp-hn¬ ]q¿Øo-Ir-

X-amb ap≥Ip-dn-Iƒ°v C\n ]k-‡n-bn-√ (-]pfn∏n√mØ A∏sØ

°pdn®v, 6,1-˛2). F-∂m¬ ]pXnb\nbaw a\- n-em-°m≥ ]g-bXv AXym-h-

iy-am-Wv. Ah-bpsS bYm¿Y A¿Yw Is≠-Øp-I- F∂-XmWv kp]-

[m\ kwK-Xn. ]g-b-\n-b-a -ap≥Ip-dn-Iƒ ]pXnb\nb-a -bm-Ym¿Yy-ß-fp-

am-bn( -im-td)-F-ßs\ HØp-t]m-Ip-s∂∂v kq£vam-h-tem-I-\-ZrjvSym

At]w Imń-Ø-cp-∂p. Bg-amb hnizm-khpw XnI™ k`m-kvt\-l-hp-

am-Wv At±-l-Øns‚ hgn-Im-ń-Iƒ. _p≤n-sbbpw lrZ-b-sØbpw Hcp-

t]mse kv]¿in-°-Ø-°-hn[w Bcm-[-\m-h-k-c-ßƒ°mbn Fgp-X-s∏-´-

3. tXmakv Iq\-Ωm-°¬, Ah-Xm-cn-I: in Pn. tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ -A-t]w- -kp-hn-ti-j-

`m-jyw,- tIm- -bw,2002,-t]. xi-xxxvii.

am¿ At]w


h-bm-Wv At±-l-Øns‚ KoX-ßƒ. s]k-lm-°p-™m-Sv (-F-a¿ s]-kvlm)

]g-b-\n-b-a-Ønse Hcp kp]-[m\ ap≥Ip-dn-bm-Wv.- A-Xns\ B[m-c-am°n

At]w Bg-ta-dnb c£m-I-c-imkvXw ]Sp-Øp-b¿Øp-∂p. CuPn-]vXn¬

k‘ym-k-a-b-Øv Adp-°-s∏´ s]k-lm-°p-™mSv ]pXnb \nb-a-Ønse

kXy-Ip™m Sns‚ (-F-a¿ Jp-ivXm) ap≥Ip-dn-bmWv.- Ip-™m-Sns‚

sImebpw c‡w Xfn-°epw ]pd-∏m-Spw- bmlvthbpsS P\-amb Ckm-

tb-ens‚ P\-\sØ Ipdn-°p-∂p.- `m-hn-bn¬ bmlvth Ah¿°p \¬Im-

\n-cn-°p∂ hnSp-X-en-s‚bpw hnP-b-Øn-s‚bpw, hmKvZØ-\mSv kz¥-am-

°p-∂-Xn-s‚bpw AS-bm-f-am-WXv.- A-∂p-ap-X¬ s]klm A\p-jvTm\w

hnSp-X-ens‚ A\p-kva-c-WbmWv, `mhn-bn¬ anin-lm-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ c£-

bpsS hmKvZm-\-hp-am-Wv.

InkvXp-hns‚ c‡hpw _enbpw ]pXnb Ckm-tb-ens\ ]nim-

Nn¬ \n∂pw acW-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]m]-Øns‚ i‡n-bn¬ \n∂pw hnSp-hn-

°p-∂p.- AXv Poh\pw kzmX-¥yhpw ]Zm-\w- -sN-øp-∂p. Ip¿_m-\-bn¬

Cu InkvXp-kw-`hw A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p. AXv `mhn-bnse hnSp-X-ens‚

A®m-c-am-Wv.- A-¥y-Øm-gw, -Ip-cn-inse _en, k`-bpsS Ip¿_m\ F∂-

_en F∂o Xn-hn-[-co-Xn-I-fn¬ s]k-lm-°p-™mSv InkvXp-hn¬

bmYm¿Yy-h¬°-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. A¥y-Øm-g-Øn¬ kXy-Ip-™mSv Xs‚

icocw apdn®v injy¿°v \¬Ip-∂p (-A-tXIrXn,19,1-˛2).- AXv Ipcn-inse

Pohm¿∏-W-Øn-s‚- c-‡-c-ln-X-_-en-bmWv.- am-fn-I-apdn BZy-]-≈n-bpw

Ahn-SpsØ tai BZy-_-en-]o-T-hp-am-Wv (-Iqin°ens\°pdn®v, 2,12).

]-Xo-Im-flI Ip™mSpw kXy--Ip-™mSpw AhnsS k‘n-°p-∂p.

ap≥Ipdn -bm-Ym¿Yy-am-Ip-∂Xpw ]XoIw Ah-km-\n®v bmYm¿Yyw

Bcw`n°p-∂Xpw Ahn-sS-bm-Wv (-A-tXIrXn, 2,11).- A-¥y-Øm-g-Øn¬

InkvXp bYm¿Y-Øn-ep-≈ -]p-fn-∏n-√m-Ø- A-∏hpw ]pXnb s]k-lm-`-

£-Whpw Bbn-Øo¿∂p.- A-hn-Sp∂v Ip™mSpw A∏hpw ]pXn-b- s]-k-

lm-bpsS Imkm-bp-am-Wv.

kXy-s]-k-lm-Ip-™m-Smbn InkvXp Ipcn-in¬ _en-b¿∏n-°-s∏-

´p.- ]p-tcm-ln-X\pw _en-h-kvXphpw Ah-\n¬ k‘n®v Ah≥ ]cn-]q¿W-

_-en-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p (]pfn∏n√mØ A∏sØ°pdn®v 2,2-˛5). Ahn-Sp∂v

kXy-Ip-™mSpw AtX-k-abw AP-K-W-Øn-\p-th≠n Xs∂-Øs∂

ka¿∏n-°p∂ CS-b-\p-am-Wv (-a\pjymhXmcw,3.15). Ahs‚ c‡w ]pXnb

Ckm-tb-ens\ ac-WØn¬ \n∂v c£n-®v Po-h≥ ]Zm-\w -sN-bvXp. Cu

_en-aqew blq-Z-cp-sSbpw hnPm-Xn-b-cp-sSbpw kakvX arK-_-en-Ifpw

IY-bn-√m-Ø-Xmbn amdn. Imc-Ww, kXy-Ip-™m-Smb InkvXp-hns‚

c‡w IqSmsX c£-bn-√. C∂v B c£ k`-bn¬ Ip¿_m-\-bnse _en-



bn-eqsSbmWv temIw apgp-h≥ \¬I-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- k-Xy--s]-k-lm-bpsS

]q¿Øo-I-c-W-amWv Ip¿_m-\. Cu ]pXn-b -s]-k-lm-_-en-bn¬ InkvXp-

hmWv Ip™m-Sv.- A-h-s‚ -]u-tcm-lnXyw as‰√m ]Xo-Im-fl-I- ]u-tcm-

ln-Xy-ß-sfbpw \o°n-°-f-™p.- bm-Ym¿Yyw IS-∂p-h-∂-t∏mƒ \ng-ep-

Iƒ \oßn-t∏m-bn.- k-Xy--]-Imiw DZbw sNbvX-t∏mƒ- C-cpƒ ]º-I-S-

∂p. -Ip¿_m-\-bn¬- A-hn-Sp∂v \ΩpsS A∏-ambn Xocp-∂p.- C-Xns\ bqZ-

cpsS A∏-hp-ambn Iqń-°p-g-bv°-cp-Xv (AtXIrXn, 19,22-˛24).- ]-dp-Zokm

F∂ hmKvZØ\mń-te-°p≈ Xo¿Ym-S-\-Øn¬ InkvXpinjysc Xmßn-

\n¿Øp-∂Xv Cu kPo-hm-∏-am-Wv. AXv Ahsc B¥-cn-I-ambn cq]m-¥-

c-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw ac-WsØ sIm∂v Ah¿°v Poh≥ \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. Cu A∏-Øns‚ Ahm-Ny-i‡n ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn¬\n∂v hcp-∂-Xn-

\m¬ AXn-eqsS ssZh-P-\-Øn\v Cu [c-bn¬ h®p-Xs∂ InkvXp-hp-

ambn KmV-_-‘-ap-≠m-Ip-∂p. mhn-a-l-Xz-Øns‚ A®-mc-ambn Xocp-Ibpw

sNøp∂p: ""ap≥Ipdn CuPn-]vXn-em-bn-cp-∂p, bmYm¿Yyw k`-bnepw AXn-

s‚ -]q¿Øo-I-cWw cmPy-Ønepw'' F∂v At]w ]d-bp-∂Xv A¿Y-h-

Øm-Wv (-AtXIrXn,5,23).4

InkvXp-hn-ep≈ \ho-I-cWw

BZy-a-\p-j-y≥ kzX-t¥-—-bm¬ Dcn-™p-I-f™ al-Xz-hkvXw

Ahs\ [cn-∏n-°m-\mWv Ime-]q¿Øn-bn¬ ssZh-]p-X≥ a\p-jy-\mbn

Xo¿∂-Xv. a\p-jy\v \nXy-Po-h\pw ssZhn-I-a-l-Xzhpw kXy-⁄m-\hpw

\¬IpI F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p ssZhn-I-]-≤-Xn. Xs‚ Pohu-j-[-Øm¬ Ahn-

Sp∂v a\pjy-Ip-esØ Pohn-∏n-®p. Ahs\ ]dp-Zo-km-bn¬ ho≠pw ]th-

in-∏n-®p. uan-I-Po-hnXw ]dp-Zokm e£y-am-°n-bp≈ bmX-bmbn At]w

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. InkvXp-hn-eqsS amXta a\p-jy\v ]dp-Zo-km-bn¬ Ib-

dm-\m-Iq. AXp-sIm≠,v InkvXp- "h-gnbpw hmXnepw' F∂p hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-

∂p. InkvXp-hmWv \ΩpsS al-Xz-h-kvXw.- A-hn-Sp-∂mWv \ΩpsS shfn-

®-hpw tim`-bpw. -]m-]-Øn-s‚-bpw ac-W-Øns‚bpw ASn-a-Ø-Øn¬ \n∂v

Xs‚ Ipcn-inse ac-W-Øm¬ InkvXp \sΩ hnSp-hn-®p.- A-ßs\ a\p-

jy-c-£m-N-cnXw ]dp-Zo-km-bnse ac-Øn¬ \n∂v Ipcn-ip-a-c-Øn-te-°p-

≈ -bm-X-bm-Wv. B bmX Ahn-Sw-sIm≠v Ah-km-\n-°msX kotbm-

\n¬ \n∂v k`-bn-se°pw kz¿K-cm-Py-Øn-te°pw \o≠p-In-S-°p-∂p.-

k-`-bnse Znhy-Iq-Zm-i-I-fn-eqsS InkvXp-kw-`hw bmYm¿Yy-h¬°-cn-°-

s∏-Sp-∂p, a\pjy¿ ]dp-Zo-km-bn-te°v ]th-in-°p-∂p. k`-bmWv \h-

4. J.Naduvilezham, The Theology of the Paschal Lamb in Ephrem of Nisibis,Kottayam, 2000.

am¿ At]w


]-dp-Zo-km. AhnsS InkvXp-hmWv Poh-hr-£w.- c-‡hpw sh≈hpw

(tbm-l.19,34) kv\m\-sØbpw Ip¿_m-\-sbbpw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- In-kvXp-

hns‚ ]m¿iz-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv a\p-jy¿ ]dp-Zo-km-bn-te°v IS-°p-∂-Xv.

Xs‚ kv\m\-Øm¬ InkvXp F√m Pem-i-b-ß-sfbpw hnip-≤o-I-

cn-°p-Ibpw Ah-bn¬ Xs‚ Bflm-hns\ \nt£-]n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-\m¬ a\p-jy-cpsS \oXo-I-c-W-Øn-\p≈XmWv InkvXo-

b-kv\m-\w. -a-\p-jy¿ ip≤o-I-cn-°-s∏´v al-Xzo-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂Xpw Poh-

\n-te°v ]th-in-°p-∂Xpw kv\m\-Øn-eq-sS-bm-Wv. tbm¿Zm-\n¬ ]g-b--

\n-b-ahpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-ahpw k‘n-°p-∂p. ]g-b-Xn-s‚-sb√mw ]q¿Øo-

I-cWw AhnsS \S-°p-∂p. InkvXp-hnepw ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-ep-ap≈ \h-

Po-h≥ kv\m\w ]Zm-\w- sN-øp-∂p.- kv\m\w ho≠pw P\n-∏n-°p-∂p, AXv

c≠mw P\-\-am-Wv.- AXv al-Xz-hkvXw [cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- \-jvS-s∏-´- Om-

bbpw kmZr-iyhpw Xncn-sI -\-evIp-∂p.- A-Xm-b-Xv, ]dp-Zo-km-bn-te°v

IS-Øp-∂p.- H-c-Zr-iy-ap-Z -]-Zm\w sNøp-∂p. Poh-hr-£-Øn¬ \n∂v £n-

°m≥ A\p-hmZw e`n-°p-∂p. kz¿Ko-b-hn-cp-∂ns‚ ap∂m-kzm-Z\w A\p-

`-hn-°p-∂p.- A-‘-Imcw \o°n ]Im-in-X-cm-°p-∂p.- "a-l-Xz-hkvXw [cn-

°pI' F∂m¬ InkvXp-hns\ [cn-°pI F∂m-W¿Yw. Imem-¥y-Ønse

aW-h-d-bn-te°p≈ al-Xz-h-kvXhpw Ah≥ Xs∂-bm-Wv. InkvXp-hns‚

Omb-bm-Wv a\p-jy\p e`n-°p∂ Omb. a\pjy\p e`n-°p∂ cmP-Io-b-

apZ InkvXp-hns‚ apZ-bm-Wv. Aßs\ \mw \h-kr-jvSn-I-fm-Ip-∂p. Cu

\h-krjvSn ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hn-ep≈ \ho-I-c-Ww -X-s∂-bm-Wv.- B-¥-cnI

\ho-I-cW-tØm-sSm-∏w -A-a¿Xy-X-bpsS A®mcw \ΩpsS ico-c-ßƒ°pw

e`n-°p-∂p.- a¿Xy-i-cocw ssZh-Øns‚ hmk-tK-l-ambn Xocp-∂p. \mw

ssZho-I-cn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p, ssZh- -h-\mw-K-ß-fm-Ip-∂p, Db¿-Ø-s∏-Sp-∂p, ssZh-

hp-ambn sFIy-s∏´v ssZh-a-°-fmbn Xocp-∂p.

am¿ At]w hn.-Ip¿_m-\sb A∏w, Bflo-b-`-£-Ww, -In-kvXp-

hns‚ c‡w, InkvXp-hns‚ icocw, Pohu-j-[w, ]pXn-b -c-l-kyw,-

kPo-h-_-en-h-kvXp, - c-£-bpsS Imkm Fs∂ms° hnfn-°p-∂p.

hn.-Ip¿_m\ Poh-Zm-b-I -Zn-hy-c-l-ky-am-Wv. InkvXp-hns‚ kuJy-Zm-b-

I-I¿aw ê-Zm-b-I-am-Ip∂Xv Ip¿_m-\-bn-em-Wv. A∏w h¿≤n-∏n-®-Xn-

epw A¤p-X-I-c-amb ao≥]n-Sn-Ø-Ønepw kuJy-Zm-b-I -I¿a-Øn-epw

(-eq.7,36-˛50) ]pfn-am-hns‚ D]-a-bn-epw (-a-Øm. 13,30) Im\m-bnse AS-bm-

f-Ønepw Hs° At]w Ip¿_m-\-bpsS kqN-\-Iƒ ImWp-∂p.- s]-klm

Ip™m-Snepw s]klm `£-W-Ønepw ]pfn-∏n-√mØ A∏-Ønepw GZ-

\nepw Hs° -Ip¿_m-\-bp-sS ap≥Ipdn Zriy-am-Wv. Pohu-j-[-amb

Ip¿_m\ ip≤o-I-cn-°p-Ibpw ]hn-Xo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw IS-ßƒ ]cn-l-cn-



°pIbpw ]m]-_-‘-\-ß-fn¬ \n∂v kzX-¥-cm-°p-Ibpw \h-Po-h≥

\¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. CXv kPo-ham-b A∏-am-Wv.- D-Z-b-kq-cy-s\-t∏m-

se -InkvXp Xs‚ ]Im-ihpw tim`bpw hn.- Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ shfn-s∏-Sp-

Øp-∂p. AXv `£n-°p-∂-h¿°v \nXy-Po-h\pw Pohs‚ `WvUm-chpw

Ic-K-X-am-Ip-∂p. Cu icocw a¿Xy-i-co-c-ß-sfbpw Bflm-°-sfbpw Pohn-

∏n-°p-∂p. Poh-hr-£-Øns‚ ê-amWv InkvXp-hns‚ ico-cw.- ]-dp-Zo-

km-bnse acw ac-W-Øn¬ FØn-s®-¶n¬, tKmKp¬Xm-bnse acw ac-W-

\p-I-Øn¬ \n∂p tam-Nn-∏n-®p.- k- -bm-Ip∂ ]dp-Zo-km-bnse \h- -e-amWv

Ip¿_m-\. Cu êw ]dp-Zo-km-bn-te°v \sΩ IS-Øp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v

kz¿K-cm-Py-Øn-\mbn Hcp-ßn-thWw CXv kzoI-cn-°m≥.- hn-izm-k-tØmSpw

If-¶-an-√m-sXbpw ip≤-a-\- m-£n-tbmSpw `b-`-‡n-_-lp-am-\-ß-tfm-Spw

-km-tlm-Z-cy-kvt\-l-tØmSpw IqsS CXns\ kao-]n-°-Ww. At∏mƒ Cu

Imkm Pohs‚ alm-D-d-h-bm-bn-Øo-cpw. InkvXp-hn¬ \n∂v k` kzoI-

cn-®- G-‰hpw hen-b Zm\-am-Wv hn.-Ip¿_m-\. AXv Xs‚ kz¥w Poh-Zm-

b-I-i-co-c-am-Wv.- Xs‚ ùan-I-i-cocw kuJy-Øns‚--bpw- ip-≤o-I-c-W-Øn-

s‚bpw Dd-h-bm-bn-cp-∂-Xp-t]mse hn.-Ip¿_m-\-bnse ico-c-hpw -ku-Jy--

Zm--b-Ihpw Poh-Zm-b-I-hp-am-Wv.

InkvXp t\Sn-Ø-∂ -c£ Hmtcm hy‡nbpw Xs‚ kzX-t¥—

D]-tbm-Kn®v kz¥-am-°-Ww.- ]m-]-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ tamN-\-Øn\v C—-mi-

‡n-b-psS \nb-¥-Whpw ]cn-lm-c-I¿a-ßfpw A]-cn-Xym-Py-am-Wv. ]dp-

Zo-km-bn-te°v aS-ßm≥ A\p-Xm-]-I¿a-ßƒ Ah-iym-h-iy-am-Wv. Cu

I¿a-ß-sf-√mw -ssZ-h-kvt\-l-Øn-te°p \bn-°-Ww. ]m]n\n I¿Xr-]mZw

Igp-In-b-Xp-hgn ]m]-tam-N-\-Øn\v A¿l-bm-bn. am\- m-¥-c-Øns‚

_mlym-S-bm-f-ß-fmWv A\p-Xm-]-I¿a-ßƒ.- D-]-hm-kw, A\p-Xm-]-°-Æo¿

XpS-ßn-bh ssZh-k-a£w \sΩ kzoIr-X-cm-°pw-. A\p-Xm]n ssZh-k-

a£w AW-bm≥ X¬]-c-\m-bn-cn-°pw. Ah\v ssZh-Im-cpWyw e`n-°p-

Ibpw sNøpw. ]m¿Y-\bpw \nim-Pm-K-c-Whpw IcpW e`n-°m≥ k-lm-

b-I-am-Wv. \ΩpsS hnizm-k-]-Jy-m-]-\-amWv ]m¿Y-\. \maXv ]c-ky-

ambn \S-Øp-Ibpw thWw. lrZ-b-Øn¬ \n∂p-b-cp∂ ]m¿Y\ kz¿K-

I-hmSw Xpd-°pw. ]m¿Y-\bv°pw ssZh-kw-k¿K-Øn-\p-amWv \nimPm-

K-c-Ww. Xm]- -I¿a-ßƒ A\p-jvTn-°p-∂-Xp -am-X-a√ InkvXo-b-Po-hn-

Xw.- Xm-]- -a-t\m-`m-hhpw ho£-Whpw AXn-t\m-Sp -tN¿∂p-t]m-I--Ww.-

ù-an-I-h-kvXp-°-tfmSpw t\´-ß-tfmSpw kºm-Zy-ß-tfm-Sp-ap≈ at\m-`m-

h-Øn¬ AXv AS-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- ssZ-h-Øn¬ F√m ]Xym-ibpw

ka¿∏n-°m≥ AXv t]cn-∏n-°p-∂p. AXv kz¿K-cm-PysØ e£y--am-°p-

∂p.- C-]-Imcw Pohn-°m≥ klm-b-I-amb Pohn-X-amWv I\ym-Xz-Po-hn-

am¿ At]w


X-sa∂v am¿ At]w Icp-Xp-∂p. hnizm-kn-Iƒ Ghcpw Xß-fpsS Pohn-

Xm-h-ÿ-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v Cu e£y-Øn¬ FØn-t®-tc-≠-Xp-≠v.5

3.- kp-dn-bm-\n- tIm-Wn-°nƒN-cnXw

kpdnbm\n mj-bn¬ Iptd Ncn-X-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ (tImWn-°n-fp-Iƒ)

e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Npcp-ßnb hnh-c-W-amWv Xmsg sImSp-

°p-∂-Xv. Ch Ncn-X-c-N-\bv°v Iptd-sbms° klm-b-I-am-Wv.

tPm-jzm-bpsS tImWn-°nƒ: kvXw`-Xm-]- -\mb tPmjzm-bpsS

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ tImWn-°nƒ- Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv.- kp-Jv\n≥

tImWn-°n-fns‚ \memw `mKØv CXv Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. FtU- -

bn¬ h®v- Hcp bmt°m-_m-b-°m-c-\mWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv.- F-tU- , Aao-

Zv, a‰v saskm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ \K-c-ßƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ 495-˛\pw 506/

7\pw CSbv°v \S∂ kw`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

FtU- ≥ tIm-Wn-°nƒ: GtXm Im¬kn-tUm-Wn-b≥ Fgp-Øp-

Im-c≥ 540-˛-\p-tijw Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. In.-ap. 132/1 apX¬ In.-h. 540

hsc-bp≈ Imcy-ßƒ Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

A¿t_¬ tImWn-°nƒ: AZn-b-t_-t\-bnse k`-I-fn¬ In.-h.

104-˛\pw 511-˛\pw CSbv°v \S∂ kw`h--ßƒ Ipdn-®n-cn-°p∂ Hcp tImWn-

°n-fm-Wn-Xv. A¬t^m≥kv anwKm-\m-bmWv CXv shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-

∂-Xv. F∂m-enXv anwKm-\-bpsS krjvSn-bmsW∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.

-N-cn-X-c-N-\bv°v D]-bp-‡-amb ]eXpw CXn-ep-≠v.

A-aoZv tImWn-°nƒ: Aao-Zn¬ Pohn® Hcp bmt°m-_mbm

k\ymkn, A\-kvXm-kyq-kv,- P-Ãn≥,- P-Ão-\n-b-≥, PÃn≥ c≠m-a≥

F∂o NI-h¿Øn-am-cpsS ImesØ NcnXw Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Ipdn-

®p. AXv skhp-tUm-˛-k-°-dn-bmkv sdtXm¿ Xs‚ k`m-N-cnX-Øns‚

Ggv apX¬ ]¥≠v hsc-bp≈ A[ym-b-ß-fn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

Aao-Zn-se tbm-l-∂ms‚ tImWn-°nƒ: Ft^-tkmkv saXm≥

tbml-∂m≥ (+586) Pqen-bkv kok-dns‚ Imew apX¬ In.-h. 585 hsc-

bp≈ NcnXw aq∂p `mK-ß-fn-embn Ipdn-®p-h-®p. (skhp-tUm-) U-b-\o-

jykv ZvsX¬ amsd Xs‚ tImWn-°n-fn¬ BZy-sØ c≠p `mK-ßƒ

Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. aq∂mw `mKw 571 apX¬ 585 hsc-bp≈ Ime-L-

5. Mathew Paikatt, Life, Glory and Salvation in the Writings of Mar Aprem ofNisibis, Kottayam, 2001.



´Ønte-Xm-Wv. Cu tbml-∂m≥ 566-˛\pw 586-˛\pw CSbv°v "]uc-kvXy-

hnip-≤-cpsS Poh-N-cn-Xw' F∂-t]-cn¬ Fgp-Xnb IrXn GI-kz-`m-h-hm-

Zn-I-fpsS NcnXw Kln-°m≥ klm-b-I-am-Wv.

_¿ lmZv -_vim_m A¿_m-b-m-bpsS k`m-N-cnXw: \nkn-_nkv

Iem-e-b--Ønse A[ym-]-I\pw Hcp]t£ ]n∂oSv lƒhm-\nse saXm-

\p-am-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw. aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n\pw Bdmw \q‰m-≠n\pw CSbv°v

Pohn® Iptd ‘hnip≤ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS NcnXw’ At±lw Bdmw

\q‰m≠n¬ Fgp-Xn. Iem-e-b-ß-fpsS Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xnb CtX t]cp-Im-c-

\mb Fgp-Øp-Im-c-\n¬ \n∂v At±lw hyXy-kvX-\m-Wv.

sa¬ss°‰v tImWn-°nƒ: BZw apX¬ slcm-¢n-bkv NI-h¿Øn

hscbp≈ NcnXw (641) Ipdn-°p-∂p.- F-¶nepw ][m-\-ambn Bdmw \q‰m-

≠nse kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp∂ tImWn-°n-fm-Wn-Xv. Ggmw

\q‰m-≠n-em-bn-cn°mw CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. BcmWv CsX-gp-Xn-b-sX∂v Adn-

hn-√.

KzoZn tImWn-°nƒ: KzoZn F∂ -]-WvUn-X≥ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®--Xn-

\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. KŸ-Im-c-s\-∏‰n Adn-

shm-∂p-an-√. CXv 670-˛\pw 680-˛\pw CSbv°v Jpkn-ÿ-m-\n-emWv Fgp-X-

s∏-´-Xv. k m-\nUv kmam-Py-Øns‚ Ah-km-\sØ A≥]Xv h¿jsØ

NcnXw Kln-°m≥ CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv.

tbml-∂m≥ _¿ ^n≥Im-sb-bpsS "temI-N-cn-X-kw-K-lw':

tbml-∂m≥ 693/4˛\p apºv doiv sat√ F∂- t]-cn¬ Hcp tImWn-°nƒ

c-Nn-®p. Iaq-ense tbml-∂ms‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e\w e`n® Hcp

k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p Cu tbml-∂m≥.

FtU- -bnse bmt°m-_ns‚ tImWn-°nƒ: Fhp-tk-_n-b-

kns‚ tImWn-°n-fns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn In.-h. 692 hsc-bp≈ Imcy-ßƒ

am¿ bmt°m-_v (+708) Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.

kpJv\n≥ (skhp-tUm- -U-b-\n-jykv ZvsX¬ amsd) tImWn-°nƒ:

-A-ao-Zn\Sp-Øp≈ kpJv\n-\n¬ h®v Hcp bmt°m-_mbm Ncn-X-Im-c≥

Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.- -C-Xn\v \mep `mK-ß-fp-≠v. temIm-cw`w apX¬

In.-h. 775 hsc-bp≈ Imcy-ßƒ CXn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. CXv Ub-\o-

jykv cNns®∂v Icp-X-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.- F-∂men∂v ]ecpw Aßs\ Icp-Xp-

∂n-√. Ft^tkm-knse tbml-∂ms‚ tImWn-°nƒ CXns‚ c-N-\bv°v

KŸ-Im-c≥ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

kp-dn-bm-\n- tIm-Wn-°nƒN-cnXw


In.-h. 813-˛se tImWn-°nƒ: In.-h. 775 -ap-X¬ 813 hsc-bp≈

Ime-L-´-Ønse Hcp tImWn-°nƒ Btcm Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

In.-h. 819- se tImWn-°nƒ: lmdm-\nse bmt°m-_mbm saXm≥

ZmhoZn\p-th≠n At±-l-Øns‚ A\-¥n-c-h≥ skth-cqk,v bmt°m-_m-

b-°m-cpsS I¿Xm-an≥ Zb-dm-bn¬ h®v 818/9˛¬ Fgp-Xn-b-XmWnXv.-

G-Xm≠v ]IpXn Imcy-ßƒ 7/8 \q‰m-≠nse kw`-h-ß-fm-Wv.

In.-h. 846-˛se tImWn-°nƒ: temIkrjvSn apX¬ In.-h. 846/7

hsc-bp≈ kw`-h-ßƒ Npcp°n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. I¿Xm-an≥

Zb-dm-bnse t\mÆpkv k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cn°mw CXv Ct∏m-gsØ cq]-Ønem-

°n-b-Xv. t\mÆpkv ]n∂oSv Xp¿- A-_vZo-\nse saXm-\m-bn. Cu tcJ

819-˛se tImWn-°nfns\ `mKn-I-ambn Bi-bn-®n-´p-≠v.

\nkn-_n-knse Gen-bm-kns‚ tImtWm-K^n: ]uckvXy kpdn-

bm\n k`-°m-c-\mb Gen-bm-kv (1008-˛1046) Xs∂ 1018-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp

ssIsb-gpØp-]Xn `mKn-I-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Cu tcJ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-

´p-≠v.

anJm-tb¬ dmt_m-bpsS tImWn-°nƒ: bmt°m-_mbm ]mXn-

b¿°okv anJm-tb¬ (1166-˛1199) temIkrjvSn apX¬ 1194/5 hsc-bp≈

Ime-L-´-Øns‚ Hcp henb tImWn-°nƒ cNn-®p.- sP.-_n.-jmt_m AXv

\mev hmey-ß-fn-embn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

-In.h.1234-˛se tImWn-°nƒ: GtXm bmt°m-_mbm k\ymkn

13-˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Hcp tIm-Wn-°nƒ Fgp-Xn. krjvSn- ap-X¬ 1234 hsc-

bp≈ kw`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ c≠p -`m-K-ß-fp≈ Hcp tImWn-°nfmWn-

Xv. FtU- m -B-bn-cn°mw CXns‚ D-¤-h-ÿ-m-\w. Hcp `mKw temI-N-cn-

Xhpw a‰Xv k`m-N-cn-X-hp-am-Wv. CS-bv°n-sS -]e `mK-ßƒ hn´p-t]m-bn-

´p-≠v. ss__nƒ Im-e-L-´-c-N-\bv°v Pq_n-en-KŸw D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

Ggv/F v \q‰m-≠n-\p-th≠n Ub-\o-jykv ZvsX¬am-sd-bpsS tImWn-°nƒ

D]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v.

_¿ F_m-b-bpsS tImWn-°nƒ: anJm-tb¬ dmt_msb B[m-

c-am°n bmt°m-_mbm a^nbm≥ _¿ F_mbm (1225/6˛1286) Hcp

tImWn-°nƒ Xbm-dm-°n. anJm-tb-ens‚ XpS¿®-bmbn Xs‚ Imew hsc-

bp≈ kw`-h-ßfpw At±lw tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. H∂mw `mKw temI-N-cn-X-

kw-_-‘nbpw c≠mw-`mKw k`m-N-cn-X- kw-_-‘n-bp-am-Wv.



4.- ss_-_nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ

BZysØ Bdp \q‰m-≠n-\n-Sbv°v kpdn-bm\n kwkm-cn-°p-∂-h-cpsS

CS-bn¬ ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ At©m Btdm -kp-dn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-ß-

fp-≠m-bn. kpdn-bm-\n-k` AX-amXw kPo-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.- ]-WvUn-X-∑m-

cm¬ Aew-Ir-X-hp-am-b-n-cp-∂p. as‰mcp ]pcm-X-\-k-`bpw Xß-fpsS amXr-

`m-j-bn-te°v BZy-\q-‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ CX-b[nIw hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ D≠m-

°nbn-ń-√. ]e-kvXo-\,- kn-dn-bm, -sa-skm-s∏m-s´-an-b≥ ]tZ-i-ßƒ F∂n-

hn-S-ß-fnse Kma-hm-kn-IfpsS kwkm-c-`mj kpdn-bm\n Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-

\m¬, kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø\w D≠m-tI-≠-Xns‚ Bhiyw DS-se-Sp-Øp.

InkvXp-aXw ]nd-∂p-hoW skan-‰nIv temIØv hym]-cn-®n-cp∂ Ch¿

B ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Xs∂-bm-Wv kmln-Xy-krjvSn \S-Øn-b-Xv.

]-g-b-\n -b-a -]vioØm: kpdn -bm\n k`-bn¬ BZy-ap -≠mb

kmlnXyw lo_p ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wv.

"]vioØm' F∂v CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. km[m-c-W- hn-h¿Ø-\w, efn-X-

amb hnh¿Ø-\w,- hy-‡-amb hnh¿Ø\w Fs∂ms° ]vioØmbv°v

A¿Yw ]d-bmw. BZy-ambn Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®Xv tami _¿ tI^m-

bmWv (+903). kpdn-bm\n kmln-Xy-Øn¬ DS-se-SpØ ]n¬°me IrXn-

I-fn-se√mw CXns‚ kzm[o\w ImWmw. lo_p-ss_-_n-fn¬ \n∂m-bn-

cp∂p Cu kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\w. F¶nepw anZm-jv, X¿Kpw kmln-Xy-

-Ønse ]mc-º-cy-ßfpw hnh¿Ø-I¿ ]cn-K-Wn-®n-´p-≠v. ]©-K-Ÿn-

t]mep≈ BZy-`m-K-ßƒ InkvXp-a-Xm-cw-`-Øn\p apºpXs∂ kpdn-bm-

\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-cp-∂p. -kp- m-jn-X-ßƒ, k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ

XpS-ßnbhbpsS ]n¬°me hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fn¬ Ko°v sk]vXz-Pn¥pw

D]-tbm-Kn-®p. InkvXob Ime-L-´-ØnemWv Ah-bpsS hnh¿Ø\w \S-

∂-Xv.- A-ßs\ In.-ap.150- ¬ Bcw- n® kpdn-bm\n ]g-b-\n-b-a- hn-h¿Ø\w

In.-h.-aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw- -Øn-em-Wv ]q¿Øn-bm-b-Xv.- kn-dn-bm-bnse

InkvXo-b-k-ap-l-ßƒ Cu hnh¿Ø\w D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p-. sX√m-bnse

saXm-\mb ]utemkv 615-˛\pw 617-˛\pw CSbv°v as‰mcp hnh¿Ø\w

D≠m-°n-sb-¶nepw ]vioØm XpS¿∂pw D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp-∂p.

]-g-b-\n-ba At∏m-Io^m: _mdq-°ns‚ shfn-]mSv (2 _mdq-°v),-

Fkm IV F∂o ]g-b-\n-ba At∏m-Io- m-I-fpsS kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø\w

c≠mw \q‰m-≠n¬ -Xs∂ D≠m-bn. Ggmw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp ssIsb-gp-

Øp-]-Xn-bn¬ Ch e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Zn-bm-sX- -tdm¨: Xmky≥ In.-h. 150-˛\pw 170-˛\pw CSbv°v \mev

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\ßƒ


kphn-ti-j-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-SpØ hmN-I-ßƒ sIm≠v XpS¿®-

bmbn cNn® H‰ kphn-ti-j-amWv Znbm-sX- -tdm¨. ‘\men¬\n∂v’ F∂m-

Wv A¿Yw.- F-_m-b-cpsS kphn-ti-jw, tXma-kns‚ kphn-tijw F∂o

tcJ-Ifpw Xmky≥ Xs‚ KŸ-c-N-\bv°v D]-tbm-Kn-®p. ]e-kvXo-\m-

bn¬ DS-se-SpØ Ad-amb ]mc-º-cy-am-bn-cn°mw Cu tkmX- v. Ahn-

SpsØ blq-Z-ssI-kvX-h-cpsS kPo-h-]m-c-ºcyw Xmky≥ IW-°n-se-

SpØp F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. kpdn-bm\n k`-I-fn¬ A©mw \q‰m-≠p-

hsc Znbm-sX- -tdms‚ kpdn-bm-\n-∏-Xn∏v D]-tbm-K-Øn-en-cp-∂p. Xmky≥

X-s∂-b-mImw BZyw Ko°v ]Xn-∏p-≠m-°n-bn-´v,- ]ns∂ kpdn-bm\n ]Xn-

∏p-≠m-°n-b-Xv. am¿ -At]w Cu kwbp-‡-kp-hn-ti-j-Øn\v Hcp `mjyw

Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v(-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ At]w, kphn-ti-j-`m-jyw, -tIm-´-bw,

2002).

]p-cm-X-\- kp-dn-bm\n kphn-ti-j-ßƒ (-th-Xpkv kodm): kphn-

ti-j-ß-fpsS kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ C∂p e`n-®n-´p≈ G‰hpw ]mNo\

hnh¿Ø\w CXm-Wv. Ko°n¬ \n∂p≈ hnh¿Ø-\-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw

AXn¬ \n∂v hnap-‡-amb kmln-Xy-ssi-en-bmWv hnh¿Ø-I≥ kzoI-

cn-®-Xv. Ipsc-t‰m-Wn-b≥ (1842), knss\-‰n-°kv (19˛mw- \q.) F∂n-ßs\

CXn-s‚ -c≠v ssIsb-gp-Øp -]-Xn-Iƒ Is≠-Sp-°-s∏- n- p-≠v. c≠mw \q‰m-

≠ntem aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ntem BWv Cu hnh¿Ø\w \S-∂-Xv. Bcm-Wv

Cu hnh¿Ø\w \SØn-b-Xv,- CXpw Znbm-sX- -tdmWpw XΩn-ep≈ _‘-

sa¥v F∂p- Xp-S-ßnb kwK-Xn-I-sf-Ip-dn-®p≈ N¿® Ct∏mgpw \S-°p-

∂p. \mep- kp-hn-ti-j-ßfpw sht∆-sd-bmWv hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv.

]pXn-b-\n-ba ]vioØm: A©mw \q‰m≠p apX¬ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-

Iƒ ]vioØm F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ hnh¿Ø-\-amWv Htcm kphn-ti-j-

Øn\pw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. Ko°p-ss_-_n-fp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p≈

kwcw- -amWv Cu hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ImWp-I. -Ko-°n-t\m-Sp≈ B`n-apJyw

CXn¬ hy‡-am-Wv. "thØpkv kodm-bn¬' ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ hcp-Øn-

bmWv CXv Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. ]pcm-X-\ -sS-IvÃns‚ Ipd-hp-Iƒ Ko°v

sSIvÃv h®v Xncp-Øn.- AXv ]n¬°me Ko°psSIvÃn¬ \n∂v Ipsd-

sbms° hyXy-kvX-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CXn\v kpdn-bm\n k`-I-fn¬ ]Np-c-

]-Nmcw e`n-®p.- Hu-tZym-Kn-I-]-Xn-∏n¬ 22 ]pkvX-I-ß-tf-bp-≈p. \mev

ImtXm-en-I-te-J-\-ßfpw (2-]-tXm, 2.3 tbml. bqZm) shfn-]m-Sp-]p-kvX-

Ihpw CXn-en-√.- \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ k`-bn¬ \ne-\n-∂-

Im-\-\mWv ]vioØm ss__n-fn-\p-≈-Xv.- eq.22,17- 18,-tbm-l.7,53- 8,11 F∂o

`mK-ßfpw CXn-en-e-√. CXns‚ G‰hpw ]pcm-X\ ssIsb-gp-Øp-tcJ



463/4˛-te-Xm-Wv (-eq.6,49-˛21,37). -Xp-S¿∂p≈ Ime-L-´-Ønse \nc-h[n

ssIsb-gp-Øp-tc-J-Iƒ Inń-bn-´p-≠v. FtU- m-bnse dm_p-fbpw

a‰p]ecpw ]vioØm hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ]¶p-tN¿∂n-´p-≠v. C≥Uym-°m-c-

\mb Hcp Zm\n-tb¬ klm-bn-®-Xmbn ta¿hnse Cutim-Zm-Zv (9˛mw \q.)-

tdmam-°m¿°p≈ teJ-\-Øns‚ `mjy-Øn¬ km-£n-°p∂p: ""C≥-Uym-

°m-c≥ Zm\n-tb¬ F∂ s]kv_n-‰¿ tdmam-te-J\w Ko-°n¬ \n∂v kpdn-

bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ am¿ Iqansb klm-bn®p''. ]vioØm

]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ BZysØ A®-Sn® ]Xn∏v Xbm-dm-°n-bXv tbmlm≥

B¬s_Iv‰v hnUvam≥Ã-Uv‰v (1506-˛59) BWv. 1555-˛¬ sh\o-knemWv

AXns‚ apZWw \S-∂-Xv.

6. ôsem-Ivko-\n-b≥]-Xn∏v: am_p-Knse am¿ ôsem-Ivko-\qkv

Xs‚ tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m t]mfn-°m¿∏ns‚ klm-b-tØm-Sp-IqsS 507/

8˛¬ Ko-°n¬ \n∂v Hcp kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø\w D≠m-°n.- "th-Øpkv

kodm-bn¬' ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ hcp-Øn-b-Xm-Wv Cu ]Xn-∏pw. Nne kp]-

[m\ thZ-]p-kvX-I-`m-K-ß-fpsS IrXy-amb ]Zm-\p-]-Z-hn-h¿Ø\w

Ko°n¬ \n∂v ]pXp-Xm-bn kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ D≠m-°n. InkvXp-im-kvX-

X¿°-ß-fn¬ ]tbm-P-\-s∏-Sp-Øm-\mWv Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-tN-cn-bn¬

\n∂ osem-Ivko-\qkv C]-Imcw sNbvXXv. ]vioØm sSIvÃn-t\-°mƒ

ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-ambn Ip-td-°qSn IrXy-amb ]Z-]-tbm-K-ß-fmWv CXn-

ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. 2 ]tXm.2. 3-tbm-l. -bq-Zm, -sh-fn-]mSv F∂n-hbpw Cu

]Xn-∏n-ep-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

7. lm¿s¢-b≥ hnh¿Ø\w: am_pKv saXm≥ am¿ tXm-a-kns‚

t]cn¬ CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ggmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw-`m-K-ØmWv Cu

hnh¿Ø-\-ap-≠m-b-Xv. hni-Zmw-i-ß-fn¬IqSn Ko°p ]Xn-∏p-ambn HØp-

t]m-Ip∂ kpdn-bm\n ]Xn-∏n-\p≈ DZy-a-amWv CXn¬ ImWp-I.- ô-sem-

Ivko-\q-kns‚ ]Xn-∏p-]-tbm-Kn®v Xncp-Ø¬ hcp-Øn-bmWv CXv Xbm-dm-

°n-b-Xv. hyXykvX ]mT-t`-Z-ßƒ am¿Pn-\n¬ sImSp-Øp-sIm≠v hfsc

IrXy-amb Hcp sSÃp≠m-°n.

8.- ]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ kpdn-bm\n ]Xn∏v: ]e-kvXo-\-bnse Ad-amb

InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠mb hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wn-Xv. BZy-Im-eØv ]e-

kvXo-\-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn® Ad-amb `mjbpw, FkvXmMvKe A£-c-hp-

ambn kmay-ap≈ A£-c-hp-amWv CXn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®ncn°p-∂-Xv. FtU-

-bnse ¢m n-°¬ kpdn-bm-\n-tbmSv D-≈-Xn-t\-°mƒ -C-Xn\p kmayw

bqZ-cpsS Ad-amb mj-tbm-Sm-Wv.- Bdpw Ggpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]e-kvXo-

\-bn¬ \n∂p≈ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ CuPn-]vXn¬ Xma-kn-°p-Ibpw AhnsS

ss__nƒ hnh¿Ø\ßƒ


Iptd-°mew IqSn Cu hnh¿Ø-\w- D-]-tbm-Kn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. "Pdp-

ktew kpdn-bm\nhn¿Ø\w' F∂pw CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.6

5.- BZy-Ime IrXn-Iƒ

-tkm-f-as‚ KoX-I-ßƒ: \m¬]-Øn-c≠v KoX-ß-fpsS Hcp kam-

lm-c-am-Wn-Xv. GtXm bqZ-Ir-Xn-bpsS InkvXob ]Xn-∏m-Wn-Xv.- A-s√-

¶n¬ ]q¿W-ambpw Hcp InkvXob IrXn-b-mWv. Nne t·mÃnIv Nn¥m-K-

Xn-Ifpw ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßfpw Ds≠-¶nepw CXv ]mj-WvU-cpsS kw`m-h-\-

b-√. kndn-bm-bn-tem,- ]-e-kvXo-\m-bntem c≠mw \q‰m-≠ntem aq∂mw

\q‰m-≠ntem Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xm-Wn-Xv. Fgp-Xnb Bsf-∏‰n kqN-\-sbm-∂p-

an-√. CXv tkmf-as‚ t]cn¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. tbml-∂ms‚

ssienbpw Ipwdm≥ kmln-Xy-ssi-enbpw CXn¬ Zriy-am-Wv.- P-dp-ktew

ssZhm-e-b-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ bqZ-tbm-˛-ssI-kvXh ]›m-Ø-e-am-Wn-Xn-

\v. CXns‚ Ko°v ]Xn∏pw e`y-am-Wv. (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]tSm-f-Pn-˛1, tIm´-

bw,2006,-t].102-˛103; ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\v,- Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, k`m-]n-Xm-

°-∑m¿-˛3, -tIm-´bw 2000,-t].59-˛107).

bq-Zm-tXm-a-kns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ: kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ aq∂mw \q‰m-≠ns‚

BZy-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ cNn-°-s∏-´-Xm-Wn-Xv.- C-Xns‚ cN-bn-Xmhv Bcm-sW-

∂-dn-bn-√. Ko°v, A¿ta-\n-b≥, FtXym-]y≥, eØo≥ `mj-I-fn¬ CXv

]≠p-Xs∂ ]cn-`m-j-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-≠v. Cu KŸ-Øn¬ tXmam-«o-lmsb

C≥Uy-bp-sS A∏-kvtXm-e\pw anj-W-dn-bp-ambn hc-®p-Im-´p-∂p. a\n-t°-

b≥ aX-Nmbvhpw t·mÃnIv Bi-b-ßfpw Ahn-S-hnsS ImW-mw. "Bflm-

hns‚ c£-bpsS Io¿Ø\w' Dƒs∏sS at\m-l-c-amb Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ

AS-ßnb KŸ-am-Wn-Xv. Cu Io¿Ø\w Cu KŸ-tØ-°mƒ ]pcm-X-\-

am-Wv. Cu KoXw InkvXp-hns\ cmP-]p-X-\mbn NnXo-I-cn-°p-∂p.

(-Pn. -tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]tSm-f-Pn-˛1, -tIm-´-bw, 2006, -t].92-˛93; ae-bm-f-

hn-h¿Ø\Øn-\v,- Pn-. -tN-Sn-b-Øv, am¿ tXmam-bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ,- tIm´-

bw, 1998).

BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[\w: "InkvXphpw FtU- -bnse A_vKm¿

cmPmhpw XΩn¬ \S-Ønb Fgp-Øp-Iƒ' F∂ sFXnly-Øn¬ \n∂v

cq]w sIm≠-XmWv BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[-\w. H∂n-tesd ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬

CXv e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Cu Fgp-Øp-I-sf-∏‰n k`m-N-cn-X-

Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.-I¿Ømhv Xs‚ Hcp ]Xn-Omb A_v-Km-dn\v

7. B.M.Metzger, The Early Versions of the New Testament, Oxford, 1977, p. 3-98.



kΩm-\n-®p. I¿Ømhv Xs‚ ac-Wm-\-¥cw BZm-bnsb FtU- m-bn¬

A_v-Km-dns‚ ]°-te°v Ab-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A_v-Km¿ cmPm-hns\

BZmbv kuJy-am-°p-Ibpw cmPm-hpƒs∏sS \Kcw apgp-h≥ InkvXo-b-

am-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp F∂mWv sFXn-lyw. \memw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cu

sFXnlyw Iptd-°qSn hn]p-e-s∏-´p. slte-\m-cm⁄n Ipcn-ip Is≠-

Ønb kw`hhpw A]-Imcw ]n∂oSv tN¿Ø-Xm-Imw. Cu BZmbv Xs∂-

bmWv A±m-bv,- A-t±-hp-kv,- X-t±-hp-kv,- X-±mbn F∂o t]cp-I-fn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂-bmƒ. Cbmƒ 72 Adn-bn-∏p-Im-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. CbmfpsS

injy-\mWv amdn. Ch¿ c≠p-t]cpw t]¿jy≥ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ°v «ol-

∑m-cm-Wv. Ch-cpsS t]cn¬ "«ol-∑m-c-psS A\m-^d' F∂ t]cn¬ Hc-

\m-^-d-bp-≠v. CXm-bn-cp∂p am¿tXmam \km-Wn-I-fpsS ]pcm-X-\-amb

A\m-^-d.- (BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[-\-Øns‚ ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\,v

Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿-˛3,- tIm-´-bw,2000, t].180-˛192). BZm-bn-

bpsS ]t_m-[\w F∂ -t]-cn¬ hq_pkv ]kn-≤o-I-cn® tcJ-bpsS

ae-bm-f-]-Xn-∏m-Wn-Xv.7

tkm-]m-\-KŸw (eo-_¿ KmUqw/Ivtkmt_m Zv akvt°m-tkm):

ap∏Xv ]kw-K-ß-fpsS Hcp kam-lm-c-amWv Cu KŸw. -B-[ym-fln-I

Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n N¿® sNøp∂ Hcp kp]-[m\ kpdn-bm\n KŸ-am-Wn-

Xv. kndn-bm-bn¬ h®v 4/5 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ CsX-gp-X-s∏-´p. KŸ-Im-c-s\-

∏‰n bmsXmcp Adn-hp-an-√. 12-˛mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp ssIsb-gpØp ]-Xn-

bn-eqsS CXv ssIh-∂n- p-≠v. 1926- ¬ CXv ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-sb-¶nepw Cub-

Sp-Ø -Im-e-ØmWv Cw•oj ]cn-`mj D≠m-b-Xv. CXn¬ `mjy-]-chpw

ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb N¿®-I-fp-≠v. temI-Øn¬ hym]-cn-°p∂ \oXn-

am-∑m-sc∂pw temI-Øn¬ \n∂v AI∂p Ign-bp∂ ]cn-]q¿W-sc∂pw

CXv a\p-jysc th¿Xn-cn-°p-∂p. c≠m-asØ Iq´¿ Xm]- -I¿a-ß-f-\p-

jvTn-®v,- hn-\o-Xcpw Zcn-Z-cpw -]m-h-\-cp-ambn CSp-ßnb ]mX-bn-eqsS Ncn-

°p-∂p. -H-∂m-asØ Iq´¿ Iptd-°qSn Ffp-∏-ap≈ ]mX sXc-s™-SpØv

euInI hyh-lm-c-ß-fn¬ G¿s∏-Sp-∂p. BZysØ A©v ]kw-K-ßƒ

"B[ym-fl-tkm-]m-\-ßƒ' F∂ t]cn¬ "Z\lm k¿ho-kkv˛18' ae-bm-

f-Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p≠v. ]-kwKw 12-˛pw 18-˛pw ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-am-

Wv(-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm\n k`-bn¬,-tIm-´-bw, 1991,-t].46-˛61).

\nt£-]-ß-fpsS Kpl: sFXn-ly-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ ss__nƒ ]m-c-

º-cy-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-am-Wn-Xv. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-emWv Cu tcJ C∂-

7. A.Voobus, Synodicon of the West Syrian Church-I (CSCO 367/Syr. 161),Louvain, p. 187-197.

BZy-Ime IrXn-Iƒ


sØ -cq-]-Øn-em-b-Xv.- F-∂m¬ aqt∂m \mtem \q‰m-≠n¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-

htbmSv ]n∂oSv ]e Iqń-t®¿°-ep-Iƒ hcp-Øn-bmImw C∂sØ cq]-

Øn¬ Bbn-Øo¿∂-Xv. Cu KŸ-Øn¬ temIkrjvSn apX¬ s]¥n-

s°mkvXn hsc-bp≈ kwK-Xn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. blq-Z-cpsS CS-

bn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ ]e IY-Ifpw CXn¬ Im-Wmw. ]m›m-Xy-sa∂pw

]uc-kvXy-sa∂pw CXn\v c≠p ]Xn-∏p-I-fp-≠v. "BZn-bn¬ F∂-Xn-s\-∏-

‰n-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z\w', "BZw apX¬ InkvXp-h-sc-bp≈ hwim-h-en-KŸw'

F∂o Xe-s°-´p-Iƒ Nne ]uc-kvXy-]-Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂p. lKm-ZnIv

ssien-bn-emWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. DXv]-Øn`mK-ß-fpsS hnh-

cWØn\v am¿- A-t]-ans‚ `mjy-hp-ambpw At∏m-In-^¬ kmln-Xy-hp-

ambpw bqZ-`m-jy-]m-c-º-cy-hp-am-bpw kmayap≠v.

cmPy-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS KŸw: _¿ssZ-km≥ FgpXn F∂p -I-cp-X-

s∏-Sp-∂p. FtU- m-bn¬ D∂-X-Ip-e-Pm-X-cmb amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂v

P\n® _¿ssZ-km≥ (154-˛222/3) am_p-Kn¬ hnZy A`y-kn-®p. Hjvtd-

\nse A_vKm¿ VIII cmPm-hns‚ D‰kvt\ln-X-\m-bn. Ccp-]-Øn-b©mw

hb- n¬ InkvXym-\n-bm-bn. Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn¬ \n∂v Abm-sf-∏‰n Nne

hnh-c-ßƒ \ap°v e`n -°p-∂p. Abmƒ°v kpdn -bm-\n -bn¬ \√

]mWvUnXyw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. am¿ky-Wo-Ø¿°pw a‰v ]e hn`m-K-°m¿°p-

sa-Xnsc ]e KŸ-ßƒ cNn-®p. "hn[n-sb-°p-dn®v' (cm-Py-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS

KŸw) F∂ IrXn cNn-®p. _¿ssZ-kms‚ injy-\mb ^nen-∏m-Wv CXv

cNn-s®∂v Hc-`n-]m-b-ap-≠v. _¿ssZ-km≥ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \nc-h[n KoX-

ßƒ cNn-®p.- a-t\m-l-c-amb Km\-ß-fn-eqsS Bi-ßƒ ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xn-\m¬

Ahbv°v P\-a-[y-Øn¬ henb kzm[o\ap≠m-bn. Km\-ßƒ cNn-°m≥

At]-an\v t]cW e`n-®Xv _¿ssZ-km-\n¬ \n∂m-Wv. Abmƒ sX‰mb

Bi-b-ßƒ ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-®-t∏mƒ AXns\ X-S-bp-∂-Xn\v

AtXcoXn At]w D]-tbm-Kn-®p. _¿ssZ-kms‚ IrXn-I-fp-sS- Nne `mK-

ßƒ amXta \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈p. hn[n-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn-bpsS

ssIsb-gpØp ]Xn-bn¬, skdm-∏n-tbms‚ aI-\mb amdm Xs‚ aI-

\mb skdm-∏n-tbm\v Ab-®- IØpw XmXzn-I-\mb saen-t‰m-bpsS Hcp

]Xn-]m-Z-\hpw ImWmw. saent‰m As¥m-Wo\pkv ]o-bq-kv NI-

h¿Ønsb A`n-kw-t_m-[\ sNbvXmWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. Cu tcJ

Hcp ]n¬°m-e-Iq-ń-t®¿°-em-Imw (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]tSm-f-Pn-˛1, -tIm-´-bw,

2006,-t].148-˛149).

saen-t‰m-bp-sS At∏m-fPn (2/3 \q.): am¿°pkv Hutd-en-bpkv

As¥m-Wo-\pkv (161-˛180) F∂ tdma≥ NI-h¿Øn°v kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬

Fgp-Xnb Hcp hnizm-k-k-a¿Y-\-am-Wn-Xv. \jvS-s∏´ Ko°vsS-IvÃns‚



kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-am-bn-cn-°m-an-Xv.- an-°-hmdpw CXv aq∂mw \q‰m-≠n-

te-XmImw. saen-t‰m-bpsS t]cn¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- ]tXm-kns‚

c≠mw teJ\Øn¬ \n∂v CXv D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

sa\m≥U-dp-sS- sam-gn-Iƒ: Cu ]mNo-\- kp-dn-bm-\n-tc-J-bn¬

InkvXo-bmw-i-an-√.- bq-Z-a-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhpw Zriy-a-√.- C-Xn\v

Ko°n-ep≈ sa\m≥U¿ samgn-I-fp-ambpw _‘-an-√. F∂m¬ CuPn-

]vXn¬h-®v- F-gp-X-s∏´ Hcp tcJ-bpsS kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-am-Im-an-Xv.

amdm-bp-sS IØv : temI-Øns‚ hy¿Y-X -kw-_-‘n®v amdm Xs‚

aI-\mb skdm-]n-tbm\v Fgp-Xp∂ IØns‚ cq]-Øn-em-Wn-Xv. hn⁄m-

\n-bmb cmPm-hn-s‚ (-tb-ip-hn-s‚)- acWw aqe-amWv Pdp-ktew XI¿°-

s∏-´-sX-∂v ]-cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. -bq-Z-cpsS sX‰ns‚ in£-bmWv -X-I¿°¬

F∂ -Nn¥ \memw \q‰m-≠nse bqZ-hn-cp-≤- ssI-kvXh ]Xn-]m-Z-\- co-

Xn-bm-b-Xn-\m¬ \memw \q‰m-≠n-em-bn-cn-°mw CXv Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xv.

Alo-°m-dns‚ NcnXw: Ad-am-b- `m-j-bn¬ In.-ap.-A©mw \q‰m-

≠n¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´- Hcp tcJ-bm-Wn-Xv. A o-dn-bm- cm-Pmhv sk∂m-sJ-do-

_ns‚ ImeØp \S∂ (_n.-kn. 704-˛681) Imcy-ßƒ N¿® sNøp-∂p.

AtXm-sSm-∏w- A-_o-°m-dns‚ A\-¥-c-h≥ \mZm\p \evIp∂ D]-tZ-i-

ßfpw tN¿Øn-cn-°p-∂p. -CXv Ko°n-te°pw a‰v `mj-I-fn-te°pw ]pcm-

X-\-Im-e-Øp-Xs∂ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

6. -kp-dn-b-m\n c‡-km-£n-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ

tdma≥kmam-Py-Øn¬ tIm¨Ã≥ssS-t\m-Sp-IpSn \memw \q‰m-

≠n¬ aX-a¿Z\w Ah-km-\n-®p. F∂m¬ t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Ønse

ssIkvX-h-k` \nc-h[n aX-a¿Z-\-ßƒ XpS¿∂p≈ \q‰m≠p-I-fnepw

A\p-`-hn-t°-≠n-h-∂p. i¿t_-ens‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, _¿k-aym- sa-Xms‚

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂nh SmP≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Ime-tØ-Xm-bn (104) Ah-

X-cn-∏n-°p-s∂-¶n-epw, A©mw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv. ivtam\m-bp-sS-bpw- Kp-dn-

bm-bp-sSbpw (297) l_o_v Uo°-s‚-bpw (309)- \-S-]-Sn-Iƒ IqSp-X¬

hniz-k-\o-b-ß-fm-Wv. tdma≥ kndn-bm-bn-te-Xm-Wn-h.

t]¿jy≥ cmPm-°-∑m¿ tdmam-°m-cp-ambn bp≤-Øn-te¿s∏´v ]cm-

P-b-s∏-´m¬, AXn\p ]I-cw-ho-ń-bn-cp-∂Xv t]¿jy-bnse InkvXym-\n-I-

tfm-Sm-bn-cp -∂p. tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ InkvXp-a-XsØ AwKo-I-cn®v

kzmX¥yw \¬In-°-gn-™-t∏mƒ,- i-Xp-hns‚ aX-am-bn-´tX t]¿jy≥

cmPm-°-∑m¿ AXns\ I≠-Xv. hlw c≠m-a-s‚- Im-e-Øm-Wv (276-˛293)

kp-dn-b-m\n c‡-km-£n-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ


t]¿jy-bnse BZysØ aX-]o-U\w \S-∂-Xv. "`mKy-h-Xn-bmb Im≥Un-

Um-bpsS km£yw' C°m-e-Øp- \n-∂p-≈-Xm-Wv.- F-∂m¬ AXv enJn-X-

cq-]-Øn¬ BbXv 4/5 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-em-Wv. F∂m¬- G-‰hpw ITn-\-X-c-

amb aX-]o-U\w \S-∂Xv j∏q-dns‚ Ime-ØmWv (339/40-˛379/80).

A©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ ao^¿°o-\nse amcqYm Cu aX-]o-

U-\-Ønse c‡-km-£n-Isf∏‰n-bp-≈- hn-h-c-ßƒ tiJ-cn-®p. "sia-

tbm≥ _¿ km_m-bpsS c‡-km-£nXzw' CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp -∂p.

skeqjym sÃkn-^-Wn¬ ]m∏m-bpsS ]n≥Kman Bbn-cp∂p At±-lw.

AXp-t]mse am¿ aose-kn-s‚bpw ]qkm-bn-bp-sSbpw am¿Ømbp-sSbpw

a‰-t\Iw c‡-km-£n-I-fp-sSbpw NcnXw -Cu Im-e-Øp- \n-∂p≈-Xm-Wv.

bkvZvtK¿Zv H∂m-as‚ Ah-km\ Ime-Øpw (399-˛420) hlw A©m-

as‚ BZy-h¿j-ß-fn-epw (420-˛438) \S∂ aX-a¿Z\w kw_-‘n®v "\mev

ZrIvkm-£n-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ' (]m- n-tbm-sWkv/a¿Xo-cn-bm) e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

skeq-jy-bv°-Sp-Øp-≈- H-cm-i-a-Øns‚ A[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ Hcp A_vKm-

dm-Wv Ah cNn-®-Xv. XØm-Iv,- bm-t°m-_v, -Hcp \¿ssk,- t_Xv K¿ssa-

bnse ]Ø-v c-‡-km-£n-Iƒ, -A-_vZm, t]tdm-kv, -anlvdvj_q¿ F∂n-h-

cp-sS- c-‡-km-£n-hn-h-cWhpw CXn¬- Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. A_vZm-bpsS c‡-

km-£n-hn-h-cWw A]q¿W-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Xnb-sUm-sd-‰ns‚ k`m-N-cn-

X-Øn¬ CXv Ko°n¬ ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.

InkvXym-\n-Iƒ a\- m-£n-bn¬ ssZh-tØmSv IS-s∏-ń-cn-°p-s∂-

¶nepw cmPm-hn-t\mSv hnt[-b-Xz-ap-≈-h-cm-sW∂v ImWn-°m-\p≈ hyKX

Cu hnh-c-W-ß-fn-ep-≠v. c‡-km-£n-bmbn acn® "am¿ Koh¿Ko-kns‚

NcnXw' am¿ _m_mbv dºm (+628) Fgp-Xn. j∏q¿ c≠m-as‚ ImeØpw

bkvZvtK¿Zv c≠m-as‚ ImeØpw (440) I¿°m Zv t_Xv t…m°n¬ (t_Xv

K¿am-bv) acn® c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS Nncn-Xw Btcm tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn-´p-

≠v. s]-Xn-tbms\ kw_-‘n-®p-≈Xv C°q-´-Øn¬ it≤-b-am-Wv. CXv

Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv. Hcp _¿k-lvtZ-bm-Wv CsX-gp-Xn-b-sX∂v Nne¿

Icp-Xp-∂p. _¿klvtZ Fgp-Xnb k`m-N-cnXw \jvS-s∏-´p. AXns‚ Nne

`mK-ßƒ tk¿Xv tImWn-°n-fnepw \nkn-_n-knse Gen-bm-kns‚

tImtWm-Km- n-bnepw tN¿Øn- p-≠v. I¿°m Zv t_Xv t…m°nse saXm-

\m-bn-cp∂p _¿k-lvtZ. ChnsS \n∂p≈ hn. -io-dns‚ (+559) c‡-km-

£n-hn-h-c-Whpw At±lw FgpXn F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v. am¿ Kn-Kdn

(]n-dm-Kp-jv\m-kv]v), -am¿ bko-Zv]m-t\lv F∂n-h-cpsS c‡-km-£n-hn-h-

cWw Bcm-sWgp-Xn-b-sX∂v- A-dn-hn-√. -Jp-km H∂m-as‚ ImesØ (531-

˛579) c‡-km-£n-I-fm-Wn-h¿. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-se -t]¿jy≥ k`-sb-∏-

‰n-bp≈ Iptd hnh-c-ßƒ CXn¬ \n∂v e`n-°p-∂p. FtU- ≥ hnip-≤-



cmb ivtam\m, -Kp-dn-bm, l_o_v F∂n-h-cp-sS c‡-km-£n-hn-h-c-Ww-

kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-I-fn¬- D-S-\o-fw -]-N-cn®ncp∂p. Ch ]n∂oSv Ko°n-te°v

hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-ø-s∏-´p.

t_Xv ˛ A¿im-anse sia-tbm-\n¬ \n∂v ba-\nse InkvXym-\n-I-

fpsS c‡-km-£n-Xz-sØ-∏-‰n (518) Km_m-em-bnse sia-tbm≥ F∂

Bi-am-[y-£\v 519-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb c≠p -I-Øp-Iƒ D≠v. Zp˛-\p-hmkv

F∂ lnwb-ssd‰v cmPmhv ba-\nse \Pvd-\n¬ InkvXym-\n-Isf blq-

Zo-I-c-W-Øn\v t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw FXn¿Ø-hsc sIm√p-Ibpw sNbvX

kwK-Xn-bmWv sia-tbm≥ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. lodm-bn¬ \n∂pw

(-em-IvanUv cmPyw) Kv_nXmbn¬ (-tKm-em≥) \n∂pw Inńb hniz-k-\o-b

hnhcw A\p-k-cn-®mWv IsØ∂pw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

7.- Iem-e-bm-[y-m]I¿

t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS _u≤nI tIµ-am-bn-cp∂p \nkn-_nkv Iem-

e-bw. am¿ At]-amWv BZysØ hnizm-k- ]-cn-io-e-\-tIµw XpS-ßn-

bXv. At±lw 363-˛¬ \nkn-_n-kn¬ \n∂v a‰v InkvXym-\n-I-tfm-sSm∏w

FtU- -bn-te°v IpSn-tb-dn-b-t∏mƒ \nkn-_n-knse Iem-ebw \n∂p-

t]m-bn. XpS¿∂v At±lw FtU- -bn¬ hfsc ]i-kvX-amb coXn-bn¬

Iem-ebw XpS-ßn. acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc (373) AXn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-Øp.

Ft^-tkm-kv (431)-, -Im¬kn-U¨ (451) Iu¨kn-ep-I-tfm-Sp-IqsS Iem-

e-b-Øn¬ hn`m-Ko-bX hf-cp-Ibpw At\Iw Kpcp-°-∑mcpw hnZym¿Yn-

Ifpw AhnSwhn´v t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. -Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-Iq-en-Ifpw

FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw XΩn-em-bn-cp∂p Bi-b-kw-L-´-\w. Ah-km\w tkt\m

NI-h¿Øn-bpsS I¬]-\-bm¬ FtU- m- sa-Xm≥ sskd-kv (-Jq-dm)

489-˛¬ Iem-ebw AS-®p-]q-ń. At∏mƒ \¿ssk Dƒs∏-sS-bp≈ A[ym-

]-I¿ t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Ønse \nkn-_n-kn-seØn AhnsS Iem-e-

bw XpS¿∂p. ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn am¿ At]-ans‚bpw sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-

bnse Xnb-tUm-dn-s‚bpw `mjy-]m-c-º-cy-ßfpw ssZh-im-kvX-]m-c-º-cy-

ß-fp-amWv FtU- m-˛-\n-kn-_nkv Iem-e-b-ßƒ XpS¿∂-Xv.

t]¿jy≥ k`-bn-ep-S-\o-fw, -]-tXy-In-®v \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-b-Øn¬

Xnb-tUm-dm-bn-cp∂p ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\pw hymJym-Xmhpw kXyhnizmk

-kvXw- hpw a¬∏m-∑m-cpsS a¬∏m-\pw. Xnb-tUm-dns‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ At±-

l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ t]¿jy-bn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.- Im-e-I-a-Øn¬ kpdn-

bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fp-≠m-bn. -Io-tbm-sd BWv hnh¿Ø\-Øn\v Bcw`w

Ipdn-®-Xv. Cu_mkv kpdn-bm\n ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ "hnh¿Ø-I≥' F∂v

Iem-e-bm-[y-m]I¿


Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Iqan hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ Cu_m-kns\ klm-bn-®p. Znb-

tZm-dns‚ IrXn-Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXXv am\m-bm-Wv; Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥

IrXn-I-fpsS hnh¿Ø\w ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-bXv Geo-imbpw. Xnb-tUm-dns‚

IrXn-Iƒ°p ]pdta a‰v At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥-I-cpsS IrXn-Ifpw ]q¿W-

amtbm mKn-I-amtbm kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn¬ \nkn-_n-kn¬ e`yam-

bn-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥ ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-bp-sS tIµw \nkn-_n-km-

bn-Øo¿∂p.- A-hnsS \n∂v AXv t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Ønse k`-bn¬

DS-\ofw ]N-cn-®p.

Iem-e-bm-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂ am¿- B-_m-bpsS ImeØv (540-˛552)

s\-kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ Nne IrXn-I-fpw Xnb-tUm-dns‚bpw s\kvtXm-dn-b-

kns‚bpw t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ A\m-^-d-Ifpw kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v

hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p. am¿ B_m-bmWv AXn\v t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-

Xv. At±lw ]n∂oSv ImtXm-en-t°m-km-bn. Iem-e-b-m-[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂

A_lmw Zvt_Xv d-∫m≥ (510-˛569/70) Cu ]mc-ºcyw XpS¿∂p. Cu

ImeØv Hcp kp]-[m\ kw`hw \S-∂p. PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Ønbpw

t]¿jy≥ cmPm-hm-b Jpkm H∂m-a\pw IqSn 562/3-˛¬ "imiz-tXm-S-ºSn'

F∂ -t]-cn¬ A≥]-Xp-h¿j-tØ°v Hcp bp≤-c-lnX Icm-dn¬ H∏p-h-

®p. XZv^-e-ambn ssIh-∂- k-am-[m-\m-¥-co£w ]tbm-P-\-s∏-SpØn

hnhn[ ssIkvX-h-k-aq -l-ßsf PÃo-\n -b-≥ sF-Iy-N¿®bv°v

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v hnfn-®p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ \n∂v \nkn-

_nkv saXm≥ ]utem-kv, _memZv sa-Xm≥ amdn, I¿Zp saXm≥

_¿ku-a, -sk-eq-jy≥ kvIq-fnse hymJym-Xm-hmb Cuim-bv, Cutim-

bm_v ZvA¿kq≥, knwKm¿ sa-Xm≥ _m_mbv F∂n-h¿ ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

F∂m¬ B N¿®-Iƒ hnP-bn-®n-√.

]kvXpX tbmK-Øn-\p-tijw t]¿jy≥ InkvXym-\n-Iƒ At¥ym-

Iy≥-˛-Xn-b-tUm-dn-b-≥ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ Iptd-°qSn Dd-∏n-®p. A_lmw

Zvt_Xvd-∫m≥ AXn\p t\Xr-Xzw \¬In. XpS¿∂p Iem-e-bØn\p

t\XrXzw \¬Inb sl\m\m Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥ Nn¥-bn¬ \n∂-I∂v Ae-

Ivkm-WvUn-b≥-˛-kn-dn-√n-b≥ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bpsS h‡m-hm-bn. AXm-b-Xv,

_nk-ss‚≥ temIØv ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ s\tbm-˛-Im¬kn-tUm-Wn-b≥

InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]Nm-c-I-\m-bn.- t]¿jy≥ \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-

b-Øn¬ CsXmcp hyXn-N-e-\-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ H∂n-tesd kn\-Up-Iƒ

sl\m-\msb Xm°o-Xp-sN-bvXp. -F-∂m¬ 610- ¬ acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Abmƒ

B ÿm\Øv XpS¿∂p.

Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥ ]mc-ºcyw \ne-\n¿Øm≥

571-˛¬ IivIm-dnse alm-\mb am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬



Cu…m-a-e-bn¬ Hcm-i-a-]-ÿm\w XpS-ßn. am¿ A_-lm-an-\p-tijw

am¿ ZmZo-tim-bpw (588-˛604) ]ns∂ am¿ _m_mbv dºmbpw (+628) Cu…m-

bnse Cu henb Bi-asØ \bn-®p. Cu Biaw Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥

Nn¥m-[mc ]N-cn-∏n-®p. \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-b--Ønse ][m-\m-[ym-]-I-\m-

bn-cp∂ \¿ssk B≠p-h- sØ Xncp-\m-fp-I-fpsS hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ Fgp-

Xn. Cu ssien GXm≠v 700-˛m-am-≠p-hsc t]¿jy≥ kvIqfp-Iƒ kPo-

h-ambn \ne-\n¿Øn.- F-tU- -bn¬ Xs∂ Cu coXn Bcw-`n-®n-cp-∂p.

\nkn-_n-knepw a‰v Iem-e-b-ß-fnepw ]h¿Øn® Nne hy‡n-Isf∏‰n

Npcp-°-ambn N¿®-sN-ømw.

kn-dn-t√mWm

FtU- m-°m-c-\mb kndn-t√mWm kpdn-bm-\n-bnse \s√mcp Ihn-bm-bn-

cp-∂p. Abmƒ At]-ans‚ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s] - B-fm-bn-cp-s∂∂pw BZy-

\maw A_vk-anbm F∂m-bn-cp-s∂∂pw sFXn-ly-ap-≠v. KoX-ßfpw ]kw-

K-ß-fp-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ Bdv IrXn-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p:

1. -Iq-im-tcm-l-W-sØ- ]-‰n-bp≈ KoXw: CXn¬ A¥y--Øm-ghpw -Ip¿_m-

\-ÿm-]-\hpw N¿®- sN-øp-∂p.

2. ]mZ-£m-f-\-sØ- ]-‰n-bp≈ KoXw.

3. Db¿∏ns\ ]‰n-bp≈ ]kw-Kw.

4. sh´p-°n-fn-Isf ]‰n-bpw lqW-∑mcpsS IS-∂m-I-a-W-sØ- ]-‰nbpap≈

KoXw: lqW-∑m¿ 395/6˛¬ kndn-bm-bn¬ IS∂v sImebpw sIm≈n-

hbv]pw \S-Øn. AtXm-sSm∏w B ]tZ-iØv `qI-ºhpw hcƒ®bpw

Zmcn-Zyhpw \S-am-Sn. AtX-∏-‰n-bmWv Cu KoXw.

5. k°m-bnsb ]‰n-bp≈ KoXw.

6. tKmX-ºns\ ]‰n-bp≈ ]`m-jWw: tKmX-ºns‚ hnhn-[m¿Y-ßfpw

AXns‚ hf¿®bpw hni-Z-am-°p-∂p. Cu tcJ-I-fn-eqsS kndn-t√m-

WmbpsS Xncp-en-JnX ]cn-⁄m\w hy‡-am-Ip-∂p.

-am¿ \¿ssk (399-˛502)

""]cn-ip≤m-flm-hns‚ hoW'' F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Hcp kpdn-bm-\n- k-`m-

]WvUn-X-\mWv am¿ \¿ssk. t]¿jybn¬ amb¬Xm ]tZ-iØv Abn≥

Zp¬_m F∂ ÿeØv P\n-®p. DØ-c- C-dm-°n¬ Ip¿Znjv ae-I-fpsS

ASn-hm-c-Øn-em-Wv Abn≥ Zp¬_m. hfsc sNdp-∏-Øn¬Xs∂ amXm-]n-

Xm-°ƒ \jvS-s∏- -Xn-\m¬, t_Xv k_vZmbv Bi-a-Øn¬ At±-l-Øns‚

amXr-k--tlm-Z-cs‚ in£-W-Øn¬ Iptd\mƒ hf¿∂p. ]n∂oSv FtU-

Iem-e-bm-[y-m]I¿


m-bnse hnZym-]o-T-Øn¬ ]Tn®v, Ahn-sS-Ø-s∂ A[ym-]-I\pw ][m-

\m-[ym-]-I-\p-am-bn. A°m-eØv B hnZym-]m-T-ime At¥ym-Iy≥ ssZh-

im-kvX-Øn-s‚, ]-tXy-In-®v,- Xn-b-tUm-dn-b≥ Nn¥--bpsS tIµ-am-bn-cp-

∂p. Iotbmtd (+436/7) Iem-e-bm-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, kndn-√n-b≥

Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-c-\mb dm_p-f (+435) Bbn-cp∂p FtU- -bnse saXm≥.

XpS¿∂p `cn® Cu_m-kv sa-Xm≥ (+457) Iem-e-b-hp-ambn tbmPn-®p-

t]m-bn. GXm≠v 451-˛-Hm-Sp-IqSn \¿ssk ][m-\m-[ym-]-I-\m-bn. At¥ym-

Iy≥ ssZh-im-kvX-Nn-¥-Iƒ hn-I-kn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw hym]n-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\pw

At±lw t\-XrXzw sImSp-Øp. -F-∂m¬ Cu_m-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb

sskd-kv (-Jq-dm) Iem-e-b-Øns‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-tbmSv A\p-`mhw ImWn-

®n-√.- A-t±lw \¿ssksb 471-˛¬ Iem-e-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°p-

Ibpw tkt\m- N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS -I¬]-\-bm¬ 489-˛¬ Iem-e-bw -Xs∂

\n¿Ø-em-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

\¿sk \nkn-_n-kn¬ sN-∂v ÿ-esØ saXm-\m-b _¿ ku-am-

bpsS t]c-W-bm¬ AhnsS Hcp aX-]-T-\-tIµw XpS-ßn. Nne Imc-W-

ß-fm¬ CS-bvs°ms° _¿ ku-am-bp-ambn ]nW-tß≠n hs∂-¶nepw

acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc \¿ssk AhnsS ]Tn-∏n-®p. \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-b-Øns‚

\nb-am-hen (Ãm‰yq´vkv) Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n-bXv 496-˛-em-Wv. am¿ \¿ssk-

bpsS IrXn-I-sf√mw ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-¬ 7:7;12:12 ao‰-dp-I-fn-emWv.- G-Xm≠v

80/84 saam-Iƒ (-]-Zy-tlm-an-en-Iƒ) At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. IqSp-Xepw ss__nƒ hnj-b-ß-fmWv At±lw N¿®- sN-bvX-Xv.-

]u-ckvXy kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse Hcphenb A\p-Kr-lo-X-Ihn-bmWv

At±lw.

1. krjvSn-sb-∏‰n Bdv saam-Iƒ.

2. kv\m-\w,- Ip¿_m\ F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-®v \mev saam-Iƒ.

3. In-kva-kv,- Z-\-lm,- ]o-Um-\p-`hw, D∞m-\w,- kz¿Km-tcm-lWw F∂o

I¿Xr-s]-cp-∂m-fp-Isf Ipdn®v A©v saam-Iƒ,.

4. ]-g-b-\n-b-a-hn-j-b-ßsf Ipdn-®v Bdv saam-Iƒ.

5. kphn-ti-j-Ønse D]-a-Isf Ipdn®v A©v saam-Iƒ.-

6. Zn-b-tZm¿, Xnb-tUm¿, s\kvtXm-dn-bkv F∂n-h-sc-∏‰n Hcp saam

F∂nhbmWv ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-amb IrXn-Iƒ.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ hf-sc-b-[nIw

IrXn-Iƒ C\nbpw A®-Sn-°msX Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

ss__n-fnse hnhn[ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ°v At±lw hymJym-\-ßƒ

Fgp-Xn-.- F-∂m¬ Ah-sb√mw At±-l-Øn-t‚-XmtWm F∂v JWvUn-X-



ambn ]d-bm-\m-hn-√. ]Xn-aq∂mw \q‰m≠p apX-ep≈ ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-

Xn-Iƒ amX-ta- X-’w-_-‘-ambn \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≈p. At¥ym-Iy≥

ssZh-imkvXw Xnb-tUm-dns‚ ho£-W-Øn-eq-sS-bmWv Iem-e-b-ß-fn¬

]N-cn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- A-Xns‚ h‡mhpw ]Nm-c-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p \¿ssk. At±-

l-Øns‚ ssZh-im-kvX-ho-£-W-ßƒ IrXy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ IqSp-

X¬ ]T-\-ßƒ C\nbpw Bh-iy-am-Wv;- A-Xp-t]mse At±l-Øns‚

IrXn-I-fpsS hna¿i-\∏-Xn-∏p-I-fpw.

G-eoim _¿ Jpkv_m-tb (+510)

\¿ssk-bpsS kl-]-h¿Ø-I\pw ]n≥Km-an-bp-am-bn-cp∂p(503-˛510) Geo-

im. am¿Km-bn-s-e (-t_Xv lqkm-tb) -Jp-kv_m-bmWv P∑-ÿ-ew. k`m-

im-kvX-ß-fnepw euIn-I-im-kvX-ß-fnepw At±-l-Øn\v \√ ]hoWyw

D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n \ap°v A[nIw hnh--c-

ßƒ e`n-®n-ń-√. At±lw \nc-h[n KŸ-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-sb-¶nepw Ah

ssIh-∂n- n-√. ]vioØmsb B[m-c-am°n ]e ]g-b-\n-b-a-K-Ÿ-ßƒ°pw

A-t±lw mjy-ß-sf-gp-Xn. -Xn-b-tUm¿ cNn® kmap-th-ens‚ mjy-Øns‚

kpdn-bm\n ]cn-`mj ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. -ta¿hnse Cutim-ZmZns‚ Nne ]cm-

a¿i-ßƒ Hgn-®m¬ _m°n-sb√mw \jvS-s∏-´p. Nne ]pXn-b-\n-b-a -K-

Ÿ-ßƒ°pw At±lw `mjyw Na-®p. InkvXp-a-X-hn-izmk -kw-K-Xn-Iƒ

hnh-cn-®p-sIm≠v AIm-Nn-bkv ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ \n¿tZ-im-\p-krXw

Geoim Hcp KŸ-sa-gp-Xn. AIm-Nn-bkv AXv t]¿jy≥ `mj-bn-em°n

IhmZv cmPm-hn\v \¬In. hnPm-Xn-b¿, GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ F∂n-h¿s°-

Xnsc Xm¿°n-I -Ir-Xn-I-sf-gp-Xn. Iem-e-b-ß-fpsS Bcw-`sØ Ipdn®pw

c‡-km-£n-Isf Ipdn®pw IrXn-Isf-gp-Xn. A_vZotim C]-Imcw Fgp-

Xp∂p: ""Geoim _¿ Jpkv_mtb tPm_ns‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn\pw sImdn-

t¥m-kp-Im¿s°-gp-Xnb c≠mw teJ-\-Øn\pw ]n∂o-Sp≈ aq∂p teJ-

\-ßƒ°pw hymJym-\-ß-sf-gp-Xn.- au-tXz, -k-l-tZ,- \-µn-]-I-S\w F∂n-

h-sb-°p-dn®v saam-Iƒ -F-gpXn'' (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -]m-No-\- k-\ym-k-\n-b-

a-ßƒ,-t].75).

A-_lmw Zvt_Xv d∫m≥

Geo-im-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-bm-[y-£-\m-bXv A_-

lm-am-Wv.- \¿ssk-bpsS ktlm-Z-co-]p-X-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. -am-b¬Xm-

bnse Abn≥˛Zp¬_-bn¬ P\n-®p.- \¿ssk F∂m-bn-cp-∂p- B-Zy-\m-aw.

_¿ klvtZ F∂m-bn-cp∂p ]nXm-hns‚ \maw. ]Xn-\©mw hb- n¬

am¿ \¿ssk-bpsS in£-W-Øn-\m-bn \nkn-_n-kn¬ FØn. A_lmw

F∂p t]cp am‰n. hnhn[ imkv-X-ßƒ A`y--kn-®-tijw AhnsS-Øs∂

Iem-e-bm-[y-m]I¿


]Tn-∏n-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. At±lw ]e ]g-b-\n-b-a-K-Ÿ-ßƒ°pw `mjy-ß-

sf-gp-Xn.- A-h-bn¬ Nne-Xns‚ ]cm-a¿iw ta¿hnse Cutim-Zm-Zn¬

D≈hsbm-gn-®m¬ _m°n-sb√mw \jvS-s∏-´p. -A-°m-eØv t]¿jy≥ k-

`-bnse hfsc ]-K-¤-\mb Hc-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.- \-¿ssk-

bpsS IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s] - B-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m-em-Wv "Zvt_Xv d-∫m≥' F∂v

Adn-b-s∏-´-Xv.- A-t±lw hfsc `‡\pw hn\o-X\pw Imcy-]m-]vXn-bp-≈-

h\pw Bbn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv Iem-e-b-Øn¬ [mcmfw hnZym¿Yn-I-fp-

≠m-bn-cp-∂p. ]T-\-\n-e-hmcw Db¿Øp-∂-Xn\pw ]m¿∏n-S-ku-I-cy-ßƒ Hcp-

°p-∂-Xnepw A_lmw i≤n-®p. A°m-eØv skeq-jy-bnse Iem-ebw

]pjvSn-s∏- p. h¿Z-jo¿, I¿Im ZvteZm≥, -I-ivIm¿,- kq-k≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-

fn¬ Iem-e-b-ßƒ XpS-ßn-bXpw A°m-e-Øm-Wv. \nkn-_n-knse ]e

hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw Cu ]pXnb Iem-e-b-ßsf kºp-jvS-am-°m≥ kl-I-cn-

®p. 540/1˛Hm-Sp-IqSn t]¿jy-bn¬ InkvXym-\n-Iƒs°-Xnsc aX-a¿Z\w XpS-

ßn.- bu-tk∏v Zvt_Xv lqkm-tb, -am¿ B_m, ]utem-kv,- F-tU- -bnse

tXma-kv, Iotbm-td,- Cu-im-bv, -dm-ao-tim,- a-s‰m-cp -\¿ssk F∂n-h¿ AhnsS

]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂-h-cm-Wv. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ""eo_¿ slcm-¢n-sZ-kv'',

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s‚bpw Xnb-tUm-dn-s‚bpw A\m- -d-Iƒ F∂nh kpdn-

bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ am¿ B_m t\XrXzw \¬In. am¿

A_-lm-ans‚ ASp-Ø- k-lmbn Bbn-cp∂p tbml-∂m≥ Zvt_Xv d∫m≥.-

A-t±-lhpw \¿ssk-bpsS _‘p-hm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±-lhpw AhnsS ]Tn-∏n-

°p-Ibpw IrXn-Iƒ cNn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. -F-∂m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-

I-sf√mw \jvS-s∏- p-t]m-bn. am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Iem-e-

bm-[y-£-\m-bXv Cutim-bm_v Zvt_Xv A¿_mtb (665/8) BWv.

F-tU- -bnse tXmakv

skeq-jy≥ kvIqfnse hymJym-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂ tXmakv, am¿- B-_m-bpsS

injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. -b¬Zm-s∏-cp-∂mƒ, Z\-lm-s∏-cp-∂mƒ F∂n-h-sb-°p-

dn®v hnh-c-W-ßƒ Fgp-Xn.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v 543-˛¬ acn-®p.

Cuimbv (6-˛mw \q.)

\nkn-_n-kn-tem,- sk-eq-jy-bntem hymJym-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂ At±lw "c‡-

km-£n-I-fpsS A\p-kva-c-W-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cWw' Fgp-Xn.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fn¬ N¿®-bv°-p t]mb Ue-tK-j-\n¬ Cuim-bnbpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

FtU- -bnse Iotbm-td (sskd-k)v (6-˛mw \q.)

am¿ B_m-bp-sS (540-˛552) injy\pw FtU- -bnse tXma-kns‚ kl-

]m-Tn-bp-am-bn-cp∂ sskd-kv skeq-jy-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p. am¿ B_m-bpsS

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-bp-kns‚ "eo_¿ slcm-¢n-sZkv' kpdn-bm-



\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø-\w- sN-bvXp. tXma-kns‚ ac-W-ti-jw (543) I¿Xr-

s]-cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS Bdv hni-Z-o-I-c-W-ß-sf-gp-Xn. t\mºv, s]k-lm, ]oUm-

\p-`-hw, Db¿∏v, kz¿Km-tcm-l-W-w,- s]-¥n-s°mkvXn F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn-

®mWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv. ]n∂oSv A¬- -lo-dm-bn¬ (ln¿Xm)- Hcp aX-]-T\ hnZym-

ebw Bcw-`n-®p.

a¿Xo-cn-bpkv (k-lvtZm-Wm)

t_Xv-˛-\q-l-Zm-bnse lm¬tamWn¬ P\n® klvtZmWm t_Xv-˛-B-t_-

bn¬ 615/620-˛¬ k\ym-kn-bmbn. B-i-am-[y-£-\mb am¿ bmt°m-_p-

ambn ASpØ _‘w ]pe¿Øn. At±lw 628-˛¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ Nc-a-

]-kwKw ]d-™Xv klvtZm-Wm-bm-Wv. At±lw t_Xv-˛-K¿am-bnse

atlmtk ZvA-tc-hm-\n¬ 635- \pw 640- \pw CSbv°v saXm-\m-bn. kvt\ln-

X\pw AZn-b-t_t\ saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-bp-amb Cutim-bm-_ns‚ ip]m¿i-

]-Im-c-amWv saXm-\m-b-Xv. klvtZm-Wm Xs‚ sNdp-∏-Im-eØv cNn®

"]cn-]q¿W-X-bpsS KŸ-'Øn¬ GI -Ivt\mam AwKo-I-cn-®-Xmbn I≠p-

]n-Sn® Cutim-bm_v tcmjm-Ip-e-\m-bn, A-bmsf Xcw-XmgvØn \mSp-I-S-

Øn-®p. klvtZm-Wm-bpsS B[ym-fln-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ ]eXpw A®-Sn-®n-´p≠v:

"GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fmb kvt\ln-X¿°p≈ IØp-Ifpw B[ym-flnI samgn-

I-fpw' "]cn-]q¿W-X-bpsS K-Ÿhpw' AØ-c-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

sl-\m-\m (+610)

AZn-b-t_-s\-°m-c-\mb sl\m\m \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-bm-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-

∂p (571-˛610). t]¿jy≥ k`-bn-sebpw \nkn-_nkv Iem-ebØn-sebpw

Nn¥m-co-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-amb ]mX ss__nƒ hymJym-\-

Ønepw InkvXp-im-kvX-Ønepw sl\m\m kzoI-cn®p F∂p- ]-d-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p. XZv^-e-ambn Iem-e-b-Øn¬ FXn¿∏p-≠m-bn. AXns‚ Ae-b-Sn-

Iƒ k -bnepw Db¿∂p. saXm-∑m-cpsS kn\-Up-Iƒ H∂n-tesd ]mhiyw

CXn-s\-Xnsc i_vZ-ap-b¿Øn. sl\m-\m-bpsS t]sc-Sp-Øp- ]-d-bm-sX,-

Xm-°oXv \¬Ip-Ibpw Xnb--tUm-dn-b≥ ]mc-º-cysØ \ymbo-I-cn®pd-∏n-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]e hnZym¿Yn-Ifpw sl\m-\m-tbmSv hntbm-Pn®v Iem-

e-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pdØp-t]mbn. A_lmw Zvt_Xv d∫m≥ Cu…m-a-e-

bnse henb Biaw 571-˛¬ XpS-ßn-bXv sl\m-\m-tbm-Sp≈ hntbm-Pn-

∏ns‚ shfn-®-Øn-em-Wv. Xnb--tUm-dn-b≥ Nn¥m-co-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v Iem-

ebw AI-∂-t∏mƒ, k`sb ]kvXpX Nn¥m-[m-c-bn¬ Dd-∏n®p

\n¿Øm≥ A_-lm-ans‚ k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w t\-XrXzw \¬In.

sl\m\m I¿Xr-s]-cp-∂m-fp-Iƒ°v \¬Inb c≠v hni-Zo-I-c-W-ßƒ

amXta \ap°p e`n-®n- p-≈p. Xlm-ense Gim-bm, anJm-tb¬ a¬∏m\m,

Iem-e-bm-[y-m]I¿


_lv˛I-hm-Znse A_-lmw, -_¿ lmZv_vim_m A¿_m-bm, Imim,

l\m-\otim F∂n-h¿ sl\m-\m-bpsS ImeØv Iem-e-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-

∏n®ncp-∂-h-cm-Wv. a¿Xo-cn-bp-kv,- bu-tk∏v l mbm F∂n-hscbpw

sl\m\m kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.

_¿ lmZv_vim_m A¿_mbm (7-˛mw \q.)

]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬s]´ At±lw 585-˛596 Ime-L-´-Øn¬

""Iem-e-b- -ÿm-]-\-Im-cWw'' F∂ -t]-cn¬ Hcp IrXn cNn-®p. ]pcm-X-\-

Im-e-sØ- kvIq-fp-I-sf-∏‰n ]d-™n´v FtU- m-˛-\n- n-_nkv Iem-e-b-

ß-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. FtU m, \nkn_nkv Iemebßfnse

]mTy]≤Xn Kln°m≥ Cu IrXn klmbIamWv. sl\m-\-bpsS Imew

hsc-bp-≈- kw-`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. sl\m-\m-bpsS Hcp

injy-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. k`mNcnXw FgpXnb CtXt]cpImc≥

hyXykvX\mWv.

Cutim-bm_v II ImtXm-en°m (+646)

KvZmembn¬ P\n® Cutimbm_v _memZn¬ ]Tn∏n®p. ]n∂oSv t]¿jy

bn¬ ImtXm-en°m Bbn- (628- 646). InkvXp-hns‚ GI-]¿tkm∏m Fßs\

G‰p-]-d-b-W-sa∂v dºm≥ A_-lmans\gp-Xn-b IØv e`n-®n- p-≠v.

Xnb-tUm¿ _¿ tImWn (8-˛mw \q.)

t_Xv-˛-A-d-am-tb-bnse IivIm-dn¬ Hcp k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿.

AhnsS At±lw ss__nƒ hymJym-Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p. "kvtImfn-bm -KŸw'

F∂ GI- Ir-Xntb Xnb-tUm-dn¬ \n∂v \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈p. At±lw

792-˛¬ AXv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. AXn¬ 11 saam-I-fp-≠v. -ss_-_n-fn-s\ ASn-

ÿm-\-am°n ssZh-im-kvX-Øn\pw XXz-im-kvX-Øn-\p-ap≈ Hcm-ap-J-K-

Ÿ-ambn CXns\ IW-°m-°mw. H∂p -ap-X¬ H≥]-Xp- h-sc-bp≈ `mK-

ßƒ H∂n-®p-t]m-Ip-∂p.- ]-g-b-\n-b-a-Ønepw (saam 1-˛5) ]pXnb \nb-a-

Ønepw (saam 6- 9) D≈ sXc-s™-SpØ mK-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw Dƒs°m-

≈p-∂p. ]Ømw saam C…m-an-s\-Xnsc InkvXp-a-X-Øn-\p -th-≠nbp≈

At∏m-f-Pn-bm-Wv. ]Xn-s\m∂mw saam hnhn[ ]mj-WvU-X-I-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Ah-km-\sØ cs≠Æw ]n∂oSv Iqń-t®¿Ø-Xm-Imw.- c≠p

-]-Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ Cu IrXn ssIh-∂n- p-≠v. t]¿jy-bn¬ \ne-\n∂ At¥ym-

Iy≥-˛-Xn-b-tUm-dn-b≥ `mjy-co-Xn-Iƒ hnZym¿Yn-Iƒ°v ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øm-

\p≈ Hcm-ap-J-K-Ÿ-am-Wn-Xv. tNmtZym-Ø-c-co-Xn-bn-emWv H≥]-Xp-h-sc-

bp≈ saam-Iƒ.- A-t±lw kvtImfn-tbm≥, -k-`m-N-cn-Xw,- ]-_-‘-ßƒ,-

I-Øp-Iƒ F∂nh Fgp-Xn-sb∂v A_vZotim ]d-bp-∂p (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,

]mNo-\ -k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ, -t]. 78).



FΩm-\p-th¬ jlmsd (10-˛mw \q.)

Bdp-Zn-h-ksØ krjvSn-hn-h-cW-Øns‚ ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ `mjy-sa-gp-Xn.

Imaoiv _¿ I¿Zm-tl(12/13 \q.)

A¿t_-ense Hcp ]ptcm-ln-X\pw Ihn-bp-am-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. _¿

F_m-b-bpsS hn⁄m-\-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ IrXn°v A\p-_-‘-sa-gp-Xn.-

Im-aok v F∂ -t]-cn¬ Abm-fpsS Hm\n-bm-km-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

8.- k\ym-k ]nXm-°-∑-m¿

Bcw`w apXte t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w hfsc

i‡-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. a‰n-S-ß-fn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-

ambn, Xm]- -I¿a-ß-fn¬ ]mZ-aq-∂nb Hcp InkvXo-bXzw AhnsS hnI-

kn-®p. Bdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw ]Ip-Xn-bn¬ IivIm-dnse A_lmw

Cu…m-a-e-bn¬ 571-˛¬ XpS-ßnb k\ym-k-]-ÿ-m\w t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬

Hcp hgn-Øn-cn-hm-bn-cp-∂p. -Xn-b-tUm-dn-b≥ ssZh-im-kvX -t_m-[y-ß-fpsS

tIµ-am-bnØo¿∂ Cu henb Bi-a-Øn¬ \n∂v [mcmfw k\ym-k

-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cp-≠m-bn.- A-h¿ t]¿jy-bn¬ ]e-bn-S-ß-fn¬ Bi-a-ßfpw

kvIqfp-I-fpw ÿm-]n-®p. -t]¿jy-bnse k\ym-k-]-ÿm-\sØ \ho-I-

cn-°m≥ Cu Bi-a-Øn\p Ign-™p. B_m B‚-Wn, B_m a¿t°m-

kv, B_m- G-im-bm,- F-hm-Kn-bkv XpS-ßn-b-h¿ t]¿jy≥ k\ym-ksØ

kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.

kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cp-sSbpw Ko°p-Im-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬- A-°m-e-Øp-≠m-

bn-cp∂ Fhm-Kn-b≥ anÃn-°¬ \ho-I-c-W -kzm-[o-\-Øn-em-bn-cp∂p

Cu…m-bnse k\ym-kn-Ifpw. Ko°p-Im-cpsS CS-bn¬ Hcn-P-\nÃv Nn¥-

I-fp-ambn IqSn-°-e¿∂m-Wv- F-hm-Kn-b≥ IrXn-Iƒ ]N-cn-®-Xv. -F-∂m¬

kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS CS-bn¬ ôsem-Ivko-\p-kns‚ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS

Hcn-P-\nÃv Bi-b-ßƒ \o°wsNbvX coXn-bn-emWv Ah ]N-cn-®-Xv.

Fhm-Kn-b-kns‚ "sI^m-ebm t·mÃn°m' F∂ KŸØn\v am¿

_m_mbv dºm Hcp hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn. AXn\v ôsem-Ivko-\p-kns‚

hnh¿Ø-\-amWv At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv. _m_mbv Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬

Fhm-Kn-b-kns\ B‚n Hcn-P-\n-Ãmbn IqSn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Hcn-P-\n-kv-Xycpw GI-kz- m-h- hm-Zn-Ifpw HØp-tN¿∂v At¥ym-Iy≥

ssZh-im-kvX -Nn-¥m-co-Xnsb FXn¿Øp.- A-Xp-sIm-≠v,- H-cn-P-\nÃv

Nn¥sb _m_m-bnbpw a‰v t]¿jym-°mcpw FXn¿Øp. -sl\m\m Bbn-

cp∂p A-h-cp-sS -C-S-bnse Hcn-P-\n-Ãv. sl\m-\m-bpsS A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-

k\ym-k ]nXm-°-∑-m¿


ambn Cu…m-a-e-bnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ X¿°-Øn-te¿s∏-´p. Cu…m-bn¬

\n∂p≈ k\ym-kn-I-fmWv t]¿jy-bn¬ ]e ]pXnb kvIqfp-Ifpw

XpS-ßn-b-Xv. Cu Bi-a-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Uo°≥ Geoim \nkn-_n-

kn¬ Hcp ]mc-e¬ kvIqƒ XpS-ßn. I¿Zp-hnse A_o-sa-te-°n\v Chn-

sS-bmWv k\ym-k-]-cn-io-e\w e`n-®-Xv. t]¿jy≥ k\ym-k-N-cnXw

tXmakv F∂bmƒ HºXmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Fgp-Xn.- t_-Xv-˛-B-t_-bn¬

(-am¿K) am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ (628) Bi-a-Øn¬ s]´ Bfm-bn-cp∂p am¿

tXma-kv. ]n∂oSv am¿ tXm-a-kv t_-Xv-˛-K¿ambv saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn.

IivIm-dnse am¿ B_-lm-ans‚ henb Bi-a-Øn¬ \n∂v am¿

bmt°m_v ]pd-s∏-´p- t]mbn ]pXnb Biaw t_Xv- B-t_-bn¬

XpS-ßm-\p≈ kml-Ncyw am¿ tXm-akv hnh-cn-°p-∂p. t]¿jy-bnse Nne

k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m-sc-∏‰n Npcp°n tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ømw.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ck-lm°v

Cu- t]-cp≈ ]e Fgp-Øp-Im¿ \memw \q‰m-≠n\pw Bdmw \q‰m-≠n\pw

CSbv°v Pnhn-®n-cp∂p. ""Ck-lm-°ns‚'' t]cn¬ ]N-cn-®- Ir-Xn-Iƒ Ch-

bn¬ BcptS-sX∂v hfsc IrXy-ambn ]d-bm≥ ]bm-k-am-Wv. AXn\v

IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-ßfpw hna¿i-\-∏-Xn-∏p-I-fpw Bh-iy-am-Wv. FtU- -bnse

bmt°m-_v (-7˛mw \q.) CtX-∏‰n XqWn-t∑¬ tbml-∂m\v Fgp-Xn-b-Xn¬

\n∂v, A°m-e-Øp-Xs∂ Cu ]iv\w k¶o¿W-am -bn -cps∂∂v

Duln-°m-\m-hpw:

(1) Aao-Zp-Im-c-\mb Hcp Ck-lm°v A©mw \q‰m-≠n¬ At¥ym--

Iy--bn¬ ]m¿Øn-cp-∂p. Abm-fpsS t]cn¬ 200 saam-Iƒ Btcm-]n-°-

s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Ah-bn¬ 70 FÆw ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≠v. am¿ At]-

ans‚ injy-cn¬ Hcm-fmb skt\m-_n-b-kns‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂p Cu

Ck-lm-°v. tdmanse hnt\m-Z-ß-sf-∏‰n 404-˛¬ Cbmƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

Aem-dnIv 410-˛¬ tdmw Ih¿® sNbvX-Xns\ ]‰nbpw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏n-fn-s\ -]-‰nbpw At¥ym-Iy-bnse `qI-ºsØ ]‰nbpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-

∂p. Abmƒ 461-˛¬ acn-®p.

(2) -A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse as‰m-cn-k-lm°v Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ XØ-sb-

∏‰n Hcp KoX-sa-gp-Xn. ""Rßƒ°p-th≠n Iqin-°-s∏-´-h-t\...'' F∂-

Xp -tN¿Øv ssXip-≤-Io¿Ø-\w ]mSm≥ Cu XØsb ]cn-io-en-∏n®p

F∂p ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-cpsS ]N-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-bpsS

`mK-am-bn-cn°mw CXv. Cu `mKw ]m¿Y-\-bn¬ Iqń-t®¿ØXv ]o‰¿

^p≈¿ (+488) -F∂ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-Wv.

(3) -F-tU- -bnse Hcn-k-lm°v Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Akvs¢-∏n-bp-



kns‚ Ime-Øv (522 -˛525) Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en -\p -th≠n

\ne-sIm-≠p.

(4)- a-s‰m-cp- Ck-lm°v ]e k\ym-k-Ir-Xn-Ifpw cNn-®p.-

(5) Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬ t]¿jy-bn¬ Hcp Ck-lm°v Pohn-®n-cp-∂p.

At±-l-sØ-∏‰n ]n∂mse N¿® -sNøp-∂-Xm-Wv.

tbml-∂m≥ A∏-sabm

BZy-Im-e -kp-dn-bm\n k`-bnse Hsc-gp-Øp-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p tbml-∂m≥.-

G-Im-¥-hm-kn-bmb tbml-∂m≥ (-Cu-lo-Zm-bm), A∏-sa-bm-bnse tbml-

∂m≥ Fs∂ms° At±lw Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. ent°m-s∏m-fo-knse

tbml-∂m≥ F∂v Nne¿- A-t±-lsØ sX-‰mbn hnfn-®n-cp-∂p. Cu

tbml∂ms\-∏‰n \ap°v hf-sc-b-[nIw hnh-c-ßƒ e`n-®n-ń-√. B[ym-

fln-I- Po-hn-X-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßsf ]‰n-bp≈ \nc-h[n KŸ-ßƒ

At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. D∂-X-hn-Zym- ym-khpw D∂-X-kmw-

kvIm-cnI \ne-hm-c-hp-ap≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-sa∂v IrXn-Iƒ hy‡-

am-°p-∂p. kw`m-j-W-ssi-en-bmWv ]e IrXn-Iƒ°p-ap-≈-Xv. -A-t±lw

A©mw \q‰m-≠ns‚ BZy- m-KØv Pohn-®n-cp∂p F∂m-Wv s]mXp[mcW.

GIm-¥-hm-kn-bmb Hcp Xm] \m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. A∏-sabm F∂

]- -W-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ Bfm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ A∏-sa-bm-°m-c≥ F∂v Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. -am¿ At]-ans‚ Nn¥-I-tfmSv kmay-ap-≈-h-bmWv Cbm-fpsS

hnNn-¥-\-ßƒ. B[ym-fln-I-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ aq∂p- L-´-ßƒ a\p-jy-\n-

ep≈ ico-cw, Bflm-hv, Acq-]n ( -\q-kv) F∂n-hbv°v A\p-kr-X-am-Wv.

D∞m-\-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ap∂m-kzm-Z-\-amWv InkvXo-b-Po-hn-Xw. -am-tam-Zo-

km-bn¬ AXns‚ A®mcw \ap°p e`n-°p-∂p. CbmfpsS hnNn-¥-\-ß-

fpsS tIµ-_nµp ]Xym-i-bm-Wv. ]n≥X-e-ap-d-bn¬ Cu Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥

KWy-amb kzm[o-\w -sN-ep-Øn. \n\-sh-bnse Ck-lm-°v, -bu-tk∏v

l mbm F∂n-h¿ tbml-∂ms\ Bi-bn-®n-´p-≠v. Ct±-l-Øns‚ Nne

IrXn-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn.- -A-hsb-∏‰n ]T-\-ßfpw \S-∂n-´p-≠v.

\-Yv-^m-dnse A_lmw (7-˛mw \q.)

t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse Hcp Xm]- -\m-bn-cp∂ A_-lmans‚ t]cn¬

\nc-h[n ssIsb-gp-Øp -]-Xn-Iƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-≠-¶n-epw,- h-fsc Ipd-®p-

amXta ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≈p. t]¿jy-bn¬ henb k\ym-k-\-thm-

∞m\w D≠mb Ime-ØmWv At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. B[p-\nI Cdm-

°n¬ tam-kq-fns‚ sX°p-In-g-°mbn henb km_v \Zo-Xo-c-ØmWv

\Yv^m¿ AYhm Kph-bn¿. AXv A_-lm-ans‚ P∑-ÿetam,- hm-k-

ÿ-etam F∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n JWvUn-X-ambn ]d-bm≥ km[y-a-√. At±-l-



Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n Imcy-amb hnhcw e`n-®n-ń-√.- A-t±-l-Øns‚

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ IrXn-Iƒ ]q¿W-ambpw At±-l-Øn-t‚-X-√.-

k-\ym-k -Po-hn-X-kw-_-‘-amb IrXn-I-fmWv At±lw cNn-®-Xv. A_-

lm-an-s\-∏‰n Cutim-Zv\mlv Xs‚ k\ym-k-N-cn-X-Øn¬ Ipd-®p- Im-cy-

ßƒ hnh-cn-°p∂p (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]mNo-\- k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ,-tIm- -bw,2006,-

t].102,-\.43). ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn°p-∂Xv ae-bm-fØn¬

e- y-amWv: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm-\n -k- -bn¬,- t].150- 156.

IivIm-dnse A_-lmw (+588)

alm-\mb A_lmw F∂pw k\ym-kn-I-fpsS Xe-h≥ F∂pw At±lw

hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±lw Cu…m-a-e-bnse hen-b -B-iaw 571- ¬ ÿm]n-

®p. Bi-a-\n-b-a-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n. At±lw Xs‚ ]mcw-`-hn-Zym-

`ymkm\-¥cw lodm-bn¬ t]mbn hnPm-Xn-b-tcmSv kphn-tijw ]kw-Kn-

®p. CuPn-]vXn¬ tjXv Bi-aw,- ko-\mbv ae-bnse Biaw XpS-ßn-

bh kµ¿in®v XncnsI t]¿jy-bn-se-Øn. \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-bm-[n-]-

∑m-cm-bn-cp∂ A_lmw Zvt_Xv d∫m≥,- tbm-l-∂m≥ Zvt_Xv d∫m≥

F∂n-h-cpsS kvt\ln-X-\m-bn. sl\m\m Iem-e-bm-[y-£-\m-b-t∏mƒ (571)

am¿ A_lmw Cu…m-bn¬ GIm-¥-hmkw XpS-ßn.- Xp-S¿∂v AhnsS

Hcm-iaw Db¿∂p. Cu…m-a-e-bnse henb Biaw F∂v AXv Adn-b-

s∏-´p. acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc am¿ A_lmw AXns‚ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-

]m-›m-Xy-k-\ym-k-Øns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ t]¿jy-bnepw \ho-I-cWw

hcp-Øm≥ At±lw bXv\n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ ]cn-io-e\w

Inń-b-ti-jw a‰nS-ß-fn¬ Bi-a-ßƒ ÿm]n-®-h-sc-∏‰n Cutim-Zv\mlv

Xs‚ k\ym-k-N-cn-X-Øn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]mNo-\-

k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ,- t]. 19- 24;91- 92). At±-l-Øns‚ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-am-Wv (AtX-Ir-Xn,-t].19-˛24).

Zm-Zotim (+604)

am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Cu…m-a-e-bnse henb Bi-a-Øn¬-

A-[y-£-\m-bXv am¿ ZmZo-tim-bm-Wv (588-˛604). At±lw am¿ A_-lm-

ans‚ injy\pw \nb-a-Zm-Xm-hp-am-bn-cp-∂p. t_Xv Ad-amtb BWv At±-

l-Øns‚ P∑-ÿ-ew. At±lw \nkn-_nkv Iem-e-b-Øn¬ A`y-k\w

\S-Øn.- A-hnsS \n∂v AZn-b-t_-t\-bn¬ t]mbn. -A¿t_-en¬ h®v

hnip≤ KŸ-ßƒ A`y-kn-®p.- A-Xn-\p-tijw AZn-b-t_t\ ae-bn¬

GIm-¥-hmkw \bn-®p. A_-lm-ans‚ ac-W-tijw Bi-a-Øns‚

Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-Øp. A[nIw sshImsX Iptd \nb--a-ßƒ Fgp-Xn-bp-

≠m-°n. ]mtbm-KnI Imcy-ß-fn-te°v shfn®w hoim≥ ]cym-]vX-am-bh-



bmWv B \nb-a-ßƒ.- F-gp-]-Øn-A©mw hb- n¬ acn®p. At±l-Øns‚

\nb-a-ßƒ ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-amWv (AtX IrXn, t].25- 29;t].101.- \º¿ 38).

_m_mbv _¿ \nkn-_v\mbm

_m_mbv t]¿jy≥ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ s]´- B-fm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw saam-

Ifpw teJ-\-ßfpw kvXpXn-∏p-Ifpw Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-Ifpw \nc-h[n D]-tZ-i-

ßfpw ]kw-K-ßfpw FgpXn F∂v A_vZotim ]d-bp∂p (AtXIrXn,

t].77,-\-º¿ 65). _m_m-bv ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn-s\-gp-Xnb

IØv ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. AXv ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-amWv (A-tX-Ir-Xn,- t].114-

˛138). Cu…m-bn¬ am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ injy-\m-bn-cp∂ _m_m-bv, k\ym-

k-]-cn-io-e-\-Øn-\p-tijw GIm-¥-hm-kn-bmbn AZn-b-t_t\ ae-bn¬

Iptd-\mƒ ]m¿Øp.- ]n-∂oSv Cu…m-a-e-bn¬ Xncn-sI-sbØn Hcm-iaw

ÿm]n-®p ( -AtXIrXn,-t].93).

ssk]-knse KnKdn (7-˛mw \q.)

ssk]-knse k\ym-kn-I-fpsS A[y-£-\mbn t]¿jy-bn¬ \n∂v

Ab-bv°-s∏´ Hcp k\ym-kn-bmWv KnK-dn. sl\m-\m-bpsS ka-Im-eo-\\pw

alm-\mb _m_m-bn-bpsS kvt\ln-X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. sl\m-\mbv°v FXn-cmbn

IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. Cbmsf Ipdn®v hfsc Ipd-®p- ]-T-\-ßtf \S-∂n- p-≈p.

ip_vlm-e-am-d≥ (7-˛mw \q.)

I¿Im Zvt_Xv-˛-t…m-°nse saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp-∂p. k\ym-k-Po-

hn-X-sØ-∏‰n \nc-h[n IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn-sb∂v Cutim-Zv\mlv ]d-bp-∂p

(-A-tX-Ir-Xn,- t]. 109). Jpkm c≠m-a≥ cmPm-hns‚ ]°¬ (+628) kzm[o-

\-ap-≠mbn-cp∂ -inw-Km-dnse K_n-tb-ep-ambn X¿°-Øn-te¿s∏-´p.

K_ntb-ens‚ t]c-W-bm¬ cmPmhv ip-_vlm-e-am-ds\ \mSp-I-S-Øn.

""t·mÃnIv A[ym-b-ßƒ'' Fs∂mcp IrXnbpw- "hn-⁄m-\im-J-Iƒ'

F∂- t]-cn¬ as‰m∂pw ]tbm-P-\-]-Zamb teJ-\-ßfpw FgpXn F∂v

A_vZotim ]d-bp-∂p (-A-tX-Ir-Xn,77).- "\-Ωp-sS -I¿Øm-hn\p kvXpXn'

F∂mWv t]cn-\¿∞w."Zm\-ß-fpsS KŸw' F∂ IrXn Un.- sP. -tebv≥

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

tbml∂m≥ _¿ ^n≥Imtb

At±lw Fgp hm-ey-ß-sf-gp-Xn: Ipń-I-fpsS ]cn-io-e-\w,- i-_vZ-]-cn-io-

e-\w,- te-J-\-ßƒ,- A-_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿s°Xnsc I¿Øm-hns‚ k]vX-

\-b-\-ß-sf-∏-‰n,- ap-S-°p-I-sf-∏-‰n, ]cn-]q¿W-X-sb-∏-‰n, Hcp tNmtZym-Ø-

c-KŸw F∂nh cNn®p F∂v A_vZotim ]d-bp-∂p (-A-tX-Ir-Xn, 77).

ssSKokv \Zo-Xo-cØv Xp¿ -A-_vZo\p Ing-°mbn ^n≥Iv F∂ -ÿ-e-



Øp- \n-∂p≈ BfmWv tbml-∂m≥. At±lw BZyw Iaq-ense

tbml-∂ms‚ Bi-a-Ønse AwK-am-bn-cp-∂p. ]n∂oSv am¿ _m o-am-

bpsS Bi-a-Øn-em-bn-cp-∂p. ]n¬°me Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Cu tbml-∂m-

s\bpw tbml-∂m≥ km_m (tbml-∂m≥ Zen-bm-Xm-) sbbpw Hcm-fmbn

Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. ]Xn-\-©p- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-ep≈ "Ivkmhm Zvdoiv sat√'

F∂- tem-I-N-cn-X-amWv At±-l-Øns‚ G‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´ -Ir-Xn.

apI-fn¬ tImWn-°nƒ F∂ `mKØv CtX-∏‰n ]cm-a-¿in-®n-´p-≠v.

AZn-b--t_-t\-bnse l\m-\otim (7-˛mw \q.)

AZn-b-t_-s\-°m-c-\mb l\m-\otim Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c-t\m-Sp-IqsS am¿

A_-lm-ans‚ henb Bi-a-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. Iptd-\mƒ Ign™v ]e-

kvXo-\m,- Cu-Pn]vXv F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse k\ym-k-`-h-\-ß-fn-eqsS Xo¿Ym-

S\w \S-Øn.- A-Xn-\p-tijw t_Xv- -B-t_-bn¬ sN∂v am¿ Cutim-bm_v

aq∂m-a-\p-ambn kl-I-cn-®v "lp-Zvdm-]p-kvXIw' ]cn-jvI-cn-®p. am¿ Koh¿

Kokv ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ (661-˛680/1) \n¿tZ-im-\pkrXw ""]nXm-°-∑m-

cpsS ]dp-Zokm'' F∂ KŸ-sa-gp-Xn. -]-√m-Un-bp-kns‚ eukn-bmIv

Ncn-Xw, -"ln-kvtXm-dnbm samWmkvXn-°m',- k-\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS

samgn-Iƒ,- Po-h-N-cnXw F∂n-h--sb√mw Iqń-t®¿Øv cNn-®-XmWv ]nXm-

°-∑m-cpsS ]dp-Zo-km.- C-sXmcp k\ym-k -N-cn-X-am-Wv. AZn-b-t_-t\-bnse

t_Xv- -tIm-t°- Bi-a-Øns‚ A[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂ Hcp l\m-\o-tim-bpsS

(7˛mw \q.) Hcp IØv e`n-®n- p-≠v (A-tX-IrXn, t].110). c≠pw HcmfmtWm-

F-∂-dn-bn-√.

A_lmw _¿ Zmi≥ZmZv (8˛mw \q.)

t_Xv-˛-k-øm-tZ-bn¬ \n∂p≈ A_lmw, _mtjmjv kvIqfns‚ Xe-h-

\m-bn. ]n∂oSv am¿Km-bn-te°pw tamkq-fn-te°pw Xmakw am‰n. tamkq-

fn¬ am¿ K_n-tb-ens‚ Bi-amw-K-am-bn.- Xn-tamXn H∂m-a≥ ImtXm-en-

t°m-kpw (780) Cutim _¿\q≥ ImtXm-en-t°mkpw (823) At±-l-

Øns‚ injy-∑m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw Xs‚ ktlm-Z-c\v F-gp-Xnb

IØpw D]-tZ-i-ßfpw ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. ""At±lw Hcp ]t_m-[-I-K-Ÿw,

B_m a¿t°m-kns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS hymJym-\w, bqZ¿s°-Xnsc Hcp IrXn,

cmP-]mX Fs∂mcp IrXn, A\p-Xm-]-Øns‚ saam-Iƒ, hnhn[ hnj-b-

ßsf ]pc-kvI-cn®v \nc-h[n IØp-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb-gpXn'' F∂v

A_vZotim ]d-bp-∂p (-AtXIrXn,-t]. 78).

\q-l-Zm-bnse s\kvtXm-dn-bpkv (8˛mw \q.)

am¿ tbmkm-Zm-°ns‚ Bi-a-Ønse Hcp k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

butk∏v l m-bm-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn.- Xn-tamXn H∂m-a≥



At±-lsØ saXm-\m-°n. - A-Xn-\p-apºv sa m-en-b≥ Nn¥-Iƒ

Dt]-£n-°p-s∂∂v G‰p-]-d-™p.- s\-kvtXm-dn-bp-kns‚ Hcp IØv Inń-bn- p-

s≠-¶nepw A®-Sn-®n- n-√. AXp-t]mse Iaq¬ Bi-amw-K-am-bn-cp∂ _o°o-

tim-bpsS (8/9 \q.) Ggp-hm-ey-Øn-ep≈ IrXnbpw ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn- n-√.

ZmZotim JXm-bm (-7˛mw \q.)

t]¿jy≥ Dƒ°-S-ense JØ-dn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp anÃn-°¬ Fgp-Øp-Im-

c-\m-bn-cp∂ ZmZo-tim, dm_v In-∂msd Biamw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p. -]n-∂oSv Jpkn-

ÿm-\n¬ (-t_-Xv-˛-lq-km-tb)- d-ºm≥ j∏q-dns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ ]m¿Øp.-

k-\ymkw t]m’m-ln-∏n-°m≥ At±lw ]e IrXn-I-fpw -c-Nn-®p. ""l\m-

\o-tim-bpsS, "]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]dp-Zokm' F∂ -Ir-Xn°v `mjy-sa-gp-Xn.

B_m Gim-bm-bpsS IrXn hymJym-\n-®p-. i-cn-bmb Pohn-X-I-a-sØ-

°p-dn®v KŸ-sa-gp-Xn. Bi-a-ap-dn-I-fpsS ]hn-Xo-I-c-W-Øn-\p-th≠n

]_-‘-ß-sf-gp-Xn. Nc-a-]-kw-K-ßƒ, \nc-h[n teJ-\-ßƒ,- -tNm-tZym-

Ø-c-Ir-Xn,- B-fl-i-co-c-ß-fpsS AS-°-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn F∂n-hbpw

FgpXn'' F∂v- A-_vZotim ]d-bp∂p (AtXIrXn, t].73). GIm-¥-

Po-hn-XsØ ]‰n-bp≈ IrXn ae-bm-f-Øn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p≠v

(A-tX-Ir-Xn, -t].167-˛230). Cu IrXn°v \mep `mK-ß-fp-≠v. ]mNo-\

-Im-esØ Xm]- ¿ GIm-¥-Xbv°pw \n»-_vZ-Xbv°pw k\ym-k-Øn¬

henb hne I¬]n-®n-cp-∂p. Ggv BgvN-tØbpw Ggv Znh-k-tØbpw

GIm-¥-X-bn¬ ]th-in-°p-∂- hy‡n A\p-jvTn-t°≠ B[ym-flnI

I¿aß-sf-∏‰n ZmZotim N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. Ah A\p-jvTn-®m¬ ""ip≤-

]m¿Y-\bpw'' ""anÃn°¬ ]m¿Y-\bpw'' Xm]- \v ssIh-cpw.

\n-\-sh-bnse Ck-lm-°v (-7˛mw \q.)

Ck-lm°v JØ-dn¬ P\n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ kz¥w \mń¬ 676 hsc

k\ym-kn-bmbn Pohn-®p. Koh¿kokv ImtXm-en-t°mkv (661-˛680/1)-

A-t±-lsØ 676-˛¬ Ip¿Zn-ÿm-\nse t_Xv-˛-Bt_ Bi-a-Øn¬h®v

\n\sh saXm-\mbn hmgn-®p. A©p- am-k-ßƒ°p-tijw At±lw

saXm≥ÿm\w cmPnh®v Jpkn-ÿm≥ ae-I-fn¬ GIm-¥-hmkw \bn-

®p. ]mb-am-b-t∏mƒ dºm≥ j∏q-dns‚ Bi-a-Øn-te°v Xmakw am‰n.

IÆns‚ ImgvN -\-jvS-s∏´v Ahn-sS-h®v acn-®p.- ]u-c-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n

k`bn¬s]-´ -B-fm-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ F√m

kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ ]N-cn-®p. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \n∂v Ko°v,-

A-d-_n, tPm¿Pn-b≥, FtXym-]y≥, …mhnIv `mj-I-fn-te°v Ah

hnh¿Ø\w sNø-s∏-´p.- F-hm-Kn-b-kv, a°m-cn-bpkv F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂v-

C-k-lm°v kzm[o\w kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ ac-W-



tijw kam-l-cn®v c≠p `mK-ß-fmbn tImUo-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. H∂mw `mK-

amWv ]cs° ]N-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 82 ]kw-K-ß-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv

H∂mw-`m-Kw.- H≥]Xmw \q‰m-≠n¬ CXv Ko°n-te°v hnh¿Ø-\w- sN-ø-

s∏-´p. hn. -km-_m-kns‚ henb eudm-bnse c≠v k\ym-kn-I-fmb ]Xo-

°n-tbm-kv, A_m-an-tbmkv F∂n-h-cmWv Cu hnh¿Ø\w \S-Øn-b-Xv.

hn.- sX-tbm- m≥ djy≥ mj-bn-ep≈ Xs‚ otem-Im-en-bm-bn¬ CXn¬

\n∂p≈ Nne `mK-ßƒ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v. c≠mw-`mKw 1983-˛¬ I≠p-]n-Sn®v

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.- C-Xn¬ 41 A[ym-b-ß-fp-≠v.- aq∂mw A[ym-b-Øn\v

\mev sk©z-dn-I-fp-≠v. CXn\pw ]pdta ""Ir]-bpsS KŸw'' Fs∂mcp

IrXnbpw Ck-lm-°n-t‚-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""Ck-lm°v B[ym-fln-

I-Po-hnXw, hnip≤ IqZm-i-Iƒ, \ymbhn-[n, ssZh-]-cn-]m-e\ F∂n-hsb

Ipdn®v Ggp hmey-ß-sf-gpXn'' F∂m-Wv A_vZo-timbpsS ]cm-a¿iw

(-A-tX-Ir-Xn,- t].74). Ck-lm-°ns‚ IrXn-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ ae-bm-f-

Øn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n- p≠v (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm\nk`-bn¬,-

tIm-´-bw, 1991, -t].175-˛223). ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n Ck-lm°v ]d-™-ncn-°p∂

`mK-ß-fmWv hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

si-a-tbm≥ ZvssX_q-tk (-7˛mw \q.)

sia-tbm-s\-∏‰n \ap-°v h-fsc ]cn-an-X-amb Adn-th-bp-≈p.- A-bmƒ

Hcp k\ym-knbpw A°m-esØ G‰hpw \√ sshZy-∑m-cn¬ Hcm-fp-am-bn-

cp-∂p. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ eq°m F∂pw- A-bmƒ°v adp-\m-aw -D-≠m-bn-cp-

∂p. At±lw dºm≥ j∏q-dns‚ Hcp injy-\m-bn-cp-∂p. -ssh-Zy-im-kvX-

kw-_-‘-ambpw B[ym-fln-I-]-c-ambpw ]e KŸ-ß-fpw -c-Nn-®p: am¿

Km\n-bpsS Poh-N-cn-Xw, k\ym-k-ap-dn-Isf ]‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-Ww, dºm≥

j∏q-dns\ ]‰n-bp≈ IY-Iƒ,- Ir-]-bpsS KŸw F∂n-h-bmWv ][m-\-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ. Ahkm-\sØ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂mImw Ir]-bpsS sia-tbm≥

(-si-a-tbm≥ ZvssX_q-tk) F∂v At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- Ggv sk©z-

dn-I-fm-bn-´mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. amXqXv ae-bn¬ Xma-kn-®-ncp-∂-

Xm]- -cpsS Hm¿a-I-fmWv AXn-ep-≈-Xv. t_Xv-˛-lq-km-tb-bn¬ dºm≥

j∏q-dp-ambn _‘-s∏-´mWv sia-tbm≥ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- h-fsc ]mWvUn-

Xy-ap≈ k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. skhp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jy-kn\v

`mjysa-gp-Xn.- F-hm-Kn-b-kv,- B_m a¿t°m-kv,- B-_m Gim-bm,-

a-°m-cn-tbm-kv, -t_-kn¬ F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ sia-tbm\v kp]-cn-Nn-

X-am-bn-cp∂p (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- ]m-No-\- k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ, -t].77.98).

tbml-∂m≥ Zevbm-Xm (+790)

\n\th ka-X-e-Øn-ep≈ t_Xv-˛-\q-l-Zm-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p

tbml-∂m≥. sNdp-∏-Øn¬ A^v-\o-am-ds‚ Biaw kµ¿in-®n-cp-∂p.-



]n-∂oSv I¿Zp-hn¬ am¿ bqkm-Zm-°ns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ h®v k\ym-k-

hkvXw kzoI-cn-®p. Iptd-\mƒ Ign™v I¿Zp-hn\v A∏p-d-Øp≈

t_Xv˛ZevbmXm ae-I-fn¬ GIm-¥-hmkw \bn-®p. Ahn-sS-h®v Iptd

IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. hm¿[-Iy-Øn¬ I¿Zp-hn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn.- bm-t°m_v A_n-

em-bpsS Bi-a-Øn¬ h®v acn-®p.- "tbm-l-∂m≥ km_m' F∂pw Cu

B[ym-flnI KŸ-Im-c≥ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ 22 ]kw-K-

ß-fpw 51 IØp-I-fpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Bflo-b Dƒ°m-gvN-bp≈ Bfm-bn-

cp∂p At±-lw.- D-∞m-\-Po-hn-X-Øn-s‚- ap-∂m-kzm-Z-\-amWv k\ym-k

-Po-hnXsa∂v A∏-sa-bm-bnse tbml-∂m-s\-t∏mse Cu tbml-∂m\pw

Icp-Xn. am¿ XntamXn ImtXm-en-t°m-kns‚ kn\Uv 786/7˛¬ Cbm-fpsS

IrXn-I-fnse Nne A_-≤m-`n-]m-b-ßsf al-tdm≥ sNm-√n. ""sa m-en-

b-\nkw"" F∂ A_-t≤m-]-tZiw KŸ-ß-fn-ep≠v F∂ k¶¬]-Øn-

emWv A]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. ]kvXpX Btcm-]-W-Øn¬ Ig-ºn-s√∂v

]ecpw Icp-Xp-∂p. kn\-Uns‚ hne-°p-≠m-bn´pw kndn-b≥, Ko°p k`-

I-fn¬ tbml-∂ms‚ IrXn-Iƒ ]N-cn-®p. "At±lw c≠v IrXn-Ifpw

Bi-a-Po-hnXw kw_-‘n®v A\p-Xm]w P\n-∏n-°p∂ teJ-\-ßfpw

FgpXn' F∂mWv A_vZo-tim-bpsS ]cm-a¿iw (-A-tX-Ir-Xn,-t].74).

\n\-th-bnse Ck-lm-°ns‚ t]cn¬ Cbm-fpsS IrXn-Iƒ Ko°n¬ ]N-

cn-®-ncp∂p. ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n At±lw Fgp-Xn-bh ae-bm-f-Øn¬ ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬,-t].166-˛174).

bu-tk∏v l m-bm (-8˛mw \q.)

butk∏v l m-bm (-Zm¿i-\n-I-≥) -t]¿jy-bnse Hcp skmsdm-hm-

jvSn-b≥ IpSpw-_-Øn¬ \ntam-Zn¬ 710-˛-t\m-S-SpØv P\n-®p. At±-l-Øn-

\v- G-gp-h-b p amXw ]mb-ap-≈-t∏mƒ Imen^v Hm-am¿ c≠mas‚ (717-

˛720) kwL-Øn¬ s]´ Ih¿®-°m-cm-b- A-d-_n-Iƒ butk-∏ns‚ Kmaw

sIm≈-b-Sn-®v Bfp-Isf Xń-s°m-≠p-t]m-bn. Ah¿ butk-∏ns\ Hc-d-

_n-°p -hn-‰p.- A-bmƒ Ahs\ Hcp InkvXym-\n°v adn-®p-hn-‰p. hS-°≥

Cdm-°nse Im¿Zp ae-º-tZ-i-Øm-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS `h-\w. -A-hn-sS-

bp≈ k\ym-kn-I-fpsS t]c-W-bm¬ bu-tk∏v InkvXym-\n-bm-bn. Abm-

fpsS DS-a-ÿ≥ Abmsf kzX-¥-\m-°n-b-t∏mƒ Abmƒ k\ymkw

kzoI-cn-®p. GIm-¥-hm-kn-bmbpw Iq -Po-hn-X-°m-c-\mbpw k\ymkw A\p-

jvTn-®p. -c-≠p-]m-hiyw k\ym-k-k-aq-l-ß-fpsS A[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-

t±lw \nc-h[n IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. Nne IrXn-Iƒ At±l-Øns‚ ktlm-

Z-c-\mb A_vZo-tim-bpsS t]cn-em-Wv. "XmXzn-Ihpw ]mtbm-Kn-I-hp-ambn

]tbm-P-\-]-Z-amb hnj-b-ßsf B[m-c-am°n At±lw 1900 A[ym-b-

ßƒ Fgp-Xn.- ""\n-t£]w'' F∂- Ir-Xn-bn¬ ]bm-k-ta-dn-b- \n-c-h[n

]iv\-ßƒ N¿®-sN-bvXp.- A-]-I-S-ßƒ, ]Xn-Iq-e-km-l-N-cy-ßƒ F∂n-



hsb Ipdn®pw Fgp-Xn.- "I-®-h-S-°m-cs‚ KŸw' F∂- Ir-Xn°v hymJym-

\-sa-gp-Xn. -"]u-c-kvXy-cpsS ]dp-Zokm' Fs∂mcp IrXn c≠p- hm-ey-ß-fn-

embn Fgp-Xn.- A-Xn¬ \nc-h[n Ncn-X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ Im-Wmw. Fk-°n-

tb-ens‚ Z¿i-\-Øn\v Hcp mjyw, s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fpsS D¤-h-sØ°pdn®v

Hcp IrXn,- hn-⁄m-\-io¿j-I-ßƒ s°mcp `mjyw, Ub-\o-jy-kns‚

IrXn-Iƒs°mcp `mjyw F-∂n-hbpw FgpXn. -am¿ KntKm-dn-tbm-kns‚

Z¿i-\-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-®p.- GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-°m-cpsS tijvT-Po-hnXw kw_-

‘n®v teJ-\-ß-sf-gpXn' F∂v A_vZotim Ipdn-°p∂p (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,-

]m-No-\-k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ, t].73- 74;127- 128). ImtXm-en-t°mkv XntamXn

786/7˛se kn\-Un¬ butk-∏ns‚ Nne ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ i-]n-®p.- sX-‰n-

≤m-c-W -aq-e-amWv C]-Imcw kw`-hn-®Xv F∂mWv tbip-Zv\mlv Icp-Xp-

∂-Xv ( -AtX-Ir-Xn, -t].128).

B[ym-fln-I-Po-hn-X-Ønse aq∂p L´-ßsf∏‰n AYhm Ah-ÿ-

I-sf-∏‰n At±lw N¿® -sN-øp-∂p. Fhm-Kn-b-kn¬ \n∂pw A∏-sa-bm-

bnse tbml-∂m-\n¬ \n∂pw a‰v k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂pw

At±lw ]e Imcy-ßfpw kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Xnap-J- hn-`-P-\-co-Xn -Xmsg

hnh-cn-°p∂p:

H∂mw-L´w ico-c-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv (-^-Kvdm-\q-km): D]-hm-kw, PmK-c-

Ww, hmb-\-bnepw k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fnepw tIµo-I-cn-®p≈ ]m¿Y-\,

_mlym-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ F∂n-hsb kw_-‘n-®p-≈XmWn-Xv.- CXv Iq´mb

k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn-\v k-Zr-iy-am-Wv.- Cu-Pn-]vXn¬ \n∂p≈ Ckm-

tb¬°m-cp-sS -]p-d-∏mSpw acp-`q-an-bn-eq-sS-bp≈ Ah-cpsS bmXbpw

CXns‚ ]Xo-I-am-Wv. I¬]-\-Iƒ°p- hn-t[-b-cmb Zmk-cpsS Ah-

ÿsb CXv ]-Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.- F-hm-Kn-bkv ]d-bp-∂ "-]m-‡n-

t°bpw' skhp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jykv ]d-bp∂ "ip≤o-I-cWhpw' BWv

Cu Ah-ÿ-bn-se- "ip-≤X' F∂ -e-£yw.

c≠mw-L´w Bflm-hn-t‚-Xm-Wv (-\-^vim-\q-km): ]-tXy-I-ambn

GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-°m-cp-tS-Xm--Wn-Xv. -B-¥-cnI kpIr-X-ß-fp-sS, ]tXy-In®v

Ffn-a-bpsS ]cn-io-e-\-Øn¬ CX-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p. Ckm-tb¬°m¿

tbm¿Zm≥ IS-∂-Xn\p Xpey-amWv H∂mwL´-Øn¬ \n∂v c≠mw L´-

Øn-te°p IS-°p-∂-Xv.- C-km-tb¬°m¿°v hmKvZ-Ø-\mń¬ h®v \m´p-

Im-cmb a\p-jy-tcmSv t]mcm-tS-≠n-h-∂-Xn-\p- Xp-ey-amWv ZpjvSm-cq-]n-I-fp-

am-bp≈ t]mcm-´w. -Xs‚ Znh-k-°q-en-°mbn ImØn-cn-°p-∂- th-e-°m-

cs‚ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv. CXns‚ e£yw "-kp-Xm-cyX' AYhm "ss\¿a-

eyw' (-i- yq-km)-B-Wv.- F-hm-Kn-bkv CXns\ "kzm`m-hn-I-[ym\w' F∂pw

Ub-\o-jykv "]Im-i\w' F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.-



aq-∂mw-L´w Acq-]n-bp-tS-Xm-Wv (-dq-lm-\q-km): ]m-Y-an-I-ambn

a\- ns‚ ]h¿Ø-\-sØ-°p-dn-®m-Wn-Xv.- ]q¿W-X-bn-te-°v,- A-Yhm

]q¿W-]-Iz-X-bn-te°v IS°p-∂-Xn¬ CX-S-ßn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.- CXv 'al-\o-

b-ko-tbms\' ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p.- ]p-Xs‚ Ah-ÿ-bm-Wn-Xv.

Zmks‚tbm, the-°m-c-s‚tbm Ah-ÿ-b-√.- D-∞m\w sNbvX anin-lm-

bp-sS-bpw XnXz-Øn-s‚- cq-]-c-ln-X -]-Im-i-Øn-s‚bpw Z¿i-\-amWv CXn-

s‚- G-‰hpw ][m-\-s∏-´ -k-hn-ti-j-X.- F-hm-Kn-bkv CXns\ "sXb-tfm-

Pnbm' F∂pw Ub-\o-jykv "H∂p-tN-c¬' F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.

"B[ym-fln-I-Po-hn-XØnse aq∂p UnKn-Iƒ' F∂ KŸw c≠p

]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ e`y--am-Wv.- CXv ôsem-Ivko-\q-kns‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-

∂p.- A-_vZotim kqNn-∏n-°p-∂ -K-Ÿ-ß-sf√mw e`n-®n-ń-√.- ]-eXpw

Ct∏mgpw -A-®-Sn-®n-ń-√. ]m¿Y\-sb-∏‰n At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv

ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-amWv: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬, -

t].157-˛165.

9. alm-\m-b- -am¿ _m_mbv (553-˛628)

]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse Hcp÷z-e-Xm-c-am-bn-cp∂p am¿

_m_mbv dºm. k\ym-kn, Bi-am-[y-£≥, Bi-a-ß-fpsS hnkn-‰¿

F∂o \ne-I-fn¬ sa-skm-s∏m-t´-an-b≥ k-`-bn¬ At±lw KWy-ambn

kzm[o-\w -sN-ep-Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ KŸ-ß-fpsS _mlp-eyw (83/84)

At±-l-Øns‚ k`m-kvt\-lhpw Aim-¥-]-cn-i-ahpw AKm-[-]m-WvUn-

Xyhpw hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn\v

At±lw kmc-h-Ømb kw`m-h-\ -sN-bvXp. ""s\kvtXm-dn-b≥'' F∂p

apºv hnfn-°-s∏- n-cp∂ ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n k -bpsS InkvXp-imkvXw

am¿ _m_m-b-n-bpsS InkvXp-Z¿i-\-am-Wv.- A-Xn-\p-apºpw AXn-\p-ti-

jhpw Cu k`-bn¬ Bcpw Xs∂ CX hni-Z-ambn InkvXp-hn-⁄m-

\obw N¿®-sN-bvXn-ń-√.

DØ-c-C-dm-°nse t_Xv-˛-k-_vZmbv ]tZ-iØv t_Xv-˛-sF-\mXm

F∂ -ÿ-eØv 551-˛¬ am¿ _m_mbv P\n-®p. ]mcw-`- hn-Zym-`ym-km-\-

¥cw Cu…m-a-e-bn¬ (-Xp¿ A_vZo≥) D≈ am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ henb

Bi-a-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. Cu Biaw 571 apX¬ At¥ym-Iy≥˛Xn-b-tUm-

dn-b≥ Nn¥m-co-Xn-Iƒ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw hnI-kn-∏n-°p-Ibpw ]N-cn-

∏n°p-Ibpw sN-bvXn-cp-∂p. At±lw ]n∂oSv AhnSw hn´v Xs‚ \mń¬

H-cm-i-ahpw kvIqfpw ÿm]n-®p.- Cu-…m-bnse Bi-a-Øns‚ aq∂m-asØ

A[y-£-\mbpw ZmZo-tim-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbpw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂-Xp-hsc

alm-\m-b- -am¿ _m_mbv


(604) _m_mbv AhnsS Xma-kn-®p. At±lw Bi-a-Po-hn-XØn¬

Iahpw Nn´bpw hcp-Øn. -hn-hm-ln-X-cmbn k\y-kvX-Po-hnXw \bn-°p∂

Hcp ]tXy-I-coXn A°m-eØv Cu…m-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-Xn\p hyXn-

bm\w hcp-Øm≥ _m_mbv ian-®p. AXn¬ A-Xr-]vXn- tXm-∂n-b-h¿

_m_m-bn-bpsS Biaw hnń-dßn thtd Bi-a-ßƒ XpS-ßn.

ImtXm-en-t°mkv KnKdn 608/9˛¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ as‰m-cmsf k`m-[y-

£-\mbn hmgn-°m≥ t]¿jy≥ cm-Pmhv Jpkm c≠m-a≥ (590-˛628)

A\p-h-Zn-®n-√. -X-Z-h-kcw hS-°≥ saskm-s∏m-t´-an-bm-bnse Bi-a-ß-

fpsS kµ¿i-I-\mbn _m_m-bnsb saXm-∑m¿ \nb-an-®p.- sa-km-en-b≥,

-Fhm-Kn-b≥ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-fpsS kzm[o-\-Øn¬ \n∂v Bi-a-ßsf

kwc-£n-°m-\m-bn-cp∂p Cu Iao-I-c-Ww. am¿ _m_mb,v dºm (a-lm≥)

F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

IrXn-Iƒ

Ign-hp‰ t\Xmhpw k\ym-k-]-ÿm\w hf¿Ønb Bi-am-[y-£-

\p-am-bn-cp∂ At±-lw samØw 84 IrXn-Iƒ cNn®p. InkvXp-im-kvX-

kw-_-‘-am-b-h-bmWv al-Ø-cw. \-ap°v F√m KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw

]cp-Iƒ t]mepw Adn-bn-√. ]eXpw \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn.

1. InkvXp-imkvXw kw_-‘n®v(8).

2. A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿s°-Xn-sc(6).

3. k\ym-k-Ir-Xn-Iƒ(6).

4. Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ(11).

5. Bcm-[-\-I-a-kw-_-‘-am-b-h(5).

AKm-[-hn-izm-khpw ssZh-kvt\-lhpw k`m-kvt\-lhpw \nd-™p-

Xp-fp-ºp∂ k`m-]n-Xm-hns‚ NnX-am-Wv At±-l-Øns‚ InkvXp-imkvX

]-Xn-]m-Z-\-ß-fn¬ \mw Z¿in-°p-I. ""eo_¿ sZ bqWn-tbm-sW''

(-sF-Iy-K-Ÿw) F∂ t]cn-emWv At±-l-Øns‚ kp]-[m-\ -In-kvXp-

im-kvX-Ir-Xn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. Iym\m, Ivt\mam, ]¿tkm]m F∂o

kmt¶-XnI ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn®pw A√m-sXbpw tbip-In-kvXp-

hns‚ GI-hy-‡n-Xzhpw c≠p-kz-`m-h-ßfpw _m_mbv hy‡-am-°p-∂p.

c≠p Iym\m-Iƒ, c≠p-Ivt\m-am-Iƒ, ]pX-Xz-Øns‚ GI ]¿tkm∏m

F∂-XmWv _m_m-b-n-bpsS t^m¿ap-e.- c≠v -kz- m-h-ßfpw c≠p Ivt\mam-

Ifpw kz`m-h-Øns‚ Xe-Øn¬ InkvXp-hn-\p≈ Zzn-XzsØ Ipdn-°p-∂p.

"GIXzw' ]pXXzw F∂ hy‡n-Xz-Øns‚ Xe-Øn-em-Wv.- F-∂m¬ XmXzn-



I-N¿®-Iƒ°p-]cn, hnizm-k-Xo-£vW-X-bm¬ Cu cl-ky-ßƒ hni-Zo-

I-cn-°p∂ ssZh-a-\p-jy-s\-bm-Wv _m_m-bn-bn¬ \mw ImWp-I.

ssZh-Øns‚ AKm-ly-X,- k-¿hmXo-iXzw F∂nh At±lw Du∂n-

∏-d-bp-∂p. hnizm-kw- Iq-SmsX Znhy-c-l-ky-ßsf Hcn-°epw kao-]n-°-cp-

sX-∂- Nn¥ At±-lsØ `cn-®p. ssZh-Øns‚ k¿hm-Xo-i-Xzhpw Nn∑-

b-Xzhpw H∂n-®p- sIm-≠p-t]m-Im≥- A-t±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p. ASn-ÿm-

\-]-c-ambn At¥ym-Iy≥˛\n-kn-_nkv Iem-e-b-ß-fpsS hN-\-˛-amw-k

(-tem-tKm-kv-˛-B≥sXm-t∏m-kv) InkvXp-im-kvX-amWv _m_m-bn-bpsS

InkvXp-im-kvXw. ssZh-Xz-Øn\pw a\p-jy-Xz-Øn\pw Hcp-t]mse Du∂¬

sIm-Sp-°p-∂-XmWv At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvXw. aq¿Ø-ßfpw

Aaq¿Ø-ß-fp-amb ]Z-ßƒ Iqń-°-e¿Øn ]tbm-Kn-°p-∂Xpw Ah-cpsS

]Xn-hm-Wv. a\p-jy-kz- m-hsØ Ipdn-°m≥ "a\p-jy≥' F∂pw "a\p-jyXzw'

F∂pw amdn-amdn D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥bpw Ae-Ivkm-

WvUn-b≥ Nn¥bpw tIm¿Øn-W-°m-\p≈ Hcp kwcw-`hpw IrXn-I-fn¬

ImWmw. AΩm-\p-th¬ GI\pw Ahn-`m-Py\pw, ssZhhpw a\p-jy\pw

BsW∂ kwKXn ""]¿-tkm-]nIv sFIyw'' (hy‡n-Xz-Øn-ep≈ sFIyw)

F∂ -]-Z-]-tbm-K-Øn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ At±lw ian-®p.

C∂v am¿ _m_m-bn-bpsS InkvXp-imkvXw hym]-I-ambn AwKo-

I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p: ""tbip-an-inlm \ΩpsS I¿Ømhpw \ΩpsS

ssZhhpw \ΩpsS Poh\pw \Ωp-sS- c-£-bpsS \mY\pw BWv. a\p-jym-

h-XmcØns‚ BZy-\n-an-jw -ap-X¬ a\p-jyXzw ssZh-Xz-hp-ambn hy‡n-

Xz-X-e-Øn¬ sFIy-s∏-ń-cn-°p-∂p.- D-¤-h-Øns‚ BZy-\n-anjw apX¬

Ft∂°pw a\p-jyXzw ssZh-Xz-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv.- Iq-Sn-°p-g-®n-tem, -th¿]m-

tSm, -hn-`P\tam, th¿Xn-cn-thm, IqSn-°-e-ctem IqSmsX ssZh-Xzhpw

a\p-jy-Xzhpw ]pX-\n¬ ÿn-Xn-sN-øp-∂p.- A-ßs\ hN\w amk-am-bn.

ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Pm-X≥ I\y-I-bpsS BZy-Pm-X-\m-bn-Øo¿∂p. AXp-

sIm≠v I\y-I-a-dnbw \ymb-ambpw ssZh-am-Xm-hmWv'' F∂v _m_mbv

Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ aq∂n-SØv ]d-bp-∂p:

""b¬Zmkv Bemlm ZlvhmXv te sa≥ Kmhp a¿_A'' (sFIy-

KŸw,100,4˛-5/70,1-˛2).

""b¬Zmkv Bemlm tZ≥ taXp¬ lvZmbqXm ZlvhmXv te

Aw \miqtk''(h-Øn-°m≥ tcJ, 264,27-˛28/214,26-˛28).

""b¬Zmkv Bemlm tZ≥ taXp¬ Zavl-sbZv ev_¿\mti''

(hØn-°m≥ tc-J, 271,28-˛29/219,38-˛39).

alm-\m-b- -am¿ _m_mbv


t]¿jy≥ k`-bn¬ hnI-kn® InkvXp-imkvXw k`-bnse KW-

\o-b-amb Hcp ssZh-im-kvX-hn-I-k-\-am-Wv.- Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS hnh-

c-W-ß-fnse A]m-I-X-Iƒ ]cn-l-cn-°m\pw Iptd-°qSn sa®-s∏´ coXn-

bn¬ Ah-X-cn∏n°m\pw _m_mbv ]cn-i-an-°p-∂p. Aß-s\, Xm-sg-∏-d-

bp∂ ]kvXm-h-\-Iƒ kv]jvS-am-bn- \ncm-I-cn-°p∂p:

""tbip-InkvXp shdp-samcp a\p-jy-\mWv. -Z-sØ-Sp-°¬ hgn-bmWv

]pX-\m-b-Xv.- ssZ-h-]pX\pw a\p-jy-]p-X\pw F∂v c≠v ]pX-∑m-cp-≠v.-

a-dn-bsØ tbip F∂ a\p-jys‚ AΩ-bmbn amXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®m¬

aXn.- ssZ-h-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw mcym-`¿Øm-°-∑m¿

XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw- t]m-se-bm-Wv.''

Ch-sbm-s°-bm-bn-cp∂p t]¿jy≥ InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS ta¬ a‰p-

≈-h¿ Btcm-]n-®n-cp-∂-Xv. Ccp-kz-`m-h-ß-fpsS sFIysØ Ipdn-°m≥

]nXm-°-∑m¿ D]-tbm-Kn® \nc-h[n ]Z-ßƒ _m_mbv N¿®-sN-øp∂p:

""sFIyw,- kw-tbm-P-\w,- hm-kw,- hkvXw [cn-°¬,- F-Sp-°¬''. "atlm-

∂-Xhpw A\-\yhpw Ahm-Ny-hp-amb Cu sFIyw CsX-√m-am-Wv, Ch-

bvs°√mw D]-cn-ÿ-hp-amWv' F∂ _m_mbv ]d-bp-∂p. _m_m-bn-bps-S

sFIy-KŸ-Øns‚ ae-bm-f-]-cn-`mj e`y-am-Wv (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- am¿

_m_m-bv-˛-In-kvXp-im-kvXw,- tIm-´-bw,2000: kocn ]kn-≤o-I-cWw).

k\ymkw kw_-‘n® Hcp IrXn BZy-ambn Cw•o-jn¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-

®n-´p≠v.8

10. ]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n FgpØp-Im¿

am¿ _membv tImsd-∏n-kvt°m∏m (5˛mw \q.)

kndn-bm-bnse t_tdm-bm (-A-se-t∏m)- k- -bnse Hcp tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m

Bbn-cp∂p _mem-bv. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]e KoX-ß-fpw (-a-Zvdmti)

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. sIs∂-io-\n-se (-Im¬Nn-kv) ]≈n-Iq-Zm-i-tbm-S-\p-

_-‘n®p At±lw Hcp KoX-sa-gp-Xn. AXv ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn- p-≠v; AtX-

∏‰n ]T-\-ßfpw \S-∂n- p-≠v. amtdm-\o-Øcpw bmt°m-_m-b-°m-cp-w _mem-

bn-bpsS t]cn-ep≈ KoX-ßƒ Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

""A\p-K-l-ßƒ \nd-™n-cn-°p-∂-ht\,...'' F∂ ]m¿Y\ _mem-bn-bpsS

8. G. Chediath, The Christology of Mar Babai the Great, Kottayam, 1982; Idem,Mar Babai the Great: Some Useful Counsels on the Ascetical Life, Kottayam,2001; Idem, “The Theological Contribution of Mar Babai the Great”, in SyriacDialogue-I, Vienna, 1994,p.155-167;also in Christian Orient,17/1(1996) 30-41.



t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A©p -kn-e-_n-fp-I-fp≈ "s]‚m-kn-e-_nIv'

KoX-ß-fmWv At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-Xv.

tkmKnse am¿ bmt°m_v (449- 521)

am¿ At]-an-\p-tijw D≠m-bn-´p≈ Hcp henb A\p-Kr-loX Ihn-bmWv

bmt°m-_v. kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse Hcp henb ]WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-

lw. FtU- -bv°-Sp-Øp≈ tkmKnse ludm UnkvSn-IvSn¬ Ip¿Xm-

an¬ 449/50-˛¬ At±lw P\n-®p. FtU- -bnse Iem-e-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-®p.

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Ifpw Zznkz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Ifpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°-Øn¬

At±lw GI-kz- m-h-]-£-Øp -tN¿∂p. A°m-eØv B kvIqfnse ]_-

e-Nn-¥m-coXn Xnb-tUm-dns‚ At¥ym-Iy\mbn-cp-∂p. bmt°m_pw a‰pw-

A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnse kndn-ens‚ Nn¥m-[mc kz¥-am-°n.- F-tU- -b-

n¬ \n∂v t]mb-tijw At±-lsØ \mw ImWp-∂Xv tkmKnse k`-

bnse tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m Bbn- m-Wv. ]n∂oSv 518- ¬ At±lw tkmKnse

_Xv\m-\n¬ saXm-\m-bn. A°m-esØ InkvXp-im-kvX-X¿°-ß-fn¬

\n∂v AI∂p Ign-bm≥ At±lw ]cn-i-an-®p. At±-lsØ X¿°-ß-fn-

te°v hen-®n-g-bv°m≥ ]ecpw ian-s®-¶nepw At±lw Ft∏mgpw anX-

hm-Zn-bmbn Ign-™p.

FtU- -bnse bmt°m-_v (+708), bmt°m-_ns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\mb

Koh¿Kokv saXm≥, as‰m-cmƒ F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p-t]¿ bmt°m-_ns‚

Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. bmt°m_v hfsc im¥-amb PohnXw \bn-

®p. hmb-\-bnepw ]T-\-Ønepw Fgp-Ønepw apgp-In-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±lw

im¥\pw hn\-bm-\zn-X\pw Bbn-cp-∂p.- A-t±lw hf-sc-b-[nIw IrXn-I-

sf-gp-Xn-sb-¶nepw 225 FÆta ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-n-´p-≈p. 12 kne-_nfpI-

fp≈ "tZmsZ°m -kn-e-_nIv' ao‰-dn-em-Wv At±-l-Øns‚ saam-Iƒ. thZ-

]p-kvXI-hn-j-b-ß-fmWv At±lw apJy-ambpw sXc-s™-Sp-Ø-Xv.- ]e

kwK-Xn-I-fnepw Xnb-tUm-dns‚ kzm[o\w Zriy-am-Wv. ]cn-ip≤ adn-bsØ

Ipdn®v \nc-h[n ]kw-K-ß-fp-≠v.- A-Xp-t]m-se, XqWn-t∑¬ sia-tbm-

s\-t∏m-se-bp≈ hnip-≤-sc-∏-‰n-bp-ap-≠v. Xm]- -]-chpw Bcm-[-\-I-a-]-c-

hp-amb hnj-b-ßfpw At±lw ssIImcyw sNbvXn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øn¬

\n∂v KZy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Bdv tlman-en-I-fpw ( -Xp¿Km-ta) e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Inkva-kv, -Z-\-lm, hen-b-t\m-ºv, Hmim-\,- ]o-Um-\p-`-hw, -D-∞m\w F∂n-

hsb Ipdn-®mWh. At±-l-Øns‚ 43 IØp-Ifpw c≠v ka-Im-eo-\-hn-

ip-≤-cpsS Poh-N-cn--X-hpw (-Km-em-inse Zm\n-tb¬, -l-∂o-\m) ]e KoX-

ß-fpw (-aZvdmti) e`n-®n-´p-≠v. aq∂v A\m-^-d-Ifpw amtdm-\o-Ø-cpsS Hcp

kv\m\-ip-iq-jbpw At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.

]m›mXy kpdn-bm\n FgpØp-Im¿


At±-l-Øns‚ Iptd tlman-en-Iƒ A©p hmey-ß-fn-embn t]mƒ

_UvPm≥ 1905-˛1910-˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. CSCO 110-˛¬ At±-l-Øns‚

IØp-Iƒ e`y-am-Wv. -sam-Ø-w GXm≠v 763 saam-Ifpw IØp-Ifpw

Ds≠∂v B¿X¿ hq_pkv ]d-bp-∂p.- F-∂m¬ B[p-\n-I-`m-j-I-fn¬

hfsc Ipd-®p- am-Xta hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≈p. GXm≠v am¿- A-t]-

ans‚ ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv bmt°m_pw bmX -sN-bvX-Xv. FtU- -bnse

Iem-e-b-Øn-eqsS Ko°v XXz-imkvXw At±-l-Øn\v e`n-®p.

-am-_p-Knse am¿ osem-Ivko-\p-kv (+523)

]m›m-Xy- kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-bnse Hcp ]ikvX KŸ-Im-c-\mWv ôsem-

Ivko-\qkv.- kn-dn-bm-bnse am_p-Kn¬ (-saw-_n-Pn¬) saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p

(485-˛518). Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens‚ hnizm-k-\n¿h-N-\sØ

FXn¿°p-∂-Xn¬ ap≥]-¥n-bn¬ \n∂p.- A-t¥ym-Iy-bn¬ Im¬kn-U¨

hncp-≤-\mb skth-cq-kns\ 512- ¬ saXm-\mbn \nb-an-°p-∂-Xn¬ \n¿Wm-

b-I- ]¶v hln-®p.

t]¿jy≥ kmam-Py-Ønse t_Xv-˛-K¿ambv t]mhn≥kn¬ Xlm¬

F∂ -ÿ-eØv 440-˛¬ At±lw P\n-®p. B[p-\n-I- C-dm-°nse In¿-°q-

°n-\-Sp-Øp≈ ÿe-amWv Xlm¬. AIvsk-\mbm Ft∂m butk-

s∏t∂m Bbn-cp∂p BZy-\m-aw. -F-tU- -bnse Iem-e-b-Øn¬ ssZh-

im-kvX-]-T\w \S-Øn. -A-t¥ym-Iy≥ ssZh-im-kvX-am-bn-cp∂p AhnsS

]_-e-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-t\mSv ôsem-Ivko-\qkv hn]-Xn-]Øn Im´p-

Ibpw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse kndn-ens‚ ssZh-im-kvX -co-Xn-I-tfmSv

Ahn-sS -h-®p-Xs∂ B`n-apJyw ImWn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. C°m-c-W-Øm¬-

F-tU- ≥ Iem-e-b-Øn¬ A`n-]m-b-kw-L- -\-ßƒ D≠m-bn.- tkm-Knse

bmt°m-_v, t_Xv-˛-A¿im-anse sia-tbm≥ F∂n-hcpw ôsem-Ivko-\q-

kns‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. A`n-]mb kw-L-´-\-^-e-ambn ôsem-Ivko-

\qkv Iem-e-b-Øn¬\n∂v _ln-jvIr-X-\m-bn. Abmƒ 470-˛-Hm-Sp-IqSn

At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ t]mbn ]o‰¿ p≈¿ F∂ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp≤ ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ kvt\ln-X-\m-bn. XpS¿∂v k\ym-kn-I-fpsS CS-bnepw a‰pw

Adn-b-s∏-´ -hy-‡n-bm-bn-Øo¿∂p.

A°m-eØv cmP-ln-Xm-\p-krXw Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-`m-hn-I-fpw

hntcm-[n-Ifpw amdn-amdn At¥ymIy-bn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-cm-Ip-Ibpw

\mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp.- ]o-‰¿ p≈dns\ At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ \n∂v

\mSp-I-S-Øn-b-t∏mƒ (476-˛84) ôsem-Ivko-\qkpw \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p.-

I-e≥Zn-tbm≥ ]mXn-b¿°okmWv (482-˛4) Abmsf \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-Xv.

F∂m¬ tkt\m NI-h¿Ønsb kzm-[o-\n®v Ise≥Zn-tbms\ ÿm\-



-jvS-\m-°p-∂-Xn¬ osem-Ivko-\qkv hnP-bn-®p. XpS¿∂v 485- ¬ osem-

Ivko-\qkv am_p-Knse (F-hp-^-tX-ky) saXmt∏m-eoØm Bbn.-

A-t¥ym-Iy, tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ F∂o- ]-´-W-ß-fnepw ]›na -kn-dn-

bm-bn¬- D-S-\o-fhpw Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp≤ kaq-l-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥

Abmƒ AXy-[zm-\w -sN-bvXp.

A\-kvXm-kyqkv NI-h¿Øn acn-®-t∏mƒ (518), ]n≥Km-an-bm-b

PÃn≥ aX-kw-K-Xn-I-fn¬ ]pXn-b- \bw kzoI-cn-®p. kmam-Py-Øn-ep≈

saXm-∑m-sc√mw Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w AwKo-I-cn-°-W-sa∂v

\n¿_-‘n-®p. AXn\p hnk-Ω-Xn-®-hsc \mSp-I-S-Øn.- o-sem-Ivko-\qkpw

hnk-Ω-Xn-®-h-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-S-p-∂p. Abmsf BZyw KmwK-bn-te-

°pw (-]-^ve-tKm-Wn-b)- ]n-∂oSv 520/1˛¬ tXknse ^nen-∏q-s]m-fo-kn-

te°pw \mSp-I-S-Øn. Ahn-sS-h®v 523˛¬- izmkw-apń acn®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

A°m-esØ k`m-N¿®-I-fn-sems° At±lw kPo-h-ambn ]s¶-

Sp-Øp.- Xm¿°n-I≥ F∂-Xn-ep-]cn B-[ym-flnI KŸ-Im-c≥ IqSn-bm-bn-

cp∂p At±-lw. kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw kpdn-bm-\nbpw

Ko°pw tIm¿Øn-W°p-∂-Xn\v ian-®p.

1. ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øns‚ Hcp ]pXnb kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø\w D≠m-°m≥

t\Xr-Xzw \¬In-. Ko°p ss__n-fp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B

hnh¿Ø-\w. -Xs‚ tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m Bb t]mfn-°m¿∏ns‚ klm-b-

-tØm-Sp-IqsS 507/8˛-emWv Cu ]Xn-∏p-≠m-b-Xv. A∂v \ne-hn-en-cp∂

"thXpkv kodm' sSIvÃn¬ ]cn-jvIm-c-ßƒ hcp-Øn-b-XmWv Cu ]Xn-

∏v. ]vioØm sSIvÃn-t\-°mƒ ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-am-bn Iptd-°qSn IrXy-

amb ]Z-]-tbm-K-ß-fmWv C-Xn--ep-≈-Xv.

2. ""k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-co-Xn-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ D]-tZiw'' F∂- t]-cn¬ 13 saam-

Iƒ.

3. ""XnXz-Øn-sem-cmƒ PUw [cn-®p,- ]o-U-b--\p-`-hn®p'' F∂-Xns\ B[m-

c-am°n 10 saam-Iƒ: "l-_o-_n-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ saam-Iƒ' F∂pw -C-X-dn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. CXv 482/4˛-te-Xm-Wv. CXns‚ Ah-km\w Ko°v, kpdn-bm\n

]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-I-fpsS Hcp kam-lm-c-ap-≠v.

4.""XnXz-sØ-∏-‰nbpw a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-sØ∏-‰nbpw'' aq∂p saam-Iƒ

(Ivkm_m Zvtdbm-t\).

5. tbml-∂ms‚ Bap-J-Øns‚ hymJym\w: tbml-∂m≥ 1˛s\ B[m-c-

am-°n- 508-˛¬ Fgp-Xnb Hcp ssZh-im-kvX- Ir-Xn-bm-WnXv.



6. aØm-bn-bp-sSbpw eq°m-bp-sSbpw `mjy-ßƒ; CXns‚ Nne `mK-ßƒ

am-Xta e`n-®n-´p-≈-p.

7. awK-e-hm¿Øsb Ipdn-®p≈ saam.

8. ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Bhm-ksØ Ipdn-®p≈ saam: ]m]w sNøp-

tºmƒ ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv ]pd-s∏-´p-t]m-Iptam F∂ ]iv\w CXn¬ N¿®-

sN-øp-∂p.

9.- I-Øp-Iƒ: At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-h[n IØp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.- Nn-eXv

\o≠ ssZh-imkvX IrXn-I-fm-Wv.- Nn-e-Xns‚ `mK-ßtf e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

hnizm-ksØ ]‰n-bp≈ IØv k\ym-kn-Isf A`n-kw-t_m-[\

sNbvXpsIm≠p≈-Xm-Wv. hN-\-am-b- ssZ-h-Øns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xmcw

kw_-‘n®v tkt\m NI-h¿Øn-°p≈ IØv,- t_-Xv- -Ku-Km-ense k\ym-

kn-Iƒ°p≈ IØp-Iƒ(2),- ti-\q-\nse k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ IØv,

sX¬-˛B-Zm-bnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ IØv,- F-tU- -bnse ]So-jy-

kn-\p≈ IØv, -Ão-^≥ _¿ kp-ssZ-en-sb-∏‰n FtU- ≥ sshZn-I-cmb

A_-lm-an\pw Hsd-kvsX-kn\pw Fgp-Xn-b- I-Øv,- A_q bm^m-dn-\p≈

IØv,- ]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ IØv, A\-k¿_m-bn¬

\n∂p≈ hmb-\-°m-c≥ amtdm-\p≈ IØv, sX¬ B-Zm- B-i-a-Ønse

sia-tbm-\p-≈- IØv, ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-sØ- Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k\ym-kn-

Iƒ°p≈ IØv, Hcp t\mho-kn-\p≈ IØv, bqZ-a-X-Øn¬ \n∂v am\-

m-¥-c-s∏´ Hcmƒ°p≈ IØv, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ IØns‚ `mK-

ßƒ F∂n-h-bmWv ][m-\-s∏-´- I-Øp-Iƒ. ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n At±lw

]d-™n-cn-°p-∂h ae-bm-f-Øn¬ e`y-amWv (-Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, -]m¿Y\ kpdn-

bm-\n-k-`-bn¬, t].89-˛113). Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse kndn-ens‚ ]Z-]-tbm-

K-ß-fn-eqsS InkvXp-c-l-kyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ Abmƒ ]cn-i-an-®p.

AXn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-b-h-sbms° XymPyw F∂ Nn¥-bm-bn-cp-∂p

Abmƒ°v. Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-a-t\m-`mhw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xn\v k¿hm-

fl\m ian-®p.

tdssi-\m-bnse tk¿Pn-bpkv (+536)

tdssi-\m-bnse ]-[m-\ -ssh-Zy\pw Hcp-]t£ ssh-Zn-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p

tk¿Pn-bp-kv. At±-l-Øns‚ P\-\-Øo-b--Xn,- P-\-\-ÿ-ew, _mey-Imew

F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n \ap-°-dn-hn-√. Xs‚ Ime-L-´-Ønse kpdn-bm-\n- k-`m

-]-WvUn-X-cn¬ ]apJ-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. D]-cn-]-T\w Ae-Ivkm-

WvUnbm-bn¬ \S-Øn. At±lw Ko°v kmln-Xy-Øn¬ \n]pW--\m-bn-

cp-∂p.- A-cn-tÃm-´¬, s]m¿ô-cn, Kme≥ F∂n-h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ kpdn-

bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp. ]n¬°me Ad-_n-hn-h¿Ø-\-



ßƒ°v At±-l-Øns‚ Cu hnh¿Ø\w klm-b-I-am-bn. At±lw

skhp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jy≥ IrXn-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-em-°n.- A-h-bv°v B-

apJw cNn-®p. Fhm-Kn-b-kns‚ ""sI^m-sebm t·mÃnIm'' Ko°n¬\n∂v

IrXy-ambn kpdn-bm-\n-bn-em-°n. At±-lw Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-tN-cn-bn¬

s]´ Bfm-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw, At±-lØn\v Im¬kn-U¨ ]£Øpw

FXn¿tN-cn-bnepw kvt\ln-X-∑m-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ub-\o-jy≥ IrXn-I-fpsS

Cu hnh¿Ø\w FtU- m-bnse t^m°mkv Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬ Xncp-

Øp-I-bp-≠m-bn. Acn-tÃm-´-en-s‚bpw s]m¿ô-cn-bp-sSbpw hnh¿Ø-\-

ßfpw Bap-Jhpw tk¿Pn--bp-kn-t‚-X√ F∂v Icp-Xp-∂h-cp-ap-≠v.

Ão^≥ _¿ kpssZen

FtU- m-bn¬ 480-˛-t\m-S-SpØv P\n-®- Ão-^≥ k\ym-kn-bm-bn.-

bp-Km¥yw kw_-‘n®v Hcn-sP-\nÃv Nn¥-Iƒ ]pe¿Øn. tkmKnse

bmt°m-_ns‚ D]-tZiw Ão^s\ ]n¥n-cn-∏n-®n-√. ôsem-Ivko-\qkpw

Abmsf Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn. DSs\ Abmƒ ]e-kvXo-\-bnse Hcn-sP-\nÃv

k\ym-kn-I-fpsS ]°¬ A`bw tXSn.- C-bm-fpsS ]t_m-[-\-ß-sf-∏‰n

Icp-X-ep-≈-h-cm-bn-cn-°m≥ ôsem-Ivko-\qkv ]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ k\ym-kn-

Iƒ°v 521-˛-\p-tijw Hcp IØ-b-®p. FtU- -bn¬ Xncn-s®-Ønb

kv‰o^≥ ""lnsb-tcm-sX-tbm-kns‚ KŸw'' F∂ IrXn 520-˛\pw 530-

˛\pw CSbv°v cNn-®p.- sk-hptUm U-b-\o-jy≥ Ir-Xn-I-fpsS I¿Ømhv

lnsb-tcm-sX-tbm-kns\ hµy--Kpcp F∂p- hn-fn-°p-∂p.- A-°m-c-W-Øm¬

Ão^s‚ IrXn°v ]Nm-cw e`n-®p.

F-tU- -bnse am¿ bmt°m_v (633- 708)

At¥ym-Iy≥ ]tZ-i-Øp≈ Abn≥˛Zo_mbn¬ bmt°m_v P\n-®p.

sIs∂-io≥ Bi-a-Øn¬ skth-cqkv skt_m‡v saXms‚ (+667)

Iogn¬ Ko°pw ss__nfpw ]Tn-®p. -]n-∂oSv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ ]T\w

]q¿Øn-bm-°n.- ]-T-\-Øn-\pw- G-Im-¥-X-bv°p-ambn FtU- m-bn¬ Xn-cn-

s®-Øn.- A-t¥ymIym ]m-Xn-b¿°okv AØ\m-kymkv c≠m-a≥ (684-

˛6) At±-lsØ FtU m saXm-\m-°n. sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw P\-ß-fp-sS-

bpw- k-l-I-c-W-°p-d-hn-\m¬ \meph¿jw Ign™v X¬ÿm\w cmPn-h-

®p. -BZyw kma-tkm-´-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ ssIiqw Bi-a-Ønepw ]n∂oSv

Fhp-sk-t_m\m Bi-a-Ønepw ]m¿Øp. AhnsS ]Xn-s\m∂p h¿jw

Ko°pw a‰phnj-b-ßfpw ]Tn-∏n-®p. Ko°p-]-T-\-tØmSv FXn¿∏p- Im-Wn®

k\ym-kn-Iƒ \nanØw Ahn-sS-\n∂v sX¬- -BZm Bi-a-Øn¬ t]mbn

H≥]-Xp-h¿jw ]Tn-∏n-®p. AhnsS h®v kpdn-bm\n ]g-b--\n-b-a-Øn¬ ]cn-

jv°mc-ßƒ hcpØn. FtU- m-bn¬ am¿ bmt°m-_n‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn-



cp∂ l_o_v acn-®-t∏mƒ Hcn-°¬IqSn cq]-X-bpsS Npa-Xe Gs‰-Sp-

Øp.- F-∂m¬ \mep- am-k-ßƒ°p-tijw Xs‚ KŸ-ßƒ FSp-°m≥

sX¬- -B-Zm-bn¬ t]mb-t∏mƒ AhnsSh®v acn-®p. A°m-esØ ]WvUn-

X\pw ]i-kvX-\p-amb hy‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p bmt°m-_v.- A-t\-I- X-e-ß-

fn¬ At±-l-Øn\v Xm¬]-cy-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- ssZ-h-im-kvX-⁄≥,-

Xm-Xzn-I≥, `mjy-Im-c≥,- N-cn-X-Im-c≥ XpSßn _lp-ap-J -]-Xn-`-bm-bn-

cp-∂p At±-lw.

IrXn-Iƒ:

1. -B-dp-Zn-h-ksØ krjvSn-hn-h-c-W-Øns‚ hymJym-\w (sl-Ivtk-sa-tdm≥

`mjyw). CXv ]q¿Øn-bm°m≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n-√.- Ad-_n-I-fpsS

saXm\pw kvt\ln-X-\p-amb Koh¿Kokv CXv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n.

2. ]g-b-\n-b-a-kw-_-‘n-bmb kvtImfn-bm.

3.- B-cm-[-\-I-a-]-cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ: bmt°m-_ns‚ A\m-^d, sk-th-cq-

kns‚ t]cn-ep≈ kv\m\-ip-iq-j-I-aw,- Z-\-lm-bv°p≈ sh≈w hmgvØp-

∂ -Iaw F∂nh ]cn-jv°-cn-®p.

4. Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øns‚ hymJym-\w.

5. aqtdm-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\w.

6.- tNm-tZym--Ø-c- co-Xn-bn-ep≈ Imt\m-\m-Iƒ.

7.- tIm-Wn-°nƒ: bmt°m_v 691/2 hsc- amXta Fgp-Xn-bp-≈p.-

8. -I-Øp-Iƒ.

9.- Xm-XznI F¶n-co-Zn-tbm≥: XmXznI ]Z-ß-fpsS hnh-c-Ww.

10.- Hcp hymI-c-W-K-Ÿw: CXns‚ Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

11.- lm-dm-\nse Im¬kn-U¨ sshZn-I¿s°-Xnsc FgpXnb At∏m-f-Pn.

12.. Km\-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Nne IØpIƒ.

AXp-t]mse t\csØ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø-\w -sNbvX ]e

Ko°v sSIvÃp-Ifpw Xncp-Øp-I-tbm,- sa®-s∏-´ -co-Xn-bn¬ Hcn-°¬IqSn

hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-øp-Itbm sNbvXp: I¿Øm-hns‚ hn¬∏-Xw,- Im¿tØPv

-Iu¨kn-ens‚ (256) \S-]-Sn-Iƒ,- td-lm-_y-cpsS NcnXw F∂nh

hnh¿Ø-\-ß-fm-Wv. skth-cq-kns‚ IØo-U¬ tlman-en-Ifpw KoX-

ßfpw Acn-tÃm-´-ens‚ Im‰-K-dokpw Nne ]g-b-\n-b-a-K-Ÿ-ßfpw Xncp-

Øn-bh-bn¬ s]-Sp-∂p.- Nn-e¿ bm-t°m-_ns\ ""^nsem-t∏m-Wpkv'' F∂pw

hnfn-°p-∂p.



Ad-_n-I-fp-sS- sa-Xm-\mb am¿ Koh¿Kokv (640- 724)

At¥ym-Iy-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Hcp Kma-Øn¬ 640-˛-t\m-S-SpØv Koh¿Kokv

P\n-®p. BZy-Kpcp At¥ym-Iy-°m-c-\mb Hcp kµ¿i-I-ssh-Zn-I≥

(-s]-cn-sbm-sZ-hp-sX-kv) Bbn-cp-∂p. A∂sØ bmt°m-_mbm ]T-\-tI-

µ-amb sIs∂-io-\n¬ D]-cn-hn-Zym-`ymkw \S-Øn. FtU- m-bnse

bmt°m-_ns‚ kvt\ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ At±-lsØ- A-Ø-\m-tkymkv

c≠m-a≥ F∂- bm-t°m-_mbm ]mXn-b¿°okv 686/7˛¬ ln¿Xm-bnse

Ad-_n- In-kvXym-\n-I-fpsS saXm-\m-°n.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ saXm-k\w

Bt°m-fm (-A¬-˛-Iq-^m) F∂ ÿe-Øm--bn-cp-∂p. IqZm-i-I-sf-∏‰n

At±lw Hcp IrXn-sb-gp-Xn.- A-Xns‚ ae-bm-f -hn-h¿Ø\Øn\v:-

Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, Ip¿_m-\-bpsS hymJym-\-ßƒ,- tIm-´-bw,2000, -t]. 9-˛20.

AXn¬ amtam-Zo-km, Ip¿_m-\, aqtdm≥ IqZmi F∂nh N¿® sNøp-

∂p. skhp-tUm- -U-b-\o-jy-kns‚ ""k`m-l-b-cm¿°n'' aq∂mw A[ym-b-

Øn¬ \n∂m-Wv At±lw kzm[o\w kzoI-cn-®n-´p-≈-Xv (-A-tX-Ir-Xn,-

t]. 180-˛198). tami _¿tI^m, Koh¿Ko-kns‚ IrXn kzX-¥-ambn D]-

tbm-Kn-®p. -Ip¿_m-\-bpsS ][m-\-`m-K-sØ-∏‰n Koh¿Kokv hfsc Ipd®p

amXta hnh-cn-°p-∂p-≈p. kv\m\m¿Yn-Isf ]ncn-®-b-®p -I-gn-™m-ep-S≥

I¿Xr-]m¿Y-\-bn-te°p IS-°p-∂p. Pohs‚ ]pkvX-I-Øn¬ \n∂p≈ hmb-

\-sb -]-‰n-bp≈ ]cm-a¿iw Ah-km-\-Øn-em-Wv. FtU- -mbnse bmt°m-

_ns‚ ""slIvtk-sa-tdm≥ `mjyw'' (B-dp- Zn-h-k-kr-jvSn-hn-h-c-Ww)

Koh¿Kokv ]q¿Øn-bm-°n. Acn-tÃm- -ens‚ ""Hm¿K-t\m¨'' F∂ IrXn-

bpsS hnh¿Ø\w ]cn-jv°-cn-®p.- Kn-Kdn \kym≥ks‚ tlman-en-Iƒ°v

kvtImfnbm Xbm-dm-°n.- A-Xp-t]mse Hcp teJ-\-k-am-lmcw ssIh-∂n-

´p-≠v. A^m-Øn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ Ah-tem-I-\w, a\p-jym-flm-hn-s\bpw

Acq-]n-sbbpw ]‰n-bp≈ ho£-Ww, FtU- mbnse bmt°m-_ns‚ IØp-

I-fnse ]bm-k-ap≈ `mK-ßƒ F∂nh Cu IØp-I-fn¬ Im-Wmw.

sia-tbm≥ Zvt_Xv A¿imw (+548)

XnKo-Xn-ep≈ t_Xv A¿imw saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ sia-tbm≥ Im¬kn-U¨

hn-cp-≤-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- \-P-\nse InkvXob c‡-km-£n-Isf ]‰n ]Xn-

]m-Zn-°p-∂ c≠v -I-Øp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.- sia-tbm≥ Fgp-Xn-bXv ]n¬°m-

e-Øv Btcm hn]p-eo-I-cn-®--Xns‚ kqN-\-I-fp-≠v. \n-kn-_n-knse _¿

ku-am-sb-∏-‰nbpw s\kvtXm-dn-b-¿s°Xn-sc-bp-ap≈ Hcp ]Xn-]m-Z-\hpw

e`n-®n-´p-≠v. -lnw-b-do-Ø-cp-sS KŸw F∂ -IrXn Ct±-l-Ønt‚XmtWm

F∂v Nne¿ kw-i-bn-°p-∂p. -ta¬∏-d-™-h-cp-sS -c-‡-km-£n-XzsØ∏-

‰n-bp≈ Hcp ]n¬°m-e- hy-XykvX hnh-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. Cu IrXn `mKn-I-

ambn amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.



tbml-∂m≥ ZvskZvtd (+648): Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤- kn-dn-

b≥ k-aq-l-Øns‚ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂p tPm¨ (630/1˛648): skZvdm

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Bcm-[-\-I-a -]m¿Y-\-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bp-≠m-°n-b-Xn-\m¬

Cu t]cn¬ -A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ CØcw

[mcmfw ]m¿Y-\-I-fp-≠v. Ah-bpsS BcwÌ≥ At±-l-am-Wv. c≠v XmXzn-

I-˛Xm¿°n-I- Ir-Xn-Ifpw (sπ-tdm-t^m-dn-bm-b v) At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. H∂v len-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-b\v FXn-cm-bn´pw a‰Xv

Ccp-kz- mh InkvXp-im-kvX-°m¿°v FXn-cm-bn- p-am-Wv. aqtdm-s\-∏‰n Hcp

]Xn-]m-Z-\w,- Hcp A\m-^-d, 639/44-˛¬ \S∂ ap…ow-˛-In-kvXy≥

Ub-tem-Kn-s\-∏‰n Hcp-I-Øv F∂n-hbpw At±-l-Øn¬ Btcm-]n-°p∂p.

CØ-c-Øn-ep≈ BZy-kw-hm-Z-am-bn-cn°mw AXv.

sia-tbm≥ Iqt°mtbm (6- mw \q.)

sia-tbms‚ Ihn-Xm-hm-k-\ -Xn-cn-®-dn™ tkmKnse bmt°m_v

KoX-ßƒ Fgp-Xm≥ Abmsf t]cn-∏n-®p. Inkva-kn-\p-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

H≥]Xv sNdn-b -Ko-X-ßƒ Cbm-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. ]m›m-Xy- kp-dn-

bm-\n- k`-bn¬ -D-]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ Iqt°mtbm F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Km\-coXn

Cbm-fn¬ \n∂v D¤-hn-®p.

kem-lnse Zm\n-tb¬ (6- mw \q)

Zm\n-tb¬ sX√m-bn¬ P\n®p. k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v aq∂p- hm-ey-ß-fn-

embn 541/2˛¬ Hcp `mjy-sa-gp-Xn. A∏-sa-bm-bnse Bi-am-[y-£-\mb

Hcp tbml-∂m-\m-Wv CXv ka¿∏n-®n-cn°p-∂-Xv. Cu IrXn `mKn-I-ambn

amXta ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≈p. A°m-esØ kndn-b≥ Im¬kn-U¨

hncp≤ tNcn-b-nse hymJym-\-co-Xn-Iƒ Adn-bm≥ Cu IrXn- k-lm-bn-

°pw. Cbmƒ At¥ym-Iy≥ `mjy-co-Xn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. CXns‚

1887-˛se Hcp- ssI-sb-gp-Øp-]Xn Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw taP¿ B¿®p-_n-j-

∏ns‚ Ac-a-\-bnse KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ Ds≠∂v ^m.- hm≥ sZ¿ πpKv

tcJ-s∏-Sp-Ønbn´p--≠v.9 sX√m-bnse Zm\n-tb¬ 542- -\p- tijw sX√m Zv

auk¬Xm saXm-\mbn. saXm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn\p apºmWv Zm\n-tb¬ Cu

`mjyw Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.

Gen-bm-kv (6- mw \q.)

sX√m-sa-Xm≥ tbml-∂ms‚ Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gpXn, Xs‚ Bflo-b-k-tlm-

Z-c-ß-fmb am¿ k¿Ko-kn\pw am¿ ]u-tem-kn\pw \¬In.- bm-t°m-_m-b-

°m-c-\m-Wv Cbmƒ.

11. J.P.M. van der Ploeg, The Syriac Manuscripts of St.Thomas Christians,Rome/Bangalore, 1983,p.90-91.



Blq-sZtΩ (+575)

t]¿jy-bnse bmt°m-_m-b-°m-cpsS saXm-\mb Hcp Blp-sZtΩ D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.-""]u-c-kvXy -sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm'' F∂m-bn-cp∂p Cbm-fpsS ÿm\-

\m-aw. a\p-jy-s\-∏‰n c≠v -Ir-Xn-Iƒ Cbm-fpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.-

a-\p-jy-L-S-\,- ""ssa-tIm-tImkw'' F∂ \ne-bn¬ a\p-jys\ ]‰n-bp≈

A]-K-Y\w F∂n-h-bmWv B IrXn-Iƒ. Blp-sZ-tΩ-bpsS Hcp Poh-N-

cnXw e`n-®n-´p≠v.

am¿ amcqYm (+649)

bmt°m-_m-bm k`bn¬ s] - am-cqYm _mem-Zn¬ P\n-®p. I√n-\n-°kn¬

am¿ k°mbv Bi-a-Øn¬ ]Øp-h¿jw ]Tn-®p. ]n∂oSv 628/9˛¬ XKo-

Xnse bmt°m-_m-b-°m-cpsS a^n-bm-\mbn. XKoXv tIµam°n

hmgn°s∏´ BZysØ a^nbm\mWv At±lw. am¿ AØ\mtkmkv

Kmamem ]mXnb¿°okv (595˛631) Xs‚ kn≥sN√pkv tbml∂m≥hgn

t]¿jy≥ bmt°m_mb°mcpambn sFIyw ÿm]n°m≥ ]cnian®p

sIm≠ncp∂ Ahkcambncp∂p AXv. AXphsc t]¿jym°m¿

At¥ymIy°mcpambn _‘s∏SmsX Ign™p. ]mXnb¿°okpambn

[mcWbnseØnbtijw am¿ amcqYm F∂ k∂ymknsb am¿ aØmbn

BiasaXmt∏meoØm InÃ^¿, henb saXmt∏meoØm Bbn

hmgn®p. bmt°m_mb ]mXnb¿°okv XZhkcw BiahmknIƒ°v

Hcp IØb®p. ]uckvXy bmt°m_mb°mcpambn ]m›mXy bmt°m

_mb°m¿ sFIys∏´ DSºSn tcJbmWnXv. HutZymKnIambn a^nbm

t\‰v ÿm]n® tcJbmbpw CXns\ Nne¿ IcpXp∂p. (]kvXpX IØn\v:

Pn.tNSnbØv, _¿ F_mb, k`mNcnXw c≠mw `mKw: ]uckvXy

a^nb\m∑m¿, tIm´bw 1990, t].238 ˛244). amcqYmsb XKoXns‚

saXmt∏meoØm Bbn \nban®n´v t]¿jybpsS sX°≥ ]tZißfn

ep≈ Bdp bmt°m_mb cq]XIƒ At±lØns‚ Iogn¬ sIm≠p

h∂p. _m°n BsdÆw aØmbn BiaØnse saXmt∏meoØmbpsS

Iogn¬ Xs∂ \ne\n¿Øn. AtXØpS¿∂v 628˛¬ am¿ aØmbn

BiaØn¬ h®pIqSnb kn\Uv BiasaXmt∏meoØmbpw

XKoXnse henb saXmt∏meoØmbpw (a^nbm\pw) XΩnep≈

_‘w N¿® sNbvXv 24 Imt\m\mIƒ ]mkm°n. amcqYmbpsS ]n≥Km-

an-bm-b -Z-\lm (+660) Abm-fpsS Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gpXn. A-bm-fp-tS-Xm-

bn am¿ Z\lm kqNn-∏n-°p∂ IrXn-I-fn¬ NneXv amXta \ap-°v ssI-

h-∂n- p≈p: Z\-lms∏cp-∂m-fn\v sh≈w hmgvØp-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ tlman-

en, -t]¿jy≥ k`-bpsS s\kvtXm-dn-b-\n-kw,- Hcp A\m-^-d, Nne ]m¿Y-

\-Iƒ F∂nh Abm-fpsS IrXn-I-fm-bn -A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.



XqWn-t∑¬ tk¿Pn-bpkv (8- mw \q.)

bmt°m-_mb°mc-\mb- Cu kvXw -` -Xm -] - ≥ bqZ¿s°-Xnsc

At∏m-fPn Fgp-Xn.

Gen-bm (8- mw \q.)

lmdm-\nse setbmbv°v Cbmƒ Hcp IsØ-gp-Xn. Im¬kn-U-¨

hnizmkw hn´v Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-cmb- bmt°m_m-b-°m-cpsS IqsS

IqSn-bXv F¥p-sIm-≠msW∂v Abmƒ CXn¬ hni-Z-am-°p-∂p.

Zmdm-bnse tPm¨ (+825)

Zmdm-bn-se (-A-\-kvXm-tkym-s∏m-fo-kv) kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv saXm-

\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw Xp¿ A_vZo-\n¬ a¿Zo-\-SpØv am¿ l\m-\nbm Bi-

a-Øn-se (-Z-b¿ k^m≥) Hcp k\ym-kn-bpw At¥ym-Iym- bm-t°m-_mbm

]m-Xn-b¿°okv Ub-\o-jykv ZvsX¬am-td-bpsS (818- 845) kvt\ln-X-\pam-

bn-cp-∂p. Ub-\o-jykv Xs‚ ""k`m-N-cn-X-KŸw'' tPmWn-\mWv ka¿∏n-

®-Xv. tPm¨ \nch[n IrXnIƒ cNn®n´p≠v.

IrXnIƒ

1. ""Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øns‚ `mjyw'': At±lw Fgp-Xnb Ip¿_m-\-bpsS

`mjyw Cw•o-jn¬ tIm´-bsØ kocn-bn¬ \n∂v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

2. Bflm-hn-s\-∏-‰n

3. ico-c-ß-fpsS D∞-m-\-sØ-∏-‰n

4. ]utcm-lnXy-sØ-∏-‰n

5. skhp-tUm- U-b-\o-jy-kns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS hymJym-\w

6. ]dp-Zo-km-sb-∏-‰n

7. krjvSnhn-h-c-WsØ-∏-‰n

8. ]mj-WvUn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc

9. InkvXp-hns‚ D∞-m-\-sØ-∏-‰n

10. s]¥n-t°m-kvXn-sb-∏-‰n,

11. Ipcn-ip- I-s≠-Øn-bXns\-∏-‰n,

12. ssZhn-I-hym-]m-c-sØ-∏-‰n,

13. ]nim-Np-°-sf∏‰n,

14. InkvXo-b -]-t_m-[-\-sØ-∏-‰n.



t\mÆpkv (9- mw \q.)

]m›m-Xy-kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬ s]´-bmfpw \nkn-_n-kp-Im-c-\p-am-b -Hcp

Uo°-\m-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. Xnb-tUm¿- A_q Jpdm-bpsS Im¬kn-U¨

]t_m-[-\sØ A¿ta-\n-b≥ cmP-k-a£w Abmƒ FXn¿Øp.- tbm-

l-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn\v Hcp `mjyw, XnXz-sØ-∏-‰nbpw a\p-jym-h-

Xm-c-sØ-∏-‰nbpw Hcp At∏m-f-sP-‰nIv IrXn, am¿Km-bnse tXma-kn-s\-

Xnsc \mev ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Hcp IrXn, c≠p- I-Øp-Iƒ F∂n-h-

bmWv Abm-fpsS IrXn-Iƒ.

XKo-Xnse At¥m-Wn-tbmkv (9- mw \q.)

Abmƒ ]m›m-Xy-kp-dn-bm\n k`-bn¬ s]´ -bm-t°m-_m-b-°m-c-\m-Wv.

]`m-j-W-I-e-sb-∏‰n A©p- ]pkvXIß-fn-embn Hcp- Ir-Xn-sb-gp-Xn.

kpdn-bm\n kmln-Xy-sØ IS-∂m-Ian®h¿°v F-Xnscbm-Wn-Xv. ssZh-

]-cn-]m-e-\, -aq-tdm≥ F∂n-h-sb-∏-‰nbpw At±lw Fgp-Xn. At±-l-Øns‚

Iptd IØp-Ifpw ]m¿Y-\Ifpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

tami _¿tI^m (813- 903)

]m›mXy kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bnse ]WvUn-X-\mb Hcp saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ tami

hS-°≥ Cdm-°nse _mem-Zn¬ (tam-kq-fn-\-Sp-Øv) P\n-®p. _mem-Zn\v 15

In.- ao. -h-S-°p-In-g°v hc≠ ae-bn-ep≈ am¿ k¿Ko-kns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬

hnZym-`ymkw \S-Øn. t_Xv-˛-d-Ωm≥ (-_m-do-Ωm), t_Xv-˛-Io-tbm-\m-bm,

tamkqƒ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fnse saXm-\mbn 863-˛¬ \nb-an-X-\m-bn. AXm-

bXv, tamkq-fn\pw XKo-Xn\pw CSbv°v ssSKokv \Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ ]tZ-

i-am-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ cq]-X. GXm≠v ]Øp-h¿j-tØmfw XKoXv

cq]-X-bp-sSbpw Npa-Xe At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

IrXn-Iƒ

\nc-h[n KŸ-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hmWv tami. At±lw ]g-b-\n-b-a-

Øn\pw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn\pw `mjy-ß-sf-gp-Xn.- _¿ F_mbm Xs‚

Hukm¿ dmtk F∂- Ir-Xn-bn¬ Ch-bn¬ \n∂v IqsS-°qsS D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

1. slIvtk-sa-tdm≥ `m-jyw (-B-dp-Zn-h-k -kr-jvSn-hn-h-c-Ww 5 ]pkvX-I-

ß-fn¬)

2.- ]-dp-Zo-km-sb-∏‰n aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

3. k¶o¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS BapJw

4.- a-Øm-bn,- eq-t°m-kv, tbml-∂m≥, \S-]-Sn,- ]u-tem-kns‚ teJ-\-ßƒ

F∂n-h-bp-sS -`mjyw



5.- B-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n 41 A[ym-b-ßƒ.

6.- D-∞m-\-sØ-∏-‰n 34 A[ym-b-ßƒ.

7. amem-J-am-cp-sS -kr-jvSn-tb-∏-‰n 45 A[ym-b-ßƒ.

8. amem-J-am-cp-sS -\n-c-I-sf-∏‰n 16 A[ym-b-ßƒ.

9. ap≥\n¿W-bhpw kzX-t¥-—bpw kw_-‘n-®v.

10. ]utcm-ln-XysØ∏‰n: -Nne¿ CXv Zmdm-bnse tPmWn¬ -B-tcm-]n-

°p-∂p.

11. kv\m-\-ip-iq-j-bpsS hymJym-\w.

12.- Ip¿_m-\bpsS hymJym-\w: Cu IrXn _¿k-eo_n G-Xm≠v ]Zm-\p-

]Zw Xs‚ Ip¿_m-\-`m-jy-Øn¬ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.- CXns‚ ae-bm-f-

hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tNSn-b-Øv,- Ip¿_m-\-bp-sS hymJym-\-ßƒ, -tIm-´-

bw, 2000,- t].21-˛81.- Zn-hy-c-l-ky-ß-fpsS hnhn[ \ma-ßƒ sIm-≠mWv

At±lw XpS-ßp-∂-Xv. CXn¬ A\p-jvTm-\-hn-[n-I-fp-sS- hym-Jym-\hpw

ssZh-im-kvX- hn-i-Zo-I-c-W-ßfpw ImWmw.

13.- aq-tdm≥Iq-Zm-i-bpsS hymJym\w

14.- Xn-cp-∏-´-ip-iq-j-bpsS hymJym\w

15.- k-\ym-k-h-kvX-[m-cWw kw_-‘n-®-v sNbvX ]kwKw: CXv

kocn-bn¬ \n∂v ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

16.- ]-≈n-°q-Zm-i-I-a-Øns‚ hymJym\w

17.- i-h-kw-kvIm-c-ip-iq-j-bpsS hni-Zo-IcWw

18.- kz¿Ko-bhpw uan-I-hp-am-b- ]u-tcm-ln-Xy-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hni-Zo-I-cWw

19.- k-`mw-K-ßƒ°p≈ ]t_m-[\w

20.- tlm-an-en-Iƒ (38 FÆw)

21.- s]-cp-∂mfp-I-sf-∏-‰n.

22.- \jv-S-s∏-´h: KnKdn \kym≥ks‚ ]kw-K-ß-fpsS hymJym-\w,-

]m-jWvU-X-Iƒs°-Xn-sc, -A-cn-kt‰m-´-ens‚ Im‰-K-dn-bpsS hymJym\w.

Ub-\o-jykv _¿ keo_n (+1171)

Aao-Znse Ub-\o-jy-kv, -bm-t°m_v _¿ keo_n F∂o t]cp-I-fnepw

At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ae-bm-f-Øn¬ Znh-∂m-tkymkv F∂p- ]-d-bpw.

bmt°m_v F∂Xv kv\m\-t∏-cpw -U-b-\o-jykv F∂Xv saXm-\m-b-t∏mƒ



FSp-Ø- t]cp-w keo_n F∂Xv ]nXm-hns‚ t]cpam-Wv. Ub-\o-jy-kn-

s\-∏‰n anJm-tb¬ dmt_mbpw _¿ F_m-bbpw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. anJm-

tbepw Ub-\o-jykpw hen-b -kvt\-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. anJm-tb¬, Ub-

\o-jy-kns‚ Hcp Poh-N-cnXw Xs∂ FgpXn-sb-¶nepw \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-

bn. bmt°m_v saen-‰o-\n¬ (a-em-Xym) P-\n-®p. am¿ AØ-\m-tkymkv

]m-Xn-b¿°okv 1154-˛¬ bmt°m-_ns\ amdm-ins‚ (kn-eo-jy-bnse

P¿a\o-jy) sa-Xm-\m°n. -Ip-td-\mƒ am_p-Kns‚ Npa-X-ebpw At±-l-

Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- A¿ta-\n-b¿ 1156-˛¬ amdmiv BI-an®v sImebpw

sIm≈n-hbv]pw \S-Øn.- P\-ß-sfbpw saXm-s\bpw XS-hp-Im-cmbn ]nSn-

®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bn. _¿k-eo_n c£-s]´v I√n-kqdm Bi-a-Øn¬- H-fn-

®p-]m¿Øp. anJm-tb¬ dmt_m-bpsS ]mXn-bm¿°¬ sX-c-s™-Sp-∏nepw

hmgvN-bnepw (1165) \n¿Wm-b-I- ]-¶p-h-ln-®p. XZ-h-kcw _¿k-eo_n

Hcp ]kwKw ]d-™p. ]pXn-b -]m-Xn-b¿°okv a¿Zo-\n¬ Xm-a-k-am-°n-

bn-´v- A-aoZv cq]X Ub-\o-jy-kns\ G¬∏n-®p. AhnsS At±lw A©p-

h¿jw `cn-®p. At±lw Ahn-Sp-sØ- ]≈n ]pXp-°p-Ibpw sshZn-I-]-cn-

io-e-\Øn¬ i-≤n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

IrXn-Iƒ

1. -ss_-_nƒ `mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ: ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-sebpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn-

sebpw F√m -]p-kvX-I-ßƒ°pw At±lw mjy-sa-gp-Xn. -Ko-°nepw kpdn-

bm-\n-bn-ep-w F-gp-Xn-b ap≥Im-e-KŸIm-c-∑-m-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-Isf B[m-c-am-

°n-bmWv mjy-ßƒ Na-®-Xv.- hm-Nn-Im¿Yw (kq-dm-\m-bn-kv) \nKq-Vm¿Yw

(dq-lm-\m-bn-kv) -F-∂n-ßs\ c≠p-Xcw A¿Yw an° ]g-b-\n-b-a-K-Ÿ-

ßƒ°pw At±lw \¬Ip-∂p.

2.- B-cm-[-\-I-a-kw-_-‘-am-b- Ir-Xn-Iƒ: bma-]m¿Y-\-Iƒ, -kv\m-\-w,

aq-tdm≥, Ip¿_m\, ]´w F∂n-hbp-sS hymJym\w. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS

hymJym-\-Øns‚ ae-bm-f-]-cn-`m-jbv°v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- Ip¿_m-\-bp-sS-

hym-Jym-\-ßƒ,- tIm-´-bw, 2000,- t]82-˛179.

3.- Xm¿°n-I- -Ir-Xn-Iƒ: bqZ¿, -ap-…o-ßƒ, -A¿ta-\n-b¿ F∂n-h¿s°-Xn-

sc. -A¿ta-\n-bcpsS BI-a-W-Øn-\p-tijw IrXn-I-fn-se√mw Ah¿s°-

Xn-sc-bp≈ ]cm-a¿iw- Im-Wmw.

4.- F-hm-Kn-b-kns‚ sk©z-dn-I-fpsS hymJym\w

5.- Xm-Xzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ: s]m¿ô-cnbpsS ""sFk-tKm-Kn-s‚bpw'' Acn-tÃm-

´-ens‚ ""temPn-°n-s‚bpw Hm¿K-t\m-Wn-s‚bpw'' hymJym-\w.

6.- \-jvS-s∏´ IrXn-Iƒ: tImWn-°nƒ,- ssZ-h-]-cn-]m-e-\-sb-°p-dn-®v, ssZh-



im-kvX-\n-L-≠p. Ko°p-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fpsS hymJym-\w.-

I-Øp-Iƒ, -Ko-X-ßfpw ]m¿Y-\-Ifpw skZvdm-I-fpw,- a-¿Zo-\nse tPmWn-

s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn.- Ip-º-km-chpw ]m]-tam-N-\hpw kw_-‘n-®-

Im-t\m-\-Iƒ.

anJm-tb¬ dmt_m ]mXn-b¿°okv (+1199)

anJm-tb¬ saen-‰o-\n¬ P\n-®p. Ahn-sS-bp≈ ]T-\hpw ]cn-io-e-\hpw

Ign™v k\ym-kn-bmbn a¿Zo-\nse _¿kuam Bi-a-Øns‚ A[y-

£-\m-bn. bmt°m--_m-bm -]m-Xn-b¿°o-kmbn (116-˛99), a¿Zo-\n¬ Xma-

kn®p `cWw \S-Øn. At±lw kndn-b≥ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv s]m¥n-^n-

°mƒ ]cn-jvI-cn-®p.- \n-Jym-sa-Xm≥ A_vlm-bn-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw ]kn-

≤o-I-cn-®p. krjvSn apX¬ Xs‚ Imew hsc-bp≈ Hcp hen-b- tIm-Wn-

°nƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬- F-gp-Xn. Ub--\o-jykv ZvsX¬amsdbpsS Ncn-X-

KŸw [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bXv.

tKmk¿Xm-bnse Znsbm-kvtIm-tdmkv (13/14 \q.)

Cbmƒ _¿tXen Bi-a-hmkn Bbn-cp-∂p. _¿ F_mb Cbmsf

tKmk¿Xm ZvI¿Zp-hnse saXm-\m-°n. Cbmƒ _¿ F_m-b-bpsS Poh-

N-cnXw ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-se-gp-Xn.- C-bm-fpsS t]cn¬ Hcp A\m-^d bmt°m-

_m-bm-k-`-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

bmt°m_v skth-cqkv skt_m‡v (+1241)

bmt°m_v tamkq-fn-\-SpØv _¿tX-em-bn¬ P\n-®p. tbml-∂m≥ _¿

tkm-_n-bpsS Iogn¬ t_Xv tImt° Bi-a-Øn¬ ]mcw-`-]-T\hpw Iam-

ep-Zo≥ aqkm F∂ ap…ow ]WvUn-Xs‚ Iogn¬ XXz--im-kvX-]-T\hpw

\S-Øn. -Xp-S¿∂v am¿ a-Ømbn Bi-a-Øns‚ saXm-\m-bn, skth-cqkv

F∂v t]sc-Sp-Øp. kndn-b≥- Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-bn¬ s]´- B-fm-Wn-

t±-lw.

IrXn-Iƒ

1. ""Ivtkmt_m Zv kotamtkm'' (\n-t£-]-KŸw) F∂- t]-cn¬ Hcp

ssZh-im-kvX-\n-L-≠p -c-Nn-®p. an°-hmdpw F√m ssZh-im-kvX-hn-j-b-

ßfpw AXn¬ N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.

2. ""Ivtkmt_m Zv Znb-temKp'' (U-b-temKv KŸw): XmXzn-I -hn-j-b-

ßfpw a‰p- hn-j-b-ßfpw N¿® sNøp-∂ KŸw.

3. ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ c≠v -I-Øp-Iƒ.

4.- Hcp hnizm-k-]-am-Ww.



11. ]n¬°m-e -kp-dn-b-m\n Fgp-Øp-Im¿

K_n-tb¬ JXmbm (7- mw \q.)

]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm-\n-k- -bn¬ s]´ -B-fm-bn-cp∂p K_n-tb¬. ]uc-kvXy-

kp-dn-bm\n Ip¿_m-\-sb-∏‰n At±lw Hcp `mjyw -c-Nn-®p. -]e ]n¬°m-

e- `m-jy-Im-c-∑mcpw CXns\ ]cm-a¿in-®n-´p-≠v.- A-t±lw 615 hsc \nkn-

_n-knse Iem-e-b-Ønepw ]n∂oSv skeq-jy≥ Iem-e-b-Ønepw ]Tn-∏n-

®p.- ip-iq-j-I-fpsS hymJym\w Fgp-Xn-bXv 615-˛\pw 625-˛\pw CS-bv°m-

Wv. ipiq-j-I-fpsS hymJym-\-Øns‚ Hcp `mK-amWv Ip¿_m-\-bp-sS

`mjyw. -C-Xns‚ ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\v,- tXm-akv aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn¬,-

]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IqZm-im-`m-jy-ßƒ, tIm´-bw,1992,-t].1-˛28.

A_lmw _¿ eot^ (7- mw \q.)

JØ-dnse A_-lmapw Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øn\v Hcp hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn.- K_n-

tb-ens‚ `mjy-hp-am-bn -Xm-c-X-ay-s∏-SpØn-bm¬ CXn¬ ]p-Xp-Xmbn

hf-sc-bn-√.- tNm-tZym-Ø-c -co-Xn-bn¬ K_ntb-ens‚ Bi-b-ßƒ Np-cp°n

]Xn-]m-Zn-®ncn-°p-∂p. A]q¿h-ambn kz¥-hym-Jym-\hpw \¬Ip-∂p.

At±lw K_n-tb-ens‚ ka-Im-eo-\≥ Bbn-cn-°mw. -dm-k-I-a-Øns‚

BZy-cq]w A_-lm-ans‚ hnh-c-W-Øn-em-Wv.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-]m-

Z\w efn-X-am-Wv. \n m-c-sa-∂p -tXm-∂p-∂h t]mepw At±lw i≤

-sN-epØn hni-Zo-I-cn-°p∂p. CXns‚ ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\v, -

tXm-akv aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn¬,-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpsS Ip¿_m-\-`m-jy-ßƒ, -

tIm-´-bw, 2000,- t].131-˛153.

Cutim-bm_v aq∂m-a≥ ImtXm-en°m (+659)

henb km_v \Zo--Xo-c-Øp≈ Ipπm-\nse _kvtXm-am-Kns‚ aI-\mbn

P\n® Cutim-bm_v, t_Xv- Bt_ Bi-a-Øn¬ tN¿∂p. ]n∂oSv

\n\th saXm-\pw (627)- ]Øp-h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw A¿t_¬ saXm-

t∏m-eo-Ømbpw Ah-km\w 649- ¬ ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n k -bpsS ImtXm-

en-°m-bp-am-bn. At±lw Bcm-[-\-Ia-Øn¬ ]e \ho-I-cW-ßƒ hcp-

Øn.- A-\m-^-d-I-fpsS FÆw aq∂mbn ]cn-an-X-s∏-Sp-Øn. -A-Xp-t]mse

At±-l-Øns‚ 106 IØp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.- Ah A°m-esØ k`m-Pohn-

X-Øn-te°v shfn®w hoip-∂-h-bm-Wv.- At±lw Xs‚ Hcp IØn¬

C≥Uy-bnse k`sb ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. A-d_n B[n-]-Xy-Øns‚ BZy-

Im-e-Øm-Wv At±lw k`sb \bn-®-Xv. Cutim -k-_m≥ F∂ c‡-

km-£n-bpsS Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.

]n¬°m-e -kp-dn-b-m\n Fgp-Øp-Im¿


A_lmw _¿ Zmi≥ZmZv (8- mw \q.)

t_Xv køm-sZ-bn¬ \n∂p≈ A_lmw _mtimiv kvIqfnse ][m-

\m-[ym-]-I-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±lw Ahn-sS-\n∂v BZyw am¿Km-bn-te-°pw-

]n-∂oSv tamkq-fn¬ am¿ K_n-tb¬ Bi-a-Øn-te-°pw -t]m-bn. XntamXn

H∂m-a-s‚bpw Cutim- _¿\q-s‚bpw Kpcp-hm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. Xs‚

Cf-b -k-tlm-Z-c-\mb tbml-∂m\v Fgp-Xn-b Hcp Xm]- -IØv ssIh-

∂n- p-≠v.

XntamXn H∂m-a≥ ImtXm-en°m (728- 823)

]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n k`-bnse Hcp henb -t\-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p am¿

XntamXn.- A-Zn-b-t_-t\-bnse F¿t_-en¬ \n∂v 12 Intem-ao-‰¿ sX°p-

]-Sn-™m-dp≈ l m-bn¬ P\n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ]nXr-k-tlm-Z-c\pw

t_Xv _mKmjv saXm-\p-am-bn-cp∂ Koh¿Kokns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn-emWv

hnZym-`ymkw \S-∂-Xv. A_lmw _¿ Zmsi≥Zm-Zns‚ _mim-inse

kvIqfn¬ ]T\w \S-Øn. A_lmw am¿Km-bn-te°pw ]n∂oSv tamkq-

fn¬ am¿ K_n-tb-ens‚ Bi-a-Øn-te°pw \oßn-b-t∏mƒ, XntamXn

At±-lsØ A\p-[m-h-\w- sN-bvXp.- Xn-tamXn 766-˛\pw 770-˛\pw CSbv°v

t_Xv _mKmiv saXm-\m-bn.- Im-tXm-en-t°mkv l\m-\otim acn-®-t∏mƒ

(778/9) ]n≥Km-an-sb-∏-‰n X¿°-ap-≠m-bn.- A-h-km\w XntamXn sXc-s™-

Sp-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw (779) ImtXm-en°m Bbn 780-˛¬ ÿm\-ta¬°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.- Nn-e¿ CXn-s\ -F-Xn¿sØ-¶nepw 782-˛-Hm-Sp-IqSn Ahcpw cay-X-

bn-em-bn.

Xntam-Xn-sb-∏‰n A_vZotim ]d-™n-cn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv:

""XntamXn \£-X-ß-sf-∏‰n Hcp KŸw, A¬ alvZn-bp-am-bp≈ N¿®,

Hcp Imt\m-\nIkam-lm-cw,- k-`-bnse hne-°p-Iƒ, c≠p- hm-ey-ßfn-

embn 200 IØp-Iƒ,- N-cnXw Dƒs∏sS hnhn[ io¿j-I-ß-fn¬ Hcp

thtZm-]-tZiw F∂nh FgpXn''.(Pn.-- tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]mNo\ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-

ßƒ,- t].75). Xntam-Xn--bpsS \nc-h[n IØp-I-fn¬ 59 FÆw e`n-®n-´p-

≠v. `qcn-`mKw IØp-Ifpw kvt\ln-X-\mb tk¿Pn-bp-kn\v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-

Wv. k`m-Im-cy-ßfpw Ko°p-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fpsSbpw XmXzn-I-

Ir-Xn-I-fp-sSbpw hnh¿Ø\hpw kw_-‘n-®mWv ]e IØp-I-fpw. At±-

l-Øn-s‚ Hcp Imt\m-\nI kam-lm-c-hp-≠v. ""knt\m-Un-t°m¨ Hmdn-

sb-¥mse'' kam-l-cn®Xv Xntam-Xn-bm-sW∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Imeo-^p-

ambn aX-kw-_-‘-amb kwK-Xn-I-ƒ N¿® sNbvXn-´p-≠v.



Cutim _¿\q≥ ImtXm-en°m (774- 828)

]uckvXy- kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-bnse as‰mcp ]K¤\mb t\Xm-hm-bn-cp-∂p

Cutim -_¿\q≥. ssSKokv \Zo-Xo-cØv tamkq-fn-\-SpØv t_Xv K∫m-

sd-bn¬ P\n-®p. Xntam-Xn-tbm-sSmØv A_lmw _¿ Zmsi≥Zm-Zns‚

Iogn¬ ]T\w \S-Øn. Iptd-\mƒ skeq-jy≥ Iem-e-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n-

®p.- ]n-∂oSv Cu…m -a-ebn¬ am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ henb Bi-a-Øn¬

k\ym-kn-bm-bn. AXn-\p-tijw _mKvZm-Znepw Zo¿L-Imew tamkq-fnepw

]h¿Øn-®p. Xntam-Xn-b-psS IØp-I-fn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ dmw slm¿an-

kvZnse Cutim _¿\q≥ Ct±lw Xs∂tbm F∂v \n›-b-an-√. Ct±lw

823-˛¬ ImtXm-en°m Bbn. Cutim _¿\q-s\-∏-‰n A_vZotim ]d-™n-

cn-°p-∂Xv C]-Im-c-amWv: ""Cutim -_¿\q≥ ssZh-imkvXw Fs∂m-cp

-Ir-Xnbpw F√m kq¿X-Isf Ipdn®pw tNmtZym-Øc cq]-Øn¬ c≠v hmey-

ßfpw hn[n-Ifpw Imc-Wßfpw AS-ßnb IrXnbpw acn-®-h¿°p-th-≠n-

bp≈ km¥z\IrXn-I-fpw teJ-\-ßfpw ipiq-j-I-fpsS hn`-P-\-sØ-

°p-dn-®p≈ IrXn-Ifpw Hm\o-km-I-ƒ°v hymJym-\-ßfpw FgpXn'' (AtX-

Ir-Xn,- t]. 75). \nc-h[n KŸ-ß-fpsS I¿Øm-hmWv Cutim- _¿\q≥:

]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]pXnb\nb-a-Øn¬ \n∂pw sXc-s™-SpØ

tNmZy-ßƒ: \jvS-s∏-´- h-en-sbmcp KŸ-Øns‚ sNdn-b -`m-K-am-bn-cn-°m-

an-Xv. hnhm-l-sØ-∏‰n, ]n¥p-S¿®sb∏-‰n-bp≈ ss\bm-anI Xocp-am-\-ßƒ,

Hcp KmΩ¿ KŸw, tlman-en-Iƒ, IØp-Iƒ, GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fpsS

\S-]-Sn-I-sf-∏‰n \mev tNmZy-ßƒ F∂nh cNn-®p.

FtU- m-b-nse tPm_v (9- mw \q.)

FtU- m-bn¬ P\n-®- tPm_v, Xntam-Xn-bpsS ka-Im-eo\\m-bn-cp-∂p.

Kmes‚ ""saUn-°¬ KŸw'' Cbmƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w

sN-bvsX∂v lpss\≥ C_v≥ Ckm°v ]d-bp-∂p. ""\nt£-]-KŸw''

F∂ -t]-cn-ep≈ IrXn XXz-im-kvXw, a\x-im-kvXw, hm\-im-kvXw

F-∂p-th≠ At\I Imcy-ßƒ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.- B-dp- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-

em-bn-´m-WXv. Cbmfpw ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n k -bn¬s]´ Bfm-bn-cp-∂p.

ta¿hnse Cutim-ZmZv (9- mw \q.)

ta¿hv (adp) kztZ-inbpw DØ-c-Cdm-°nse lZØm saXm\pw ]uckvXy-

kp-dn-bm-\n-k- -bn¬ s]- -bm-fp-am-bn-cp∂p Cutim-ZmZv. At±lw Hcp henb

thZ-]p-kvX-I- ]-WvUn-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ImtXm-en-t°mkv ÿm\m¿Ynbmbn-

A_lmw _n≥ t\ml F∂-bmƒ P\-ln-X-]-Imcw At±-lsØ 852-

˛¬ Imeo-^ns‚ apºn¬ \ma-\n¿tZiw sNbvXp.- A-°m-eØv ImtXm-en-

°m-am-cpsS \n-b-a\w _mKvZm-Znse Imen-^p-am¿- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°--W-am-bn-cp-



∂p. F∂m¬ Xn-b-tUm-jykv F∂-bmfpsS t]cv Imeo^v apX-h-°o-

ens‚ sshZy-\mb t_m‡o--tim \n¿tZ-in-®p. Xnb-tUm-jy-kns\ Imeo v

AwKo-I-cn-®p. ]n∂oSv Nne FXn-cm-fn-I-fpsS Zpjvt]-c-W-bm¬ t_m‡o-

timbpw Xnb-tUm-jy-kpw Im-eo-^ns‚ A]o-Xn-°n-c-bm-bn. AtX

XpS¿∂v henb aX-]o-U\w D≠m-bn. ImtXm-en°m BIm-Xn-cp∂ Cutim-

ZmZv kz-kvX-am-bn-cp∂v KŸ-c-N\ \S-Øn. Aßs\ thZ-]p-kvX-I-Øns‚

GXm≠v kºq¿W-`mjyw D≠m-bn. AXn¬ \nc-h[n ]pcm-X\ Fgp-

Øp-Imsc At±lw D≤-cn-°p-∂p. At±-l-sØ- -G-‰hpw IqSp-X¬

kzm-[o-\n-®Xv am¿- A-t]apw sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm-dp-am-Wv.-

A-Izn-em, knΩm-°p-kv,- Xn-b-tUmjy≥ F∂n-h-cpsS ]g-b-\n-ba Ko°p-

hn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.- Cu hnh¿Ø\ßƒ B[m-

c-am-°n-bp≈ BZysØ ]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n hymJym-Xm-hm-W-t±-lw.

]vio-Ømbpw Znbm-sX- -tdmWpw At±lw B[m-c-am-°p-∂p. ]n-Xm-°-

∑m-cpsS hymJym-\- km-ln-XysØ Iqń-bn-W-°p∂ IÆn-bmWv At±lw.

]n¬°m-e-kp-dn-bm\n Fgp-Øp-Im-sc -A-t±lw kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v. _¿k-

eo_n F∂ ]m›m-Xy-kp-dn-bm\n Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ Cutim-Zm-Zns‚ t]cp

]d-bmsX hf-sc-b-[nIw D≤-cn-°p-∂p. Aßs\ ]pcm-X\ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ

_¿k-eo_n hgn bmt°m-_m-bm -k-`-bnepw ]N-cn-®p. kpdn-bm\n, Ko°v

]m-c-º-cy-ß-fn¬ C∂v \jvS-s∏´ ]e `mjy-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Cutim-ZmZv

Bi-b-ßƒ kzoI-cn®v Xs‚ `mjy-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. At±-l-Øns‚

]pXn-b-\n-ba `mjy-Øns‚ ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.- tN-Sn-b-Øv, -

Cu-tim-Zm-Zv-˛-kp-hn-ti-j-`m-jyw,- tIm-´-bw, 1997; Cutim-Zm-Zv, -]p-Xn-b-\n-b-

a-`m-jyw, - tIm-´-bw, 2002. ""At±lw auXzm-bv°p-th-≠n-bp≈ kvXpXn-∏p-

Iƒ Dƒs°m≠ Hcp ]pkvXIw cNn-®-p''F∂v A_vZotim ]d-bp-∂p.

(-]m-No-\- k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ, -t]. 78).

skhp-tUm -tPm¿Pv A¿t_¬ (9- mw \q.)

Hcp Koh¿Ko-kn-s‚ (tPm¿Pn-s‚) t]cn¬ ""k`m-ip-iq-j-I-fpsS hni-Zo-

I-cWw'' F∂ IrXn Btcm-]n-°p∂p. Cu IrXn A_lmw _¿

eo-s^sb (7-˛mw \q.) D≤-cn-°p-∂p.- Cutim-ZmZv aq∂m-as‚ Bcm-[-\-

Ia \thm-∞m-\-ßfpsS ]Xn-[z-\nbpw CXn¬ Im-Wmw. A-Xp-t]mse

Xntam-Xnsb (+823) ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v Ch¿°p tij-ap≈

tcJ-bm-bn-cn°mw CXv. CXns‚ bYm¿Y I¿Øm-hm-cm-sW-∂v- A-dn-hn-√.

F∂m¬ ]Ømw \q‰m-≠n¬ Pohn-®n-cp∂ tamkqƒ-˛-A¿t_¬ saXm≥

tPm¿P√ I¿Ømhv F∂Xv Xo¿®. Gen-bmkv _¿ Im\q-kns‚ \jvS-

s∏-´p-t]mb Bcm-[-\-I-a- hym-Jym-\-am-Wn-sX∂v Hcn-`n-]m-b-ap-≠v. Ggv

]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-bn-´mWv CXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂Xv:



IrXnIƒ

1.- B-cm-[-\-I-a-h¿jw.

2.- B-cm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ.

3.- cm-Xn-]m¿Y-\.

4.- hn.-Ip¿_m-\.

5.- kv\m-\w.

6.- B-cm-[-\m-h¿j-Øns‚ Bcw- -Øn¬ IqtZmiv CutØm-bpsS ÿm\w.

7.- i-h-kw-kvIm-cw,- hn-hm-l-ip-iq-j.

Ip¿_m-\-bpsS hymJym-\-Øn\v 30 A[ym-b-ß-fp-≠v.- tNm-tZym-Øc

-co-Xn--bn-emWv hnh-c-Ww. Ip¿_m-\-bnse I¿a-hn-[n-I-sf-∏‰nbp≈ hni-Zo-

Ic-W-amWv IqSp-X-epw. Bg-amb ssZh-im-kvX-hn-i-I-e-\-Øn-\v- At±lw

apXn-cp-∂n-√. CXns‚ ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: tXmakv aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn¬,-

]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Ip¿_m-\- m-jy-ßƒ, tIm -bw, 200,- t].1- 130.

am¿Km -sa-Xm≥ tXmakv (9- m-w\q.)

t_Xv-˛-Bt_ Bi-a-Ønse k\ymkn B-bn-cp∂ tXmakv ]n∂oSv

am¿Km sa--Xm-\m-bn. A[y-£-∑m-cp-sS- Ncn-Xw- F-∂ -t]-cn¬ Bdp ]pkvX-

I-ß-fn-embn At±lw Hcp k\ym-k-N-cn-Xw- F-gpXn. t_Xv Bt_-bnse

k\ym-kn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv IqSp-X¬ hn-h-c-W-hpw.- dºm≥ kn]n-bms‚

Bi-a-sØ-∏-‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ B-dmw-]p-kvXIw hfsc t\csØ

Fgp-XnbXm-Wv.- AXv ]n∂oSv a‰-Xns‚ IqsS tN¿Øp -F-t∂-bp-≈p.

]uc-kvXy- kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.

tbip- Zv\mlv (8/9˛mw \q.)

]uckvXy kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\mb At±lw t]¿jy-bn¬ t]cmXv ssaim-

\nse (_-km) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p.- A-t±lw aq∂p hmey-ß-fn-embn cNn-

®- k-`m-N-cn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v Genbm _¿ -ko-\m-bmbpw (975-˛1049) _¿

F-_m-bmbpw (1226-˛1286)- D-≤-cn-°p-∂p. Ivkmhm Zv\Iv]qkm F∂

-t]-cn¬- A-t±lw cNn-® -k-\y-m-k-N-cnXw e`n-®n- p-≠v.- k-\ym-k-]-ÿm\w

Bcw-`n-®-h¿,- k-\ym-k-sØ-∏‰n Fgp-Xn--bn-´p-≈-h¿, -]-i-kvX-cm-b- k-\ym-

kn-Iƒ -F-∂n-h-sc∏‰n-sb√mw Npcp-°-n N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. t]¿jy-bnepw

Atd-_y≥ ]-tZ-i-ß-fnepw Pohn® 140 Xm]- -sc-∏‰n CXn¬ hn-h-cn-°p-

∂p. CXns‚ ae-bm-f- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\v, Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]mNo-\ -k-\ym-

k-\n-b-a-ßƒ, t].87-˛133. Cu KŸw tIc-f-Øn¬ ]pcm-X-\-Im-e-Øv

kp-]-cn-Nn-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. -D-Z-bw-t]-cq¿ kq-\-l-tZmkv CtX-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-

°p-Ibpw IØn-®p-I-f-tb≠ KŸ-ß-fpsS Iq´-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw-

sN-bvXp.



A≥_m-dnse Genbm (10- mw \q.)

A≥_m-dnse (t]-tdmkv j∏q¿) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ Genbm, Ivkmhm

ZvZqdmjm (sk-©z-dn-K-Ÿw/]t_m-[-I-K-Ÿw) F∂-t]-cn¬ ]Øp saam-

Ifpw aq∂p -`m-K-ß-fp-ap≈ Hcp henb ]Zy-IrXn cNn-®p. At±lw skhp-

tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jy≥ IrXn-Isf Bi-bn-®mWv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

]uckvXy kpdn-bm\n k`mw-Kam-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

\nkn-_n-knse Genbm (975- 1046)

tk\m-bn¬ P\n-®- G-enbm 994-˛¬ sshZn-I-\m-bn.- G-en-bm- _¿

ko-\mbm F∂pw Cbmƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. -tam-kq-fn-\-Sp-Øp≈ am¿ anJm-

tb¬ Bi-a-Øn¬ ]T-\w- \-S-Øn. 1002-˛¬ t_Xv \qlZm saXm-\pw

1008-˛¬ \nkn-_nkv saXm-\pam-bn.- A-t±lw apJy-ambpw Ad-_n-bn-emWv

FgpXn-b-Xv. F∂m¬ Bcm-[-\-I-a-]m¿Y-\-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-emWv.

Ah-bn¬ -]-eXpw Ct∏mgpw D]-tbm-K-Øn-ep-≠v. ]uc-kvXy kp-dn-bm-\n-k- -

bn¬ s]´ -B-fm-bn-cp∂ At±lw ap≥Im-e tc-J-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ `mK-ßƒ

tN¿Øp-h® Hcp tImtWm-K^n kam-l-cn-®p. AXp-t]mse kpdn-bm-\n-

]-T\w kpK-a-am-°m≥ Hcp Ad-_n- -kp-dn-bm\n t•mk-dn-bpw D≠m-°n.

Genbm III- A_q leow ImtXm-en-°m (+1190)

At±lw BZyw ssa^¿°m´pw ]ns∂ \nkn-_n-knepw saXm-\m-bn-cp-

∂p. 1176- ¬ ImtXm-en°m Bb At±lw Ad-_n-bnepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw

Fgp-Xn. At±-l-Øns‚ ]m¿Y-\-Iƒ ]uc-kvXy-kp-dn-bm\n Bcm-[-\-

I-a-Øn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

tbml-∂m≥ _¿ tkm_n (12/13 \q.)

AZn-b-t_-s\-bnse t_Xv-˛-tImt° Bi-a-Ønse k\ym-kn-bm-b-ncp∂

tPm¨ A°m-esØ Hcp ]WvUn-X- Xm]- -\m-bn-cp∂p. kv\m\w,-

Ip¿_m\ F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ hymJym-\-sagp-Xn. K_ntb¬

JXmbm, A_lmw _¿ eot^ F∂nhsc Bibn®mWv tPm¨

FgpXnbncn°p∂Xv. hymI-c-Ww,- XXz-imkvXw F∂n-h-sb-°p-dn®pw ]Zy-

Ønepw KZy-Ønepw IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn.

t_mkm-bnse tkmf-a≥ (13- mw \q.)

hm≥ X-Sm-I-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ AJvem-Xn¬ tkmf-a≥ P\n-®p. 1222 ˛ HmSp-

IqSn _km- sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ _p°v Hm^v _o

F∂- KŸw ]kn-≤-am-Wv. ]uc-kvXy -kp-dn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬ s]´ At±-

lw \nc-h[n ss__nƒ ]mc-º-cy-ßƒ kam-l-cn-®p.



Koh¿Kokv h¿Zm (13- mw \q.)

awtKm-fn-b≥ -B-I-a-W-Im-eØv A¿-t_-en¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp Ihn-bm-bn-

cp∂p Koh¿Ko-kv. Abm-fpsS KoX-ßƒ ka-Im-eo-\ -kw-`-h-ßƒ N¿®

sN-øp-∂p. h¿Zm F-∂ -X-e-s°- n¬ ]uc-kvXy- kp-dn-bm-\n-k- -bn¬ Abm-

fpsS KoX-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

A_vZotim _¿ _ot°m (+1318)

t]¿jy≥k- -bnse Ah-km-\sØ ]K-¤-\mb saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-

cp∂p A_vZo-tim.- A-t±-lw -BZyw inwKm-dn-sebpw t_Xv Ad-_m-bn-

sebpw ]n∂oSv \nkn-_n-kn-se-bpw- A¿ta-\n-bm-bn-sebpw saXm-\m-bn-

cp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øn\v Ad-_n-bnepw kpdn-bm-\n-bnepw ]mhoWyw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±lw Xs∂ -Xs‚ kz¥w IrXn-I-sf-∏‰n Im‰-tem-Kns‚

Ah-km-\ -J-WvUn-I-bn¬ ]d-bp∂p: ""tkm_m-bnse _e-lo-\-\mb

Rm≥ c-Nn® IrXn-Iƒ: thZ-]p-kvI-`m-K-ß-fp-sS mjyw,- hn-kva-b-I-c-amb

Znhy-hym-]mcw kw_-‘n-®p≈ IrXn,- G-Zs‚ ]dp-Zokm F∂-dn-bs-∏-Sp-

∂- Im-hyw,- hn-izm-k-Øns‚ kXym-hÿ kw_-‘n-®v a¿Km-\oXm F∂-

dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Ir-Xn, Hcp -sN-dnb Imt\m-\n-I -k-am-lm-cw, jmam-I-do-Zn-s\-

∏‰n Ad-_n-bn-¬ Fgp-Xn-b -Ir-Xn,- Ko-°p-Xm-Xzn-I-cp-sS- c-l-ky-ß-sf-∏‰n

Hcp IrXn, ]mjWvU-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc kvtImfm-Ãn-t°mkv F∂ -t]-cn¬

Hcp IrXn, k`m-\n-b-a-ß-fpw k`m-in-£-W-ßfpw Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp

IrXn, hnhn[ hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ ]¥≠v saam-Iƒ,

`m-jy-ßƒ,- km-¥z-\-Ir-Xn-Iƒ,- hn-hn[ hnj-b-ßƒ kw_-‘n-®- sa-am-

Iƒ,- ti-jvT-I-esb kw_-‘n®v Acn-tÃm-´¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠-dn-s\-gp-Xnb

IØns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-Ww, ]bm-k-ap≈ hnhn[ ]iv\-ßƒ°p≈ DØcw

Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp IrXn,- hm-Z-]-Xn-hm-Z-K-Ÿw,- kp`mjnX-ßƒ,- ]-g-s©m-

√p-Iƒ CXym-Zn.'' (]m-No-\-k-\ym-k-N-cn-Xw,-t]. 81-˛82).- A-t±-l-Øns‚

t\mtam-Im-\≥ kp]-kn-≤-am-Wv. hnhn-[-hn-j-b-ß-f-\p-k-cn® Imt\m-\m-

Iƒ tImUo-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. k`m-tIm-S-Xn-IfpsS D]-tbm-K-Øn-\p≈ Hcp

k`m-tIm-SXn \nb-a-K-Ÿhpw At±lw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ]uc-kvXy -kp-

dn-bm-\n-k- -bpsS ssZ-h-imkvXw Npcp°n -hn-h-cn-°p-∂ K-Ÿ-amWv ""a¿Km-

\o-Xm'' (1298).- ""G-Zs‚ ]dp-Zokm'' 50 KoX-ß-fp-sS- k-am-lm-c-amWv. 1291-

˛¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. ]n∂oSv hymJym-\-ß-tfm-Sp-IqsS1316-˛¬ At±lw

Xs∂ -ho≠pw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. kpdn-bm-\n Fgp-Øp-Im-sc-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-

Zn-°p∂ Im‰-temKv Hc-aq-ey-Ir-Xn-bm-Wv. \jvS-s∏- -]e IrXn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw

At±lw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ KŸ-ti-J-c-Øn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-

∂ -K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sS -Im-‰-tem-Km-bn-cn°mw At±lw ]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®-Xv.

At±lw kqNn-∏n°p∂ At±-l-Øns‚ Xs∂ ]e IrXn-Ifpw \ap°v



e`n-®n-ń-√. ""Znhy-c-l-ky-ß-fpsS ipiq-j-bpsS hni-Zo-I-cW-Øns‚''

ae-bm-f-]-cn-`m-j-bv°v,- tXm-akv aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn¬, ]nXm-°-∑m-cp-sS -

Iq-Zm-im-`m-jy-ßƒ,- t].29-˛43.

XntamXn c≠m-a≥ ImtXm-en°m (+1353): At±lw BZyw

tamkqƒ sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂p. ]n-∂oSv 1318-˛¬ ]uc-kvXy- kpdn-

bm-\n-k-`-bpsS ImtXm-en°m Bbn. ""k`m-c-l-ky-ßƒ'', F∂- IrXn

Gg-[ym-b-ß-fn¬ At±lw cNn-®p. AXn¬ ]utcm-ln-Xyw, -]-≈n-°q-Zmi,

kv\m\w, Ip¿_m-\, k\ym-k-h-Xw, ih-kw-kvIm-c-I-aw,- hn-hmlw ]m]-

tam-N\w F∂nh N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. CXns‚ ae-bm-f-]-cn-`m-j-bv°v, AtX-

Ir-Xn, -t].44˛199.

12. _¿ F_mbm (1226-˛1286)

_¿ F_mbm F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ -bm-t°m-_mbm a^n-bm≥ k`m-

N-cn-X-Ønse Hcp-÷z-e-Xm-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. aemXym (sa-en-‰o≥) F∂- ]-´-

W-Øn¬ P\n-®p. blq-Z-a-X-Øn¬ \n∂v am\- m-¥-c-s∏´ Al-tdm≥

Bbn-cp∂p ]nXm-hv. F_m-bs‚ aI≥- F-∂¿Y-ap≈ _¿- F-_mbm

F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sm≥ Imc-W-an-Xm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ AΩ Hcp Ad_nkvXo

Bbn-cp-s∂∂v tXm∂p-∂p. P\-\m-h-kcw ]n-Xmhv Ipń°v sImSp-Ø- t]cv

tbml-∂m≥- F-∂-tX.- A-l-tdms‚ ]pX-\mb tbml-∂m≥ F∂ A¿Y-

Øn¬ tbml-∂m≥ _¿- A-l-tdm≥ F∂m-bn-cp∂p BZy\maw.- sa-Xm-

\m-Ip-tºmƒ ]pXn-sbmcp \maw kzoI-cn-°pI F∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ coXn

A-\p-k-cn®v Ccp-]Xmw hb- n¬ saXm\mb-t∏mƒ Kn-tKm-dn-tbmkv F∂

-t]-sc-Sp-Øp. am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv tbml-∂m≥ F∂mWv tamkq-fn-\-Sp-

Øp≈ F¬t]]v ae-bn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp∂ am¿ a-Øm-bn Bi-a-Ønse

]≈n-bn-ep≈ At±-l-Øns‚ I√-d-bpsS apI-fn¬ Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

A_pƒ ^cm-Pv- F∂ Ad-_n-\m-ahpw At±-l-Øn\p≠m-bn-cp-∂p. AΩ

Ad-_nkvXo Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Hma-\-t∏-sc∂ \nebv°v Cu \mahpw

At±lØn\p \¬In-b-XmImw. _¿- F-_mbm F∂mWv At±lw km[m-

cW Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.

At±lw sNdp-∏-Ønte kpdn-bm-\nbpw Ad-_nbpw ]Tn-®p. -

lo-_phpw Ko°pw -IqSn At±lw A`ykn-®p-. ]n∂oSv XXz-im-kv-Xhpw

ssZh-im-kvXhpw Xm¬]-cy-]q¿hw ]Tn-®p. ]nXm-hn-s‚- sXm-gn-emb

sshZy-im-kvX-Ønepw ]mhoWyw t\-Sn. lpemKp F∂- aw-tKm-fn-bs‚

t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ 1243-˛¬ awtKm-fn-b¿ ]›n-tajy-bn¬ DS-\ofw sIm≈bpw

sIm≈n-hbv]pw \SØn ]´-W-ßƒ XI¿°p∂p F∂ hm¿Ø saen-‰o-



\nepw FØn. \K-c-hm-kn-I-tfm-sSm∏w ]´-Ww -hn´v IqSp-X¬ kpc-£nX

\K-c-amb Ase-t∏m-bn-te-°p -t]m-Im≥ Al-tdm\pw IpSpw-_hpw I-ao-

I-cWw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ Ah-km-\-\n-anjw bmX ths≠-∂p-h-®p.

`-b-s∏-´-Xp-t]mse AhnsS awtKm-fn-b≥ BI-a-Ww- D-≠m-bn-√. ]nt‰-

h¿jw awtKm-fn-b¿ IS-∂p-h∂v henb \mi-\-jvS-ßƒ hcp-Øn. sIm≈-

ap-X-ep-ambn IS-∂p-I-f-bp-∂-Xn-\p- ap-ºv aw-tKmƒ P-\-d¬ jmh¿ \mho≥

tcmK-K-kvX-\m-bn.- _¿- F-_m-b-bpsS ]nXm-hn-s\- Btcm AbmfpsS

]°¬ Iqń-s°m-≠p-sN-∂p. Al-tdm≥ -A-bmsf kpJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. AtX-

Øp-S¿∂v Al-tdm\pw IpSpw_hpw At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ t]mbn Xma- -am-

°n. _¿ F_mbm AhnsS ]T\w XpS¿∂p. ]Xn-t\gv hb- m-b-t∏mƒ

Abmƒ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw Bcw-`n-®p.

At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ \n∂v ^n\o-jy-bnse Sns∏m-fn-bn-se°v Al-

tdms‚ IpSpw_w Xmakw am‰-n-b-t∏mƒ bm°q_v F∂-bmƒ _¿ F_m-

b-sbbpw …o_m _¿ bm°q_v hloKv F∂-bm-fn-s\bpw sshZy-im-

kvXhpw ]`m-j-W-I-ebpw A`y--kn-∏n-®p. C·m-tXymkv c≠m-a≥ ]mXn-

b¿°okv Chsc c≠p-t]-scbpw hcp-Øn. _¿ F_m-bsb Kqt_m-

kns‚ sa-Xm-\mbpw as‰-bmsf BtIm--bpsS saXm-\m-bpw 1246 sk]vXw-

_¿ 14-˛\v …o_m-s∏--cp-∂mƒ Znhkw hmgn-®p. ]nt‰-h¿jw e°-_n≥

saXm-≥ Al-tdm≥, cq]X Dt]-£n®v Pdp-k-te-an-te-°p -t]m-b-t∏mƒ

_¿ F_m-bsb ]mXn-b¿°okv Ahn-tS°v ÿew -am-‰n. Kqt_m-kns‚

Npa-Xe as‰m-cmsf G¬∏n-®p.- B-tdm- G-tgm- h¿jw _¿- F-_mbm

e°-_n≥ cq]X `cn-®p.

C·m-tXymkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ac-W-tijw bmt°m-_m-bm-

k-`-bn¬ I£n-a-’cw D≠m-bn.- Hcp hn`mKw tbml-∂m≥ _¿ amZm-

\nsb ]mXn-b¿°o-km-°n. at‰hn`mKw Znh-∂m-tkymkv Al-tdm≥ A≥-

Kq-dns\ ]n≥Xp-W-®p. Cu I£n-a-’-c-Øn¬ _¿-F-_mb Znh-∂m-tkym-

kns‚ ]£w-tN¿∂p. Znh-∂m-tkymkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn AwKo-I-cn-

°-s∏-´p- I-gn-™-t∏mƒ, At±lw _¿-F-_m-bsb e°-_n≥ cq]-X-bn¬

\n∂v Aset∏m cq]-X-bn-te°v 1253-˛¬ ÿew am‰n. F∂m¬ AhnsS

Zo¿L-\mƒ cn-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v km[n-®n-√. Imc-Ww,- A-t±lw Ase-

t∏m-bn¬- B-bn-cn-°p-tºmƒ a^n-bm≥ …o_m ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-Øp-\n∂v

Ase-t∏m-bn¬h∂v XW-p-∏p-Imew apgp-h≥ AhnsS Ign-®p-Iq-ń.- Zn-h-

∂m-tkymkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kv- A-d-_n-Iƒ°v sImSp-Ø-Xbpw kz¿Ww

Ad_n t\Xm-°ƒ°v a^n-bm≥ …o_m sImSpØv Znh-∂m-tkym-kns\

ÿm-\-`-jvS--\m-°p-∂Xpw ]Icw _¿ a-Zm-\nsb AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xp-amb

tcJ kºm-Zn-®p. -a-^n-bm≥ Ase-t∏m-bnse ]≈n-bn¬ Xma- -am-°n.

_¿ F_mbm


_¿F_mbm BI-s´ -Xs‚ ]nXmhv Ase-t∏m-bn¬ ]pXp-Xmbn hmßn-

b- -h-\-Øn-te°v Xmakw am‰n. ]n∂o-Sv Znh-∂m-tkym-kns‚ IqsS Bi-

a-Øn¬ ]m¿°m≥ Xp-S-ßn.

…o_m a^n-bm≥ Ad-_n-Iƒ°v sImSpØ ]Ww apgp-h≥ _¿

amZm\n ]mXn-b¿°okv hmKvZm-\-a-\p-k-cn®v a^n-bm\p \evIn. Bbn-

Sbv°v awtKm-fn-b-cpsS ]Xn-\n-[n-bmb Hcp s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ kndn-bm-bn-

te-°p≈ bmXm-a-t[y- Zn-h-∂m-tkymkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ _¿kuam

Bi-a-Øn¬ sN∂p-I≠v A[n-Imcw ]p\xÿ-m]n-°m≥ th≠Xv sNøm-

sa∂v hmKvZm-\w -sN-bvXp. CX-dn™ _¿ amZm\n `b∂v kneo-jy-bn-

te°v t]mbn knkn¬ D≈ Hcm-i-a-Øn¬ Xma-kn-®p. F∂m¬ s\-

kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]Xn-\n-[n°v Ad_n t\Xmhv amenIv A≥ \mk-dns\

kzm[o-\n®v Znh-∂m-tkym-kns\ ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn-°m≥ km[n-®n-√. ]nt‰-

h¿jw anJm-tb¬ _¿ K_n-tb¬ F∂- ssh-Zy\pw _¿ F_m-bbpw

IqSn ta¬∏-d™ Ad_n t\Xm-hn-s\- I≠v Znh-∂m-tkymkv ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns\ ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn-°m-\p≈ A[n-Im-c-]Xw kºm-Zn-®p. CX-

dn™ a^n-bm≥ Ase-t∏m-bn-¬ \n∂v Sns∏m-fn-bn-te°p IS-∂p. _¿-

F-_mb Aset∏m cq]-X-bn¬ ho≠pw ]th-in-®p. a^n-bm≥- B-Is´

DSs\ sshZn-I-hrØn Dt]-£n®v NnIn-’m-hr-Øn--bn¬ ]-th-in-s®-¶nepw

A[n-I-\mƒ Ign-bp-∂-Xn\p-apºv acn-®p.

_¿ F_mb 1264-˛¬ XKo-Xn-s‚bpw Ing-°n-s‚-bpw- a-^n-bm-\mbn

sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏- p. _¿ a-Zm-\nbpw Znh-∂m-kymkpw acn-®p-I-gn™v kneo-

jy-bnse knkn¬ h-®mWv Cu sXc-s™-Sp∏pw hmgvNbpw \S-∂-Xv. -A-

Xn-\p-apºv s]mXp-hmbn Hcp ]mXn-b¿°okv hmgn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. saXm-

\n-√msX InS-∂- ]e ]uc-kvXy-cq-]-X-I-fnepw At±lw saXm-∑msc hmgn-

®p. ]≈n-Ifpw Bi-a-ß-fpw -]p-Xp-°n-∏-Wn-Xp. 1286-˛¬ acm-Km-bn¬ h®v

At±lw acn-®p. -A-t±-lw- -kp-dn-bm-\n-bn¬ -Fgp-Xnb tImtWm-K^n Ad-

_n-bn¬ B°p-∂-Xn\v Nne¿ \n¿_-‘n-®-Xn-\m¬ AXp- sN-bvXp-sIm-

≠n-cp-∂-Xn-\n-S-bn-em-Wv-- acn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ imco-cn-I -th¿]m-Sn-s\-

∏‰n ktlm-Z-c-\mb _¿ku-am-bpsS Ipdn∏v C]-Im-c-amWv: ""CX

hninjvS XXz-⁄m-\nbpw AZzn-Xo-b-\p-amb a\p-jys‚ \jvSw kln-

°p-∂-h-cmb bmt°m-_m-b-°m-cmb hnin-jvS- P-\-Øn-\p-th≠n IÆo-

scm-gp-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥- B¿°p Ignbpw? k`-sb-tbm, euIn-I -Im-cy-ß-

sftbm kw_-‘n®v, F-fp-∏-ap-≈-tXm, -]-bm-k-ap-≈tXm Bb GXp

]iv\-sØ-°p-dn®pw ]pd-sa-bp-≈-bm-fp-Iƒ°v Xr]vXn-I-c-amb DØcw

sImSp-°m≥ -A-t±lw Ign-hp-‰-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse Hcmƒ- A-h-

cpsS CS-bn¬- D-≠m-bn-ń-√. B a\p-jy≥ Fgp-Xn-b-Xp-t]mse Bkzm-Zy-



I-chpw Iao-Ir-Xhpw hn⁄m-\-]-Z-hp-am-b -I-Øp-Iƒ Fgp-Xm≥- B¿°p

-I-gnbpw? k`m-]-chpw euIn-I-hp-amb hn⁄m-\-im-J-Iƒ sIm≠v ssZhw

At±-lsØ Ae-¶-cn-®p. Ccp-]Xmw hb- p-ap-X¬ acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc hmb-

\-bnepw Fgp-Ønepw \n∂v A-t±lw hnc-an-®n-ń-√.- At±lw [m-cmfw

]pkvX-I-ßƒ Fgp-Xp-Ibpw hnh¿Ø\w sNøp-Ibpw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw-

sN-bvXp''.

IrXn-Iƒ

_¿kuam 31 ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS t]cp-Iƒ \¬Ip∂p:

1.- Ivkmhm Zv sXKmXv sXKmXm: temPn-Iv,- ùXnItem-Iw,- X-Xz-

imkvXw F∂nh N¿®-sN--øp∂ Hcp KŸ-am-Wn-Xv. -tl-hmXv tl°wXm

F∂ -Ir-Xn-bpsS Npcp-°-am-WnXv.

2.- Ivkmhm Zv _m_mXm: (IÆnse)IrjvW-a-Wn-I-fpsS KŸw.

temPn-°ns‚ Npcp-ßnb Bap-J-am-Wn-Xn¬.

3.- C-k-tKm-Kv,- Im-‰-K-do-kv,- s]cn sl¿sa-\n-bm,- tkm-^n-ÃnIvkv :

Gg-[ym-b-ß-fp≈ Cu IrXn s]m¿ô-cn-bpsS Ck-tKm-Kv,- Im-‰-K-dokv

BZn-bm-bh N¿® sNøp-∂p.

4. -Ivkmhm ZkzmZv kp^nbm: hn⁄m-\-`m-j-W-K-Ÿw. temPn-Iv,-

ù-Xn-I-tem-Iw, -X-Xz-imkvXw F∂nh N¿®-sN-øp∂ A¬]w-IqSn hen∏-

ap≈ Hcp KŸw.

5.- Ivkmhm Zvkqem°m lu\m-\mbm: hm\-im-kvX-amWvv hnjbw.

1279-˛¬ cNn-®p. Kl-ßsf ]‰nbpw \£-X-ß-fpsS am‰-ßsf ]‰nbpw

]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂ KŸw.

6.- Ivkmhm Zav\m-dkv IpZvti: "'hnip≤ ÿesØ hnf-°v.'' k`-

bpsS ASn-ÿ-m-\- X-Xz-ßƒ,- F√m ]mj-WvU-X-Iƒ°pw FXn-scbp≈

N¿®-Iƒ: CsXmcp ssZh-im-kvX-\n-L-≠phm-Wv. 12 ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-em-

bn-´mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. 1.- hn-⁄m-\-sØ-∏-‰n. 2. ]]-©-Øns‚

kz`m-hw. 3.- ssZ-h-im-kvXw (-Xn-Xzw). 4.- h-N-\-Øns‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-cw.

5.- kz¿Ko-b-Po-hn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv (am-em-J-am-sc-∏-‰n). 6.- ù-an-I-]u-

tcm-ln-Xyw. 7.- ]n-im-Np-°ƒ(-Zp-jvSm-cq-]n-Iƒ). 8.- _u-≤n-Im-flm-hv.

9. kzXt¥-—bpw a\p-jy-kzm-X-¥yhpw. 10.- a-cn-®-h-cp-s-S- D-∞m-\w.

11.- Imem-¥yw,- \ym-b-hn-[n,- \-∑-bv°pw- Xn-∑bv°pap≈ ]Xn-^-ew.

12.- G-Zs‚ ]dp-Zo-km.

7. Ivkmhm Zvk¬tK: ""Inc-W-ß-fpsS KŸw''.- ssZh-imkv-Xkw-

_-‘-amb (A¬]w-IqSn sNdnb) -Hcp \nL-≠p. -C-Xn\v 10 `mK-ß-fp≠v:

_¿ F_mbm


1.- B-dp-Zn-h-ksØ krjvSnsb-∏-‰n. 2. ssZh-im-kvXw (-Xn-Xzw). 3.- a-\pjym-

h-Xm-cw. 4.- am-em-J-am¿. 5.- Zp-jvSm-cq-]n-Iƒ. 6.- B-flm-hn-s\-∏-‰n. 7.- ]u-tcm-

ln-Xy-sØ-∏-‰n. 8.- kz-X-t¥-—bpw A¥y-hpw. 9.- a-\pjy-s‚bpw temI-

Øns‚bpw A¥yhpw ]pXnb temI-Øns‚ DZ-b-hpw. 10.- ]-dp-Zo-km-sb-

∏-‰n.

8.- Ivkmhm dºm Zvskatl: ""]Im-i-ß-fpsS KŸw''. hymI-c-W-

kw-_-‘-ambn At±lw cNn-®n-´p≈ G‰hpw hepXpw ][m-\-s∏-´-Xp-

amb KŸ-amWn-Xv. ]WvUn-Xsc Dt±-in-®p≈XmWn-Xv.

9. -Ivkmhm kvDudm ZvKΩm-Øn°n: am¿ At]-ans‚ cmK-Øn-segp-

Xnb sNdnb hymI-cW-K-Ÿw.- B-cw-`-I¿°mbn Xbm-dm-°n-b--Xv.

10.- Ivkmhm ZvCuXn-t°m≥:: ""FØnIvkv.'' _mlyhpw B¥-cn-I-

hp-am-b- s]-cp-am-‰- co-Xn-I-sf-∏-‰n-bp≈ \mev ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ß-fm-Wn-Xn¬. acp-

`q-an-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m-scbpw a‰v a¬∏m∑m-scbpw B[m-c-am°n X-bm-dm-

°n-b-Xm-Wn-sX∂v _¿ -F-_mbm ]d-bp∂p. H∂mw ]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn\v 9

A[ym-b-ß-fp≠v: bma-]m¿Y-\-Iƒ,- Im-bn-Im-[zm-\w,- Xn-cp-en-Jn-X-hm-b\,-

Pm-K-cWw, k¶o¿Ø-\m-e-]-\w,- D-]-hm-kw,- Xo¿Ym-S\w F∂nh N¿®

sN-øp-∂p. c≠mw -]-Xn-]m-Z\Øn\v 6 A[ym-b-ß-fp≠v: Blm-cw, -hn-hm-

lw, _“-N-cyw, -tZl-ip≤n, a\p-jys‚ Pohn-X-L-´ßƒ,- Im-bn-Im-[zm-

\w, hym]mcw, Zm-\-[¿aw F∂n-h-bmWv ][m\ hnj-b-ßƒ. aq∂mw ]Xn-

]m-Z\Øn\v 12 A[ym-b-ß-fp≠v: A[-a-hn-Im-c-ßfn¬ \n∂v a\- n-s\

ip-≤o-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n N¿®- sN-øp∂p \memw ]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øn\v 16

A[ym-b-ß-fp≠v: tijvT-Kp-Wßƒ sIm≠v Bflm-hns\ Ae-¶-cn-°p-

∂-Xn-s\-∏-‰n. A¬ L -en-bp-sS (+1111) ""Clym A¬ lpepw A¬ Zn≥''

F∂ KŸ-am-Wv _¿ F_m-b-bpsS Dd-hn-Shpw amXr-Ibpw.

11. Ivkmhm dºm ZvtlhmXv tl°wXm: "'hn⁄m-\ s\-øpsS

KŸw''.- A-cn-kvt‰m-´-ens‚ XXz-im-kvX-Øns‚ Hcp henb \nL-≠p-

hm-Wn-Xv. C-Xn\v \mev mK-ß-fp-≠v.- H∂mw mK-Øn\v 9 mK-ßfpw c≠mw

`mK-Øn\v 13 `mK-ßfpw aq∂mw `mK-Øn\v 2 `mK-ßfpap≠v. Ahns®∂m

bpsS ""jn^m-bpw'' A¬ Xpkn-bpsS ""AÀJv F˛\kodn'' F∂

KŸhpw CXn-s‚ cN-\-bn¬ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. C-Xns‚

Npcp-°-amWv H∂m-asØ IrXn.

12.- Ivkmhm Zvsdwtk hav-Cu-dm≥hmXm: A_p Aen _¿ko-\m-

bpsS ""AS-bm-f-ßfpw e£-W-ßfpw'' F∂ IrXn-bp-sS -A-d-_n-bn¬

\n∂v kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te-°p≈ hnh¿Ø\w.



13.- Ivkmhm ZvlqZmtb (t\m-tam-Im-\≥/\S-]-Sn-I-a-ßƒ).- a-\pjy-

k-aq-l-Øn¬ \-S-∏p≈ Imcy-ßsf Ipdn®p≈ Imt\m-\m-Ifpw \nb-a-ß-

fpw. bmt°m-_mbm sshZn-I-scbpw A¬am-b-scbpw kw_-‘n-°p∂

Imcy-ß-fpsS A¥n-a-hm°v Cu \nb-a-K-Ÿ-am-Wv. CXn¬ \m¬]Xv

A[ym-b-ß-fp-≠v. BZy-sØ- ]-Ø-[ym-b-ßƒ ]mºm-°pS \n∂v

]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

14. Ivkmhm ZvZnsbm-kvsIm-dn-Znkv: ""Znsbm-kvsIm-dn-Zn-kns‚ KŸw''.

-]-®-a-cp-∂p-I-fpsS KpW-ßfpw D]-tbm-K-ßfpw Xbm-dm-°p-∂- hn-[hpw a‰pw

hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Znsbm-kvsIm-dn-Zn-kns‚ hen-b- K-Ÿ-Øn-ep≈ ]Xn-]m-Zy-

hn-j-b-ß-sfm∂pw hn´p-I-f-bm-sX- D-≠m-°n-b -sN-dn-b-K-Ÿw.- Zn-sbm-kvsIm-

dn-Zn-kns‚ ""s]cn- lp-tekv bmXn-t°kv '' (a-tX-cnbm saUn-°m) F∂

-K-Ÿ-Øns‚ hnh¿Ø-\w.

15. Ivkmhm dºm ZvKmô°n: Kmô-°nbpsS A¬ AZvhobm A¬

aplZm F∂ aq∂p hen-b -hm-ey-ß-fp≈ Ad_n KŸ-Øns‚ H‰hmey-

Øn-ep≈ kpdn-bm-\n- Npcp-°w. -a-cp-∂p-I-sf-°p-dn®v ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

16. Ivkmhm Zv]qim°m Zvt]mkqt°: lnt∏m-Im-s´-kns‚ kqX-

hm-ey-ß-fp-sS -A-d-_n-hn-h¿Ø-\w.

17. Ivkmhm dºm kn•vi¿hmtb: Bcw-`-I¿°p≈ tPymXn-imkvX

KW-\-∏-ń-I-Iƒ. -]-bmkw IqSmsX Xob-Xn-Iƒ I≠p-]n-Sn-°m-\p≈

am¿Kw.

18.- Ivkmhm Zvk_vZkv A¬ Akvdm¿: cl-ky-ß-fp-sS -km-cmwiw.

A-d-_n-bn¬\n∂v kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv.

19.- Ivkmhm ZvaIvk-_v\qkv k_vt\ Ad-_mbm: Ad-_n-bn¬ Fgp-

Xnb Imem-\p-I-a-Wn-I.- c≠p-`m-K-ß-fp≈ tImWn-°nƒ:- H∂mw `mKw

temINcnXw: temI-N-cn-Xm-cw`w apX¬ 1286 hsc. c≠mw `mKw k`m

NcnXw. CXn\v c≠p`mKßfp≠v. H∂mw`mKw -Al-tdm≥ apX-ep≈

k`m-N-cn-Xw (A-t¥ym-Iym ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-sS -N-cn-Xw). c≠mw`mKw

]uc-kvXy-k-`m-[y-£-∑m-cpsS Ncn-Xw.- AXmbXv ]uckvXy a^nbm≥

amcpsS NcnXw. temINcnXw 1286-˛¬ acm-Km-bn¬ h®v _¿ F-_mbm

Ad-_n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-bvXp.- aq-∂p- Xm-fp-Iƒ amXw Ah-ti-

jn-°th At±lw acn-®p.- ""A¬ apIvXk¿lnZv Zhm¬'' F∂mWv

Ad-_n-t∏-cv.

20.- Ivkmhm Zv]qim°v sl¬ta: ""kz]v\--hym-Jym-\-KŸw''.

21. Ivkm-hm- ZvXq\msb sa-K-sl-Ims\: ZpxJn-X¿°p-th≠n

_¿ F_mbm


kt¥mj Imcy-ßfpw Xam-i-Ifpw hnh-cn-°p∂ KŸw. ap≥Im-e-tc-J-

Isf B[m-c-am-°n-bm-WnXv Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. A_p- k-bnZv A¬

A_n-bp-sS (+1030) KŸw [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

22.- Ivkmhm Zvbu\m: ""]mhns‚ ]pkvX-Iw''.- B-[ym-fln-I- \n-b-

¥m-hn-√mØ Xm]-- -cpsS k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-I-ao-I-cWw kw_-‘n-®p≈

KŸw. \me-[ym-b-ß-fp≈ Hcp KŸ-am-Wn-Xv.

23. Ivkmhm ZvIm\q\m dºm Zv-A_p Aen: A_p Aen-bpsS henb

Imt\m-\KŸw.- A-hn-s®-∂m- (-A_p Aen _¿ko-\m) bpsS sshZy-im-

kvX-K-Ÿw.- A-Xns‚ \mep `mK-ßƒ hn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXp.- ]q¿Øn-

bm°p-∂-Xn-\p-apºv acn-®p.

24.- Ivkmhm ZvaIvk-_v\qkm k_vt\: kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ tImWn-

°nƒ.

25.- Ivkm-hm- d-ºm..:sshZy-∑m-cpsS A`n-]m-b-ßƒ hni-Z-ambn

\¬Ip∂ hen-b -K-Ÿw. sshZy-imkvXw kw_-‘n-®p≈ At±-l-

Øns‚ G‰hpw hen-b -K-Ÿw.

26.- Ivkmhm Ztª kpkoXm Zv KΩm-Xn°n: ""]Im-i-K-Ÿw''. sNdnb-

hym-I-c-W-KŸw. A-Xp- apgp-h-\m-°m≥ -A-t±-l-Øn\v Ign-™-n-√.

27.- Ivkmhm Zv]qimIm Zviphmte ZvlpZv lpss\≥: lpss\s‚

""tNmtZym-Ø-c-K-Ÿw''.- Xn-cy-°p-Iƒ hsc hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-bvXp.

28.- Ivkmhm Zvaqi-lmXm: ]m´p -cq-]-Øn-ep≈ tlman-en-Iƒ.

29..- Ivkmhm ZvHukm¿ dmtk: ""cl-ky-ß-fpsS \nt£-]-K-Ÿw''.

At±lw hnip≤ KŸw apgp-h-s‚bpw sSIvÃv Xncp-ØpIbpw hymJym-

\-ßƒ tiJ-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.-

30. ln-sb-tcm-sX-tbm-kns‚ hymJym-\-KŸw Npcp°n ]Xn-]m-Zn®p.

31.- Hcp A\m-^-dm.

"Bsc-¶nepw Cu KŸ-ßƒ hmbn-°p-Ibpw a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw Bg-

ambn A]-K-Yn-°pIbpw sN-bvXm¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-Øns‚

i‡nbpw hm‹n-Xzhpw tijvT-Xbpw Bghpw ]c∏pw Kln-°m-\m-hpw'

F∂pw ktlm-Z-c-\mb _¿kuam Ipdn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. At±lw XpS-cp∂p:

"Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ KŸ-]m-cm-b-W-Øn¬ apgp-Inbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw ]≈n-

Iƒ ]Wn-bp-∂-Xnepw Po¿Wn-®h \ho-I-cn-°p-∂-Xnepw saXm-\m-b Imew

apX¬ At±lw i-≤n-®n-cp-∂p....- A-se-t∏mbv°v kao]w At±lw Hcm-

Xp-cm-ebw ]Wn-Xp. -\m¬]Xp sIm√-Øn-\n-Sbv°v At±lw GsX-¶nepw



]Ww ssIIm-cyw -sN-øp-∂Xv Rm≥ I≠n-ń-√.- hn-izm-kn-Iƒ kvtXmX-

Im-gvN-Iƒ ssIbn¬ sImSp-°m≥ ian-°p-tºmƒ At±lw Ah

\nc-kn-®n-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ Ah¿ AXv At±-l-Øns‚ apºmsI h®n-´-

pt]m-Ip-am-bn-cp-∂p. injy-cn-em-sc¶nepw hcp-∂-Xp-hsc AXv AhnsS InS-

°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. BZyw hcp∂ injy-t\mSv AXv Ahn-sS \n∂v FSpØp-

am-‰m≥ Bh-iy-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ ssIap-Øp-tºmƒ Nne¿ ]W-

°ngn t]m°-‰n¬ hbv°p-am-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±lw Hcn-S-Øp-\n∂v as‰m-cn-S-

tØ°v t]mIp-tºmƒ C-Øcw ]W-k-©n-Iƒ Im-Wp-I -]-Xn-hm-bn-cp-

∂p... -A-t±lw ImcpWyhpw Ffn-abpw im¥-X-bpw -kw-km-c-am-[p-cnbpw

lrZ-b-hn-im-e-Xbpw D≈-bm-fm-bn-cp∂p''.

a[yIm-e- bm-t°m-_mb Nn¥-I-cp-sS- Iq-´-Øn¬ AZzn-Xob- ÿ-m-\-

amWv At±-l-Øn-\p-≈-Xv. bmt°m-_m-b-k-`-sb- kw-_‘n®v At±lw

Ah-cpsS G‰-hpw henb ssZh-im-kvX-⁄\pw Im\≥\n-baw kam-l-

cn-®-bmfpw XmXzn-I-\pw- B-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±lw AKm-[-]-WvUn-X≥ -B-bn-

cp-s∂∂v ]m›m-Xycpw ]uc-kvXycpw kΩ-Xn-°pw. `mjm-]-T-\-Øn¬-

A-t±-l-Øn\v hen-b -I-gn-hp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kpdn-bm-\nbpw Ad-_nbpw Hcp-

t]mse ssIIm-cyw -sN-bvXn-cp-∂p.- Ko°v, A¿ta-\n-b≥, -t]¿jy≥,

lo_p, tIm]vXn°v XpS-ßnb a-‰p-]e `mj-Ifpw At±-l-Øn\v hi-am-

bn-cp-∂p. acWw hsc ITn-\m-[zm\w sNøm-\p≈ am\- n-Ihpw imco-cn-I-

hp-am-b- ti-jnbpw At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- kw-`-h-ßƒ kz¥-ambn

hne-bn-cp-Øm-\p≈ Ignhpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a‰p-≈-h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ `wKn-

bmbn X\-Xmb ssien-bn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥ At±-l-Øn\v km[n®p.

At±-l-Øns‚ henb IrXn-I-sfms° CØ-c-Øn¬ s]´-h-bm-Wv. D-Zm.

A-t±-l-Øns‚ thZ-]p-kvX-I-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ Ub-\o-jykv _¿k-eo-

_nsb B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈-Xm-Wv. Ub-\o-jy-km-Is´ ta¿hnse Cutim-

Zm-Zn-s\-bpw -tami _¿tI-^m-sbbpw Bi-bn-®p. Ncn-X-c-N-\-bv°v anJm-

tb¬ dm-t_m-sb -B-i-bn-®p. anJm-tb-em-Is´ skhptUm Ub-\o-jykv

ZvsX¬-am-sd-sb B-[m-c-am-°n. hfsc thK-Øn¬ KŸ-c-N\ \S-Øm≥

Ign-hp≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. -K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sS FÆhpw hen-∏hpw

CXv hnfn-®-dn-bn-°p-∂p. H‰-amkw sIm≠mWv At±lw Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-

Øns‚ H∂mw- mKw acm-Km-bn¬h®v kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \n∂v- A-d-_n-bn-te°v

hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-bvX-Xv.- AXpw \nc-h[n Iqń-t®-¿°-ep-I-tfm-Sp--Iq-Sn. AP-

]m-e-I -tPm-en-°nS-bn¬ CX-bpw Fgp-Xm≥ Fß-s\- km-[n-®p- F-∂Xv

]e-scbpw A¤p-X-s∏-Sp-Øn-bn- p-≠v. In´p∂ \nan-j-ß-sfm∂pw At±lw

]mgm-°-nbn-√. £oW-sa-s¥-∂-dn-bm-Ø -a-\ pw Xf-cmØ Ic-ß-fp-am-

bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xv.- Im-cy-ßƒ hfsc thKw Kln-°m-\p≈ Ignhv

_¿ F_mbm


At±-l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Zp¿K-l- X-Xz-ßfpw hnh-c-Wßfpw km[m-c-

W-°m-c\p a\- n-em-Ip∂ mj-bn¬ Fgp-Xp-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p.

At±-l-Øns‚ Hm¿a-i‡n A]m-c-am-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw hmbn-°p-∂-h-

bpsS t\m´p-Iƒ Ipdn-®n-cp-∂p. A]-Imcw IrXy-ambn Ipdn® t\m´p

-I-fpsS klm-b-Øm¬ amXta CX-thKw henb KŸ-ßƒ cNn--°m≥

km[n-°p-am-bn-cp-∂p-≈p. a\pjysc hne-bn-cp-Øp-hm≥ At±-l-Øn\v

Ign™p. Ah-cpsS Ipd-hp-Ifpw t]mbva-Ifpw At±lw aqSn-h-®n-√. ên-

X-cq-]-Øn¬ ]eXpw t\m°n-°m-Wm≥ km[n-®p. At±lw tPymXn-j-

Ønepw Iptd-sbms° hniz-kn-®n-cp -∂p. - a-X-]-c-ambn ka-`m-h\

]pe¿Øm≥ At±-l-Øn\p Ign-™p. -a‰v InkvXo-b- hn-`m-K-°m-tcmSpw

a‰p aX-°m-tcmSpw At±lw ssaXn-bnembn-cp-∂p.

13. A⁄m-X-I¿XrI tcJ-Iƒ

KŸ-I¿Ømhv Bsc-∂-dn-bm≥ ]mSn-√m-Ø- ]e tcJ-I-fpw

kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. A°q-´-Øn¬ KoX-ßfpw Poh-N-cn-X-ßfpw

hnh-c-Wßfpw a‰pw Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

Ko-X-ßƒ

A©pw Bdpw \q‰m≠p-I-fnse ]e Ub-temKv KoX-ßfpw Cu KW-

Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p. A_-lmapw kmdmbpw CuPn-]vXn¬ Ign-™-Xns\

B[m-c-am-°n-bp≈ KoX-ßƒ (-D-Xv]Øn 12,10-˛20),- C-k-lm-°ns\ _en-

I-gn-°p-∂Xv (D-ev].22), -bu-tk-∏n-s\-∏‰n \mev saam-Iƒ,- G-en-bmbpw

kmsd-]vXm-bnse hn[-hbpw (1-cm-Pm. 17), -a-dn-b-sØbpw butk-∏n-s\bpw

Ipdn-®p≈ saam F∂nh A©mw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv. kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS

CS-bn¬ CØcw KoX-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. Imtb\pw

lmt_-epw, adn-bhpw amem-J-bpw,- a-dn-bhpw amPn-I-fpw,- kv\m-]-I\pw

InkvXp-hpw,- tIm-t_bpw I≈-\pw,- am-k-ßƒ XΩn-ep≈ X¿°w

F∂nh C°m-e-tØ-Xm-Wv. I\y-I-a-dn -bsØ ]‰n-bp≈ aZvdmti

t]mep≈ ]e aZvdmti-Ifpw A©mw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv.- Z\-lmsb-∏‰n

at\m-l-c-am-b-Hcp aZvdmti ]Zy-cq-]-Øn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Po-h-N-cn-X-ßƒ

""A_lmw IoZq-\m-bpsSbpw At±-l-Øns‚ A\-¥n-c-hƒ adnb-Øn-

s‚bpw Poh-N-cnXw'' A©mw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv. -CXv sX‰mbn At]-

an¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu IrXn Ko°n-te°pw eØo-\n-te°pw

hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.



Hcp ssZh-a-\pjys‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw. CXv Ko°n-te-°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvX-

t∏mƒ IYm-]p-cp-js‚ t]cv Ase-Ivknkv F∂m-bn. Cu sSIvÃv ho≠pw

kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°pw eØo-\n-te°pw hnh¿Ø-\w- -sN-ø-s∏-´p.

Fhp-t^-an-bmbpw tKmXycpw: Hcp FtU- ≥ bph-Xnsb \n¿_-‘n-®v

Hcp tKmXy-s\- sIm≠v hnhmlw Ign-∏n-®p. Abmsf ]ns∂ Ah-fpsS

AΩ -ho-ń¬ Xma-kn-∏n-®p.

""XqWn-t∑¬ sia-tbms‚ Poh-N-cnXw'' At±-l-Øns‚ ac-Wm-\-¥-cw

(459) ASp-Øp- ]m¿Øn-cp-∂ -Hcp k\ymkn kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Fgp-Xn.

sia-tbms\ ]‰n-bp≈ B[n-Im-cn-I- hn-h-c-W-ß-fn¬- H-∂m-Wn-Xv.- a-s‰m∂v

Xnb-sUm-sd-‰ns‚ k\ym-k-N-cn-X-Øn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv.-

Pq-en-b-≥ tdmam≥kv F∂- IrXn Pqen-b-≥ NI-h¿Øn-tbm-Sp≈ ]Ibpw

(+363) tPmhn-b-≥ NI-h¿Øntbm-Sp≈ BZ-chpw ]I-Sn-∏n-°p-∂p. tPmhn-

bs\ hfsc ]Io¿Øn-°p-∂p. CXn-s‚ -B-Zy-`mKw \jvS-s∏-´p.- F-tU-

m-bn¬ h-®v A-©mw- \q-‰m-≠n¬ CXv Fgp-X-s∏-´p. dm_p-f-sb (411-˛436)

kvXp-Xn-®p-sIm≠v Btcm Abm-fpsS Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn.

A_-lm-an-s\bpw Ck-lm-°n--s\bpw ]‰n-bp≈ tlman-enbpw Cu

Ime-L-´-Øn-te-Xm-Wv. Z\-lm-sb-∏-‰n aq∂p -tlm-an-en-Iƒ,- ]m-]n-\n-sb-

∏‰n aq∂p -tlm-an-en-Iƒ,- a-lm-]p-tcm-ln-X-s\∏‰n Hcp tlmanen (F-_m.5,7),-

am¿-B-_m-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw F∂nh Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv.

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ N-I-h¿Øn-sb-∏‰n ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Hcp tlmanen Ggmw

\q‰m-≠n-te-Xm-Wv. CXv ]e ]Xn-∏p-I-fn¬ e`y-am-Wv.- tkm-Knse

bm-t°m-_n¬ CXv sX‰mbn Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. F∂m-enXv hS-°≥

saskm-s∏m-t´-an-bm-bn¬h®v 629/30˛¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´p. slcm-¢n-bkv

NI-h¿Øn -t]¿jym°m-cn¬ \n∂v hnip-≤- Ip-cniv Xncn®p ]nSn-®-Xn\p

tij-amWv CsX-gp-s∏-´-Xv.

ImtXm-en°m km_m-do-tim-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw (+604), \nkn-_n-knse

s^t_m-Wn-bm-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw F∂n-hbpw Ggmw \q‰m-≠nse

IrXn-I-fm-Wv.

dºm≥ _¿ -Cu-Xm-bp-sS Poh-N-cnXw (+612) t]¿jym-°m-c≥ tbml-

∂m≥ Ggmw \q‰m-≠n¬ KZy-Øn-se-gp-Xn. AXns‚ ]Zy-cq-]-Øn-ep≈

]Xn-∏p -am--Xta \ap°v Inń-bn-´p-≈-p. AXv ]Xn-s\m∂mw \q‰m-≠n-te-

XmWv.-

d-ºm≥ slm¿an-kvZns‚ Poh-N-cnXw (6/7 \q.) Hcp sia-tbm≥ k\ym-

A⁄m-X-I¿XrI tcJ-Iƒ


kn-bp-sS t]cn¬ ]Nn-cn®ncp-∂p. ]n¬°m-e-Øp-≠mb c≠p -]-Xn-∏p-Iƒ

C∂v e`y-am-Wv.

hnizm-k-km-£n-bm-b -am-Ivkn-ap-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw (+662) At±-l-Øns‚

ac-Wm-\-¥cw GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Zn-I-fmtcm iXp-Xm-a-t\m-`m-h-tØm-Sp-IqsS

Fgp-Xn -]-N-cn-∏n®p. At±lw GI-Nn-Øhm-Z-Øn\v FXn-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

bm_m-em-l-m aq∂m-a-s‚bpw (+1317) dºm≥ kuam-bp-sSbpw NcnXw

Btcm Fgp-Xn. ssN\-bn¬ \n∂v awtKmƒJms‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn ]m›m-

Xy-tem-IØv Ch¿ -h-∂-Xns‚ hnh-c-am-Wn-Xn¬.- bm-_m-emlm Im-tXm-

en-°m- B-bn.- kuam bqtdm-∏n-\p- t]m-bn. bm_m-em-lm-bp-ambn t\cn´pw

kuam-bp-ambn Ipdn-∏p-I-fn-eq-sSbpw KŸ-Im-c≥ _‘s∏-´p.

3. hnh-c-W-ßƒ

""skhp-tUm-˛-sa-tXm-Un-bkv As∏m-I-en]vkv'' DØc -sa-k-s∏m-t´-an-bm-

bn¬ h®v 691-˛¬ Btcm Fgp-Xn.- AXv Ko°n-te°pw eØo-\n-te°pw

hnh¿Ø-\w- sN-ø-s∏-´p. ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øv -C-Xn\v henb ]N-cWw

e`n-®p.- CXv At\-I-cp-sS- Nn-¥m-K-Xnsb kzm-[o-\n-®p.- Im-em-¥y-Øns‚ -

A-S-bm-f-amWv C…m-ans‚ BK-a-\-sa-∂mWv KŸ-Im-cs‚ \nK-a-\w.

""\nt£-]-ß-fp-sS Kpl'', ""Pqen-b≥ sdmam≥kv''- ""A-e-Ivkm-≠-dns\

]‰n-bp≈ KoXw'' F∂p -Xp-S-ßn-b ap≥Im-e-tc-J-Iƒ KŸ-Im-c≥ -CXn¬-

D-]-tbm-Kn-®n- p-≠v.

DXv]-Øn,- ]p-d-∏mSv F∂n-h-bpsS F´mw \q‰m-≠nse Hcp `mjyw Iptd-

\mƒ apºv Znbm-_-°o-dn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Sp-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.-

F-tU- m- saXms\-∂p- kzbw hnti-jn-∏n-°p∂ H-cmƒ ""Imc-W-ß-fpsS

ImcWw'' F∂- t]-cn¬ Hcp KŸw Fgp-Xn -]-N-cn-∏n-®p. bYm¿Y-⁄m\w

\¬Im≥ -B-Im-i-Øn≥ Io-gp≈ k¿h-a-\p-jy¿°pw th≠n-bm-WnXv

F∂p- ]-d-™n-cn-°p-∂p. a\p-jy\pw ssZh-hp-am-bp-≈- _‘w N¿®-

sN-øp-∂p.- a-Xm-¥-c-kw-hm-Z-Øn-\p≈ ]cn-iaw \S-Øp-∂p. -Xn-Xz-]-t_m-

[\w bqZ¿°pw ap…o-ßƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-am-I-Ø-°-hn[w Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°m≥ i-an-°p-∂p.



IIkndn-bm-bn¬ \n∂p≈

Ko°v I-nkvXob kmlnXyw

BapJw

At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-b¿t°-‰n¬ Ko°pw kpdn-bm-\nbpw kwkm-cn-

°p-∂-h-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cmb ]ecpw Ko°n-emWv IrXn-I-

sf-gp-Xn-b-Xv. kndn-bm, ^n\o-jy, Atd-_y, Hjvtd≥, saskm-s∏m-t´-an-

bm, Cku-dn-bm,- ssk-]kv F∂o tdma≥ t]mhn≥kp-Iƒ At¥ym-

Iym- ]m-Xn-b¿t°-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp-∂p. ta¬∏-d-™ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬

\n∂p≈ Ko°v Fgp-Øp-Imsc∏‰n Npcp-°-ambn N¿®- sN-ømw.

kndn-bm-bn¬ k\ymkw ]pjvSn- ]m-]n-®n-cp-∂p. Xnb-sUm-td‰v kndn-

bm-bnse k\ym-kn-I-fpsS Hcp NcnXw cNn-®p. kvXw`-Xm-]- ¿ XpSßn

acp-`q-an-bnepw h\-]-tZ-iØpw GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fmbn Ae™p-\-S∂

k\ym-kn-Ifpw AhnsS D≠mbn-cp-∂p.

ssk]-kns‚ «olm-bm-bn-cp∂p _¿W-_m-kv. -A-°m-c-W-Øm¬

ss«lnI-k-`bmb ssk]-knse k` At¥ym-Iy-bpsS ta¬t°mbva

CjvS-s∏-ń-√. At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-∑m¿ AØcw \o°w \S-Øn-b-t∏m-

sgms° Ah¿ AXns\ FXn¿°p-Ibpw tdman¬ ]cm-Xn-s∏--Sp-I-bpw

sNbvXp.- F-t^-tkmkv Iu¨kn¬ (431) Ah-cpsS kzX-¥-\ne AwKo-

I-cn-®p. ""Izn\n-skIvÃv Iu¨kn¬'' (-Im-\≥ 36) CXm-h¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-

®p. GI-C-—m-hm-Z-Øn\pw GI-am-\- -hm-Z-Øn\pw FXn-cmb \ne-]mSv Cu

k` kzoI-cn-®p.


1. A©pw Bdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿

At¥ym-Iy-bnse sXb-tUm- kv (420- 429)

Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ saXms‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn sXb-tUm- kv At¥y-mIy≥ saXm-

\mbn. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans\ kw_-‘n-®- X¿°-ß-fn¬ At±lw

tPmWn\v A\p-Iq-e-amb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®p. Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Xs‚ k`m-N-

cn-X-Øn¬ At±-lsØ ]Io¿Øn®v kwkm-cn-°p-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚

A[y-£-X-bn¬ IqSnb Hcp At¥ym-Iy≥ kn\Uv (422) D¤-h-]m]w kw_-

‘n-®p≈ s]em-Pn-b-≥ ho£-W-ßƒ Xnc-kvI-cn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ Nne

IrXn-I-fpsS tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta Ah-ti-jn-®n- p-≈p.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse tbml-∂m≥ (429- 441/2)

sXb-tUm-´-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tbml∂m≥ (tPm¨) At¥ym-Iy≥

saXm-\m-bn.- F-t -tkmkv Iu¨kn-ep-ambn _‘-s∏´ kw -h-ß-fn¬

tbml-∂m≥ \n¿Wm-bI kzm[o\w sNep-Øn. At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥m-co-

Xnbpw `mjyco-Xn-I-fpw ssZh-im-kvXhpw tbml-∂m\pw kzmwio-I-cn-®n-

cp-∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnse kndn-ens‚ 12 im]-ßƒ°v adp-]Sn Fgp-

Xm≥ Xnb-sUm-sd-‰n-s\bpw kma-tkm- -bnse A¥-tbm-kn-s\bpw tbml-

∂m≥ t]cn-∏n-®p. tbml-∂m\pw ]uc-kvXy-sa-Xm-∑mcpw 431 Pq¨ 24- -

\mWv Ft -tkmkv Iu¨kn-en\v FØn-t®¿∂-Xv.- kn-dn-ens‚ A[y-

£-X-bn¬ 22- -\p-Xs∂ Iu¨kn¬ XpSßn s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈

hn[n-hm-NIw D®-cn-®-Xmbn a\-kn-em-°n. tbml-∂ms‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬

]uc-kvXy -]-hn-iy-bnse 50 saXm-∑m¿ kn\-Up-IqSn kndn-en-s\bpw Ft -

tkm-knse saavt\m-sWbpw Pq¨ 26- \v ÿm-\- -jvS-cm-°n.- kn-dn-ens‚

kn\Uv tPmWn-s\bpw 34 saXm-∑m-scbpw apS-°n. Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-

h¿Øn kndn-ens‚bpw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚bpw apS°v Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. Cu

Ah-kcw NI-h¿Øn°v tbml-∂m≥ Hcp hnizm-k-]-J-ym-]\w Ab®p-

sIm-Sp-Øp. kndnepw ]uc-kvXycpw XΩn¬ 433- ¬ D≠m-°nb sFIy-

t^m¿ap-e-bpsS (knw-t_mfpw bqWn-tbm-Wn-kv) ASn-ÿm-\-tcJ CXm-bn-

cp∂p F∂v Nne¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-epw (451) tbml-

∂m≥ hc-®p-Im- nb ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv \oßn-b-Xv. tbml-∂ms‚ IrXn-I-

fpsS Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta \ap°v Inń-bn- p-≈p.

Zntbm-sN-km-dn-bm-bnse kpIvsk≥kpkv (+440)

Cku-dn-bm-bnse Zntbm-sN-km-dnbm saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw s\kvtXm-

dn-b≥ X¿°-Øn¬ kndn-ens‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. sFIyt^m¿ap-e-sb

kndn-bm-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Ko°v I-nkvXob kmlnXyw


(433) kwi-b-Zr„ym ho£n-°p-Ibpw kndn-ens‚ 12 im]-ß-fn¬ \n∂p≈

hyXn-N-e-\-ambn ImWp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS Nne

tcJm-i-I-eßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

X¿tkm-knse sl√m-Un-bp-kv (5- mw \q.)

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ Ime-Øv (431) -X¿tkm-kn-se (-kn-eojy

]oam) saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂p sl√m-Un-bp-kv. X¿°-Øn¬ ]uc-

kvXy-cpsS IqsS Bbn-cp∂ At±lw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]Z-]-tbm-K-

ß-fp-am-bp≈ HØp-Xo¿∏n\v k∂-≤-\-√m-bn-cp-∂p. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\

apS-°n-bXv AwKo-I-cn-°m≥ Iq´m-°n-b-Xp-an-√.- F-∂m¬ 433-˛se sFIy-

t^m¿ape AwKo-I-cn-®p.- A-t±lw 431-˛\pw 434-˛\pw CSbv°v Ab-®Xpw

At±-l-Øn\v e`n®-Xp-amb IØpIƒ e`y-am-Wv.

skô-dn-bp-anse skt\m-_n-bpkv (5- mw \q.)

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ ImeØv skô-dnbw (kn-eo-jy ]oam)

saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ skt\m-_n-bp-kpw kneo-jy≥ saXm-∑mcpw sFIy-

t^m¿ape (433) AwKo-I-cn-®n√.- A-°mcWØm¬ 435-˛¬ Xnt_-cn-bm-

kn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp IØv e`y-am-Wv.

IkvX-_m-em-bnse slko-°n-bpkv (5- mw \q.)

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ ImeØv IkvX-_m-em-bnse (kn-enjym

sk°p≥Zm) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ slko-°n-bp-kv kndnens\Xnsc ]uc-

kvXy-cpsS ]£-Øm-bn-cp∂p. Nne IØp-Iƒ amXta At±-l-Øn¬

\n∂v \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

A\-k¿_-knse amIvkn-an≥ (5- mw \q.)

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ ImeØv A\-k¿_-kv (-kn-eo-jym- sk-

°p≥Zm) saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂p amIvkn-an≥. ]uckvXy saXm-

∑m¿ FØn-b--tijw amXw Iu¨kn¬ XpS-ßn-bm¬ a-Xn-sb∂v At±lw

hmZn-®p.- kn-dn-ens\ apS-°nb -tbm-l-∂ms‚ kn\-Un¬ kw_-‘n-®p. Ae-

Ivkm-≠nbm-°m-cp-ambn bmsXm-scm-Øp-Xo¿∏n\pw At±lw k∂-≤-\-

√m-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse tbml-∂m-\p-ambn

sX‰n∏n-cn-™p. -AtX Bi-b-°m-c-≥ lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-kv saXm-t∏m-

eoØm (-kn-eo-jym -]o-am) Ae-Ivkm≠-dpsS IqsS°qSn. sFIy-

t^m¿ape AwKo-I-cn-°m-Xn-cp∂ \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏´ saXm-∑m-cpsS ]ń-I-

bn¬ amIvkn-an-≥ C√m-Ø-Xn-\m¬ 433-˛-\p- aptº acn-s®∂p Icp-Xp-∂p.-

A-t±-l-Øns‚ Nne IØp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

A©pw Bdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿


sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse sate-jy-kv (5- mw \q.)

sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bn¬ (kn-eo-jym -sk-°p≥Zm) Xnb-tUm-dns‚ ]n≥Km-

an-bmbn 428-˛¬ sate-jykv saXm-\m-bn.- sFIy-t^m¿ape (433) AwKo-

I-cn-°m≥ Xbm-dm-Im-™-Xn-\m¬ ÿm-\-`-jvS-\m-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw A¿ta-

\n-bm-bn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bpw sNbvXp. kndn-ens‚ ]£-]m-Xn-

bmb AIm-Nn-bkv saXms‚ I¿°-i- ta¬t\m-´-Øn¬ Ign-tb≠n-h-

∂p. At±lw Ab® ]e IØp-Ifpw e`y-am-Wv. Xs‚ \ne-]mSv \ymbo-

I-cn-®p- sIm-≠p-≈-h-bmWv IØp-Iƒ. At¥ym-Iy-bnse tbml-∂m≥

sFIy-t^m¿ape AwKo-I-cn-®Xv sate-jy-kn\v CjvS-s∏-ń-√.

A∏-sa-bm-bn-se Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ (5˛mw \q.)

A∏-sa-bm-bn-se (-kn-dnbm sk°p≥Zm) saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂p

Ae-Ivkm≠¿. s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ X¿°-Øn¬ At±lw kndnens\Xnsc

]uc-kvXy-cpsS ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. ]uc-kvXy-cpsS kn\-Un¬ ]s¶-SpØp.-

kn-dn-ens‚ kn\-Unse A©mw skj-\n¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ apS-°-s∏-´p.

At±-l-Øns‚ Nne IØp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Fta-km-bnse ]utem-kv (5- mw \q.)

Fta-km-bn¬ (-^n-\ojym en_-s\≥kv) 410-˛¬ ]utemkv saXm-\m-bn.

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-en¬ ]uc-kvXy-cpsS ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-e-

Ivkm-≠nbm°mcp-ambn HØp-Xo¿∏p-≠m-°m≥ At¥ym-Iy-bnse tbml-

∂m≥ 432-˛¬ ]utem-kns\ CuPn-]vXn-te°v Ab-®p. Cu ZuXy-\n¿h-

l-Wm¿Yw At±lw c≠p ]mhiyw kndn-ens\ kµ¿in®v 433-˛se

sFIy--t^m¿ap-e-bv°v AwKo-Imcw t\Sn. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ apS°v

AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw amIvkn-an-bs\ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvX-Xn-\m¬,- kn-dn¬ At±-lsØ Iq´m-bva-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-Ibpw

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnse IØo-U-en¬ ]kw-Kn-°m≥ ]e ]mhiyw

£Wn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- A-t±lw 433-˛\pw 435-˛\pw CSbv°v acn-®p.

At±lØns‚ Nne ]kw-K-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. Ah-bn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥

Nn-¥m-coXn Zriy-am-Wv. ssZh-am-Xm-hv (-sX-tbm-tXm-t°m-kv) F∂ ]Z

-]-tbmKhpw sFIy-t^m¿ap-e-bnse ssien-Ifpw ]kw-K-Øn¬

ImWm-hp∂-Xm-Wv.

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ (5- mw \q.)

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-kv (-kn-dnbm Fhp-^-tØ-kym)- sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm

B-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠¿. At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-b¿t°-‰n¬ DS-\ofw

At±lw _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Hcp henb AP-]m-e-I\pw B[ym-



fln-I-t\-Xm-hp-ambn Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂p. hfsc sNdp∏-Øn-¬ -Xs∂ As∏m-

≈n-\m-cn-ksØ FXn¿°p-Ibpw At¥ym-Iy-bnse sate-jy-kns‚ \n¿tZ-

i-Øm¬ Hcp Ue-tK-j-\mbn 379- ¬ tdman¬ t]mbn Uam-kpkv ]m∏msb

kµ¿in-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨knen¬ ]uc-kvXy-cpsS

i‡-\mb h‡m-hm-bn-cp-∂p At±lw. Ft^-tkm-kn\p tijhpw

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ ]n≥Xm-ßp-Ibpw HØp-Xo¿∏n\p Iq´m-°m-Xn-cn-°p-

Ibpw sNbvXp. ]uc-kvXy-cpsS CSbnse Hcp Kq∏ns‚ t\Xm-hm-bn,

433-˛se sFIy-t^m¿ape Xnc-kvI-cn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ a\ v am‰m≥

]e k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw knhnƒ A[n-Im-cn-Ifpw ian-s®-¶nepw At±lw

Xs‚ \ne-]m-Sn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p. 435- ¬ ÿm-\- -jvS-\m-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw CuPn-

]vXnse tam-Xnkv J\n-bn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.- Xs‚

\ne-]mSv \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p≈ At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-h[n IØp-Iƒ

e`n-®n-´p≠v.

tZmfns-°-bn-se l_o-_v (5- mw \q.)

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ Ah-kcw tZmfn-s°-bn-se (-kn-dnbm Fhp-

^-tX-kym) saXm\pw lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse Ae-Ivkm-≠-dpsS k^-

K-\p-am-bn-cp∂p l_o-_v (-A-∫o-_p-kv). At±lw ]uc-kvXy-sa-Xm-∑m-

cpsS ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. -sF-Iy-t^m¿ap-e-bv°p-ti-jhpw (433) Xs‚

saXm-t∏m-eo-Øm-tbm-sSm∏w At¥ym-Iy≥ ]Z-]tbm-K-ßsf \ymbo-I-

cn-®p. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ 434/5˛¬ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \mSp-I-S-

Ø-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. At±-l-Øns‚ Nne IØp-Iƒ \ap°v e`n-®n-

´p-≠v.

kma-tkm- -bnse A¥-tbmkv (5- mw \q.)

Ft^-tkm-kns‚ Ah-kcw A¥-tbmkv kma-tkm-´-bnse (kn-dnbm

Fhp-^-tØ-kym) saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. kndn-ens‚ 12 im]-ßƒs°-Xnsc

]uc-kvXy-sa-Xm-∑m-cpsS t]cn¬ adp-]Sn Fgp-Xm≥ At¥ym-Iy-bnse

tbml-∂m≥ A¥-tbm-kns\ \ntbm-Kn-®p.- A-t±lw t\cn´v Ft^-

tkmkv Iu¨kn-en¬ kw_-‘n-®n-s√-¶n-epw, At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥m-co-

Xn-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. A¥-tbm-kns‚ adp-]-Snsb JWvUn-

®p-sIm≠v FtU- m-bnse dm_p-f Fgp-Xn-b-t∏mƒ, At±lw kpdn-bm-

\n-bn¬ Hcp IsØ-gp-Xn. AXn¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ In-kvXp-im-kvX-

ssi-en-Iƒ kpkv]-jvS-am-Wv. sFIy-t^m¿ap-esb BZyw FXn¿sØ-

¶nepw ]n∂oSv AwKo-I-cn-®p. 455- -t\m-S-SpØv acn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ IØp-

I-fn¬\n∂v At±-l-Øns‚ InkvXp-im-kvX-ssien a\- n-em-°mw.



saen-‰o-\nse AIm-Nn-b-kv (-+449)

saen-‰o-\nse (A¿ta-\n-bm) AIm-Nn-bkv Ahn-SpsØ ]≈n-bnse hmb-

\-°m-c-\pw 384-˛¬ alm-\m-b Fhp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ (377-˛473) Kpcp-hpam-bn-

cp-∂p. 430-˛\p apºv saXm-\m-bn.- Ko-°p-k` At±-lsØ hnip-≤-\mbn

]cn-K-Wn-°p-Ibpw G]n¬ 17- \v A\p-kv-a-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. At±lw

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-en¬ kndn-ens‚ ]£-]mXn Bbn, \n¿Wm-b-

I-kzm-[o-\w -sN-ep-Øn.- A-hn-sS-h®v Hcp ]kwKw \S-Øn. At±-l-Øns‚

Nne IØp-Iƒ \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse sate-jy-

kns\ Cbm-fpsS ASp-tØ-°mWv \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-Xv.

FtU- m-bnse dm_pf (+438)

Ft^tkmkv Iu¨kn-en-s‚ ImeØv dm_pf FtU- m (-H-jvtd≥)

saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ Poh-N-cn-Xw e`y-

am-Wv. Ase-t∏m-bv°-SpØv sIs∂-io\n¬ (-Im¬Nn-kv) P\n® dm_pf

Ko°pw kpdn-bm-\nbpw ]Tn-®p. AbmfpsS ]nXmhv t]K≥ ]ptcm-ln-

X\pw AΩ InkvXym-\n-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. Ase-t∏m-bnse AIm-Nn-bkv,

sIs∂-io-\nse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, A_lmw F∂ GIm-¥-hmkn F∂n-

h-cpsS kzm[o-\-Øm¬ InkvXp-a-XØn-te°v BIr-jvS-\m-bn. ]e-kvXo-

\-bn¬ \S-Ønb Xo¿Ym-S-\m-h-kcw tbm¿Zm≥ \Zn-bn¬ h®v kv\m\-

ta‰v InkvXym-\n-bm-bn. AXn-\p-tijw mcy-tbbpw a°-tfbpw hn´v k\y-

kn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. X\n-°p-≈-sX√mw Dt]-£n®v GIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-

®p-h-cth FtU- m -sa-Xm≥ Zntbm-P-\kv acn®-t∏mƒ dm_pf ]n≥Km-

an-bm-bn. \ho-I-cW X¬]c-\m-bn-cp∂ dm_pf Xs‚ cq]-X-bnse k\ym-

kn-I-sfbpw sshZn-I-scbpw P\-ß-sfbpw \ho-I-cn-°m≥ ian-®p. ]mj-

WvU¿°pw hnPm-Xn-b¿°pw bqZ¿°p-sa-Xnsc \oßn. k\ym-k-®n-´-Iƒ

saXms‚ `h-\-Ønepw \S-∏m-°n. k\ym-k-Po-hnXw ]cn-]p-jvS-am-°m≥

]cn-i-an-®p. Xs‚ cq]-Xbv°v ]pd-Øp≈ k\ym-kn-I-fp-ambn _‘w

]pe¿Øn.

Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ ImeØv dm_pf BZyw ]uc-kvXy-tcm-Sp-

IqsS \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p. kndn-en-s\-Xnsc tbml-∂m≥ ssI-s°m≠ \S-]-Sn-

Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p. F∂m¬ ]n∂oSv kndn-en-t\mSv IqSp-X¬ ASp-°p-Ibpw

At±-l-Øns‚ Bcm-[-I-\m-bn- Xo-cp-I-bpw- At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-

kvX-Øns‚ ]Jym-]n-X- i-Xp-hmbn Xocp-I-bpw sN-bvXp. Xnb-tUm-dns‚

IrXn-Iƒs°Xn-sc i‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp. A°m-eØv FtU- ≥

Iem-e-b-Øn¬ Xnb-tUm-dn-b≥ IrXn-Iƒ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. dm_pf Xnb-

tUm-dn-b≥ hncp≤ a\x-ÿnXn ]pe¿Øn ]N-cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw kndn-



ens‚ IrXn-Iƒ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. CXv

At¥ym-Iy≥ ]mXn-bm-¿t°-‰n¬ henb tImfn-f-°-ap-≠m-°n.- kn-dn-en-

s\-Xnsc kma-tkm-ńse A¥-tbmkv Fgp-Xn-b-Xns\ dm_pf hna-¿-in-

°p-Ibpw kndn-ens\ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. ]tcm-]-Im-c -X¬∏-

c-\m-bn-cps∂¶n-epw, XmXznI Imcy-ß-fnse ISpw]nSpØw \nanØw

dm-_p-fsb ]ecpw FXn¿Øn-cp-∂p. FtU- -bnse Iem-e-bm-[y-£-\m-

bn-cp∂ Cu_m-kpw dm_p-fbpw Bi-b-]-c-ambn tbmPn-∏n-e-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu_mkv At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX -Nn-¥m-KXnbpw dm_pf Ae-

Ivkm-≠n-b-≥ Nn¥m-K-Xnbpw ]pe¿-Øn. Cu_m-kns\ dm_pf Iem-e-

b-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]´-W-Øn¬ \n∂pw ]pd-Øm-°n. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-

Xnsc tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v -dm_pf sNbvX ]kw-K-Øns‚ kqN-

\-Iƒ e`n®n´p≠v. ]e IØp-I-fp-sSbpw `m-K-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-

≈p. kndn-ens‚ ""kXy-hn-izmkw'' F∂ IrXn dm_pf Ko°n¬ \n∂v

kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

dm_p-f-bpsS t]cn¬ aq∂p k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p:

1.- k-\ym-kn-Iƒ°p-th≠n. 2. -D-S-º-Sn-bpsS a°ƒ°p-th-≠n. 3.- k-\ym-

kn-Iƒ°p-th-≠n. kndn-bm-bnse k\ym-k-Øns‚ BZy-Im-e-L-´-sØ-

∏‰n Adn-bm≥ Cu \nb-a-ßƒ klm-b-I-am-Wv. (Cu k\ym-k- \n-b-a-ß-

fpsS ae-bm-f -hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, ]mNo-\- k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-

ßƒ,- t]. 10- 19). \mev kphn-ti-j-ßfpw sht∆sd Ko°n¬ \n∂v kpdn-

bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXv \S-∏m-°m≥ dm_pf t\XrXzw \¬In.

XqWn-t∑¬ sia-tbm≥ (+459)

kvXw`-Xm-] k\ym-k-coXn kndn-bm-bnse k\ym-k-Øns‚ ]tXy-I-

X-bm-Wv. Hcmƒ°v Ccn-°m\pw InS-°m\pw kuI-cy-]-Z-amb coXn-bn¬

sIń-s∏m°n AXn-t∑¬ X]- p-sN-øp∂ coXn-bm-bn-cp-∂n-Xv. Bh-iy-

ap-≈-t∏mƒ Ib-dm\pw Cd-ßm\pw Ah¿°v tKmhWn D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

kµ¿i-I¿ kuP-\y-ambn \¬Ip∂ `£-W-]-Zm¿Y-ßƒ Ign®v Pohn-

®p. Nne¿ ta¬°q-c-t]mepw C√msX NqSpw XWp∏pw kln®v Pohn-®p.

I-Tn-\-Xm-]- -cmbn C°q-´¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-I-bpw A\p-K-l -]m-]vXn-°mbn

hnizm-kn-Iƒ Ch-cpsS ]°-te°v HmSn-°q-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-cp-∂p. Cu

Xm]- -coXn kndn-bm-bn¬ XpS--ßnb alm-hn-ip-≤-\mWv sia-tbm≥. At±-

l-Øns‚ amXrI A\p-I-cn®v a‰p-]-ecpw XqWn-t∑¬ X]- -\p-jvTn-®n-

cp-∂p.

kndn-bm-bp-sSbpw kneo-jy-bp-sSbpw AXn¿Øn-bn¬ \memw \q‰m-≠ns‚

Ah-km-\-`m-KØv sia-tbm≥ P\n-®p. -Ip-td-°m-esØ BSp-ta-bv°-en-



\p-tijw At±lw k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn-te-°p -Xn-cn-™p.- c-≠p-h¿j-

tØmfw Nne k\ym-kn-I-fpsS IqsSbpw ]Øp-h¿jw sX¬- BZm Bi-

a-Ønepw sNe-h-gn-®-tijw sX¬ t\tj-bn¬ GIm-¥-Po-hnXw XpS-ßn.

kndn-bm-bp-sSbpw Xp¿°n-bp-sSbpw AXn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ hnP-\-amb ""Zb¿

ioam≥'' F∂v Ct∏mƒ sX¬ BZm Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AhnsS 412 apX¬

459- ¬ acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc Pohn-®p. Xs∂ kµ¿in® P\-°q -Øns‚ ieyw

Hgn-hm-°m≥ Hcp Xq¨ sI- n-s∏m°n AXn-t∑¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v ]m¿Yn®p.

Imem-¥-c-Øn¬ AXn-s‚ -D-bcw At±lw h¿≤n-∏n-®p- sIm-≠n-cp-∂p.-

A-h-km\w AXn\v 16 ao‰¿ Db-chpw c≠p ao‰¿ hnkvXo¿Whpw D≠m-

bn-cp-∂p.- Xq-Wn-\p -k-ao-]Øv At±-lsØ ipiq-jn-°p∂ injycpw

Xo¿Y-Icpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ JymXn hfsc Zqsc-ÿ-e-ß-

fnepw ]c-∂p. cmPm-°-∑m-cpƒs∏-sS-bp≈ P\-°q´w At±-l-Øns‚ D]-

tZiw tXSn-sb-Øn-bn-cp-∂p. tIkp-Iƒ Xo¿°m\pw A\p-Klw ]m]n-

°m\pw a‰p-ambn A\p-Zn\w \nc-h[n Bfp-Iƒ AhnsS FØn-bn-cp-∂p.

At±lw Ft^-tkm-kv,- Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ep-Isf ]n¥p-W-®p.

At±-l-Øns‚ aq∂p Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ e`y-amWv: 1.- Xn-b-sUm-td-‰ns‚

k\ym-k-N-cn-X-Øn-ep-≈-Xv. 2.- B‚Wn F∂ k\ym-k-in-jy≥ cNn-®-

Xv. 3. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Btcm cNn-®-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂v

hfsc Ipdt® \ap°p e`n-®n-´p-≈p. c≠paq∂v IØp-I-fpsS Nne `mK-

ßtf Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≈-p. setbm NI-h¿Øn°pw I^m dlo-am-

bnse bmt°m-_n\pw Ab-s®∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp∂ I-Øp-Iƒ At±-l-Øn-

t‚-X-√.

At±lw ]m¿Yn-®n-cp-∂nSw ]n¬°m-eØv Hcp henb Xo¿Ym-S-\-tI-µ-

am-bn. AhnsS Ipcn-im-Ir-Xn-bn¬ Hcp henb _kn-en°m Db¿∂p-h-∂p.

\mep hi-ß-fn-te-°p-ap≈ \mep henb ]≈n-I-fm-W-h. \mepw tNcp-

∂n-S-Øm-bn-cp∂p At±-l-Øns‚ kvXw`w. AhnsS k\ym-kn-I-fpsS Hcp

henb kaqlw DS-se-Sp-Øp. Ah¿°v Xma-kn-°m-\p≈ sIń-S-ßfpw

Xo¿Y-I¿°v ]m¿°m-\p≈ apdn-Ifpw k\y-kvX¿ acn-°ptºmƒ -kw-kvI-

cn-°m-\p≈ CShpw Zo¿-L-\mƒ \ne-\n-∂p. Ime-I-a-Øn¬ ]e ]e

Imc-W-ß-fm¬ Ah XI¿∂-Sn™v \jvS-°q-ºm-c-ambn amdn. C∂Xv kndn-

bm-bnse Hcp hnP-\-]-tZ-i-am-Wv.- h-√-t∏m-gp-sa-Øp∂ hntZ-in-Iƒ AhnsS

kµ¿in®v IS-∂p-t]m-Ip-∂p.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse tZmav\pkv (441/2˛449)

hnip≤ Fhp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ eudm-bnse Hcp k\ymkn Bbn-cp∂p

tZmav\p-kv. tbml-∂ms‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 441/2˛¬ At±lw At¥ym-



Iy≥ saXm-\m-bn. Fhp-Xo-°q-kns‚ GI-kz-`m-h- hm-ZsØ FXn¿Ø-

Xn-\m¬, Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Znb-kvtIm-tdmkv At±-lsØ hna¿in-

°p-Ibpw FtU- m-bnse Cu_m-kn-s\ ""s\kvtXm-dn-b≥'' F∂v apZIp-

Ø-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbv-Xp. Ft^-tkm-knse XkvIc-kn-

\-Un¬ (449) At±lw Xs‚ \ne-]m-Sp-am-‰n. F¥p- Im-c-W-Øm-emWv

A]-Imcw sNbvXsX∂v Adn-hn-√. AhnsSh®v Fhp-Xo-s°kns\

]n≥Xp-W-®p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ^vfmhn-b≥, tUmdn-te-bp-anse

Fhp-tk-_n-b--kv, lmdm-\nse Zm\n-tb-¬, Sb-dnse sFtd-\nbkv, sskd-

knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v F∂n-hsc apS-°p-∂-Xnepw H∏p-h-®p. F∂n´pw At±-

l-Øns‚ ap≥Ime ]›m-Øew ]cn-K-Wn®v XkvI-c-kn-\Uv At±-l-

sØ- ÿ-m-\-`-jvS-\m-°n-bn´v At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ as‰m-cmsf \nb-an-®p.

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ At±-l-Øns‚ ]iv\w N¿®-sN-bvXp.- X-kvI-

c-kn-\-Un¬ At±lw kzoI-cn® -\n-e-]mSns‚ t]cn¬ At±-l-Øn\v

kn\Uv cq]-Xm-`-cWw \¬In-bn-√. At±-l-Øn-s‚ Nne IØp-I-fpw Nne

tcJm-i-I-e-ßfpw \ap-°v In-ń-bn-´p-≠v.

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse Ão^≥ I (5- mw \q.)

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse tbml-∂ms‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 445-˛¬ Ão^≥

saXm-\m-bn. -t]-td-bnse AØ-\m-tkym-kns\ ÿm-\-`-jvS-\m°m≥

IqSnb kn\-Un¬ Ão^≥ kw_-‘n-®p. XkvI-c-kn-\-Un¬ Fhp-Xo-

s°-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambpw Im¬-kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ ]Xn-Iq-e-am-bp-

ap≈ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp.

s_do-Øq-knse Fhp-kvXm-tXymkv (5- mw \q.)

s_do-Øq-knse saXm\pw kndn-ens‚ Nn¥m-K-Xn-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp∂p

Fhp-kvXm-tXym-kv. XkvI-c-kn-\-Un¬ Cu_m-kn\pw vfmhn-b\pw FXn-

cmbpw Fhp-Xo-s°-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-bp-ap≈ \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®p.

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ Xs‚ ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ ap-dp-sI-∏n-Sn-°m≥

ian-s®-¶n-epw, Ah-km\w Iu¨-kn¬ Xocp-am-\-ßƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p.

Iu¨kn-ens\ FXn¿Ø XntamXn sFeqtdm-kn-s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xnb Hcp

IrXn-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta \ap°v Inń-bn-´p-≈p.

FtU- m-bnse Cu_mkv (435- 457)

FtU- m-bn¬ dm_p-f-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 435-˛¬ Cu_mkv saXm-

\m-bn. AXn-\p-apºv At±lw FtU- -bnse Iem-e-b-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n®p

sIm≠n-cp-∂p. At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥m-[mc kzmb-Ø-am-°n-b-Xn-\m¬,- dm-

_p-f-bp-ambn A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-bn. dm_pf At±-lsØ Iem-

e-b-Øn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°n. Cu Ime-ØmWv ""amcn°p≈ IØv''



Cu_mkv FgpXnsb∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- ]n¬°m-eØv Cu IØv henb

H®-∏m-Sn\v CS-bm°n. Xnb-tUm-dns‚ IrXn-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v

hnh¿Ø\w sNøm≥ At±lw t\XrXzw \¬In. dm_p-f-bpsS Nn¥m-

[mc ]pe¿Ønb P\-ßƒ Cu_m-kn-s\-Xnsc \oßn. F∂m¬ Sb¿-˛-

s_-do-Øqkv kn\Uv At±-lsØ Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-\m-°n. XkvI-c-kn-\-Uv

(449) ""amcn-°p≈ IØv'' hmbn-°p-Ibpw Cu_m-kns\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens‚ c≠m-a-tØXpw ]Øm-

a-tØXpw skj-\p-I-fn¬ Cu_m-kns‚ ]iv\w N¿®-sNbvXv At±-

lsØ cq]-X-bn¬ ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn-®p. acn-°p-∂Xp-hsc At±lw k`m

-`-cWw \S-Øn.

At±lw kp`m-jn-X-ßƒ°v Hcp `mjy-sa-gp-Xn. -""`m-jy-ßfpw ]t_m-[-

\-ßfpw A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-I¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ kwhm-Z-ßfpw FgpXn'' F∂v

A_vZotim Xs‚ Im‰-tem-Kn¬ ]d-bp-∂p. amcn-°p≈ IsØm-gn®v tcJm-

i-I-e-ßƒ am-Xta A-t±-l-Øn¬ \n∂v \ap°v Inń-bn-´p-≈p. A©mw

km¿h-XnI kn\-Un¬ (553) amcn-°p≈ IØv ]mj-WvU-Xm-tc-J-bmbn

i]n-®p-X-≈n. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-SpØn ItØm-en-°m-k-

`p-sS sFIy-Øn-te°v sIm≠p-h-cm-sa∂p Icp-Xn-bm-Wv PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-

h¿Øn Cu tcJ Dƒs∏sS ""aq∂-[ym-b-ßsf'' i]n-®-Xv. amcn-°p≈

IØns‚ Cw•ojv- hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿-

˛3,- tIm-´-bw, 2000,t].217-˛220.

skhp-tUm- -a¿Xo-cn-bqkv

hn. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ Hcp Poh-N-cnXw Hcp a¿Xo-cn-bp-kns‚

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-bmƒ At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm≥ a¿Xo-cn-bq-km-

sW∂v (459- 471) Icp-X-s∏- n-cp-∂p. Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ Poh-N-cn-X-ßsf

B[m-c-am-°n- Btcm Fgp-Xnb Hcp Nc-a-]-kw-K-am-Wn-Xv. CXv Hcp kmln-

Xy-ssi-en-bm-Wv. -]-kvXp-X- ssien D]-tbm-Kn®v ]n¬°m-eØv Btcm

Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ CXv Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv 407/8˛¬ \S-

Ønb Nc-a-]-kw-K-am-bn- tX. AXp-sIm-≠mWv skhp-tUm- -a¿Xo-cn-bqkv

F∂p hnfn-°p-∂-Xv.

]o‰¿ p≈¿

At¥ymIybnse BZysØ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤ saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p

]o‰¿. At±lw 471-˛\pw 488-˛\pw CSbv°v H∂n-tesd ]mhiyw At¥ym-

Iy-bn¬ `cWw \S-Øn. ^p≈¿ F∂-Xn-\¿Yw Ae-°p-Im-c≥ F∂m-

Wv.- A-t±lw Im¬kn-U-Wn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Hcm-i-a-Øn¬ 465-˛-Hm-Sp-IqSn

k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ]kvXpX Biaw Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens\



]n≥Xp-W-®n-cp-∂p.- A-°m-c-W-Øm¬ ]o‰¿ AhnSw hn´v At¥ym-Iy-bn-

te°v t]mIp-Ibpw Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-Iƒ ]N-cn-∏n-°p-

Ibpw ÿesØ saXm-\mb a¿Xo-cn-bq-kns‚ ÿm\Øv 471-˛¬ saXm-

\m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ Abmƒ°v hfsc Ipd-®p-\mƒ amXta

saXm-k-\-Øn¬ Ign-bm≥ km[n-®p-≈p. cmjvSo-b -X-InSwadn-®n-ep-Iƒ°-

\p-k-cn®v ]o‰-dns‚ Itk-cbpw Cf-Ip-Ibpw Dd-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp-sIm-

≠n-cp-∂p. _kn-en-kvIkv F∂ \pg-™-p-I-b-‰-°m-c≥ NI-h¿Øn-bm-

b-t∏mƒ ]o‰¿ c≠m-aXpw (475-˛77) At¥ym-Iy≥ saXm-\m-bn.- _-kn-en-

kvIkv \new-]-Xn-®-t∏mƒ ]o‰dpw \njvIm-kn-X-\m-bn. Fhp-°m-bvXm-bn-

te-°v \m-Sp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. tkt\m-bpsS ""slt\m-ń-t°ms‚'' ]n≥_-e-

Øn¬ ]o‰¿ aq∂m-a-Xpw (485-˛488)-knw-lm-k-\m-cq-V-\m-bn.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm-\mb ]o‰¿ tam≥Kq-kn-\-b® Hcp kn\-U¬

teJ\w ]o‰-dn¬ \n-∂p≈ Hcp tcJ-bm-Wv. skhp-tUm- -U-b-\o-jy-kns‚

IrXn-Iƒ Nne-¿ ]o‰-dp-ambn _‘n-°p-∂p. Cu IrXn-I-fn¬ ImWp-∂-

]e mK-ßfpw ]o‰-dns‚ Bcm-[-\-I-a-\-ho-I-c-Wß-fp-ambn tN¿∂p-t]m-

Ip-∂-Xm-Wv. aqtdm-≥ IqZm-i, Z\-lm-cm-Xn-bnse kv\m\-P-e-Øn-t∑-ep≈

dqlm-£-W-]m¿Y-\,- F√m ]m¿Y-\-I-fp-sSbpw Ah-km\w ""sXsbm-

tXm-t°m-kns\'' hnfn-®p -]m¿Yn-°p-∂-Xv. ssXip≤-Io¿Ø-\-tØm-Sp-

Iq-sS, ""Rßƒ°p-th≠n Iqin-°-s∏-´-ht\'' F∂p -tN¿Øv AXv Hcp

InkvtXzm-∑pJ ]m¿Y-\-bm-°n-b-Xm-Wv ]o‰-dns‚ G‰hpw henb \ho-

I-c-Ww.- AXv Im¬kn-U-¨ A\p-Iqe k¿°n-fp-I-fn¬ i‡-amb ]Xn-

I-cWw D≠m-°n.

s_do-Øq-knse tbml-∂m≥ (5- mw \q.)

Im¬kn-U¨ ]£-]m-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂p s_do-Øqkv saXm≥ tbml-∂m≥.

skth-cq-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ k°-dn-bmkv kvsImfm-kvXn-°pkv

tbml-∂ms\∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ Hcp ""]mkvI¬

tlmanen'' amXta \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

Km_m-em-bnse tbml-∂m≥ (6- mw \q.)

Km_m-em (-kn-dn-bm -]o-am) saXm-\mbn-cp∂p tbml-∂m-≥. PÃo-\n-b≥

NI-h¿Øn 532- ¬ Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-Iq-en-I-sfbpw hncp-≤-scbpw Hssc-

Iy-N¿®bv°v £Wn-®p. Cu tbml-∂m≥ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-cpsS

Hcp ]Xn-\n[n Bbn-cp-∂p. Cbmƒ cNn® ""skth-cq-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-

Øns‚'' Nne iI-e-ßƒ amXta \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈p.



tbml-∂m≥ _¿ A vtXm-Wnbm (+537)

PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb sFIy-N¿®-bn¬ Im¬kn-U¨

hncp-≤-cpsS Hcp ]Xn-\n[nbmbn-cp∂p tbml-∂m≥. A-t±lw bq^-ó-

kns‚ ]Sn-™mtd Xoc-Øp≈ sIs∂-io≥ Bi-am-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

Cu Biaw At±-l-am-Wv ÿm]n-®-Xv. Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-cpsS hen-

sbm-cp- ]-T--\-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂p CXv. slcm-s¢-bm-bnse tXma-kv, FtU-

m-bnse bmt°m-_v (+708), skth-cqkv skt_m-‡v (+667) BZn-bm-b-

h¿ Cu Bi-a-Ønse A[ym-]-I-cm-bn-cp-∂p. tbml-∂m\v Ko°pw kpdn-

bm-\nbpw Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-∂p. ta¬]-d™ sFIy-N¿®-bpsS Hcp hnh-

cWw Abmƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Abm-fp-sS IrXn-I-fpsS Nne `mK-ßtf

\ap-°v e-`n-®n-´p-≈p. Abm-fpsS Hcp injy≥ Abm-fpsS Hcp Poh

-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Abmƒ 475-˛\pw 483-˛\pw CSbv°v P\n-®p.

Htdm-¥-kns‚ Xoc-Øp≈ skeq-jy-bnse Hcm-i-a-Øn¬ AwK-am-bn.-

]n-∂oSv Bi-am-[y-£-\m-bn. At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ft^-ans‚ ImeØv

(526-˛545) Cu Bi-a-Ønse k\ym-kn-Iƒ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-cm-Ip-

Ibpw Biaw hn´p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. AhnsS \n∂n-d-ßnbmWv

Cbmƒ sIs∂-io≥ Biaw ÿm]n-®-Xv. A^vtXm-Wnbm F∂Xv

AΩbpsS t]cm-Wv. P\-\-Øn-\p-apºv A∏≥ acn-®-Xn-\m¬ AΩ-bp-sS

t]cn¬ tbml-∂m≥ _¿ A^vtXm-Wnbm F∂v Adn-b-s∏-´p.

tk¿Pn-bpkv KΩm-Øn-°pkv (6- mw \q.)

At¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cq-kns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\mb Hcp hymI-c-W-

Im-ct\m XmXzn-It\m Bbn-cp∂p tk¿Pn-bp-kv. skth-cq-kp-am-bp≈

Fgp-Øp-Ip-Øp-I-fn-eqsS Cbmƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-bmƒ skth-cq-kn\v

Ab-®Xpw skth-cqkv Cbmƒ°v Ab-®Xp-amb Bdv IØp-Iƒ I√n-

\n-°-knse ]utemkv kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.- I-Sp-

Ø- G-I-kz- mh t^m¿ap-e-I-fmWv Cbmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®-Xv: ""InkvXp-hnse

Ahm-Ny-amb sFIy-Øn-\p-tijw \Ωƒ c≠v kz`m-h-ßsf∏‰nbpw c≠v

khn-ti-j-X-Isf∏‰nbpw kwkm-cn-°p-∂n√''. Abmƒ InkvXp-hn¬

GI-k-Ø -amXw G‰p-]-d-bp-∂p. Cu GI-k-Ø--bn¬ \n∂v \ho-\hpw

A\-\y-hp-amb Hcp khn-ti-jX D≠m-Ip-∂p.- CXv I\y-I-bn¬ \n∂p≈

P\-\-Ønepw kzm`m-hnI Nm®n-en¬ \n∂p≈ kzmX-¥y-Ønepw ]m]-

cm-ln-Xy-Ønepw D∞-m-\-Ønepw ]I-S-am-Ip-∂p. Abm-fpsS \ho-\

-]-Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ \nanØw skth-cqkv Xs∂bpw Abmsf FXn¿Øp.

tPm_n-bpkv k\ymkn (6- mw \q.)

tPm_n-bpkv F∂ -k-\ymkn ""skth-cq-kn-s\-Xnsc'', ""Ah-X-cn-®- h-N-

\-sØ-∏‰n'' F∂n-ßs\ c≠p IrXn-Iƒ Fgp-Xn--b-Xmbn t^mkn-bpkv



kqNn-∏n-°p-Ibpw c≠m-asØ IrXn-bn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNøp-

∂p. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc At±lw Im¬kn-U¨ InkvXp-

imkvXw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn®p. _nkm≥kyØnse setbm¨jyq-kns‚

ssien-bn-emWv Abm-fpsS IrXn. CXns‚ Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ ""eq°≥

ItØ-\-I-fn¬'' e`y-amWv.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ft^w (527- 545)

Fhp-^m-kyq-kn-\p-tijw Ft^w At¥ymIym ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn.

At±lw t\csØ Hcp k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- q-an-Ip-ep-°-Øn¬

X-I¿∂ At¥ym-Iy≥ \K-csØ ]Wn-Xp-b¿Øm≥ ImWn-®-- ip-jvIm¥n

\nanØw P\-ßƒ Abmsf saXm-\m-°n. Abmƒ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-

Iƒs°-Xnsc i‡n-bmbn \ne-sIm-≠ Im¬-kn-U¨ hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p.

Ft^tkm-knse tbml-∂m≥ C°mcyw kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. InkvXp-im-

kvX-Øn¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ `mjyhpw ssXip-≤-Io¿Ø-\-Øn¬

]o‰¿ ^p≈¿ \S-Ønb Iqń-t®¿-°epw AwKo-I-cn-®n-√. Abmƒ Hcn-P-

\n-k-sØ-bpw i‡n-bm-bn FXn¿Øp. Abm-fpsS \nc-h[n IrXn-I-sf-

∏‰n t^mkn-bkv kqNn-∏n°ps∂-¶nepw \ap-°v Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ

amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

eh-Zo-Iym-bnse tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ (+553)

kndn-bm-bn¬ eh-ZoIym sa-Xm-\m-bn-cp∂ tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ Im¬-kn-

U¨ hncp≤ Iymºn-em-bn-cp-∂p.- sk-th-cq-kns\ saXm-\mbn 512- ¬ hmgn-

®-h-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp∂p Abm-fpsS ap≥Km-an-bmb \nkn-bm-kv. tIm¨Ã≥

ssS\pw saXm-\m-Ip-∂-Xn-\p -apºv k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Im¬kn-

U¨ A\p-`m-hn-bmb NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv (519) Abmƒ \mSp-I-S-

Ø-s∏-´p. a‰v A≥]Xv kndn-b≥ saXm-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w Abmƒ CuPn-

]vXn-te°v IS-∂p. PÃo-\n-bs‚ Ime-Øp≈ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤

saXm-∑m-cn¬ ]ap-J-\m-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ.- sk-th-cqkv Abmƒ°v IØp-

Iƒ Ab-®n-cp-∂p. kpdn-bm\nbn¬ Nne IrXn-I-fpsS tcJm-i-I-eßƒ

e`y-am-Wv. Abmƒ acn-®-t∏mƒ sZmta-kyqkv ]n≥Km-an-bm-bn.

\nkn-_n-knse ]utemkv (551- 571)

t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse Hcp henb thZ-]p-kvX-I-hym-Jym-Xmhpw ssZh-im-

kvX-⁄\pw \nkn-_nkv saXm-\p-am-bn-cp∂p ]utem-kv. At±lw

lZn-bm-_n¬ Hcp ssZh-im-kvX -I-em-ebw GXm≠v 30 h¿j-tØmfw

\bn-®p. AXn-\p-tijw 551-˛¬ \nkn-_nkv saXm-\m-bn. PÃo-\n-b≥

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb sFIy-N¿®-bn¬ t]¿jy≥ Ue-

tK-js\ \bn-®Xv ]utem-km-Wv. AhnsS h®v At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-



imkvXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ ]kvXpX N¿®-bv°pw k`-Isf H∂n-

∏n-°m≥ Ign-™n-√. ]utemkv Xncp-en-Jn-X-Ø\v Hcm-apJw cNn-®p. Pp\o-

en-bpkns‚ Hcp eØo≥ IrXn-bpsS ASn-ÿm\w CXm--bn-cp-∂p.

^m≥knepw sX°≥ P¿a-\n-bnepw 9˛mw \q‰m-≠n¬ Cu IrXn°v \√

]N-cWw e`n-®p. ˛ "t]¿jym-°m-c≥ ]utemkv' F∂dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Bfp-

ambn Nne¿ At±-lsØ XmZmfly-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. t]¿jym-°m-c≥

]utemkv AcntÃm-´-ens‚ IrXn°v Ko°n¬ hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn. AXv

skth-cqkv skt_m‡v (+667) kpdn-bm-\n-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-bvXp.

s^mXo-\pkv F∂ a\n-t°-b-\p-am-bp≈ X¿°-Øn¬ ]utemkv

InkvXym-\n-Isf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-®p.

bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\m (+578)

Im¬kn-U-¨ hncp-≤¿°v i‡n-bmb ASn-Ød D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-ØXv

bmt°m-_m-Wv. Im¬knU¨ Imew apX¬ \qdp-h¿jw sIm≠v (451-

˛551) Im¬kn-U¨hn-cp-≤¿ GXm≠v Ccp-]-tXmfw Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ß-

fmbn Xo¿∂n-cp-∂p. ""Xn-sØ--bn-Ãp-Iƒ'', ""A^vXm¿tXm-˛-tUm-sk-‰n-Ãp-

Iƒ'', ""sImdp-]vXn-s°m-tf'',- ""sX-tbm-]m-kv°o-Ø¿'', ""IvXntkm-emXn'',

""Køm-\o-Ø¿'' F∂o hn`m-K-ßƒ Ahbn¬ Nne-Xm-Wv. Ch-sc-sbms°

Hcp Xc-Øn¬ H∂n-∏n®p sIm≠p-t]mbn Hcp kam-¥c Im¬kn-

U¨hncp≤ lb-cm¿°n ]›n-ta-jy-bn¬ cq]o-I-cn-®Xv bmt°m-_m-Wv.

Cu bmt°m-_n¬ \n∂mWv Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤¿ bmt°m-_m-b-°m¿

F∂v Adn-bs∏-Sp-∂-Xv. bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\m (_p¿Zmbm) F∂v Cbmƒ

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. H -I-Po\n ]pX®v thj-]-—-∂-\m-bn- m-bn-cp∂p At±lw

bmX- sN-bvXn-cp-∂-Xv. cmP-tk-h-I-∑m-cpsS AdÃv `b-∂mWv C]-Imcw

thjw amdn \S-∂-Xv.- A-Xp-sIm-≠m-Wv ""_p¿Zm\m'' F∂v t]cp-≠m-b-Xv.

sX√m Zvautk-em-Xv (-Xp¿°n-bnse shcm≥sk-lo¿)- F∂ ]´-W-Øn-

em-Wv bmt°m_v P\n-®-Xv.- Cu-…m-a-e-bnse ]vin¬Xm Bi-a-Øn¬

tN¿∂v k\ymkw A`y-kn-®p. B ÿ-esØ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-cpsS

]Xn-\n[n F∂ \ne-b-n¬ 527/8˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v hnfn-°-

s∏-´p. XpS¿∂tßm´v B Iq´-cpsS i‡-\m--b- t]m-cm-fn-bmbn ]h¿Øn-

®p. PÃo-\n-b≥ 536-˛¬ Im¬kn-U¨hn-cp-≤ -sa-Xm-∑m-sc-sb√mw

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ho´p-X-S-¶-en¬ ]m¿∏n-®-Xn-\m¬, A°q-´¿°v

\mń-ep-S-\ofw saXm-∑m-cn-√m-sX- h-∂p.- A-°m-eØv Ah¿ ""Ask-^-

tem-bv'' (-X-e-h-\n-√m-Ø-h¿) F∂mWv Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-∂-Xv. AXn-\p-apºv

Im¬kn-U¨ AwKo-I-cn-°p-∂-Xn\v Nne \n_-‘-\-Ifps≠∂v hmZn-®-

h¿ F∂ A¿Y-Øn¬ ""Znbm-In-t\m-sa-t\mbv'' F∂v Im¬kn-U-¨

hn-cp-≤¿ hnfn-°-s∏-´p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]m¿Øn-cp∂ Ae-Ivkm-



≠n-b≥ Im¬kn-U¨hn-cp≤ saXm-≥ Xnb-tUm-jy-kn¬ \n∂v

bmt°m_v 542/3˛¬ cl-ky-ambn FtU m saXm\mbn ]´-ta-‰p.

bmt°m_v thj-]-—-∂-\mbn Np‰n-\-S∂v sshZn-I-scbpw saXm-∑m-scbpw

hmgn®v Hcp kam-¥c Im¬kn-U¨hn-cp≤ lb-cm¿°n ÿm]n-®p.

tk¿Pn-bpkv F∂-bmsf 557-˛¬ bmt°m_v saXm-\m°n ""At¥ymIym

]mXn-b¿°okv'' F∂v t]cp hnfn-®p.- F-∂m¬ At∏mƒ Im¬kn-U¨

A\p-Iq-en-I-fpsS ]mXn-b¿°okv At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬

tk¿Pn-bqkpw XpS¿∂p h∂-hcpw kndn-bm-bnse Bi-a-ß-fn¬ Xma-

kn-®p. bmt°m_v Hcp tbml-∂ms\ 558-˛¬ Ft^-tkm-kns‚ ÿm\nI-

sa-Xm-\mbn hmgn-®p. ""Ft^-tkm-knse tbml-∂m≥''- F∂pw ""Gjy-

bnse tbml-∂m≥-'' F∂pw Cbmƒ Adn-b-s∏-´p. t]¿jy-bnse bmt°m-

_m-b-°m¿°p-th≠n bmt°m_v 559-˛¬ Blq-sZ-sΩsb ""]uc-kvXy-

sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm'' F∂ \ma-Øn¬ hmgn-®p. tk¿Pn-bpkv ]mXn-

b¿°okv acn-®-t∏mƒ (560/1), ]utemkv Zvt_Xv Du°mam F∂-bmsf

564-˛¬ ""At¥ym-Iym-]m-Xn-b¿°o-kmbn'' bmt°m_v hmgn-®p. bmt°m-

_ns\ saXm-\m-°nb Xnb-tUm-jykv 566-˛¬ acn-®p. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-

I-fpsS CS-bnse hnhn[ hn`m-K-°msc H∂n-®p-tN¿°m≥ PÃn≥ N-I-

h¿Øn hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb tbmK-Øn¬ (566) bmt°m_pw ]s¶-Sp-Øp.

Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-ambpw N¿® -\-S-s∂-¶nepw KWy-amb ê-

ap-≠m-bn-√. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bnse Ie-l-ßƒ°v Ah-km\w

D≠m-bn-√. At¥ym-Iy-bnse ]utemkpw bmt°m_pw XΩn-ep≈ Ie-

l-ßƒ ]c-ky-am-bn-cp-∂p. bmt°m_v 578-˛¬ a-cn-®p. bmt°m-_ns‚

t]cn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Nne IrXn-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏--ń-cp-∂p. ]Øv IØpI-

fpw Nne I-Øp-I-fpsS `mK-ßfpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse bmt°m-

_ns‚ t]cn¬- Hcp A\m-^-dmbpw ]N-cn-°p∂p.

]utemkv Zvt_Xv Du°mam (+582)

Bdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ Bcw-`-Øn¬ ]utemkv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ P\n-

®p. Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤ ]mXn-b¿°okv Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚ kn≥sN-

√p-km-bn k`m-tkh\w \S-Øn.- ""A-t¥ym-Iym ]mXn-b¿°okv'' tk¿Pn-

bpkv acn-®-t∏mƒ ]u-temkv ""At¥ym-Iym -]m-Xn-b¿°okv'' F∂

t]cn¬ sX√m-bpsS saXm-\m-bn. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bnse anX-

hmZn Bbn-cp∂p Abmƒ. k`-bn¬ sFIy-ap-≠m-°-W-sa∂v Xm¬]-cy-

s∏- n-cp∂p. AXn-\mbn H∂n-tesd ]mhiyw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v

t]mIp-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tPm¨

kvtImfm-Ãn-°pkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ in£-W-\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ CXn-s\ms°

aß-te¬∏n-®p. Hc-h-kcw tIm¨ Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v ItØm-en-°-

cp-ambn Ip¿_m-\-bn¬ kwk¿Kw \S-Øn--b-Xns‚ t]cn¬ bmt°m_v



Cbmsf kwi-b-Zr„ym ho£n-®n-cp-∂p.- A-e-Ivkm-≠nb≥ ]mXn-

bm¿t°‰v Xs‚ kzm[o-\-Øn¬ sIm≠p-h-cm-\mbn ]utemkv Hcp Xnb-

tUm-dns\ AhnsS 566-˛¬ cl-ky-ambn ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn hmgn-®p.-

]tXmkv F∂ t]cn¬ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v AhnsS Hcp ]mXn-

b¿°okv D≠mbn-cp-∂-t∏m-gmWv ]utemkv A]-Imcw sNbvX-Xv. CtX-

s®m-√n-bp≈ X¿°-Øn¬ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ Ah-Im-i-Øn\p th≠n

]utemkv 575-˛¬ hmZn-®p. -]u-temkpw ]tXmkpw ]c-kv]cw apS-°n.

bmt°m_v ]tXm-kns‚ ]£w tN¿∂p. At∏mƒ ]utemkv CuPn]vXv

hn´v t]¿jy≥-˛-tdm-a≥ AXn¿Øn-bn-ep≈ L -\nUv Fao¿ ap≥Zo¿

_¿ lmsc-Xns‚ ]°¬ A`bw tXSn.

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bnse Ie-l-ßƒ ian-∏n-°m≥ Ft^-tkm-

knse tbml-∂m-t\m-sSm∏w Abmƒ ]cn-i-an-®p. bmt°m_v 578-˛¬ acn-

®-Xn-\m¬ B iaw hnP-bn-®n-√. CXn-\nsS ]tXm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn

h∂ Uman-b≥ ]iv\w k¶o¿W-am°n. ]utem-kns‚ ÿm\Øv FXn-

cm-fn-bmb Hcp GI-kz- m-h-hm-Znsb \nb-an-°m≥ Uman-b≥ ian-®p. Xnt_-

cn-bkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v \S∂

Hcp- tbm-K-Øn¬ 580-˛¬ Uman-b\pw ]utemkpw tbmPn-∏n-se-Øn-sb-

¶nepw AXv A[n-I-\mƒ \o≠p-\n-∂n-√. ]utem-kns‚ FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ

I√n-\n-°knse ]tXm-kns\ 581-˛¬ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ°mbn

""At¥ym-Iym-]m-Xn-b¿°okv'' F∂-t]-cn¬ ]utem-kns‚ ÿm\Øv

\nb-an-®p. ]utemkv 582-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v acn-®- ti-jta

Cu ]tXmkv A[n-Im-c-]-tbm-K-Øn\v apXn¿∂p-≈p. ]utem-kns‚ Nne

IrXn-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Ah-bn¬ ]eXpw IØp-

I-fm-Wv.- Nn-e-Xns‚ tcJmiI-e-ßƒ amXta Inń-bn- p-≈p. ]utem-kns\

\ymbo-I-cn-®psIm≠v Hcp tk¿Pn-bpkv k\ymkn 580/1˛¬ Hcp \ymbo-

I-cWw Fgp-Xn-. A°m-esØ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bnse Ie-l-

ßfpw a‰pw Adn-bm≥ CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv.

I√n-\n-°-knse ]tXmkv (+591)

bq^-ókv Xoc-Øp≈ I√n-\n-°-kn¬ P\n® ]tXmkv Im¬kn-U¨

hncp≤ Iymºn-em-bn-cp-∂p. XnsØ-bnÃv ]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv Abm-fpsS

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ a-\- n-em-°-≠-Xv. XnXz-Øn¬ aq∂p kz`m-h-ßfpw ap∂v

kØ-Ifpw ssZh-Xz-ß-fp-ap-s≠∂v GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fmb XnsØ-bn-

Ãp-Iƒ hmZn-®p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]m-Xn-b¿°okv XnbtUm-jykv

CXns\ i]n-®p- X-≈n-sb-¶nepw tPm¨ ^nsem-t∏m-Wpkv F∂ Ae-

Ivkm-≠n-b≥ GI-kz-`m-h- Xm-Xzn-I≥ CXns‚ h‡m-hmbn cwK-Øp-



h∂p. ]tXmkv 581-˛¬ saXm-\m-bn.- F-∂m¬ Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-bmb

]utemkv Zvt_Xv Du°mam acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc ""At¥ym-Iym-]m-Xn-

b¿°okv'' F∂ ÿm\w Gs‰-Sp-Øn-√.- ]-tXmkv BZysØ aq∂mep

h¿jw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Uman-b-\p-am-bn- c-ay-X-bn¬ Ign-™p.

]n∂oSv Xn-sØ-bnkw kw_-‘n® X¿°-ß-fn¬ Ccp-hcpw IpSp-ßn.

Ah-cpsS CS-bnse Ielw 616-˛-emWv Ah-km-\n-®-Xv.- ]-tXm-kns‚

]n≥Km-an-bmb AØ-\m-tkym-kpw (594-˛631) -A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]mXn-

b¿°okv A\-kvXm-kyq-kpw (606/7˛618/9) -ap≥ssI FSp-Øm-Wv

kndn-b≥ CuPn-]vjy≥ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf Hcp-X-c-Øn¬ cay-X-bn¬

FØn-®-Xv. ]tXm-kns‚ ]e IrXn-Ifpw e`n-®n-´p≠v:

1. -Iq-im-tcm-l-WsØ ]‰n-bp≈ Io¿Ø-\w.

2. -Xn-sØ-bn-Ãp-Im¿s°-Xn-sc.

3. Uman-b-s\--Xn-sc.

4. tPmWns\Xnsc: t]m_m F∂ tkm^n-Ãn\pw tPm¨ _¿_q¿- F∂

B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰n\pw FXnsc Fgp-Xn--b-Xm-Wn-Xv. Ch-cn-cp-hcpw

]tXmkns‚ AeIvkm≠n-b≥ bmX-bn¬ Abmsf A\p-[m-h-\w

-sN-bvX-h-cm-Wv. F∂m¬ Ah¿ Ão^≥ F∂ tkm^n-Ãns‚ kzm[-o-\-

Øn¬ hcn-Ibpw GI-kz-`m-h-hm-ZsØ FXn¿°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. -G-I-

kz- m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS Kp∫m- kn-\Uv (584/5) Ah-cn-cp-h-scbpw apS-°n.- Ah¿

Im¬kn-U¨ ]£Øp tN¿∂p. At∏mƒ ]tXmkv Ah¿s°-Xnsc

Fgp-Xn-bXmWnXv.

5.- A-d_n enÃn-ep≈ A\m-^d.

6. kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ a‰p Nne IrXn-Ifpw IØp-Ifpw.

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse Ão^≥ II (6- mw \q.)

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-kv(-am-_p-Kv)- sa-Xm≥ Ão^s‚ t]cn¬ hn.- sKm-fn≥

Zq-°ns‚ c‡-km-£n-hn-h-cWw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. t]¿jy≥ k`-bnse

A¤p-X-]-h¿Ø-I-bmb hnip-≤-bm-bn-cp∂p sKmfn≥Zq-°v. hl-ans‚

Itø-‰-°m-eØv (590-˛591) skmsdm-hm-jvS¿ Ahsf sIm∂p-I-f-™p.

Ah-fpsS Hm¿a-bv°mbn Ão^≥ Xbm-dm-°n-b-XmImw CXv. as‰mcp

IrXnbpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw AXns‚ Nne `mK-ßtf e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

Xq-Wn-t∑¬ si-a-tbm≥ II (521- 592)At¥ym-Iy-bv°-SpØp≈ A¤p-X-a-e-b-n¬ kvXw-`-Xm-]- -\m-bn k\ym-

kw- Xp--S-ßnb sia-tbm≥ 554-˛¬ ]utcm-lnXyw kzoI-cn-®p. At±-l-

Øns‚ Poh-N-cnXw Btcm Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Im¬kn-U¨ k¿°n-fp-I-



fn¬ At±lw kw]q-Py-\mbn ]cn-K-Wn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p. Bcm-[-\m-Ko-X-

ßƒ(3), tlman-en-Iƒ (30), IØp-Iƒ F∂n-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚

kw`m-h-\-Iƒ.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse A\-kvXm-tkymkv (558/9˛598)

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Im¬kn-U¨ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ]e-

kvXo-\-bn¬ P\n-®- A-t±lw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]m-Xn-b¿°o-kns‚

At¥ym-Iy-bnse ]Xn-\n[n Bbn-cp-∂p. At±lw At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ A[n-

Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-Iq-en-Ifpw FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw

XΩn¬ tNcn-t∏m-cm-bn-cp-∂p. PÃo-\n-b≥ N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS ""tdmam-

°m¿°p≈ teJ\w'' ""A vXm¿tXm tUmsk-‰nkw'' ]Tn-∏n-°p∂p F∂p-

I≠ A\-kvXm-kyqkv AXns\ FXn¿Øp. kam-[m-\-Imw-£nbpw

sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm≠ Bfp-am-b- A-t±-lsØ 570-˛¬ NI-

h¿Øn ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-°n, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hcpØn I\Ø

Imh-en¬ ho´p-X-S-¶-en¬ ]m¿∏n-®p. ssS_n-cn-bkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS

ImeØv (578-˛582) At±-l-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ kzmX¥yw e`n-®p. aucnkv

NI-h¿Øn (582-˛602) XncnsI At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ t]mIm≥ 593-˛¬ A\p-

h-Zn-®p. acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc (598) At±lw AhnsS ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp-

∂p. At±lw XnsX-bn-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc i‡-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øp. At±-

l-Øns‚ Nne tlman-en-Iƒ \-ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. ""XmXzn-I -]-Xn-]m-Z-\-

ßƒ'' F∂- IrXn tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v Fgp-Xn-Øp-S-ßn.

lUn-bm≥ hymJym-Xmhv (5- mw \q.)

At¥ym-Iy≥ I-em-e-b-Ønse Hcp `mjy-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂p lUn-bm≥.

hnip≤ -\o-eqkv Cubm-fn-\m-bn-cn°mw aq∂p IØp-I-f-b-®-Xv. At±lw

A-t¥ym-Iy≥ `mjy-co-Xn-bpsS h‡m-hm-bn-cp-∂p. Xncp-en-Jn-X-hym-Jym-

Xm-hmbn a‰p- Nn-e-cpsS Iq´-Øn¬ I n-b-tZm¿ Cbm-sf-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-

°p-∂p. ""Xncp-en-Jn-X-Øns‚ BapJw'' F∂ Ko°n-ep≈ IrXn Xncp-en-

Jn-X-]-T-\-Øn\v Bap-J-ambn ]tbm-P-\-]-Z-am-sW∂v t^mkn-bkv tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. CXns‚ eØo≥ ]cn-`m-j-bp-ap-≠v. Cu IrXn ]cs° ]N-

cn-®n-cp-∂p.

sXtbm-Zp-fpkv hymJym-Xmhv (+492)

tNtf- kn-dn-bm-bnse s]kv_n-‰-dmbncp∂p sXtbm-Zp-fp-kv. ""Xncp-en-Jn-

X-Øns‚ s]mcpØw'' F∂ GIIr-Xntb At±-l-Øns‚ \nc-h[n IrXn-

I-fn¬ \n∂v X\n°v e`n-®n-´p≈p F∂v P∂m-Un-bpkv (5-˛mw \q.) ]d-bp-

∂p. ]g-b-\n-b-a-Øn-sebpw ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-Øn-sebpw KŸ-ß-fpsS s]mcp-



Ø-sØ-∏-‰n-bmWv Cu IrXn: ""c≠n-s‚bpw I¿Ømhv Hcmƒ Xs∂.- A-

hn-SpsØ \n›-b--a-\p-k-cn-®mWv c≠pw \¬I-s∏- n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.- H∂p tami-

h-gnbpw a‰Xv InkvXp-hns‚ km∂n-[y-Øn-eq-sSbpw \¬I-s∏´p''.

""sXtbm-Zp-fpkv c≠p -hm-ey-ß-fn-embn Gimbm ]hm-N-I\v Hcp `mjy-

sa-gp-Xn. hnhn[ k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ Fgp-X-s∏-´ -k-a-bw, Ah D]-tbm-Kn-

t°≠ Ah-kcw F∂nh kw_-‘n®v as‰mcp IrXn-sb-gpXn'' F∂v

Cutim-bm_v km£n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu IrXn-I-fpsS tcJm-i-I-e-

ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p≈p (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, Ptdmw-˛-P-∂m-Un-b-kv, al-Zvhy-

‡n-Iƒ, tIm´-bw,1992, -t].129-˛130; Pn.-tN-Snb-Øv, ]mNo-\- k-\ym-k-\n-

b-a-ßƒ,-t].70).

At¥ym-Iy-bnse hnIvS¿ s]kv_n-‰¿ (5/6˛mw \q.)

a¿t°m-kns‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn\v hnIvS¿ Hcp hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn. Xs‚

ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS mjy-ßƒ At±lw D]-tbm-Kn-°pIbpw Ah-bn¬ \n∂v

D≤-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ss__nƒ I-tØ-\-I-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Cu

IrXn `mKn-I-ambn e`n-®n-´p-≈-Xv.

F°p-ta-\n-bpkv (6- mw \q.)

F°p-ta-\n-bpkv Fs∂m-cmƒ shfn-]m-Sp -]p-kvX-I-Øn\v Hcp `mjy-sa-gp-

Xn. CXn¬ \n∂v Ggmw \q-‰m-≠nse Hcp kpdn--bm-\n -tcJ D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

shfn-]m-Sp-K-Ÿ-Øn\v Ko°n¬ ]q¿W-ambn e`n-®n´p≈ ]pcm-X\ `mjy-

amWv F°p-ta-\n-bp-kn-t‚-Xv. Cu `mjy-Øn¬ s\tbm-˛-Im¬kn-U¨

Nn¥m-coXn Zriy-am-Wv. F∂m¬ Abmsf∏‰ntbm Pohn-®- Im-e-sØ-∏-

‰ntbm IrXy-ambn \ap-°-dn-hn-√.˛ skth-cq-kns‚ kvt\ln-X-\mb Hcp

F°p-ta-\n-bpkv D≠v. At¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv Cbm-fn\v c≠v

IØp-Iƒ Ab-®p

tPm¨ Up≥Km-cn-bpkv ItØ-\nÃv (6/7˛mw \q.)

Gim-bm, Pd-an-bm,- F-k-°n-tb¬, -Zm\n-tb¬ F∂o ]hm-N-I-∑m¿°v

tPm¨ ""ItØ\m'' kam-l-cn-®p. ss__nƒ hmIy-ß-sf-SpØv Hm-

tcm∂n\pw ap≥Im-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ \¬Inb hymJym-\-ßƒ H∂n®p \¬Ip-

∂-Xn-\m-Wv ItØ\m F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Gim-bmsb Ipdn-®p≈ ItØ-

\m-bpsS Bcw-`-Øn¬ Cu kam-lm-c-Im-cWw Abmƒ hy‡-am-°p∂p:

""]hm-N-I-h-N\w AKm-ly-am-I-bm¬ ]nXm-°-∑m-cn-te°v Xncn-bp∂p''.

Hcn-P≥, Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, slcm-s¢-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm¿, Fta-km-bnse

Fhp-tk-_n-bkv , At∏m-≈n-\m-co-kv,- Xn-b-sUm-sd‰v F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂m-

Wv IqSp-X¬ D≤c-Wn-I-fpw.



tPm¨ ZntbmIn-t\m-sa-\pkv (6- mw \q.)

Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-\mb tPm¨ ]Øp- ]p-kvX-I-ß-fn-embn Hcp ""k`m-

N-cnXw'' Fgp-Xn. CXns‚ Nne `mK-ßtf \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≈p. t^mkn-

bkv CtX-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. At¥ym-Iy-bnepw kndn-bm-bnepw \S∂

Imcyß-fn¬ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®-Xn-\m¬ Cbmƒ kndnbm-°m-c≥ Bbn-

cn-°mw. 481-˛518 Ime-L-´-Ønse Ncn-X-amWv CXn-ep-≈-Xv. Xkv-I-c

kn-\-Un-s\bpw Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kn-s\bpw ]pI-gvØn-∏-d-bp-∂p. Xnb-tUm¿

""set‡m¿'' Xs‚ Ncn-X-c-N-\bv°v Cu KŸw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

tPm¨ aem-emkv (470/480- 565)

BZysØ _nk‚-bn≥ tImWn-°nƒ k-am-l-cn-®Xv tPmWm-Wv.

sdtXm¿,- kvsIm-fm-kvXn-°pkv F∂pw Cbmƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. At¥ym-

Iy≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ P\n-®p-h-f¿∂ tPm¨ kpdn-bm-\n-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

sX -tem-\n-°m,- tI-k-dnbm ^nen∏n F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ bmX sNbvXv

Ah-km\w tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Xmakam-°n. Ahn-sS-h-®mWv 18

]pkvX-I-ß-fp≈ tImWn-°n-fns‚ Ah-km-\-`mKw ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-b-Xv.-

A-bmƒ Hcp-∂-X -k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p. KŸm-cw- -Øn¬ KŸ-

c-N-\-bpsS Dt±iyw hy‡-am-°p∂p: ""InÃy≥ tImtWm-Km-^nIv ]mc-

º-cyw hymJym-\n-® -co-Xn-bn¬ hnip-≤-N-cn-X-KXn hc-®p-Im-´p-I. -BZw

apX¬ PÃo-\n-b≥ h-sc-bp≈ Ime-L-´-Ønse kw`-h-ßƒ Npcp°n

hnh-cn-°p-I''. Fhm-Kn-bkv kvtImfm-Ãn-°pkv 590-˛¬ Xs‚ k`m-N-cn-

X- hn-h-c-W-Øn\v CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. KŸ-Im-c≥ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-

≤-\m-sW∂v ]Xn-s\´mw ]pkvXIw kqN\ \¬Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ A°m-

esØ ssZh-im-kvX- X¿°-ß-fn-sem∂pw Abmƒ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-

®n-√.- A-t¥ym-Iy≥ Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb sZmav\o-\p-kv, Hcp s\kvtXm-dn-bm-

\p-kv, Hcp- Xn-tamXn F∂n-h¿ Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ ]tXy-I-ambn tPmWns‚

tkmX- p-I-fm-Wv. ]pkvXIw 15-˛18 ¬ hmNn-I-]m-c-º-cy-ßƒ IqSp-X-

embn Dƒs°m-≈n-®n-´p-≠v. kw`-h-ßƒ hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-

°p-∂-Xn-ep-]-cn, Bdmw \q‰m-≠nse _nk-ss‚≥ Nn¥m-tem-I-Øns‚

Ah-X-cW-am-Wn-Xn¬. Cu Ncn-Xw kpdn-bm-\n,- e-Øo≥,- …m-thm-Wn-Iv,

-F-tXym-]nIv `mj-I-fn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v.

Fhm-Kn-bkv kvsImfm-kvXn-°pkv (6- mw \q.)

Pkv‰o-\n-bs‚ `c-W-Im-eØv (527-˛565) Htdm-¥kv \Zo-Xo-c-Øp≈ F∏n-

^m-\n-bm-bn¬ Fhm-Kn-bkv P\n-®p. t]¿jym-°m¿ At¥ymIym ]nSn-®-

t∏mƒ (540) Abmƒ \t∂ sNdp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂p.- \n-b-a-]-T-\-Øn-\p-tijw

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ \n∂v A\-kvXm-kyqkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚



BZy- -c-W-Im-eØv (558- 570) At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ Xncn-s®-Øn. -Kn-Kdn, ]mXn-

b¿°o-km-b-t∏mƒ Fhm-Kn-bkpw _‘p-hmb F∏n-^m-\n-bm-bnse

tPmWpw At±-l-Øns‚ \nb-tam-]-tZ-i-I-cm-bn.- A-ßs\ ÿesØ P\-

ß-fp-sSbpw `c-Wm-[n-Im-cn-I-fp-sSbpw CS-bn¬ Fhm-Kn-b-kn\v kap-∂-

X-ÿm\w e`n-®p-. ssS_n-cn-bkv (578-˛582), -au-cokv (582-˛602) F∂o NI-

h¿Øn-am¿ At±-lsØ _lp-am-\n-®n-cp-∂p. A∂sØ cmjvSo-bhpw

aX-]-c-hp-amb kwK-Xn-I-sfms° ASp-Ø-dn-bm≥ Ab-mƒ°h-kcw Inń.

Bdv ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn 428-˛593/4 Ime-L-´-ß-fnse k`m-N-cn-X-sa-gp-

Xn. KnK-dn-bp-sS \n¿tZ-i-]-Im-c-am-bn-cn°mw Abm-fn-sX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. Abmƒ

Im¬kn-U¨ Nn-¥m-KXn ]pe¿Øn. tPm¨ aem-em-kns‚ IrXn- A-bm-

fpsS Hcp tkmX- m-bn-cp-∂p. Im¬kn-U¨ kn\Up-ambn _‘-s∏-´-

Im-cy-ßƒ hnkvX-cn®p ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. F∏n- m-\n-bm-bnse Fhp-kvXm-

tXym-kns‚ Ncn-X-kw-K-lw,- k-°-dn-bmkv sdtXm-dns‚ k`m-N-cn-Xw,-

s]m-t°m-∏n-bp-kns‚ ""bp≤-ßƒ'' F∂ -Ir-Xn, F∏n-^m-\n-bm-bnse

tPmWns‚ temI-N-cn-Xw F∂n-hbpw Cbm-fpsS tkmX- p-I-fm-Wv.

_nk-ss‚≥ k`mNcn-X-Im-c-\mb \ntk-t^m-dkv I√n-Ãkv kmt¥m-

∏p-fpkv Xs‚ cN-\-bn¬ Cu N-cn-X-KŸw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´-p≠v.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse a°m-cn-bpkv (7- mw \q.)

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Im¬kn-U¨ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏´-

a-°m-cn-bp-kn\v Ad_n apt∂‰w aqew At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ ]th-in-°m-\m-

bn-√. AXp-sIm≠v tIm¨Ãm≥dnt\m-∏n-fn¬ Xma-kn-®p-sIm≠v GI-Nn-

Ø-hmZw ]N-cn-∏n-®p.- tdmapw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfpw XΩn¬ A°m-e-

Øp-≠m-bn-cp∂ (647) AI¬® h¿≤n-∏n-°m≥ ]cn-i-an®p F∂p -]-d-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. Bdmw FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ Iu¨kn¬ Abmsf ]mj-WvUn-I-

fpsS ]ń-I-bn¬ s]Sp-Øn \o°w -sN-bvXp. kndn-bm-bnse Im¬kn-U¨

A\p-`m-hn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ AbmfpsS B[ym-fln-I-t\-XrXzw ]cs°

AwKo-I-cn-°-s∏-ń-cp-s∂∂v A∏-sa-bm-bnse tIm¨Ã≥ss‚-≥, aq∂mw

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Un¬ hy‡-am-°n.

Fhp-t_m-bm-bnse tPm¨ (8- mw \q.)

tPmWns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw \ap-°-dn-bn-√. F∂m¬ hnhn[ hnj-b-ßsf

]pc-kvI-cn-®v- A-t±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p≈ tlman-en-Iƒ \-ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Uam-kvI-kn-\-Sp-tØm,- F-hp-t_mbm Zzo]ntem ]m¿Øn-cp∂ Hcp

k\ymkn Bbn-cp∂p tPm¨.- sIm-e-sN-ø-s∏-´ -\n-jv°-f¶ inip-°ƒ,

a-dn-b-Øns‚ K¿ -[m-c-Ww,- em-k-dn-s\ -D-b¿∏n®Xv,- hn.-]-cm-jo-hns‚ c‡-

km-£n-Xzw -F-∂n-h-bmWv At±-l-Øns‚ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ -tl-m-an-en-Iƒ.



kem-an-knse sdPo-\pkv (5- mw \q.)

kem-an-kns‚ (tIm¨kv‰m≥kym) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p sdPo-\p-kv. Ft^-

tkmkv kq\-l-tZm-kn¬ At±lw kndn-en-s‚- ]-£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. ssk]-

kns‚ kzX-¥-\n-e-bvs°-Xnsc At¥ymIym ]mXn-b¿°okv ]h¿Øn-

°p∂p F∂p ]d™v Abm-fpw ssk]-knse a‰v sa-Xm-∑mcpw IqSn

(Ip-cn-tbm-Wnse tkt\m,- tkm-fn-bnse Fhm-Kn-b-kv) kn\-Un¬ Hcp

satΩm-dm≠w \¬-In. sdPo-\pkv Iu¨kn-en¬ Hcp ]kw-Khpw \S-Øn.

ssk]-knse Ae-Ivkm≠¿ (6- mw \q.)

kem-an-kn¬ hn.- _¿W-_m-kns‚ Xo¿Ym-S-\-tI-µ-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Hcm-

i-a-Ønse AwK-am-bn-cp∂p Ae-Ivkm-≠¿. Ipcn-ip Is≠-Ø¬,- _¿W-

_m-kn-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ kvXpXn-]-`m-jWw F∂n-ßs\ c≠p tlman-en-Iƒ

\ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. H∂m-a-tØ-Xn\v Btcm Hcp Npcp-°w ( -F-∏n-t‰mw)

D≠m°n Ae-Ivkm-≠-dns‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn -∏n -®n -´p -≠v. tkt\m

NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv (474-˛491) hn.- _¿W-_m-kns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v

Is≠-Ønb Imcyhpw ssk]kv k`-bpsS A∏-kvtXm-en-tIm-¤-hhpw

kzX-¥-\n-ebpw Hs° Xs‚ ]kw-K-Øn¬ At±lw Du∂n-∏-d-bp-∂p.

ssk]-knse A¿t°-Un-bkv (+640)

A¿t°-Un-bkv B¿®p-_n-j∏v Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ AwKo-I-cn-

®- B-fm-bn-cp-∂p. hniz-mk-km-£n-bmb amIvkn-ap-kv, Pdp-k-te-anse

skmt^m-Wn-bkv F∂n-h¿ At±-lsØ ]Io¿Øn-°p-Ibpw IØp-

Iƒ hgn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-≠v. ""InkvXp-hn¬ c≠pXcw

]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ Ds≠∂v ]d-b-cpXv'' F∂v slcm-¢n-b-kv N-I-h¿Øn

A¿t°-Un-b-kns\ hne°n UnIn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p. ssk]-knse hnip-

≤-cmb kv]oco-tZm≥,- Zm-\-io-e-\m-b tbml-∂m≥ F∂n-h-cpsS Poh-

N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xm≥ s\bm-s∏m-fo-kn-se (-ssk-]-kv) -se-tbm¨jyq-kn-

s\ t]cn-∏n-®p. kv]oco-tZm≥ ssk-]-kn¬ sXan-Øp-knse BZy-sa-

Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. \nJym-bnepw (325)- km¿Zn°m -kn-\-Un-epw (343) At±lw

kw_-‘n-®p. hn.- Ko-h¿Ko-kn-s\-∏‰n A¿t°-Un-bkv \S-Øn-b kvXpXn-

]-`m-jWw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

s\bm-s∏m-fo-knse setbm¨jyqkv (7- mw \q.)

setbm¨jyq-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw \ap-°-dn-hn-√. At±lw ssk]-knse

s\bm-s∏m-fo-kv (-en-am-t mƒ) saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A¿t°-Un-bkv B¿®p-

_n-j-∏ns‚ \n¿tZ-i-]-Imcw At±-lw- ssk-]-knse c≠v hnip-≤-cpsS

Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn. AXp-t]mse Nne ]kw-K-ßfpw ""bqZ¿s°-Xn-sc-



bp≈ Hcp ]Xn-]m-Z-\hpw''Fgp-Xn. -Ip-cn-in-s\bpw cq]-ß-sfbpw _lp-

am-\n-°p-∂-Xns\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.- tPm¨

Ua-jo\pw Ggmw FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ Iu¨knepw CXn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-

°p-∂p. -sX-an-Øq-knse kv]oco-tZm≥ saXms‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw \jvS-s∏-

´p-t]m-bn. tbml-∂ms‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. ssk]-kp-Im-c-\mb

tbml-∂m≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn (610-˛620). -tPm¨

tamkv°qkpw skmt^m-Wn-bkpw Cbm-fpsS Poh-N-cn-Xw cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

FtU- m-°m-c≥ Hcp sia-tbm≥ Xm]- s‚ Poh-N-cn-Xhpw setbm¨

jyqkv FgpXn. ""-In-kvXp-hns\ ]Xn t`mj-\mbn Pohn®'' sia-tbm≥

]n¬°me …mhnIv k`-bnse Xm]- -cpsS amXr-I-bm-bn. ""t`mj-\mb''

A¥-tbm-kn-s‚ --NcnXw CXns‚ amXr-I-bn¬ …mhnIv `mj-bn¬ Fgp-

X-s∏-´p. setbm¨jyq-kns‚ c≠v ]kw-K-ßƒ \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

]mt^m-knse Xnb-tUm¿ (7- mw \q.)

ssk]-knse k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ Xnb--tUm¿ ]mt^m-knse saXm-\m-

bn. At±lw hn.-kv]o-co-tZms‚ Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.- t\-ctØ Fgp-

X-s∏´ Nne Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ Xnb-tUm¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v; AXp-t]mse

hmNn-I-]m-c-º-cy-ßfpw.

ssk]-knse tk¿Pn-bpkv (7- mw \q.)

kem-ankv saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ tk¿Pn-bpkv 643-˛¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ńb s]mhn≥

jy¬ kn\-Un¬h®v GI-C-—m-hm-Zw X≈n-°-f-™p. X¬kw-_-‘-ambn

tk¿Pn-bpkv, Xnb-tUm¿ ]m-∏mbv°b® Hcp IØv- e- y-am-Wv.

sXan-Øp-knse Xnb-tUm¿ (7- mw \q.)

ssk]-knse Xnb--tUm-dn¬ \n∂v tPm¨ -In-skm-kvtXm-ans‚ Hcp

eLpPoh-N-cnXw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

2.- A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv (465-˛538)

Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤ kaq-l-Øn-s‚ Hcp henb t\Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p

skth-cq-kv. ]nko-Zn-bm-bnse skmtkm-s∏m-fo-kn¬ P\n-®p. Ae-Ivkm-

≠n-bm-bn¬ hymI-c-Whpw ]`m-j-WI-e-bpw s_do-Øq-kn¬ \nb-ahpw

]Tn-®p. aøq-am-bnse ]tXm-kns‚ GI-kz-`m-hhmZ- k¿°n-fn¬ k\ym-

kn-bmbn 490 apX¬ ]e-kvXo-\-m-bn¬ Pohn-®p. AhnsS Xs‚ kz¥w

Bi-a-Øn¬ A[y-£\pw ]ptcm-ln-X-\p-am-bn. G-I-kz- m-h-hmZ°m¿s°-

Xn-sc-bp≈ s\^m-en-b-kn-s‚- ]h¿Ø-\-ßsf t\cn-Sm≥ 508- ¬ Abmƒ

A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv


tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te-°p-t]mbn. A\-kvXm-kyqkv NI-h¿Ønsb

kzm[o-\n-®v ""sl-t\m-ń-t°m≥'' F∂ tcJsb Im¬kn-U¨ -hn-cp≤

coXn-bn¬ hymJym-\n-®p. ]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn (511); ]n∂oSv

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Im¬kn-U¨ ]mXn-b¿°okv ^vfmhn-bs‚ ]n≥Km-

an-bm-bn (512-˛518). Cu Ime-a-Xbpw Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤ Bi-b-ßƒ

]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ Xs‚ ]kw-K-ßfpw IØp-Ifpw AP-]m-eII¿a-ßfpw

At±lw hn\n-tbm-Kn-®p. PÃn≥ NI-h¿Øn (518) Im¬kn-U¨

Iu¨kn-en\v A\q-e-amb \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ,- sk-th-cqkv knwlm-

k\w Dt]-£n®v CuPn-]vXn-te°v IS-∂p.- A-°m-eØv GI-kz-`m-h-hm-

Zn-I-fpsS CS-bn-ep-≠mb ]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]N-

cWw \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp.- l-en-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-bs‚ ""A^vXm

¿tXm-˛-tUm-sk-‰n-kw'', -tk¿Pn-bpkv KΩm-Øn-°q-kns‚ dmUn°¬

ho£-W-ßƒ F∂n-hsb FXn¿Øp. Aßs\ Im¬kn-U-Ïm¿°pw

dmUn°¬ GI-kz-`m-h- hm-Zn-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc i‡n-bmbn t]mcm-Sn.

PÃns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn PÃo-\n-b≥ A[n-Im-c-ta-‰-t∏mƒ (527),

kss -Iy-Øn-\p≈ Xs‚ kwcw- -ßsf ]n≥Xp-W-bv°m≥ sk-th-cq-kn¬

\n¿_-‘w -sN-ep-Øn. XZv^-e-ambn At±lØn\v \n¿_m[w tIm¨

Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ t]mImsa∂mbn (534-˛5). A-t±lw AhnsS Xs‚ hn`m-

KsØ i‡n-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ ]cn-iaw \S-Øn. Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-Iq-

en-I-fpsS FXn¿∏p- Im-c-Ww, -Cu-Pn-]vXn-te°v aS-ßn-t∏m-bn. XpS¿∂p

\S∂ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Uv (536) skth-cq-kns\ i]n-®p-X-

≈n. Abm-fpsS IrXn-Iƒ IØn-®p -I-f-b--W-sa∂v PÃo-\nb≥ Cºo-cn-

b¬ UnIn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. AXns‚ ê-ambn At±-l-Øns‚ Ko°n-

se-gp-Xnb IrXn-Iƒ an°Xpw \jvS-s∏-´p, F∂m¬ kpdn-bm-\n- hn-h¿Ø-

\-Øn¬ ]eXpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

IrXn-Iƒ

Xm¿°n-I- Ir-Xn-Iƒ, -I-Øp-Iƒ, KoX-ßƒ F∂n-ßs\ IrXn-Isf

Xncn-°mw. Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-Iq-en-Iƒ°pw Fhp-Xo-°n-b¿°p-sa-Xnsc

At±lw c≠p-Xcw Xm¿°n-I- Ir-Xn-Iƒ c-Nn-®p:

1.- s\-^m-en-b-kn-\p≈ c≠v IrXn-Iƒ (508).

2. A`-‡-\mb KΩm-Øn-°q-kn-s\-Xnsc: aq∂p ]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn

tIk-dn-bm-bnse tPmWns‚ Im¬kn-U-Wp -th-≠n-bp≈ \ymbo-I-cWw

F∂ -Ir-Xn-s°-Xn-sc.



3.- k-Xy--Øns‚ kvt\ln-X≥ (-^n-em-se-sXk v): kndn-ens‚ IrXn-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ ASßp-∂ IrXn.

4.- Pq-en-b-s\-Xnsc A©v IrXn-Iƒ (518-˛528)

5. -I-Øp-Iƒ: GXm≠v 250-˛-Hmfw IØp-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

6. tlman-en-Iƒ: At±lw IØo-U-en¬ sNbvX 125-˛-Hmfw IØo-U¬

tlman-en-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Inń-bn-´p-≠v.

7.- Ko-X-ßƒ

Ch-bn-eq-sS-sb√mw Xs‚ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp≤ Bi-b-ßƒ

]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ At±lw ]cn-i-an-®p. F∂m¬ I-an-IrX ssZh-im-kvX

-Ir-Xn-I-sfm∂pw Fgp-Xn-bn-ń-√. A∂sØ InkvXp-im-kv-X -]-›m-Ø-e-

Øn¬ DS-se-SpØ AP-]m-e-I-]-iv\-ßƒ°v ]cn-lm-c-ambn, Xs‚

kaq-l-Øn-\p-th≠n Fgp-Xs∏´hbmWh.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse kndn-ens‚ hymJym-Xm-hm-bn-´mWv At±lw

]Xy-£-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv.- A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]Z-]-tbm-K-ß-fn-eqsS InkvXp-

imkvXw Bhn-jv°-cn°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-aamWv ImWp-I. At±lw IrXy-

ambn 431-˛se knd-n-en-s\-bm-Wv ]n≥sN-√p-∂--Xv. kndn¬ 433-˛¬ sFIy-

t^m¿ape D≠m°n ]u-c-kvXy-cp-ambn HØp-Xo¿∏p-≠m-°m≥ ImWn®

hnim-e-ho-£Ww skth-cqkv ImWn-®n-√. CXv a‰v Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-

≤-cnepw ImWp-∂n-√. At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX- t^m¿ap-e-Iƒ

skth-cqkv X≈n-°-f-™p: ""Ah-X-cn® hN-\-Øns‚ GI-kz-`mhw''

F∂ kndn-√nb≥ t^m¿ape hymJym-\n®v a‰p-≈-h-cpsS apºn¬ kzoIm-

cy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-aw \S-Øn. Abmƒ Hcp- ""kw-bp-‡-

kz-`m-hsØ'' ]‰nbpw ""kwbp‡ lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kns\'' ]‰nbpw kwkm-

cn-°p∂p (^yq-knkv kn≥sX-t‰m-kv, -lyp-t∏m-Ã-kn-kv kn≥sX-t‰m-kv).

hN-\-Øns‚ ""GI-kz- m-h-Øn¬'' (-lyp-t∏m-Ã-kn-kn¬)- I-e¿∏p-IqSmsX

ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw ÿnXn-sN-øp∂p F∂mWv AXn-\¿Yw. GI-

kz-`mhw (anbm ^yqkn-k v)- kw-bp-‡-am-Wv (-kyp≥sX-t‰m-k v). tb-ip-

InkvXp ""c≠p kz`m-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v GI-kz-`m-h-am-Wv.'' CXns\ ""F≥

ly--t∏m-Ã-knkv'' F∂p hnfn-°p-∂p. hN-\amw ssZhw Xs‚ ssZh-kz-`m-

h-tØm-Sp-IqsS \ΩpsS a\pjy-kz-`m-hw -Xs‚ lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kn¬

FSpØv H∂m°n Xo¿Øp. Aßs\ hN\w amwk-am-bn.- h-N\w tIhe

kz`m-h-am-bn-cp-∂p.- a-\pjym-h-Xm-c-tØm-Sp-IqsS PUw kw_-‘n®v kwbp-

‡-kz-`m-h-ambn. InkvXp-hn¬ kwbp-‡-kz`mhhpw kwbp-‡-lyp-t∏m-

Ã-kn-kp-am-Wv.- F-∂m¬ GI-bm-fn¬ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw Iqń-

°p-g®n¬ IqSmsX ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv


3. hn. tPm¨ Ua-jo≥ (650-˛750)

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ Ah-km-\sØ Bfmbn tPmWns\ ]cn-K-Wn-

°p-∂p.- U-am-kvI-knse tbml-∂m≥ F∂mWv tPm¨ Ua-jo≥ F∂-

Xns‚ A¿Yw. bmlm C_v\v a≥kq¿ C_v\v k¿Kq≥ F∂v- A-d-_n-

bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tPmWns‚ Pohn-X-Øns‚ BZy-`mKw Uam-kvI-

kn-emWv sNe-h-gn-®-Xv.- A-Xn¬ \n∂mImw Uam-kvI-kp-Im-c≥ F∂¿Y-

Øn¬ "Ua-jo≥' F∂ t]cv kn≤n-®-Xv. At±-l-sØ-∏‰n ]n¬°m-eØv

cNn-®- Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ hf-sc-b-[nIw AXn-i-tbm‡n Ie¿∂n-´p-s≠∂p

]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- a≥kq¿- F∂ IpSpw-_-t∏cv "hnPbn' F∂p hnh¿Ø-\w

sNømw.

Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-kn-I-fmb kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cm-bn-cp∂p a≥kq¿

Ip-Spw-_°m¿. tPmWns‚ ]nXm-a-l-∑m-scms° _nk-ss‚≥ kmam-Py-

Øn¬ D∂-tXm-tZym-K-ßƒ hln-®n-cp-∂p. Ah¿ 636 apX¬ Ad-_n-Isf

tkhn-®p. Ad_n BI-a-W-Im-eØv Uam-kvIkv \K-c-Øns‚ ]os^-

IvSm-bn-cp∂p tPmWns‚ ]nXm-a-l≥. Ad-_n-Iƒ°v 635-˛¬ Uam-kvIkv

\KcIhmSw Xpd-∂p-sIm-Sp-ØXv At±-l-am-Wv. tPmWns‚ ]nXm-hm-b

tk¿Pn-bpkpw D∂-X- k¿°m-cp-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p. A_o-sa-te°v

F∂ HΩ-bnUv Imen-^ns‚ Iogn¬ Icw-]n-cn-hns‚ Npa-X-e-bmbn-cp-∂p

tk¿Pn-bp-kn\v.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ 650-˛¬ P\n-®- tPm-Wn\v ¢mkn-°¬ hnZym-

`ymkw e`n-®p. -Xp-S¿∂v tPmWpw Ad-_n-I-fp-sS -Io-gn¬ tPmen-sN-bvXp.

Ko°v, Ad-_n, C…mw F∂n-h-bn¬ \√ ]m-hoWyw t\Sn. Imen^v

A_vZv A¬ amenIv (685- 705) -ssI-kvXh hncp≤ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ kzoI-cn-

®-t∏mƒ, -tPm¨ 700- m-am-≠n¬ DtZymKw cmPn-h-®p. ]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ am¿

km_m-kns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ ]th-in-®p. tbml-∂m≥ ]mXn-b¿°okv (705-

˛735) tPmWns\ sshZn-I-\m-°n. AhnsS Bi-a-Øn¬ ]Tn-∏n-°p-Ibpw

Pdp-k-te-an¬ ]kw-Kn-°p-Ibpw saXm-∑m¿°v D]-tZiw \¬Ip-Ibpw KŸ-

c-N\ \S-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tPm¨ 749- -t\m-S-Sp-Øv a-cn-®p. ac-W-tijw

At±-l-Øns‚ JymXn h¿≤n-®p.- c≠mw \nIym- Iu¨kn¬ (787) -A-t±-

lsØ hµy≥ F∂pw tdmam-knw-lm-k\w (1890) k`m-a¬∏m≥ F∂pw

hnfn-®p. Unkw-_¿ \men-\mWv At±-l-Øns‚ Hm¿a.

IrXn-Iƒ

At±-l-Øns‚ kp]-[m-\ XmXznI -IrXn ""hn⁄m-\-Øns‚

Dd-hnSw''(t]tK tXkv t·msk-tbm-kv) F∂ al-ZvK-Ÿ-am-Wv. At±l-



Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c-\mb tImkvam-kn-\mWv CXv ka¿∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. samØw

\qdv A[ym-b-ß-fpw- aq∂p `mK-ß-fp-ap≈ Hcp _l-ZvK-Ÿ-am-WnXv:

1.- Xm-Xzn-I-`m-Kw (Im-∏n-Xpfm nsem-tkm-^nIm/Unb-se-‡n-°m): XmXzn-

I-`m-KØv G‰hpw DØ-a-amb XmXzn-I -X-Xz-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥

At±lw ian-°p-∂p. s]m¿ô-cn-bpsS sFk-tKm-Kns‚ Npcp°w

]Sn-ÃnIv ]mc-º-cy-Øn¬ \n-s∂-SpØp h®n-cn-°p-∂p.

2.- ]m-j-WvU-X-Isf ]‰n-bp≈ hnh-c-Ww: "']mj-WvU-X-I-sf-∏‰n'' F∂

`mKw N¿®- sN-øp∂ 100 ]mj-WvUXIfn¬ 80 FÆw F∏n-^m-\n-b-

kn¬ \n∂v FSp-Øn-´p-≈-Xm-Wv. C…mw Dƒs∏-sS- _m°n-bp-≈h a‰p-≈-

h-cn¬ \n-∂pw. ""tUmIvXo\m ]mXpw'' F∂- Ir-Xnbn¬ \n∂mWv apgp-

h≥ FSp-Øn-´p-≈-sX∂v A`n-]m-b-s∏-Sp-∂-h-cp-ap-≠v.

3.- k-Xy-hn-izm-k-hn-h-c-Ww.: ]n¬°m-e-hn-h¿Ø-I¿ Cu aq∂m-asØ

`mKsØ \membn Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. kXy-hn-izm-k-hn-h-c-W-Øn¬ 100

A[ym-b-ß-fn-em-bn -Xn-Xzw (1-˛14), krjvSn (15-˛44), InkvXp-imkvXw (45-

˛81-), a‰v ]iv\-ßƒ (81-˛100) F∂nh kw_-‘n-®p≈ k`m-]-t_m-[\w

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. eØo≥ hn-h¿Ø\w aq∂mw `mKsØ \mem-bn

Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p. Cu henb IrXn c≠p ]Xn-∏p-I-fn-embn e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

CXn\pw ]pdta Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ IrXn-Ifpw At±lw cNn®p:

a‰v tUm‹m-‰nIv IrXn-Iƒ

1.- C≥kvXn-Xqtkym Fse-sa-¥m-cnkv

2. sZ sd‡m sks¥≥kym

3.- s\-kvtXm-dn-b¿s°-Xnsc c≠p IrXn-Iƒ

4.- GI kz`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc aq∂p -Ir-Xn-Iƒ

5.- G-I-Nn-Ø-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Hcp IrXn.

6.- a-\n-s°-b¿s°-Xnsc Hcp IrXn

7.- H-dm-tkym-sWkv sZ Cam-Pn-\n-_pkv sXkv: cq]-hW-°sØ \ymbo-

I-cn-®p-sIm-≠p-≈-Xm-Wn-Xv. A°m-eØv DSse-SpØ ]-Xn-am- -RvP\w F∂

A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-Øn-s\-Xnsc At±lw KŸ-c-N\ \S-Øn.- Xs‚ ap≥Km-

an-I-fmb Ko-°p-]n-Xm-°-∑msc [mcm-f-ambn IrXn-I-fn¬ D≤-cn-°p∂p:

sskd-knse Xnb-sUm-sd-‰v, KnKdn \kym≥k≥, Fhp-tfm-Kn-bp-kv, s\ta-

kn-bp-kv, skhp-tUm-˛-U-b-\ojy-kv, _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨jyq-

kv, -am-Ivkn-ap-kv,- A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b-mbnse kndn¬, t_kn¬, Kn-Kdn

hn. tPm¨ Ua-jo≥


\o m,- A-Ø-\m-tkym-kv BZn-bm-b-h-cn¬ \n-∂p≈ \o≠ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ

]e-t∏mgpw ImWm-\p-≠v.

[m¿an-I-˛Xm-] Ir-Xn-Iƒ

8. sZ kmInkv sbbq-Wn-bnkv

9. -kmIm ]mc-s√em

`mjy-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

10. ]utem-kns‚ teJ-\-ß-fpsS `mjyw tPm¨ Iskm-kvtXm-ans\

B[m-c-am°n Fgp-Xn-.

Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ

11.- hn.- _m¿_-cm, hn.- tPm¨ In-skmkvtXmw F∂n-hsc ]‰n-bp≈

kvXpXn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ

12.- A¿tX-an-bp-kns‚ c‡-km-£n-hn-h-c-Ww (]m- n-tbm).

13.- tlm-an-en-Iƒ: I¿Xr-P-\-\w,- km-_-Xv, I¿Xr-cq-]m-¥-co-I-c-Ww,-

am-Xm-hns‚ \nZ (acWw), C≥ ^nIpw Asc-^m-‡mw.

14.- Ko-X-ßƒ: Nne Bcm-[-\m-Ko-X-ßƒ tPmWns‚ t]cn¬ Btcm-]n-

°p-∂p.

Ah-tem-I\w

tPmWns‚ IrXn-I-fn¬ Hdn-Pn-\m-en‰n Ipd-hm-Wv. AXv B Ime-

L-´-Øns‚ ]tXy-IX Bbn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ B ImesØ G‰hpw ]i-

kvX-\mb Fgp-Øp-Im-c≥ At±lw Xs∂- B-bn-cp-∂p. -Ko°p ssZh-im-

kvX- h-f¿®-bpsS aIp-S-ambn At±-lsØ ImWp-∂-h-cp--≠v. Xs‚ Ime-

L-´-Øn¬ Hcp ssZh-im-kvX-kw-tbm-P\w (kn≥sX-kn-k v) \S-Øm≥

At±lw ian-®p. -A-t±-l-Øns‚ ][m\ IrXnsb BZysØ ""ssZh-

im-kvX -kpΩm'' F∂p- hn-fn-°mw.

Im¬kn-U¨ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚ XpS¿®-bmb s\tbm-˛-

Im¬kn-U¨ Nn¥m-K-Xn-bpsS h‡m-hmWv tPm¨. lypt∏m-Ãm-‰nIv

sFIyw F∂ Im¬kn-U¨ ]Z-]-tbmKw InkvXp-hn-ep≈ c≠v kz`m-

h-ß-fpsS sFIysØ Ipdn-°p-∂p. s\tbm˛Im¬kn-UÏm¿ kw-bp-

‡- ly-p-t∏m-Ã-knkv (lyp-t∏m-Ã-knkv kyp≥sX-t‰m-kv) F∂ t^m¿ape

cq]o-I-cn-®p.- h-N-\-Øns‚ lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kn¬ a\p-jyXzw ÿnXn-sN-øp-

∂p (F≥ lyp-t∏m-Ã-kn-kv). AXm-b-Xv, Hcmƒ am-Xw,- AXv hN-\-Øn-

t‚-Xm-Wv. AXp-X-s∂-b-mWv \Ωn¬ \n-s∂-SpØ a\pjy-Xz-Øn-t‚bpw



Bf-Øw. F∂m¬ c≠v kz`m-h-ß-fp-sS-bpw khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ IqSn-°-e-

cp-∂n-√. c≠p lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kp-Iƒ XΩn¬ Iq-Sn-t®¿∂√ kwbp-‡-

ly-p-t∏m-Ã-knkv Bbn-Øo-cp-∂-Xv. -A-Xp-t]mse FSp-°-s∏´ a\p-jy-kz-

`m-hw- A≥lyp-∏-Ã-kn-k-√,- F≥lyp-t∏mkv‰-kn-km-Wv.- A-Xm-b-Xv,

AXns‚ lypt∏m-Ã-knkv hN-\-Øns‚ lypt∏m-Ã-knkv Xs∂-bm-Wv.-

InkvXp-hn¬ c≠v C—-Ifpw c≠v Fs\¿sKbvbmbpw Ds≠∂v tPm¨

]Tn-∏n-®p. InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ At±lw Bi-bn-°p-∂Xv""tUmIvXo\m

]mXpw'' F∂ -Ir-Xnbpw sZ sk‡nkv F∂ -tc-Jbpam-Wv. AXp-t]mse

_nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨jyq-kv, ssdXp-hnse Xnb-tUm¿, -A-t¥ym-

Iy-bnse A\-kvXm-kyq-kv,- am-Ivkn-ap-kv- F-∂n-h-cpw At±-l-Øns‚

tkmX- p-I-fm-Wv.

At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fn-se√mw k\ym-k-]-›m-Øew Zriy-am-Wv.

A°m-e-sØ -F-gp-Øp-Im-scms° ap≥Im-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n®v Xß-fpsS ho£-W-ßƒ sXfn-bn-

®n-cp-∂p. tPmWpw Cu coXn kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse ItØ-\-Ifpw

^vtfmdn-te-Pn-bmbpw hym]Iambn D]-tbm-Kn-°p∂ coXnbpw A°m-

esØ ]tXy-I-X-bm-Wv. -In-kvXob ]mc-º-cy-Øns‚- ]i-kvX -h-‡m-

hm-bn-cp-∂ At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-Iƒ Ing°pw ]Sn-™m-dp-ap≈ k`-I-

fn¬ K-Wy-am-b -kzm-[o-\w -sN-ep-Øn.- kvtIm-fm-ÃnIv ssZh-im-kvX-Øn¬

At±-l-Øn-s‚ kzm[o\w Zriy-am-Wv. hn.-tXm-a-kv- A-Izn-\mkv At±-l-

Øns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS eØo≥ hnh¿Ø\w D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. kXy-hn-

izm-k- hn-i-I-e-\-Øns‚ ae-bm-f-hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn-\v:- Pn.-tN-Snb-Øv,- hn.-

tPm¨ Ua-jo≥,- k-Xy-hn-izm-kw,- tIm-´-bw, 2003.

hn. tPm¨ Ua-jo≥


III]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Ko°v Fgp-Øp-Im¿

BapJw

tdmam-°m¿ ]e-kvXo-\n-b-≥ t]mhn≥kv 358- ¬ ]se-kvXo-\m, ]se-

kvXo\m kfp-Xm-cnkv F∂n-ßs\ c≠mbn hn`-Pn-®p. Ah¿ 400-˛m-am-

t≠mSp-IqSn ]e-kvXo-\msb aq∂mbn hn -Pn®p. Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fn-se ][m\-

`mj Ko°m-bn-cp-∂p. ]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ k\ymkw ]pjvSn-s∏-ń-cp-∂p:

1.- ]-se-kvXo\m ]oam: Pdp-k-te-am-bn-cp∂p Xe-ÿ-m\w. Nmhp-I-S-

en\pw tbm¿Zm≥ \Zn°pw ]Sn-™m-dp≈ ]tZ-ihpw Km m ]´-Whpw

CXn¬ Dƒs∏-´p.

2. ]se-kvXo\m sk°p≥Zm: jntXm-s∏m-fokv Bbn-cp∂p Xe-ÿm-

\w. Xnt_-cn-bmkv XSm-I-Øn\p Np‰p-ap≈ ]tZiw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-´p.

3. ]se-kvXo\m tX¿kym: s]Xm Bbn-cp-∂p Xe-ÿm-\w. Km m,-

P-dp-k-tew, Nmhp-I-S¬ F∂n-h-bv°v -sX-°p≈ ]tZ-i-ßƒ, ko-\mbv

]tZ-iw,- A-td-_y-bpsS `mK-ßƒ F∂nh CXn¬ Dƒs∏-´p.

\memw \q‰m-t≠m-Sp-IqSn Pdp-ktew AXns‚ ]mamWyw hos≠-Sp-

Øp. AsXmcp henb Xo¿Ym-S-\- tI-µ-ambn amdn. AXn-\p- apºv tIk-

dnbm Bbn-cp∂p B ]tZ-i-Øns‚ satXm-s∏m-fo-kv. Im¬kn-U¨

Iu¨kn¬ (451) Pdp-k-te-ans\ tIk-dn-bm-bpsS kma-¥-cq-]X F∂

\ne-bn¬ \n∂pam‰n Hcp t]Sn-bm¿t°-‰m-°n. bpsh-\m¬ BZysØ ]mXn-

b¿°o-km-bn. t]¿jym-°m¿ 614- ¬ Pdp-ktew BI-an®v ]nSn-°p-Ibpw

hnip≤ Ipcniv t]¿jy-bn-te°v sIm≠p-t]m-Ip-Ibpw sNbvXp. tdmam-

°m¿ 628- -Hm-Sp-IqSn t]¿jym-°msc tXm¬∏n®v hnip≤ Ipcniv XncnsI

sIm≠p-h-∂p. Ad-_n-Iƒ 637- ¬ Pdp-ktew ]nSn-®-S-°n. 644- 705 Ime-L-

-Øn¬ Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°okv tdmans\ Bi-bn-®p I-gn-™p.


]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ ]tZ-isØ as‰mcp ][m\ \K-c-am-bn-cp∂p Km m.

Km m-bn¬ k\ymkw XpS-ßn-bXv lnem-cn-tbm-\m-Wv. hn.- Ptdmw At±-

l-Øns‚ IYm-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ Hcp Poh-N-cnXw cNn-®n-´p-≠v. Km m-bnse

c≠p henb hnip≤ k\ym-kn-I-fmWv _¿k-\q-^n-bpkpw Hcp tbml-

∂m-\pw. Ah¿ Hcn-P-\n-ksØ FXn-¿-Øn-cp-∂-hcpw Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-

`m-hn-I-fp-am-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-eØv ]e-kvXo-\m-bnse ]e k\y-m-kn-Ifpw

Fhm-Kn-b≥ IrXn-I-fn-eqsS Hcn-P-\n-k-Øn-te°v BI¿jn-°-s∏- n-cp-∂p.

AXp-t]mse ]ecpw Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-cp-am-bn-cp-∂p. eudm- knÃw

F∂mWv ]e-kvXo-\-bn¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp∂ k\ym-k-coXn Adn-b-s∏-ń-cp-

∂-Xv.- G-Im-¥-Po-hn-Xhpw Iq´-Po-hn-Xhpw IqSn-°-e¿∂ k\ym-k-co-Xn-

bm-bn-cp∂p AXv. Pdp-k-te-am-bn-cp∂p ]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ k\ym-k-Øns‚

tIµw. tIm¨Ã≥ssSs‚ Imew apX¬ hnip≤ \K-c-amb Pdp-

kteante°v IqSp-X¬ IqSp-X¬ Xo¿Y-I-cpsS ]hm-l-ap-≠m-bn. k\ym-

kn-Iƒ Ahn-sS-bp≈ hnip≤ ÿe-ß-fpsS kwc-£Ww Gs‰-Sp-Øp.

Ah¿°v cmP-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw ]`p-Ip-Spw-_-ß-fn¬ \n∂pw Xo¿Y-

I-cn¬\n∂pw \nc-h[n klm-b-ßfpw B\p-Iq-ey-ßfpw e`n-®n-cp-∂p.-

]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ k\ym-k-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ hne-]n-Sn-∏p≈ ]e hnh-c-ßfpw

jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse kndn-en¬ \n∂m-Wv \ap°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv.

ko\mbv ]tZ-i-ß-fnepw k\ymkw ]pjvSn]m]n-®p. tami-bp-sSbpw

Gen-bm-bp-sSbpw Pohn-X-hp-ambn _‘-s∏´ ]tZ-i-am-I-bm¬ InkvXob

k\ym-kn-Iƒ AhnsS h¿≤n-®p-h-∂p. BZyw ^mdm≥, ssdXp F∂o

Xmgvh-c-I-fnepw ]n∂oSv ko\mbv ae-bn-epw (-tlm-td-_v) Ah¿ hmk-ap-d-

∏n-®p. IØp∂ apƒ∏-S¿∏ns‚ ÿm\-Øv (-Ko-°n¬ hmtXmkv F∂p

]d-bpw) slte\m cm⁄n Hcp ssZhm-ebw ]WnXp F∂mWv sFXn-

lyw. Ah¿ 326-˛-emWv hnip≤ \mń¬ Xo¿Ym-S\w \S-Øn-b-Xv. kv]m\n-

jv Xo¿Y-I-bmb FP-dnbm 380-˛-t\m-S-SpØpw ko\mbv kµ¿in-®p. k\ym-

kn-Isf Ae-™p -\-S-°p∂ Ad-_n-IfpsS BI-a-W-ß-fn¬ \n∂p c£n-

°m≥ PÃo-\n-b≥ NIh¿Øn 550-˛¬ ko\mbv ae-bnse Bi-a-Øn\v

tIm´-sIń. ]n¬°m-eØv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse hn. ImX-ssds‚ Xncp-

ti-jn∏v AhnsS sIm≠p-h∂v ÿm]n-®p. AXn-\p-tijw ""hn. -Im-X-

ssds‚ Biaw'' F∂v- AXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ko\m-bnse tPmWm-Wv

(-¢n-am-°p-kv) Ahn-SpsØ G‰hpw ]i-kvX-hy-‡n. t]¿jy≥ssk-\y-

Øns‚ 614-˛se Pdp-ktew BI-a-W-hn-h-cWw k\ym-k- km-ln-Xy-`m-K-

am-Wv. InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS Zmcp-W-]o-U-\-ßƒ lrZ-b-kv]r-°mbn AXn¬

hnh-cn-°p-∂p. ]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ ]tZ-i-Øp≈ Iptd Fgp-Øp-I-sc-∏‰n

Npcp°n hnh-cn°mw:

]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Ko°v Fgp-Øp-Im¿


AtΩm-Wn-bpkv k\ymkn

Hcp tIm]v‰nIv k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ AtΩm-Wn-bpkv (4-˛mw \q.) Iptd

c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS NcnXw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. as‰m∂pw Abmsf∏‰n Adn-

bm≥ ]mSn-√. Pdp-k-te-anse Xo¿Ym-S\w Ign™v ko\mbv acp-`q-an-

bn¬ Iptd\mƒ ]m¿Øp. ssdØp-hn-sebpw ko\mbv ae-bn-sebpw k\ym-

kn-Isf Im´m-f-∑m¿ Iq´-s°me \SØnb hnhcw Ahn-sS-h®v At±lw

tI´p. Ah-cpsS NcnXw tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øn. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ]tXm-

kns‚ Ime-ØmWv (373-˛380) CXp \S-∂-sX∂v Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p.

tIm]v‰nIv k` Unkw-_¿ 18-˛\pw Ko-°p-k` P\p-hcn 14-˛\pw Chsc

A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p.

Pdp-k-te-anse bpsh-\m¬ (422- 458)

Pdp-ktew saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ Ppsh-\m-em-Wv Pdp-k-te-anse H∂m-asØ

]mXn-b¿°o-kv. At±lw Ft^-tkm-kn-epw (431) XkvI-c-kn-\-Un-epw

(449) Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-en-

\p-tijw kndn-√n-b≥ saXm-∑m¿ tdmanse ske-Ãn\v Ab-®- I-Ønepw

]e-kvXo-\-bnse k\y-m-kn-Iƒ°pw sshZn-I¿°pw Ab-®- I-Ønepw

Ppsh-\mepw H∏p-h-®p. F∂m¬ Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ a‰v ]e-

kvXo-\n-b≥ saXm-∑m-tcm-sSm∏w Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k-\n¿h-N\w AwKo-

I-cn-®p. CXns‚ t]cn¬ k\ym-kn-bmb Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚ (452- 3) t\Xr-

Xz-Øn¬ k\ym-kn-Iƒ el-f-bp-≠m-°n. bpsh-\m¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏n-fn¬ A`bw tXSn. Cºo-cn-b¬ ]n≥Xp-W-tbm-Sp-IqsS 453-˛¬ Xncn-sI-

sb-Øn,- a-cn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc k`sb \bn-®p. Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v

aq∂v ]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fp-sS-ta¬ A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. bpsh-

\m¬ sItZm≥Xmgvh-c-bn¬ Hcp k\ym-k-k-aqlw XpS-ßn. AXp-t]mse

bqZbm acp-`q-an-bn¬ k\ymkw hym]n-∏n-°m≥ ]n¥pW \¬In. ]e-

kvXo-\n-b≥ k\ym-ksØ t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. ]e k\ym-kn-I-sfbpw

Xs‚ sshZn-I-K-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Øn. A∂sØ G‰hpw ]i-kvX-

\mb hn. Fhp-Xo-an-bkv (+473) hnizm-k-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ bpsh-\m-en-t\m-

sSm-∏w \n∂v Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k-\n¿h-N-\sØ AwKo-I-cn-®p. bpsh-

\m¬ Bcm-[-\m-Im-cy-ß-fnepw ]cn-jv°m-c-ßƒ hcp-Øn. BKÃv 15-˛\v

""sXsbm-tXm-t°m-kns‚ s]cp-∂mƒ'' \S-∏m-°n.- Un-kw-_¿ 25-˛\v

Inkvakv BtLmjw \S-Øn-Øp-S-ßn. Ft -tkm-kn¬ -A-t±lw sNbvX

Hcp ]kwKw \ap-°v e-`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Pdp-k-te-anse Xnb-tUm-jykv (5- mw \q.)

]e-kvXo-\-bnse Hcp k\ym-kn-bmb Xnb-tUm-jykv kndn-ens‚ ]£-



°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ AwKo-I-cn-°msX bpsh-

\m-en-s\-Xn-sc -P-\-ßsf kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. sFIy-t^m¿ape (433) AwKo-I-

cn-°msX 431- se kndn-ens\ apdp-sI-∏n-Sn-®p.- sFIy-Øn-\p-th≠n kndn¬

433- ¬ ImWn-® -hn- p-ho-gvNm-a-t\m- mhw Abmƒ°n-√m-bn-cp-∂p. bpsh-\m¬

kXy-hn-izm-k- [zw-k-I-\mbn amdnsb∂m-tcm-]n®v Abmƒ ]mXn-

bm¿°okmbn (452- 3). Im¬kn-U¨ AwKo-I-cn-°p∂ saXm-∑msc \o°n-

bn´v a‰m-fp-Isf \nb-an-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn. -A-°q-´-Øn¬ Km m-bv°-Sp-Øp≈

aøq-am-bn¬ saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ Ct_-cn-b≥ ]o‰dn-s\-bpw hmgn®p (452- 489).

-am¿ky≥ NI-h¿Øn Xnb-tUm-jy-kn-s\-Xnsc ac-W-hm-d≠v ]pd-s∏-Sp-

hn-®-Xn-\m¬, ko\mbv ae-bnse k\ym-kn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Hfn-®p-]m¿Øp.-

A-hnsS\n∂v CuPn-]vXn-te-°p- I-S-∂p.- G-I-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn -I-fpsS

X¿°ßƒ Xo¿°m≥ At¥ym-Iy-bn-te°v t]mIp-∂-hgn AdÃv sNø-

s∏-´p. acWw hsc tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ho´p-X-S-¶-en¬ Ign-tb≠n-

h∂p. Abm-fpsS t]cn¬ c≠v tIm]v‰nIv tc-J-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw

c≠pw Abm-fp-tS-X-√. hn.- hn-IvS-dn-s‚ _lp-am-\m¿Y-ap-ff ]kw-Kw,

hn.- Ko-h¿Kokv klZmsb Ipdn-®p≈ kvXpXn-]-`m-jWw F∂n-h-b-m-Wv

B tcJ-Iƒ.

t_mkvXm-bnse A¥n-]m-X¿ (5- mw- \q.)

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨knens‚ Ah-kcw Atd-_y-bnse t_mkvXm

saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂ At±-lw alm-\m-b- F-hp-Xo-an-b-kn-t\mSpw

(+473) ]e-kvXo-\-n--b≥ k\y-m-kn-I-tfmSpw _‘-s∏-´v Hcn-P-\n-ksØ

i‡n-bmbn FXn¿Øp. Hcn-Ps\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v tIk-dn-bm-bnse

Fhp-tk-_n-bkv Fgp-Xnb IrXn°v A¥n-]m-X¿ Hcp JWvU-\-sa-gp-Xn.

""Bflm-°-fpsS ]nÿnXn'', ""As∏m-I-Xm-kvX-knkv'' F∂n-h--bmWv Abm-

sf-Xn¿Ø-Xv. ap≥Ime ]nXm-°-∑m-cmcpw Cßs\ ]Tn-∏n-®n- n-s√∂v hy‡-

am-°n. At±-l-Øns‚ Nne tlman-en-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Pdp-k-te-anse Inkn-∏pkv (+479)

I∏-tUm-jym-°m-c-\mb Inkn-∏pkv kndn-bm-bn-emWv hf¿∂-Xv. Abmƒ

Fhp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ BZy-Ime injy-cn¬ Hcm-fm-bn-cp-∂p. 456-˛-\p-tijw

Xncp-hp-∞m-\ -ssZ-hm-e-b-Ønse sshZn-I-\m-bn. GXm≠v 466-˛¬ hn.- -Ip-

cn-ins‚ kwc-£-I-\m-bn (-kvXu-tdm-^n-em-Ivkv). -]-Øp-h¿jw B tPmen

t\m°n. At±-l-Øns‚ Nne tlman-en-Iƒ e-`n-®n-´p-≠v. ssZ-h-am-Xm-hv,

hn.-Xn-b-tUm¿,- ap-Jy-Zq-X-\m-b -hn-.an-Jm-tb¬,- kv\m-]-I-tbm-l-∂m≥ F∂n-

h-sc-∏‰n kvXpXn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn. Abm-fpsS timXm-°ƒ k\ym-

kn-am-cm-bn-cps∂∂p tXm∂p-∂p.



Pdp-k-te-anse a¿Xo-cn-bpkv (478- 486)

I∏-tUm-jym-°m-c-\mb a¿Xo-cn-bpkv 457 hsc \nXn-bbn¬ k\ym-kn-

bm-bn-cp-∂p. s]mtØ-cn-bpkv acn-®-t∏mƒ, CuPn-]vXv -hn´v ]e-kvXo-\m-

bn-se-Øn alm-\m-b F-hp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ IqsS IqSn. -]n-∂oSv Iptd \mfsØ

GIm-¥-hm-k-Øn-\p-tijw Pdp-k-te-an-\-SpØv Hcm-iaw XpS-ßn. XZ-h-kcw

A\-kvXm-kyq-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn. ]e-

kvXo-\m-bnse k\ym-kn-Isf cay-X-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂-Xn\pw Ielw ian-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn\pw At±lw ]cn-i-an-®p. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en-\p-tijw ]nW-

ßn-°-gn-™- an-°- k-\ym-kn-I-sfbpw k`m-Iq- m-bva-bn-te°v sIm≠p-h-∂p.

At±-l-Øns‚ IrXn-I-fpsS Nne- tc-Jm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta \ap-°-v e- n-®n-

´p-≈p.

a¿t°mkv Uo°≥

a¿t°mkv F∂ Uo°s‚ t]cn¬ ""s]m¿ô-cn-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw'' Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Km m -saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ (395-˛420) s]m¿ô-cn-bpsS Uo°-

\m-bn-cp∂p A-bmƒ. Cu N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]e s]mcp-Ø-t°-Sp-Ifpw D≈-

Xn-\m¬, ZrIvkm-£n -hn-h-c-W-sa∂v CXns\ hnfn°m-\m-hn-√. a¿t°mkv

cNn-®Xv ]n¬°m-e-Øv- Btcm Xncp-Øn-sb-gp-Xn, s]m¿ô-cnsb Hcn-P-\n-

k-Øn-s‚bpw s]em-Pn-b-\n-k-Øn-s‚bpw Icn-\n-g-en¬ \n∂v hnap-‡-\m-

°m-\p≈ iaw \S∂pImWm≥ -C-S-bp-s≠∂v tPm¿Pn-b≥ sSIvÃns\

B[m-c-am°n Nne¿ I-cp-Xp-∂p. -Xn-b-sUm-sd-‰ns‚ ""k\ym-k-N-cn-XsØ''

KŸ-Imc≥ Bcw-`-Øn¬ Bi-bn-®-Xns‚ e£Ww ImWp-∂p. hnh-c-

W-Ønse hni-Zmw-i-ßƒ ]eXpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-am-tWm- F∂v kwi-

bn°p∂h-cp-ap-≠v: s]m¿ôcn F∂ -k-\ym-kn-bpsS tcmKw a¿t°mkv

kpJ-am-°n,- A-bmƒ sshZn-I\pw saXm-\p-am-Im≥ Imc-W-°m-c-\m-bn,-

A-bm-fpsS Uo°-\m-bn, -Km- m-bn¬ Ah-ti-jn® t]K-\n-ksØ XpS-®p-

\o°n, Abm-tfm-sSm∏w tIm -Ãm‚-n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v bmX-sNbvXp F∂p-

t]m-Ip∂p hnh-c-W-ßƒ.

B_m Gimbm (+491)

CuPn-]vXp-Im-c-\m-b -B_m Gimbm tjXn¬ k\ymkw XpS--ßn, Km m-

b-n¬ Ah-km-\n-∏n-®p. AXp-sIm≠v tjXn-se (-Km- m-bn-se) B_m

Gimbm F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±lw ""As ‰n-t°m¨'' -F∂ Xm]-

-KŸw cNn-®p.- k-\ymkPohn-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ AS-ßn-

b-XmWv Cu IrXn. AXv A∂sØ ][m\ `mj-I-fn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w

sNøs∏- p.- ""]n-Xr-kq-‡-ß-fn¬'' (A-s∏m- vsX-‹mXm ]mXpw) ImWp∂

B_m Gim-bm-bpsS kq‡-ß-fpsS ASn-ÿm\w Cu KŸ-am-Wv. Cu



IrXn°v ]e ]n¬°me k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑mcpw hymJym-\-sa-gp-Xn-bn- p-

≠v. ""k\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ tKUp-Iƒ'' F∂- Ir-Xn-bpsS Nne `mK-

ßƒ amXta \ap°p e`n-®n- p-≈p.

tPm¨ dq^pkv (5- mw \q.)

AkvI-tem-\n¬ (sX-°≥ ]e-kvXo-\m) \n∂p≈ Hc-d_n InkvXym\n

Bbn-cp∂p tPm¨ dq^pkv (Zvt_Xv dq^n≥).- A-t±lw s_doØq-kn¬

\nbaw ]Tn-®p.- Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-\mb ]o‰¿ p≈¿ ]mXn-b¿-°okv

(476-˛8) Cbmsf sshZn-I-\m-°n, -kn≥sN-√p-kmbn \nb-an-®p.- ]o-‰¿

At¥ym-Iy-bn¬ \n∂v _ln-jvIr-X-\m-b-t∏m¬, tPm¨ Km m-bn-te-°v

t]mbn B_m Gim-bm-sbbpw aøqam saXm≥ ]o‰-dn-s\bpw (C-t_-cn-

b≥) ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p.- ]o-‰-dns‚ ac-W-tijw tPm¨ aøqam saXm-\m-bn.

tPmWns‚ IrXn-Iƒ kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS \ap°v ssIh-∂n-

´p-≠v. 1.- aøq-am -sa-Xm≥ ]-tXm-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw. 2. Pdp-k-tew- saXm≥

Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw. 3.- sπ-tdm-t^m-dntb: Im¬kn-U¨

Iu¨knen¬ hnizm-k-[zw-k\w kw`-hn®p F∂v sXfn-bn-°p∂ Iptd

""Z¿i-\-ßfpw A¤p-X-ßfpw ]h-N-\-ßfpw'' AS-ßp∂ hen-sbmcp

IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv.- G-I-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ AXn\v hym]-I-amb ]N-

c-Ww -e-`n-®p. k°-dn-bmkv AUz-t°-‰v (-sd-tXm¿),- sk-hp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-

jykv ZvsX¬am-td, anJm-tb¬ dmt_m F∂n-h¿ CXp-]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

Km m-bnse Gs\-bmkv (450- 518)

Gs\-bmkv Km m-b-n¬ Ipeo-\-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬s]-´- B-fm-bn-cp-∂p.-B-Zy-

]-T\w Km m-b-n¬ Ign-™-ti-jw- ]-`m-j-W-Ie A`y-kn-°m≥ Ae-

Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ t]m-bn.- ln-sb-tcm-s¢kv F∂ s\tbm -π-t‰m-Wn-Ãns‚

Iogn¬ XmXz-n-I-]-T\w \S-Øn.- A-hn-sS-h®v ]e ]K-¤-scbpw I≠p-ap-

´p-I-bpw- k-JnXzw kºm-Zn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. -Km- m-bn¬ Xn-cn-s®-Øn

]`m-j-Im-[ym-]-I-\m-bn.- ""]-WvUn-X-\mb alm-tkm-^nÃv'' F∂mWv

k°-dn-bmkv kvsImfm-Ãn-°pkv At±-lsØ hnti-jn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.-

A-t±lw B_m -G-im-bmsb kµ¿in®v kwi-b-ßƒ Xo¿Øn-cp-∂p.-

A-t±-l-Øn\v \nc-h[n kvt\ln-X-∑mcp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Km- m-bnse

s]mt°m-∏n-bp-kv,- A-bm-fpsS ktlm-Z-c-\mb an‰n-eo-\nse k°-dn-bmkv

kvsImfm-Ãn-°pkv F∂n-h¿ A-Sp-Ø- kvt\-ln-X-cm-bn-cp-∂p. kaq-l-Øn¬

kp]-[m\ DtZym-K-ßƒ hln® \s√m-c¬am-b-\m-b- A-t±lw \nc-h[n

IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-.- ""sX-tbm-^m-kvXkv'' F∂ Ub-tem-KmWv G‰hpw

][m-\- Ir-Xn. InkvXo-b -]-t_m-[-\-ß-fp-ambn HØp-t]m-ImØ s\tbm

-π-t‰m-WnIv Bi-b-ßsf CXn¬ JWvUn-°p-∂p. \nc-h[n Xm-Xzn-Isc-



bpw ssIkvXh kmln-Xy-Im-c-∑m-scbpw D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bXv.-

A-°m-esØ hfsc ]i-kvX-\mb Hcp ssIkvX-h- Xm-Xzn-I\pw \nb-a-

]-WvUn-X-\p-am-b-n-cp∂p At±-lw.

k°-dn-bmkv kvsImfm-Ãn-°pkv (+536)

k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-\m-b -k-°-dn-bmkv (""A-Uz-°-‰v/-sd-tXm¿'') Km m-bv°-

Sp-Øp≈ aøq-am-bn¬ 465- -t\m-S-SpØv P\n-®p. At±-l-Øns‚ ktlm-Z-c-

\m-bn-cp∂p s]mt°m-∏n-bp-kv.- k-°-dn-bmkv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnepw (485-

˛7) s_do-Øq-knepw(487- 492) ]Tn-®v, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ \nb-a-]-

WvUn-X-\m-bn A`n- m-j-I-hr-Øn- Xp-S-ßn.- -A-Xn¬ \n∂mImw sdtXm¿

(A-Uz-t°-‰v) F∂ -t]-cp-≠m-b-Xv. -X-e-ÿm-\-Øv -A-t±lw kp]-[m\ DtZym-

K-ßƒ hln-®p. Ae--Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ h®v sk-th-cq-kns\ ]cn-N-b-s∏- p.

Ah-cn-cp-hcpw H∂n-®mWv \nb-aw- ]-Tn-°m≥ s_do-Øq-kn-te°p t]mb-Xv.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v t]mb-t∏mƒ k°-dn-bmkv Im¬kn-U¨

hncp≤ Iymºn-em-bn-cp-∂p. -Im-e-I-a-Øn¬ Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤X Ipd-

™p.- ]n-∂oSv At±lw sekvt_mkv Zzo]nse an‰n-eo≥ saXm-t∏m-eoØm

(527- 536) Bbn. Cu XkvXn-I-bn¬ 536- se tIm¨Ã‚n-t\m-∏nƒ tbmK-

Øn¬ kw-_-‘n-®p. B tbm-K-Øn¬ -h-®mWv skth-cq-kv,- A-¥o-a-p-kv

XpS-ßnb ]apJ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤¿ apS-°s∏´Xv.

IrXn-Iƒ

1. ""AtΩm-Wn-bpkv'' F∂- IrXn Ub-temKv coXn-bn¬ s_do-Øq-kn¬

h®v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wv. ka-b-Øn-ep≈ temI-kr-jvSn-bmWv CXnse N¿®m-

hn-j-bw.

2.- sk-th-cq-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw: skth-cq-kns\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

515- ¬ Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv. skth-cqkv 512- ¬ At¥ymIym ]mXn-b¿°okv

Bb-t∏mƒ At±-l-Øns‚ hnPm-Xn-b -]-›m-Ø-e-sØ-∏-‰n- B-tcm-]-W-

ap-b¿∂p. AXn-\p≈ adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-´m-Wn-Xv.

3.- B_m Gim-bm-bpsS Poh-N-cn-Xw. CXns‚ kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø\w

amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. Gim-bm-bpsS kpIr-X-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p∂ KŸ-am-

Wn-Xv.

4.- C-t_-cn-b≥ ]o‰-dns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw: CXns‚ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ Nne

`mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

5. -a-\n-s°-b-¿s°-Xnsc c≠v IrXn-Iƒ.

6.- k-`m-N-cnXw: CXv kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. ]¥≠v ]pkvX-I-ß-

fn-embn krjvSn apX¬ 569 hsc-bp-≈- N-cnXw hnh-cn-°p∂ kpdn-bm\n



]Xn∏v, aqe-Ko°v ASn-ÿm-\-am-°n -Btcm hn]p-eo-I-cn®v Xbm-dm-°n-b-

Xm-Wv. Ko°p-aqew 492- ¬ tIm¨Ãm≥dn-t\m-∏n-fn¬h®v Fgp-Xn-. F∂m¬

B aqe-IrXn \jvS-s∏-´p. At±lw t\cn¬ I≠ ]e kwK-Xn-Ifpw

CXn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. F-hm-Kn-bkv kvsImfm-Ãn-°pkv Xs‚ Ncn-

XØns‚ c≠pw aq∂pw ]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS cN-\bv°v Cu IrXn D]-tbm-

Kn-®n- p-≠v.

Km m-bnse s]mt°m-∏n-bpkv (465- 530)

k°-dn-bm-kn-s‚ ktlm-Z-c-\mb s]mt°m-∏n-bpkv Hcp InÃy≥

tkm^nÃtX. ]e-kvXo-\-m-bnse Km m-bn¬ P\n-®p.- \m- nepw Ae-Ivkm-

≠n-bm-bnepw ]Tn-®p.- \m-ń¬ Xncn-s®Øn A[ym-]-\-tPm-en-bn¬ Ah-

km\w hsc \ne\n-∂p.- \nc-h[n ItØ-\-I-fpsS I¿Øm-hmWv At±lw.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ssZ-h-im-kvX- ho-£-W-ßƒ ]pe¿Øn.- H-cn-Ps‚

IrXn-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. hnhn[ ss__nƒ K-Ÿ-ßƒ°v

ItØ-\-I-fp-≠m-°n. -A-[ym-]-I≥ F∂- \n-e-bnepw ItØ-\-I-fpsS

I¿Ømhv F∂- \n-ebnepw At±lw ]i-kvX-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

knΩm-°pkv (5- mw \q.)

knΩm-°pkv DØ-a-Ko-X-Øn\v Ko°n¬ Hcp `mjyw cNn-®p. -A-Xns‚

\s√mcp `mKw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ In-ń-bn-´p-≠v. As√-tKm-dn-°¬, -tam-d¬,

Ask-‰n-°¬ hymJym-\- co-Xn-bmWv CXn¬ ImWp-I. CXns‚ Hcp

sNdnb- ]-Xn∏pw e`y-am-Wv. AXv Btcm ]n¬°m-eØv sNbvX-Xm-Imw.

Km m-bnse sImdo-Nn-bpkv (6- mw \q.)

Km m-bnse s]mt°m-∏n-bp-kns‚ injy\pw ]n≥Km-an-bp-ambncp∂p

sImdo-Nn-bp-kv. Pohn-X-Imew apgp-h≥ Km m-bn¬ sNe-h-gn--®p. Abmƒ

hnhn[ hnj-b-ßsf ]‰n kvXpXn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ \S-Øn-bn-´p-≠v.- -A-Xn-

sem-∂m-Wv Km m-sa-Xm≥ am¿Nn-bm-\p-kns\ Ipdn-®p≈ kvXp-Xn-]-`m-

j-Ww.

_¿k-\q- nbpkpw tPmWpw (6- mw \q.)

Ch-cn-cp-hcpw GIm-¥-hm-kn-I-fmb k\ym-kn-I-fm-bn-cp-∂p. B[ym-fln-tIm-

]-tZ-im¿Yw ]e-cpw Chsc kao-]n-®n-cp-∂p.- ]n¬°me ]uc-kvXy -k-\ym-

k-Øn¬ Ch¿- B-g-am-b -kzm-[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn. _¿k\q- n-bpkv CuPn-

]vXn¬ P\n-®p.- Km- m-bv°-v sX°v skcotZmkv ÿm]n® XhmXm Bi-

a-Øn¬ k\ym-k-Po-hnXw Bcw- n-®p. ]n∂oSv GIm-¥-Po-hnXw \bn-®p.

"]hm-N-I≥' F∂-dn-b-s∏- -tPm¨, sa-tdm-km_m Bi-amw-K-am-bn-cp-∂p.-

A-bmƒ _¿k-\q- n-bp-kn\p kao]w GIm-¥-hmkw XpS-ßn.- Ahsc



ImWm≥ hcp-∂-hsc Bscbpw ImWm≥ Ah¿ Iq´m-°n-b-n-√. D]-tZ-im¿Yw

FØn-b-h¿ skco-tZmkv hgn kº¿°w ]pe¿Øn. -sk-co-tZmkv acn-°p-

∂-Xp-hsc (542) Cu coXn XpS¿∂p.- A-[nIw Xma-kn-b-msX Ahcncp-

hcpw Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v A]-Xy-£-cm-bn. ""tNmtZym-Ø-c-ßƒ'' F∂

t]-cn¬ Ah-cpsS D]-tZ-i-ßƒ IØns‚ cq]-Øn¬ kam-l-cn-®n- p-≠v.

Ah-bn¬ 850 FÆw e`y-am-Wv.- -H-cn-P-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xn-cmb \ne-]mSv Chbn¬

Zr-iy-am-Wv.

Km m-bnse sZmtdm-tX-hqkv (6- mw \q.)

_¿k-\q-^n-bp-kn-s‚bpw tPmWn-s‚bpw injy-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.

Xhm-Xm-bn¬ skcn-tZm-kns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ k\ym-kn-bm-bn, ta¬]-d™

c≠p-t]cpsSbpw injy-\m-bn. Ah-cpsS ac-W-tijw AhnSw hn´v Xs‚

kz¥w Biaw ÿm]n-®p.- A-t±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ 14

]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßfpw t\mºp-Im-eØp \¬Inb aq∂v D]-tZ-i-ßfpw 16 IØp-

Ifpw Ub-tem-Kp-Ifpw samgn-Ifpw ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. acp-`q-an-bnse Xm]-

¿, B_m a¿t°m-kv,- B_m Gim-bm,- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, I∏-

tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cmWv At±-l-Øns‚ tkmX- p-Iƒ.

A°m-esØ InkvXp-im-kvX -X¿°-ß-tfm, Hcn-P-\nÃv X¿°-ßtfm

IrXn-I-fn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. hn.- Xn-b-tUm¿ ÃqssU‰v (8/9˛mw \q.)

Cu IrXn-Iƒ [mcm-f-ambn D]-tbm-Kn-®pp. _nk-ss‚≥, …mhnIv B[ym-

fln-I-X-bn¬ sZmtdm-sX-hp-kv KWy-amb kzm[o\w sNep-Øn.

Pdp-k-te-anse sXtbm-·nbpkv s]kv_n-‰¿ (+522)

Ipcp-tØm-e-I-sf-∏‰n (Hm-im-\-sb-∏-‰n) Hcp tlmanen At±-l-Øns‚

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-t±lw Im¬kn-U¨ ]£-]mXn Bbn-cp∂p:

""am‰w IqSmsX (A-sX-]vtXm-k v) ssZhw a\p-jy-XzsØ Xt∂m-Sp-

tN¿Øp'' F∂v AXn¬ Im-Wp-∂p. ]pcm-X\ k`m-…m-thm-WnIv `mj-

bn¬ Cu tlmanen ]q¿W-ambn e`n-®n- p-≠v. k\ym-knbpw ]n∂oSv s_Xo-

en-tbm-kns‚ saXm-\p-am-bn-cp-∂ (+522) sXtbm-·nbp-km-bn-cn°mw ta¬∏-

d™bmƒ. Feq-km-bnse ]utem-kpw jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse kndnepw

sXtbm-·nbp-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. A\m-t‰m-fn-bm-bn¬

(A¿ta-\nbm sk°p≥Zm) \n∂p≈ Hcp k\ymkn Bbn-cp∂p At±-

lw.- G-Xm≠v 454/5˛¬ Pdp-k-te-an¬ h∂p.- H-en-hp-a-e-bn¬ ^vfmhnbm

ÿm]n® Bi-a-Øn¬- Aw-K-am-bn. ^vfmhn-bm-bpsS acW-tijw

At±lw bqZbm acp-`q-an-bn-te°v ]n≥hm-ßn.- BZyw Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚

injy-\mbpw ]n∂oSv X\n®pw Pohn-®p. AXn-\p-tijw Xs‚ kz¥w

Biaw ÿm]n-®p. Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°okv Gen-bmkv (494- 516) At±-



lsØ s_Xo-en-tbm-kns‚ saXm-\mbn hmgn-®p.- At±lw Xs‚ `h-\-

Ønepw acp-`q-an-bn-ep-ambn amdn-amdn Xma-kn-®p.

skhp-tUm- -sK-sP≥kyqkv (6- mw \q.)

_nk-ss‚≥ k` At±-lsØ hnip-≤-\mbn Icp-Xp-∂p (-Un-kw-_¿ 19).

lnwb-doØ (kuZn Atd-_y-˛-b-a≥) ]tZ-isØ X^m¿/k^m¿ saXm-

\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. \Pm≥ saXm≥ ]√m-Un-bkv cNn® Poh-N-cnXw

hkvXp-\n-jvT-a-√,- I-Ym-co-Xn-bn-ep-≈-Xm-Wv. aokn-bm-bn¬ P\n-®v - C-‰-en-

hgn Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬- F-Ønb At±-lsØ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥

]mXn-b¿°okv lnwb-cpsS \mń-te-°-b-®p. At±lw AhnsS saXm-

\mbn k`m-ip-iqj \S-Øn. F∂m¬ Cu hnh-cWw AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-

h-cp-ap-≠v. At±lw ]uc-kvXy\pw Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-\p-am-bn-cps∂∂v

Ah¿ Icp-Xp-∂p. At±lw Fgp-Xnb ""lnwb-do-Ø-cpsS \nb-a-ßƒ'',

""bq-Z-\mb sl¿_m-\p-am-bp≈ X¿°w'' F∂nßs\ c≠p IrXn-I-sf-

∏‰n Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]d-bp∂p:

tkmkn-akv (6- mw \q.)

^n\o-jy-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ Abmƒ, tbm¿Zm≥

Xmgz-c-bn¬ hn.-P-dm-kn-ap-kns‚ eudm-bnse k\ym-kn-bm-bn. ]n∂oSv tIk-

dn-bm-bv°-SpØv Xma-k-am-°n. At¥ym-Iy-b-nse `qI-º-sØ-∏‰n (526)

Zqsc-bn-cp-∂p-sIm-≠p-Xs∂ At±lw Adn-s™∂v Fhm-Kn-bkv ]d-bp-

∂p. Abm-fpsS kq‡-ßƒ sUmtdm-sX-hpkv tiJ-cn-®n-´p-≠v.

Pdp-k-te-anse ]tXmkv (524- 552)

PÃo-\n-bs‚ ImeØv ]e-kvXo-\-bnse k`m-˛-cm-jvSob Xe-ß-fn¬ Hcp

]ap-J-hy-‡n-bm-bn-cp∂p ]tXm-kv. InkvXym-\n-Iƒs°-Xnsc ka-dn-bm-

°m¿ 529-˛¬ ]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ elf XpS-ßn-b-t∏mƒ, NI-h¿Øn CS-

s]-S-W-sa∂v Bh-iy-s∏-´p-sIm≠v km_m-kns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ Hcp

ZuXy-kw-LsØ At±lw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°b-®p. Ahn-sS-

h®p \S∂ kn\-Uns‚ (536-) GI-kz-`m-h-hn-cp-≤- Xo-cp-am-\-ßƒ ]e-

kvXo-\n-b≥ sa-Xm-∑m-cpsS kn\Uv AwKo-I-cn-®p.- P-dp-ktew ]m-Xn-

bm¿t°‰v Im¬kn-U-¨ tN-cn-bn¬ i‡-ambn \ne-bp-d-∏n-®p. Hcn-P-\n-

k-sØbpw At±lw FXn¿Øp. NI-h¿ØnbpsS B‚n˛Hcn-P-\nÃv

]Jym-]-\-ßƒ°v (543) ]tXmkv ]n¥pW \¬In. F∂m¬ aq∂-[ym-

b-ßsf i]n-®- C-ºo-cn-b¬ UnIn (544) NI-h¿Øn-sb-s°m≠v

]n≥hen-∏n-°m≥ At±lw t\cn v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ t]mbn \nth-

Z\w \¬In-sb-¶n-epw hnP-bn-®n-√. F∂p -am-X-a-√, Xnb-tUm¿ -A-kvIo-

Zm-kns‚ CS-s]-S¬ \nanØw At±-l-Øn\v ]kvXp-X -UnIn AwKo-I-



cn-t°-≠Xmbpw -h-∂p; AXp-t]mse Hcn-P-\n-kvXy-cp-ambn kl-I-

cn°m\pw \n¿_-‘n-X-\mbn. ""P\-\-Øn-cp-\m-fn-s\-∏‰n'' ""t\mºn-s\-∏‰n''

F∂n-ßs\ c≠v tlman-en-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p.-

jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse tbml-∂m≥ (536- 548)

tPm¨ kvsImfm-kvXn-°pkv jntXm-s∏m-fo-kn¬ Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚

]n≥Km-an-bm-bn- sa-Xm-\m-bn. Keo-en-bnse t_Xv sjbm≥- F∂v jntXm-

s∏m-fokv C∂-dnb-s∏-Sp-∂p. aq∂-[ym-b-ßsf kw_-‘n-®p-≈ -X¿°-Øn-

\p-apºv ""GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc'' Fs∂mcp IrXn At±lw Fgp-

Xn-b-Xmbn _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨jyqkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- A-°m-

esØ a‰p-Nne Fgp-Øp-Imcpw tPmWn-s\-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p. ""kvtImfn-bm''

-F-s∂mcp IrXn -e-`n-®n-´p-≠v. AXn¬ Hcn-P-\n-kvXysc Xs‚ ka-Im-eo-

\-sc-∂p hnfn-°p-∂p.- sk-hp-tUm- -U-b-\ojy-kns‚ IrXn-Iƒ°v kvtImfn-

bm-Ifpw am¿Pn-\n¬ Ipdn-∏p-Ifpw Fgp-Xnb BZy-sØ-bmƒ tPmWm-Wv.-

tPm¨ kvtIm-´pkv Fcn-bp-tP\m Ah IrXn-tbm-sSm∏w eØo-\n-te°v

hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-bvXp.- tPm-Wns‚ Ko°p -sSIvÃpw kpdn-bm\n hnh¿Ø-

\hpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. GXm≠v 600-˛-Hmfw kvtImfn-bm-I-fp-≠v. Ub-\o-jy≥

IrXn-I-fpsS Bap-J-ambn Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p∂ ""s]mtemKv'' Hcp kp]-

[m\ `mK-am-Wv. ]n¬°m-e- hm-b-\-°m¿°v tPmWns‚ Ipdn-∏p-Iƒ

h-fsc klm-b-I-ambn.- F-I-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Im¬kn-U¨

InkvXp-im-kvX -t^m¿ap-e-bv°p-th≠n Abmƒ \ne-sIm-≠p. -In-kvXp-

hns‚ Ccp-kz- m-h-ßsf Iqń-°p-g-bv°p-∂-h¿°pw GI-hy-‡n-XzsØ hn -

Pn-°p-∂-h¿°p-sa-Xnsc ""GI-hy-‡n-bn¬ c≠p -kz- m-h-ßƒ'' F∂ XXzw

apdp-sI-∏n-Sn®p. ""Im¬kn-Us‚ \ymbo-I-cWw'' F∂- Ir-Xn-bnse Hcp

`mKsØ skth-cpkv hna¿in-®p-. ""k`-bn¬ \n∂v amdn-t∏m-b-h¿s°-

Xnsc'' F∂- Ir-Xn-sb-∏‰n t^mkn-bkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- a-‰p-Nne IrXn-

I-fpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Nne-Xns‚ t]cp-Iƒ am-Xta \ap-°-

dn-bq. ""skth-cp-kn-s\-Xn-scbpw'' ""s\kvtXm-dnb¿s°-Xn-scbpw'' Fgp-

Xnb IrXn-I-fpsS Nne D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse Xnb-tUm¿ (6- mw \q.)

bqZ-bm -a-cp-`q-an-bn¬ ]pXnb eudm-bnse t\Xm-h-m--bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿-

F∂v jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse kndn¬ Xnb-tUm-dns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-Øn¬ ]d-

bp-∂p. Xnb-tUm¿ BZyw Pdp-k-te-an¬ hn.- Ip-cn-ins‚ kq£n-∏p-Im-c-

\m-bn.- ]n-∂o-Sv jn-tXm-s∏m-fo-knse saXm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn. ]e-kvXo-

\-n-b≥ Hcn-P-\nÃv kzm[o-\-Øn¬ h-∂ -Xn-tbm-tUm¿, c≠mw tIm¨-

Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Iu¨kn-en¬ (553) Ah ]n≥h-en®v NI-h¿Øn°pw

\mev ]uc-kvXy -]m-Xn-b¿°o-kp-am¿°pw Hcp tcJ Fgp-Xn-s°m-Sp-Øp.



Hcm-apJhpw 12 im]-ßfpw AS-ßp-∂-XmWv B tc-J. ""Bflm-°-fpsS

]nÿn-Xn'', ""At∏m-I-Xm-kvX-knkv'' F∂n-h- sX-‰p-I-fm-sW∂v

ss__nƒ ]T-\-ßfpw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Ifpw Xs∂ ]Tn-∏n-s®∂v

Abmƒ ]d-bp-∂p. PÃo-\n-bs‚ 543-˛se Hcn-P-\nÃv hncp≤ tcJ-bn¬

]d-bp∂ sX‰p-Iƒ°p ]pdta, ]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ k\ym-k-Ønse Nne

Hcn-P-\nÃv Bi-b-ßfpw Xnb-tUm¿ \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p. A∂sØ ]e-kvXo-

\n-b≥ k\ym-k-sØ-∏‰n Adn-bm≥ CXv klm-b-I-am-Wv.

jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse kndn¬ (525- 558)

jntXm-s∏m-fo-kn¬ `‡-cmb amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬ \n∂p P\n-®- kn-dn¬

]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ k\ym-k- N-cn-X-sa-gpXn ]i-kvX-\m-bn. ]nXm-hmb

tPm¨ k`m-cq-]-Xm-Im-cy-ß-fn¬ hym]r-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p. hn.- km-_mkv 531-

˛¬ jntXm-s∏m-fo-kn¬ IqSn IS-∂p-t]m-Ith kndn-en-s\- A-\p-K-ln°p-

Ibpw `mhn-bn¬ Xs‚ ipiq-jbv°v ]‰nb Bfm-bn-cn-°p-sa∂v ]h-Nn-

°p-Ibp sNbvXp. -km-_mkv 532-˛¬ acn-®p.- kn-dn¬ ]n∂oSv hmb-\-°m-c-

\m-bn.- jn-tXm-s∏m-fo-kn-\-Sp-Øp≈ t_F√m Bi-am-[y-£-\mb

Koh¿Ko-kn¬\n∂v k\ym-k-hkvXw kzoI-cn-®p. At±-l-Øns‚

Bio¿hm-Z-tØm-Sp-IqsS DS≥Xs∂ Pdp-k-te-an-te°v Xncn-®p.- A-hnsS

bqZbm acp-`q-an-bn¬ k\ym-k-Øn¬ ]th-in-®p. GIm-¥-Po-hn-X-Øn-\v-

H-cp-°-ambn hn.-F-hp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ henb eudm-bn¬ tNcm≥ Ahn-SpsØ

tbml-∂m≥ F∂ -sl-kn-°mÃv D]-tZ-in-®p. F∂m¬ kn-dn¬ tbm¿Zm≥

acp-`q-an-bn¬ I-em-tams‚ eudm-bn¬ t\tc GIm-¥-hmkw tXSn.- A-hn-

sS-h®v At±lw tcmKn-bm-bn. Bdp- am-k-Øn-\p-tijw tbml-∂m≥ At±-

l-Øn\v ImW-s∏´v hn.- F-hp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ Bi-a-Øn-te-°p- t]m-Im≥

-B-h-iy-s∏-´p. At∏mƒ AhnsS t]mbn ]Øp-h¿jw -]m¿Øp. Hcn-P-\n-

kvXy-cn¬ \n∂v ]pXn-b- eudm ]nSn-s®-Sp-°m≥ Hcp-Iq´w k\ym-kn-I-tfm-

sSmØv 555- ¬ Cd-ßn-Øn-cn-®p.- c-≠p-h¿jw ]pXn-b -eu-dm-bn¬ ]m¿Øn v

557-˛¬ hen-b -eu-dm-bn-te°v aS-ßn.- an-°-hmdpw 558-˛¬ acn-®p. Fhp-Xo-

an-b-kv,- km-_mkv F∂o henb k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS hni-Z-am-b-

N-cn-Xhpw slkn-°mÃv tbml-∂m≥, kndn-bm-°p-kv, Xnb-tUm-jy-kv,

sXtbm-·n-bp-kv,- A-_m-an-bp-kv,- P-dm-kn-apkv F∂n-hcpsS eLp-N-cn-X-

hp-sa-gp-Xn. (Cu Poh-N-cn-X-ß-fpsS ae-bm-f -hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-

b-Øv,- hn.-F-hp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw. -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,1994; Pn.-tN-

Sn-b-Øv,- ]-e-kvXo-\-bnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,1994). Im¬kn-

UsW sNm√n-bp≈ X¿-°w,- H-cn-P-\nkw F∂o c≠p ]iv\-ßƒ

k`sb Ae- n-s°m-≠n-cp-∂ -Im-e-ØmWv kndn¬ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.- At±lw

Im¬kn-U-¨ ]-£-°m-c-\pw- B‚n-˛-H-cn-P-\n-Ã-p-am-bn-cp∂p. bYm¿Y

k-\ym-kn-Iƒ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Z-Øn\pw Hcn-P-\n-k-Øn\pw FXn-cm-bn-cn-



°p-sa∂v kndn¬ hmZn-®p. hkvXp-\n-jvT-ambn NcnXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xnepw

kXy-hn-izmkw ]pe¿Øp-∂-Xnepw \njvTbp≈ Bfm-bn-cp∂p A-t±-lw.

s]Xm-bnse Xnb-tUm¿

Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚ Bi-a-Ønse k\ymkn Bbn-cp∂p At±-lw.

]n∂oSv s]Xm-bn-se (-A-td-_y) saXm-\m-bn. At±lw Xnb-tUm-jy-

kns‚ Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.- jn-tXm-s∏m-fo-knse kndn¬ CXv Xs‚

cN-\-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p.

Feq-km-bnse ]utemkv (6- mw \q.)

Ko°p-I-mc-\mb ]utem-kv, sXtbm-·n-bpkv ÿm]n® Bi-a-Øn¬

tN¿∂p.- ]n¬°m-e-Øv s_-Xo-en-tbm-kns‚ sa-Xm-\m-bn. AXv Pdp-k-

te-an¬ \n∂v 90 ssa¬ Zqc-Øn¬ IS-¬ -Xo-c-Øm-Wv. ]n∂oSv t_¿tj-

_m-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ Feq-km-bn¬ GIm-¥-hm-kn-bmbn Pohn-®p. s_Xo-

en-tbmkv saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ sXtbm-·n-bq-kns‚ Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.

AXv kndn¬ Xs‚ cN-\-bn¬ D]-tbm-Kn-®p. AXp-t]mse ]utem-kns‚

t]cn¬- Hcp IØpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tIk-dn-bm-bnse tbml-∂m≥

s\tbm-˛-Im¬kn-U-¨ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚ BZy-h-‡m-°fn¬ ]ap-

J-\m-bn-cp∂p tIk-dn-bm-bnse (]-e-kvXo-\m)- tbm-l∂m≥ s]kv_n-

‰¿. tPm¨ KΩm-Xn-°pkv F∂pw At±lw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. At±-l-

Øns‚ Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n \ap-°-v h-f-sc-sbm∂pw Adn-hn-√. ""Im¬kn-U¨

Iu¨kn-ens‚ \ymbo-I-c-Ww'' (-A-s∏m-tfm-Pn-bm),- ""A-sk-^-tem-bv

hn-`m-K-Øn-s\-Xn-sc'', ""a\n-s°-b¿s°-Xnsc c≠v tlman-en-Iƒ'',- ""Hcp

a\n-t°-b-\p-ambn kXy-hn-izmkn \S-Øn-b -N-¿®'' F∂n-h- A-t±-l-

Øns‚ ][m-\- Ir-Xn-I-fm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ BZy-sØ -Ir-Xnsb

Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-\mb skth-cpkv JWvUn-°m≥ i-an®p (tIm¥m

Cw]nbpw KΩm-Xn-Ipw). tPm¨ k-am-[m-\-]n-b-\m-bn-cp-∂p.- Xm¿°n-I-

cmb hnhn[ hn`m-K-°msc tbmPn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-am-bn-cp∂p At±-

l-Øns‚ hni-Zo-I-c-Ww.- ""h-N-\-Øns‚ lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kn¬ InkvXp-

hns‚ a\p-jyXzw ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p (-F≥ lyp-t∏m-Ã-kn-kv)'' F∂ s\tbm-

˛-Im¬kn-U¨ Bibw BZy-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv tPmWm-Wv.- a-‰p-≈-

h¿ CXv ]n∂oSv hym]-I-ambn N¿®-sNbvXv hni-Zo-I-cn-®p- F∂p amXw.

_nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨jyqkv (6- mw \q.)

]e-kvXo-\m-bnse ]pXnb eudm-bnse Hcn-P-\n-kvXy-cpsS t\Xm-hm--bn-

cp∂p setbm¨jyq-kv. t\mÆp-kns‚ (+547) ASpØ A\p-bm-bn-bp-am-



bn-cp-∂p. km_m-kns‚ IqsS 531- ¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ t]mbn GI-

kz- m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en-\p -th≠n hmZn-®p.

Hcn-P-\nÃv ho£-W-ßƒ ]pe¿Øn-b-Xn-\m¬ km_m-kns‚ A]o-Xn°v

]m-X-am-bn. -se-tbm¨jyqkv Iptd \mƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]m¿Øp.

skth-cy-cp-ambn 532- ¬ \S∂ kw`m-j-WØnepw GI-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-

Xnsc 536- ¬ \S∂ N¿®-bnepw Pdp-k-te-an-sebpw acp- q-an-bn-sebpw k\ym-

kn-Isf ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn®v ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ 537- \pw 540- \pw

CSbv°v Xncn-s®-Øn-, Hcn-sP-\n-Ãv- A- n-]mb-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.- A-Xns‚

t]cn-ep-≠mb ]iv\-ßƒ \nanØw- AhnSw hn v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-

te°v Xncn-sI-t]m-bn. Hcn-P-\n-kvXy-¿-s°-Xn-scbp≈ Cºo-cn-b¬

UnIn (543) ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p- I-gn-™-tijw Abmƒ acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

InkvXp-im-kvX -kw-_-‘-ambn aq∂p- Ir-Xn-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. -K-Ÿ-

Im-c≥ Xs∂ Hcm-ap-J-tØm-Sp-IqsS Ah aq∂pw H∂n-®p-tN¿Øp:

1. s\kvtXm-dn-b¿°pw Fhp-Xo-°n-b¿°p-sa-Xn-scbp≈ Ub-tem-Kv.

2. A^vXm¿tXm-˛ -tUm-sk-‰n -Ãp -Iƒs°-Xn -sc-bp≈ Ub-tem-Kv.

A vXm¿tXm- -tUm-sk-‰nkw GI-kz- m-h -k¿°n-fp-I-fn¬ \n∂v Im¬kn-

U¨ k¿°n-fn-te°pw IS-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ AXns\ FXn¿Øp-

sIm≠v Fgp-Xn-b-Xm-Wn-Xv.

3. s\kvtXm-dn-bsc I≠p-]n-Sn®v Iogvs∏-Sp-Ø¬.-

4. F-∏n-sse-knkv: skth-cn-b≥ k¿°n-fp-I-fn¬ BZy-Ir-Xn-°p≠mb

]Xn-I-c-W-ßƒ°v adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-´m-Wn-Xpw ASp-Ø-Xpw.

5. skth-cp-kn-s\-Xnsc ap∏Xv A[ym-b-ßƒ AYhm ""F∏-s]m-td-amXm''.

At±lw kvsImfm-Ãn-°pkv F∂pw hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- sk-th-cy-sc

-Iq-SmsX At¥ym-Iy≥ Iem-e-b-sØbpw Abmƒ hna¿in-®p.- A-ßs\

aq∂-[ym-b-ßsf i]n-°m-\p≈ ssZh-im-kvXm-Sn-Ød D≠m-°n-s°m-Sp-

Øp. F∂m¬ ASn-ÿm-\-]-c-ambn Abmƒ Im¬kn-U-¨ hnizm-kn-

B-bn-cp∂p. ""kØ-bn-ep≈ sFIyw (sl-t\m-knkv IØv Dkn-bm≥)''

F∂ t^m¿ape IqSp-X-em-b-n- D-]-tbm-Kn-®p. ""hN-\-Øn-s‚- B-f-Ø-am-

Wv (lyp-t∏m-kvX-knkv Xq temKq) In-kvXp-hn-ep≈ tbmPn-∏n\v ASn-

ÿm-\w. hN-\-amWv sFIy-Øns‚ I¿Øm-hv. Xm≥ FSp-Ø -a-\p-jys\

X∂n¬ Ahn-Sp∂v mK-`m-°m-°n''.- s\-tbm-˛-Im¬kn-U-¨ ssZh-im-kvX-

⁄-∑m¿ hnI-kn-∏n-®p- sIm-≠p-h∂ F≥lyp-t∏m-Ã-knbm, setbm¨

jyqkv \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂n-√. F∂m¬ AXns\ IqSp-X¬ hy‡-am-°m≥



sa\-s°- pan√. Ncn-X-Øn¬ Pohn® InkvXp-hn-s‚- GI hy‡n-Xz-Øn-emWv

Abm-fpsS InkvXp-imkvXw ]mZ-aq-∂n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. InkvXp F∂ Ahm-

Ny-c-l-ky-Øn¬ A¥¿eo-\-am-bn-cn-°p-∂-sX√mw At±lw AwKo-I-cn-°p∂p.-

Pdp-k-te-anse setbm¨jyqkv (6- mw \q.)

s\tbm-˛-Im¬kn-U¨ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚ ]i-kvX-h-‡m-hm-bn-

cp∂p k\ym-knbpw Xm¿°nI ssZh-im-kvX⁄-\p-amb se-tbm¨jyq-

kv.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ IqSnb c≠p -kn-\-Up-I-fnepw (532, 536) Cbmƒ

]s¶-SptØm C√tbm F∂-dn-hn√. t\-csØ ]d™ setbm¨jyq-

km-bn-cn°mw ]s¶-Sp-Ø-Xv. Cbm-fpsS Pohn-X-sØ-∏‰n \ap°v Imcy-ambn

H∂pw Adn-hn-√. ""GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc'', ""s\kvtXm-dn-b¿s°-

Xnsc'' F∂n-ßs\ c≠v IrXn-Iƒ Abm-fn¬\n∂v e`n-®n-´p≠v. Cu c≠v

]mj-WvU-X-Iƒ°pw CS-bv°p -Iq-Sn-bp≈ a[y-am¿Kw kzoI-cn-°m-\p≈

kwcw-`-amWv Abm-fpsS s\tbm-˛-Im¬kn-tUm-Wn-kw. aq∂-[ym-b-ßsf

i]n-°p-∂-Xn\v ""s\kvtXm-dn-b¿s°-Xnsc'' F∂-IrXn XmXzn-Im-Sn-Ød

Hcp-°n-.

kndn-ens\ ]q¿W-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v GI-kz- m-h -hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw

Zznkz-`m-h- hm-Zn-I-fp-sSbpw ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ At±lw kzoI-cn-®p.-

""sX-tbm-]m-kvss°‰v t^m¿ap-e'', ""F≥lypt∏m-Ã-knbm'' F∂n--hbpw

Dƒ-s°m-≠p. Bflmhpw ico-chpw XΩn-ep≈ sFIyw InkvXp-hn-ep≈

sFIy-Øn\p amXr-Ib-b-mbn kzo-I-cn-®p.- lyp-t∏m-Ã-kn-km-Wv- C-cp-kz-

`m-h-ßsfbpw Xmßn-\n¿Øp-∂-Xv.- Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-k-cn-®-v AXv H∂p-

am-Xw.- a-\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Øn¬ hN-\-Øn-s‚- lyp-t∏m-Ã-knkv Xt∂mSv

a\pjys\ sFIy-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. Aßs\ AXv c≠ns‚bpw s]mXp-lyp-

t∏m-Ã-knkv (lyp-t∏m-Ã-knkv sImbvt\) Bbn-Øo-cp-∂p. hN-\-Øns‚

lypt∏m-Ã-knkv \nanØw tbip-In-kvXp-hnse a\p-jy\v Xs‚ kz¥w

k_vkn-sÃ≥k-v- D-≠v. -a-\p-jy-kz- m-h-Øns‚ yqknkv AYhm lypt∏m-

Ã-knkv CUnt° F∂v ]d-bp-tºmƒ h-N-\-hp-am-bp≈ sFIyw hgn-bm-

Wn-sX∂v Abmƒ X-d-∏n-®p- ]-d-bp-∂p.- A-Xp-hgn tbipsh∂ a-\p-jy≥

A\-\y-\mbn Xocp-∂p. a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Øn-eqsS a\p-jys‚ ssZho-I-cWw

\S-°p-∂p. Np´p-]-gpØ Ccp-ºn¬ A·n F∂-t]mse a\pjy\pw

ssZhhpw IqSn-t®-cp-∂p.- lyp-t∏m-Ãm-‰nIv sFIy-Øn¬ a\p-jyXzw

kp-ÿn-c-ambn \n¬°p-∂p. AtX-k-abw hN-\-Øns‚ lypt∏m-Ã-knkv

AXn¬ cq]m-¥-co-I-cWw hcp-Øp-∂p.

setbm¨jyqkv kvsImfm-Ãn-°pkv (6/7 \q.)

Hcp setbm¨jyq-kns‚ t]cp-ambn _‘-s∏-SpØn ""sZ sk-‡nkv''



F∂ IrXn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- C-Xn¬ ]Øv ]m-T-ßƒ (]m-Ivsk-bn-kv)-

D≠v. BZy-tØXv kØ,- kz-`m-hw, -lyp-t∏m-Ã-kn-kv, -hy-‡n, Xntbm-f-

Pn,- C-t°m-Wan F∂nh hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ss__n-fns‚ Npcp-°hpw

a\p-jym-h-Xmcw hscbp≈ c£m-I-c-N-cn-Xhpw \¬Ip-∂p.- k-s_-√n-b-

\n-kw,- B-cn-b-\n-kw,- s\-kvtXm-dn-b-\nkw, GI-kz-`m-h-hmZw F∂n-hsb

\ncm-I-cn®v k`m-]-t_m-[\w hy‡-am-°p-∂p.- c-≠mw ]mTw _nªn-°¬

Im\-\pw- bq-Z-cp-sSbpw ka-dn-bm-°m-cp-sSbpw ssZh-im-kvX -sX-‰p-Ifpw

N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. aq∂mw ]mTw InkvXp-hns‚ P\\w apX¬ tIm¨Ã-

≥ssSs‚ Imew- h-sc-bp≈ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑msc ]‰nbpw Ah-sc-Xn¿Ø

]mj-Wv-U-X-Isf∏‰nbpw ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. \memw ]mTw amkn-tUm-Wn-

b-kv, A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kv,- s\-kvtXm-dn-b-kv,- F-hp-Xo-s°kv F∂n-h-cpsS

sX‰p-Iƒ Nq≠n-°m-Wn-°p-∂p. A©mw ]mTw Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-

en\p ti-j-ap-≠mb ]nf¿∏p-Iƒ, XnsØ-bn-kw F∂nh hnh-cn-°p-∂p.-

B-dp-ap-X¬ H≥]-Xp-hsc: Im¬kn-U¨ AwKo-I-cn-°m-Ø-h-cpsS hmZ-K-

Xn-Iƒ JWvUn-°p-∂p.- ]Ømw A[ymbw: ASp-Ø- Im-e-Øv D-S-se-SpØ

Køm-\o-Ø¿,- A-t·tØ, Hcn-P-\n-kvXy¿ F∂n-h-sc-∏-‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p.

]wô-ekv ssZh-im-kvX-⁄≥ (6- mw \q.)

""hnhn-[m-[ym-b-ßƒ AYhm kwi-b-\n-hm-c-Ww'' F∂- IrXn ]wô-ekv

F∂ ]e-kvXo-≥Imcs‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. -C-bm-sf-∏‰n as‰m∂pw

\ap-°-dn-hn-√. _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨jyq-kns‚ s\tbm- -Im¬kn-

U-Wn-k-amWv Cbm-fp-tS-Xpw.- se-tbm¨jyq-kns‚ ""F∏n-sse-kn-kn¬''

\n∂v Cbmƒ IS-sa-Sp-Øn-´p-≠v. PÃo-\n-bs‚ sse\n¬ Hcp s\tbm-˛-

Im¬kn-U¨ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn\v apXn-cp-∂p.- A-e-Ivkm-≠-nbm-°m-

cpsS D¬°mgvN Dƒs°m-≈m≥ ian-°p-∂p. skmtX¿ F∂ tdma≥

c‡-km-£n-bpsS Hcp kvXpXn-]-`m-j-Whpw Cbm-fpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. hn.- ]-¶m-kn-bp-kns‚ Iq´p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂ skmtX¿ Bdmw

\q‰m-≠n¬ Pdp-k-te-an¬ _lp-am-\n-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.

Xnb-tUm¿ AkvIo-Zmkv (+588)

PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS k`m-]-c-amb Imcy-ß-fnse D]-tZ-jvSm-hm-

bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿.- ]-e-kvXo-\-bn¬ t\mÆp-kns‚ (+547) injy-\m-bn-

cp∂ Abmƒ Ahn-SpsØ Hcn-P-\nÃv k\ym-kn-I-fp-sSbpw ]n∂oSv acp- q-

an-bnse ]pXn-b- eu-dm-bnse Hcn-P-\n-kvXy-cp-sSbpw h‡m-hm-bn-. tIm¨

Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h-®p- \-S-∂- kn-\-Un¬ (536) Abmƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. Abmƒ

PÃo-\n-bs‚ ]oXnt\Sn I∏-tUm-jym-bnse tIk-dnbm saXm-\m-bn.

GXm≠v Ccp-]Xv h¿j-tØmfw kmam-Py-Øns‚ aX-]-c-amb t]mfnkn



\n¿W-bn-°p∂Xn¬ Abmƒ kp]-[m\-]-¶p h-ln-®p. Abm-ƒ Hcn-P-\n-

Ãp-Isf kwc-£n-°m≥ InW-™p- ]-cn-i-an-®p. tdma≥ Uo-°≥ s]em-

Pn-bkpw ]e-kvXo-\-bnse k\ym-kn-I-fpw IqSn Xnb-tUm-dns‚ kzm[o-

\w -Ip-d-bv°m≥ Hcn-P-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc NI-h¿ØnbpsS i≤ Xncn-®p-hn-

´p. -X-Zv -e-ambn 543- ¬ NI-h¿Øn Hcn-P-\n-kØns\-Xn-sc-bp≈ BZysØ

Cºo-cn-b¬ UnIn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.- A-Xn\p adp-]-Sn-bmbn Xnb-tUm¿

AkvIo-Zmkv NI-h¿Ønsb sIm≠v 544- ¬ aq∂-[ym-b-ßƒs°-Xn-sc-

bp≈ im]w ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.- A-XmWv 553- -se -tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-

Un¬ Iem-in-®-Xv.- Xn-b-tUm¿ ssZh-im-kv-X-⁄≥ -F-∂-Xn-ep-]cn k`m-

cm-jvSo-b-°m-c≥ Bbn-cp-∂p.- A-bm-fpsS Hcp sNdn-b -tc-Jm-i-Iew amXta

e`n-®n- p-≈p.

t_mkvXm-bnse Xnb-tUm¿ (6- mw \q.)

Ae-Ivkm≠nbm-bnse Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp≤ ]mXn-b¿°okv Xnb-tUm-

jykv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ho´p-X-S-¶-en¬ Ign™ Ime-Øv, PÃo-

\n-bs‚ `mcy -Xn-b-tUm-dm-bpsS \n¿tZ-i-]-Imcw Ad-_n-Iƒ°p-th≠n

saXm-\mbn hmgn-°-s∏´ BfmWv Xnb-tUm¿. bmt°m_v _p¿Zm-\mbpw

Abm-tfm-sSm-∏-amWv saXm-\m-b-Xv. t_mkvXm Xe-ÿm-\-am°n Xnb-

tUm¿ Im¬kn-U-¨ hncp-≤sc kwL-Sn-∏n-®p. bmt°m-_n-t\m-sSmØv

""At¥ym-Iym -]m-Xn-b¿°okv'' F∂- t]-cn¬ Hcp Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤

saXm-s\bpw a‰v Iptd saXm-∑m-scbpw hmgn-®pp.- tPm¨ ^nsem-t∏m-

Wp-kns‚ A^vXm¿tXm tUmsk-‰n-ksØ Xnb-tUm¿ FXn¿Øp.

XnsØ-bn-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc GI-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-I-fmb k\ym-kn-Isf t_m[-

h¬-°-cn-®p. 570- -\p-tijw Abmƒ Ncn-X-Øn¬ \n∂v A]-Xy-£-\m-bn.

ssdXp-hnse Xnb-tUm¿ (6- mw \q.)

ko\mbv D]-Zzo-]nse ssdXp -Xp-d-ap-J-Øn-\-Sp-Øp≈ Hcm-i-a-Ønse

k\ymkn Bbn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿. Abmƒ s\tbm-˛-Im¬U¨ Nn¥m-

KXn ]pe¿Øn.""Hcp-°w-'' F-s∂m-cp -Ir-Xn -A-bm-fpsS t]cn¬- A-dn-b-

s∏-Sp-∂p. -Im¬kn-U- hn-izm-khpw kndn-ens‚ t^m¿ap-e-Ifpw kwtbm-

Pn-∏n-®p- -sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-amWv \maXn¬ Im-Wp-I. ^mdm-

\nse Xnb-tUmdpw (+649) ssdXp-hn-se- Xn-b--tUmdpw H-cm-fm-sW-∂v

-Nn-e¿- A- n-]m-b-s∏Sp-∂p. ""tamtWm Fs\¿Pn-k-Øns‚'' BZy-Im-esØ

h‡m-hm-bn-cp∂p ^mdm-\nse Xnb-tUm¿. Abm-fpsS IrXn-I-fpsS Nne

tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta e`n -®n -´p -≈p. c≠pw Hcm-fm -sW-¶n¬

""tamtWmFs\¿Pn-k-Øns‚'' D¤hw s\tbm-˛-Im¬kn-U¨ k¿°n-

fn-em-sW-∂p- ]-d-bmw.



At¥ym-Iy-bnse KnKdn (6- mw \q.)

Pdp-k-te-anse am¿ A_manbp-kns‚ _nk-ss‚≥ Bi-a-Øn¬ KnKdn

k\ym-k-Po-hnXw XpS-ßn.- A-hnsS A[y-£-\m-bn. PÃn≥ c≠m-a≥

N-I-h¿Øn At±-lsØ ko\m-bn-te-°--b-®p. Ahn-sSbpw A[y-£-\m-

bn. ]n∂oSv Iptd-\mƒ ^mdm-\nse Hcm-i-a-Ønepw A[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-

A-\-kvXm-kyqkv I ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ 570˛¬ X¬ÿm-\-Øp-\n∂v \o°n-

bn´v NI-h¿Øn KnK-dnsb ]m-Xn-b¿°o-km-°n. ]e cmjvSob Imcy-

ßƒ°pw At±lw \ntbm-Kn-°-s∏-´p. k`-bnepw cmjvSo-b-Ønepw \√-

kzm-[o\-ap≈ saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. tk¿Pn-tbm-s∏m-fo-kn¬ \n∂v

Jpkm H∂m-a≥- F-∂ -t]¿jy≥ cmPmhv FSp-Øp -sIm-≠p-t]mb Ipcniv

KnK-dnbpsS ]cn-i-a-Øm¬ Jpkm c≠m-a≥ XncnsI sImSp-Øp.

AXn¿Øn -]-tZ-i-ß-fnse GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-

k-Øn-te-°v -sIm-≠p-h-cm≥ KnKdn Hcp ZuXy-bmX \S-Øn. At±lw

593/4˛¬ acn-®p. \njvIm-kn-X-\mb A\-kvXm-kyqkv DSs\ ]mXn-b¿°o-

kmbn ho≠pw At¥ym-Iybn-se-Øn `c-W-ta-‰p. KnK-dn-bp-sS A©v

tlman-en-Iƒ a‰p-≈-hcpsS t]cn¬ ]-N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

Pdp-k-te-anse tbml-∂m≥ IV (574- 594)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcm-i-a-Ønse k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp∂ tPm¨

]n∂oSv Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn. B Biaw Im¬kn-UWnk-

Øns‚ tIµ-am-bn-cp-∂p. IuIm-k-knse ImtXm-en-t°mkv B_m-kn\v

(552-˛596) tPm¨ 574-˛\pw 577-˛\pw CSbv°v Hcp -I-Ø-b-®p. GI-kz-`mh

hmZ-Øn-s\-Xnsc PmK-cq-I-cm-Im≥ P\-ßsf DZvt_m-[n-∏n-°-W-sa∂v

IØn¬ Bh-iy-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXp-t]mse ]o‰¿ ]p≈¿ ssX-ip≤-Io¿Ø-

\-Øn¬ Iq-ń-t®¿°¬ \SØn-b-Xn-s\bpw At±lw \ncm-I-cn-®p.- Pq-en-

bs‚ "'A^vXm¿tXm tUmsk-‰n-k-sØbpw'' hna¿in-®p.

Pdp-k-te-anse k°-dn-bmkv (+630)

Pdp-k-te-w ]mXn-b¿°o-kv k°-dn-bm-kns‚ Ime-ØmWv t]¿jy≥

cmPmhv Pdp-ktew BI-an®v I¿Øm-hns‚ Ipcniv t]¿jy-bn-te°v

sIm≠p-t]m-b-Xv (614). Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-kn-I-fmb P\-ß-tfbpw ]mXn-

b¿°o-kn-s\bpw ]nSn-®p-sIm-≠p-t]m-bn.- ]mXn-b¿°okv hn]-hm-k-Øn¬

\n∂v Pdp-ktew k`bv°v Hcp IsØ-gp-Xn. k°-dn-bm-kns‚ ÿm\Øv

Hcp samsZ-kvXpkv \nb-an-X-\m-bn.- k-°-dn-bmkv 630 s^_p-hcn 21-˛\v

acn-®p. slcm-¢n-bkv NI-h¿Øn 630 am¿® 21-˛\v ZpxJ-sh-≈n-bmgvN

hnip≤ Ipcniv Xncn-sI -sIm-≠p-h∂v Pdp-k-te-an-¬ -ÿm-]n-®p. samsZ-

kvXp-kns\ k°-dn-bm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm°n.



Pdp-k-te-anse samsZ-kvXpkv (+630)

t]¿jym-°m¿ ]e-kvXo\m BI-an-®-t∏mƒ (614) samsZ-kvXpkv hn.- Xn-

b-tUm-jy-kns‚ Bi-a-Ønse k\ym-kn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. t]¿jym-°m¿

henb eudm-bnse k\ym-kn-Isf sIm∂p. samsZ-kvXpkv amXw c£-

s]-´p. t]¿jym-°m¿ k°-dn-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns\ \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-

t∏mƒ At±lw ]mXn-bm¿t°-‰ns‚ kwc-£-I-\m-bn. -k-°-dn-bmkv 630-

˛¬ acn-®--t∏mƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn. -F-∂m¬ 630 Unkw-_¿ 17-˛\v samsZ-

kvXpkpw acn-®p.

kvXtX-Pn-bpkv (7- mw \q.)

]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ hn.- -km-_m-kns‚ hen-b -eu-dm-bnse Hcp k\ym-kn-

bm-bn-cp-∂p Abmƒ. -t]¿jym-°m-cpsS Pdp-ktew BI-a-W-Øn-s‚bpw

Iq´-s°m-e-bp-sSbpw \mSp-I-S-Ø-en-s‚bpw Ih¿®-bp-sSbpw hnh-cWw

At±lw Fgp-Xn-. tXmakv F∂-bmƒ CXns‚ XpS¿®-bmbn Hcp Npcp-

ßn-b- hn-h-cWw \¬Ip-∂p.- a-cn-®-hsc tXmakpw `mcybpw IqSn AS°n-

bXpw slcm-¢n-bkv hn.- Ip-cniv XncnsI sIm≠p-h-∂Xpw hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

k\ym-kn-bmb At¥ym-°pkv (7- mw \q.)

]e-kvXo-\-bn¬ hn. -km-_m-kns‚ henb eudm-bnse A[y-£-\m-bn-

cp∂p At±-lw. A≥ko-dm-bnse Hcm-i-am-[y-£-\mb HkvXmtXym-kn\p-

th≠n ""Xncp-en-Jn-X-Øns‚ ]m≥sUIvSv''F∂ -IrXn cNn-®p. Pdp-ktew

hoW-Xns‚ ZpxJw CXnepw \ng-en-°p∂p. CXn¬ 130 tlman-en-I-fp-≠v.-

k-\ym-k-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏-‰n-bp≈ Hcp k-a-K-tc-J-bm-Wn-Xv.- CXv _nk-ss‚≥

tem-I-Øv ]-c-s° -]--N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.- BI-a-W-Øn¬ eu-d-bnse 40 k\ym-

kn-Isf t]¿jym-°m¿ h[n-®-Xn-s\-∏‰n hnh-cn-°p-∂p. ""Pdp-k-te-ans‚

ta¬ \n∂v tIm[w \o°n-°-f-bW-ta''- F-∂-t]-£n-®p-sIm-≠p≈ Hcp

\o≠ ]m¿Y-\-bpw e`y-am-Wv.

sImko-_m-bnse B‚Wn (7- mw \q.)

Pdp-k-tean\pw Pdo-t°mbv°pw CS-bv°p≈ ÿe-amWv sImko-_m.

tPm¿Pv sImko-_m-bpsS injy-\m-bn-cp∂ Cbmƒ Kpcp-hns‚ Poh

-N-cnXw Fgp-Xn.- ]-e-kvXo-\m-bnse At∏m-gsØ Ac-£n-Xm-h-ÿ-bpsS

]›m-Ø-e-Øn-emWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. slcm-¢n-bkv 630-˛¬

hn.- Ip-cniv Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®Xpw samsZ-kvXpkv ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bXpw

hnh-cn-°p-∂p. sImko-_m-bnse ssZh-am-X-mhns‚ A¤p-X-ßƒ CXn\v

A\p-_-‘-ambn tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.



tPm¨ tam-kvIqkv (6/7˛mw \q.)

""Bflo-b-]p¬ØInSn'' F∂-Ir-Xn -bp -sS I¿Øm-hm-W- v tPm¨

tamkvIpkv (F-hp-Im-sX-k v). -Cu-Pn]vXnepw ]e-kvXo--\m-bn-ep-ap≈

k\ymkm-i-a-ß-fn¬ IqSn tPmWpw kvt\ln-X-\mb skmt^m-Wn-bpkpw

IqSn \S-Ønb bmX-bpsS hnh-c-W-am-Wn-Xv. Ahn-sS-bp≈ k\ym-kn-I-

sf-∏-‰n- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p. Im¬kn-U¨ A\p- m-hn-Ifpw FXn-cm-fn-Ifpw tNcn-

Xn-cn-™v t]m-c-Sn-°p∂ temIw CXn¬ hc®pImWn-°p-∂p. Cu KŸ-

Øn\v Btcm cNn® Bap-J-Øn¬ \n∂mWv tPmWns\ ]‰n-b-p≈ Iptd

hnh-c-ßƒ \ap°v e`n-°p-∂-Xv.- A-t±lw Uam-kvI-kn-tem, kneo-jy-bntem

Bdmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ a[y- m-KØv P\n-®p. sshZn-I-\m-b-tijw Pdp-k-te-an-

\-Sp-Øp≈ hn.- Xn-b-tUm-jy-kns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ h®v k\ym-kn-bm-bn.-

A-hnsS \n∂v ^mdm-\n-se eud-bn-te-°p- t]m-bn, ]-Øp-h¿jw AhnsS

]m¿Øp.- ]n-∂oSv skmt^m-Wn-bp-kn-t\m-Sp-IqSn ssS_ocn-bkv c≠m-as‚

ImeØv (578- 582) CuPn-]vXn¬ -D-S-\ofw bmX-sN-bvXp.- Xn-cnsI h∂v

ko\mbv ae-bnse sFen-tbm-Xmbv Bi-a-Øn¬ ]Øp-h¿jw Xma-kn-

®p. AhnSw hn v hn.- km-_m-kns‚ henb eudm-bn-se-Øn.- B-tamkv ]mXn-

b¿°o-kns‚ ÿm\m-tcm-l-W-Øn¬- ]s¶-Sp-Øp.- Xp-S¿∂pw ]e bmX-

Iƒ sNbvXv CuPn-]vXn-seØn ""Zm\-io-e-\mb'' tPm¨ ]mXn-b¿-°o-kn-

t\m-Sp-IqsS Im¬kn-U- -hn-izm-k-Øn-\p- th≠n ]h¿Øn-®p.- P-dp-ktew

BI-an-°-s∏- -t∏mƒ tPmWpw skmt^m-Wn-bpkpw IqSn ssk]kv hgn

tIm¨Ãm≥-dn-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v IS-∂p. Ahn-sS-h-®v ""Bflo-b-]p¬Ø--InSn''

Fgp-Xn- skmt^mWn-bp-kn-s\ -G¬∏n-®n v acn-®p. tPm-Wns‚ Bh-iy-

]-Imcw arX-tZlw hn.- Xn-b-tUm-jy-kns‚ Bi-a-kn-an-tØ-cn-bn¬ sIm≠p-

h-∂-S-°n. tPm¨ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-iz-mkn Bbn-cp-∂p.- tPmWpw

skmt^mWn-bpkpw IqSn Zm\-io-e-\mb tPmWns‚ Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-

Xn-bn- p--≠v.

Pdp-k-te-anse skmt^m-Wn-bpkv (550- 638)

tPm¨ tamkvIp-kns‚ kl-bm-Xn-I-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw 634-˛¬ Pdp-k-

tew -]m-Xn-b¿°o-km-bn. kndn-b≥ amXm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬\n∂v 550-˛¬ Uam-

kvI-kn¬ P\n-® skmt^m-Wn-bpkv ]`m-j-W-I-e-bpsS A[ym-]-I-

\mbn.- ]-e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ h®v tPmWp-ambn ]cn-N-b-s∏-´p, H∂n®v \nc-

h[n bmX-Iƒ sNbvXp. hn. -Xn-b-tUm-jy-kns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ k\ym-

kn-bm-bn.- Xp-S¿∂p≈ bmX-Iƒ°-h-km\w hSt° B^n-°-bn¬ Hcm-

iaw ÿm]n-s®∂pw amIvkn-apkv AhnsS ]m¿Øn-cp-s∂∂pw ]d-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p.- skm-t^m-Wn-bp-kns\ At±lw Bflo-b-]n-Xm-hmbn Icp-Xn.

tPmWns‚ arX-tZ-l-hp-ambn Pdp-k-te-an-se-Ønb skmt^m-Wn-bp-kv



AhnsS ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn. C°m-e-ØmWv ]uc-kvXy-]-tZ-i-ßƒ H∂n-

\p-]n-dtI H-∂mbn Ad-_n-Iƒ°v hnt[-b-am-b-Xv. skmt^m-Wn-bp-kv

Xs∂ 636 s^_p-h-cn-bn¬ Ad_n-Iƒ°v Pdp-k-te-ans‚ IhmSw Xpd-

∂p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- am¿®n¬ At±lw acn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

1. kn\-Un-°¬ I-Øv: GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xnsc t]mcm-Sm≥- amIvkn-

ap-kn\v CXv klm-b-I-am-bn.

2. ssk]-knse A¿t°-Un-b-kn-\p≈ IØv.

3. Bcm-[-\-I-a-kw-_-‘-am-b -tlm-an-en-Iƒ.

4. sskd-kv,- tPm¨ F∂n-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ kvXpXn-]-`m-j-Ww. -

5.- Zm-\-io-e-\mb tPmWns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw.

6. ]e-Xcw Ko-X-ßƒ.

eohn-bmkv saXm≥ sX-tbm-sX-Iv\pkv (6/7˛mw \q.)

amXm-hns‚ kz¿Km-tcm-lWw kw_-‘n®v Hcp ]kwKw Cbm-fpsS- t]-

cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ko\m-bv -a-e-bn¬ hn.- Im-X-ssds‚ Bi-a-Øn-emWv

AXns‚ ssIsb-gp-Øp-]Xn. amXm-hns‚ kz¿Km-tcm-l-W- kw-_-‘-

amb At∏m-In-^¬ kmln-Xy--Øn¬ \n∂pw bmt°m-_ns‚ ]mcw-`

-kp-hn-ti-j-Øn¬ \n∂pam-Wv Cu ]kwKw Xbm-dm-°n-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

Pdo-t°m-bpsS FXn¿h-i-Ømbn tPm¿Zm≥ \Zn-bpsS CStØ Xoc-Øm-

Wv eohn-bmkv F∂ -Km-aw. C∂v sX¬ F¿˛dmw F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

t_mkvXm-bnse Ão^≥ (7- mw \q.)

cq]-ß-sfbpw ]S-ß-sfbpw _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xns\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm≠v

Ão^≥ ""bqZ¿s°-Xnsc'' Fgp-Xnb IrXn-bpsS iI-e-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

hnhn-[-Xcw hW-°-ßsf ]‰n (t]m-kvIn-t\-kn-kv) Abmƒ kwkm-cn-

°p∂p: ""ssZhsØ \mw Bcm-[n-°p-∂p (em-tX-bv bm), hnip-≤sc \mw

_lp-am-\n-°p∂p (Xn-ta), hn.- Ip-cn-in-s\bpw hnip-≤-cp-sS cq]-ß-sfbpw

]Xn-—m-b-I-sfbpw _lp-am-\n-°p-∂-Xn¬ sX‰n-√''.- Ggmw FIyp-ta-\n-

°¬ Iu¨kn¬ Cu hyXymkw AwKo-I-cn-®p. Abm-sf-∏‰n as‰m∂pw

\ap-°-dn-™p-Iq-Sm.

Pdp-k-te-w s]kv_n-‰¿ Ptdmw (7- mw \q.)

""XnXz-sØ-∏‰n'', ""Ipcn-in-t\m-Sp≈ hW°w'' F∂o c≠p- Ir-Xn-I-fpsS

`mK-ßƒ amXta Cbm-fn¬ \n∂v e- n-®n- p-≈p.- tPm¨ Ua-jo\pw lUn-

bm≥ ]m∏mbpw Ch-bn¬ \n∂v D≤-cn-°p-∂p.



Pdp-k-te-w s]kv_n-‰¿ setbm -jyqkv

""ka-dn-bm-°m-cnsb Ipdn®v c≠v ]kw-K-ßƒ'' Cbm-fn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-

≠v.- apºv tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ t]cn-em-Wv Ch Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂-Xv.

_nk-ss‚≥ s]kv_n-‰¿ ]t¥m-se-tbm≥ (7/8˛mw \q.)

""Ipcn-in-s‚ ]pI-gvNsb Ipdn®p≈ Hcp ]kwKw'' Cbm-fpsS t]cn¬

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Pdp-k-te-an-\-Sp-Øp≈ _nk-ss‚≥Im-cpsS Bi-a-

Ønse k\ym-k-ssh-Zn-I-\m-bn-cp∂p Cbmƒ.- Ip-cn-in-s\-∏-‰n-bp≈ as‰mcp

]kw-Khpw Nne¿ Cbm-fn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂p.

Pdp-k-te-w s]kv_n-‰¿ XntamXn (7/8˛mw \q.)

Cbm-fpsS t]cn¬ c≠v tlman-en-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p: 1.- si-a-tbm-s\-

∏‰n. 2. C≥ H°p¿kpw tZman-\n. Ch-bpsS ssien ]cn-K-Wn-®-h¿ a‰v

\mev ]kw-K-ßƒ IqSn Cbm-fn¬ Btcm-]n-°p-∂p. -F-∂m¬ F√m-hcpw

AXv kzoI-cn-®n-ń-√. adnbØns‚ ico-c-tØm-Sp-Iq-sS-bp≈ kz¿Km-tcm-

l-W-sØ-∏‰n kqNn-∏n-°p-∂- Hcp tcJ-bm-Wv- B-Zy-]-kw-Kw.- ssZ-h-am-

Xmhv Aa¿Xy-bm-sW-∂pw- A-hƒ kz¿K-Øn-te°v hmßn-t∏m-sb∂pw

a‰pw ]d-bp-∂p.

tPm¨ ¢nam-°pkv (6/7˛mw \q.)

""Znhy-I-tc-‰-Øns‚ tKmhWn'' F∂ Hcp IrXn ko\m-bnse tPmWns‚

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu IrXn cNn-®- A-h-k-cw -A-t±lw ko\mbv

ae-bnse hn.- Im-X-ssds‚ Bia-Ønse B_- m-bn-cp-∂p. Ahn-sS-bmWv

Abmƒ k-\ymkw XpS-ßn-, B_m a¿Xo-cn-bp-kns‚ injyXzw kzoI-cn-

®-Xv. -a¿Xo-cn--bpkv acn-®-t∏mƒ -B-i-a-Øn¬ \n∂v- A-©p-ssa¬ AI-

se-bp≈ tXmfm-kn¬ GIm-¥-Po-hnXw XpS-ßn. tPm¨ Pohn-X-Øns‚

an°-`m-Khpw ko\m-bv acp-`q-an-bn¬ sNe-h-gn-®p. \m¬]Xp h¿-jsØ

k\ym-k-Øn-\p-tijw Xs‚ C—-bvs°-Xn-cmbn B_-´m-bn-Øo¿∂p.

""tKmh-Wn-bpsS hn.-tPm¨''- F∂v At±lw ]n¬°m-eØv Adn-b-s∏- p.

AXn¬ \n∂mWv ¢nam-°pkv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂Xv: ¢nam-Ivkv- -¢n-am-t°mkv

F∂m¬ tKmhWn F∂¿Yw. ""]dp-Zo-km-bpsS tKmhWn'' F∂pw Cu

IrXn Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. _nk-ss‚≥ k\ym-km-[ym-fln-I-X-bn¬ Cu IrXn

kp]-kn-≤-am-bn. CXn\v 30 A[ym-b-ß-fp-≠v. B[ym-fln-I- I-b-‰-Øns‚

30 ]Sn-I-fm-bn Ahsb IW-°m-°mw. -t]m-cm-tS≠ hnIm-c-ßfpw kºm-Zn-

t°≠ kpIr-X-ßfpw CXn¬ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. Fhm-Kn-b-kv, acp- q-an-bnse

Xm]- ¿,- Km m acp-`q-an-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m¿ F∂n-h-cn¬ \ns∂ms°

tPm¨ kzm-[o\w kzoI-cn-®n- p-≠v. InkvXo-b-Po-hn-X-Øns‚ ]c-a-ImjvT



kvt\l-am-sW-∂v- A-t±lw ]tLm-jn-°p-∂p. ""tbip]m¿Y\sb-∏‰n''

(tbkp Fhp-t°-kv) kwkm-cn-°p∂ BZy-Ime KŸ-Im-cn¬- H-cm-fmWv

At±-lw. CXn¬ -A-bm-fpsS amXr-I s^mXo--s°-bnse Unb-tUm-°-km-

Wv. B[ym-fln-I-X-b-psS ]c-a-e-£y-ambn ""ssZho-I-c-W-sØ''(-sX-tbm-

knkv) Abmƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂n-√. ˛ Cu -IrXn ]e ]pcm-X\ `mj-I-fn-

te°pw hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-bvXn- p-≠v. ""CS-b≥'' F∂ as‰mcp IrXnbpw Abm-

fn¬ \n∂v \ap-°v -ssI-h-∂n- p-≠v. tKmh-Wn-bpsS 31- mw ]Sn-bmbn Nne¿

C-Xns\ ImWp-∂p. B[ym-fln-I -\n-b-¥m-°-fpsS I¿Øhyw CXn¬

Nq-≠n-°m- p-∂p.

FtU- -bnse amtdm (6- mw \q.)

ko\m-bnse A\-kvXm-tkym-kns‚ IrXn-bn¬ (tlm-sU-tKm-kv) -am-tdm-

bn¬ \n∂v c≠v D≤-c-Wn-I-fp-≠v.- Bdmw \q‰m-≠nse InkvXp-im-kvX

X¿°-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-h-bmWv Ah. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xn-

cm-bn-´mWv A\-kvXm-tkymkv Ah D≤-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

ko\m-bnse slko-°n-bpkv (8/9˛mw \q.)

hn.- Im-X-ssds‚ Bi-a-Ønse B_-´m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw. ""DW¿hpw

hnip-≤nbpw'' F∂- IrXn At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. CXn\v c≠p

-]-Xn-∏p-I-fp-≠v: \o≠-]-Xn∏pw Npcp-ßn-b- ]-Xn-∏pw. \o≠-Xn\v c≠v sk©z-

dn-I-fp-≠v; sN-dp-Xn\v 24 A[ym-b-ß-fpw. tbip-hns‚ ]mh-\ -\m-a-tØm-

Sp≈ `‡n CXn¬ Zr-iy-am-Wv. tbip-]m¿Y\ At±lw t]m’m-ln-∏n-

°p-∂p.

ko\m-bnse ntem-sX-hpkv (9/10 \q.)

Cbm-fpsS t]cn¬ aq∂p- Ir-Xn-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p: 1.- D-W¿hn-s\-∏-‰n. 2.-

I¿Xr-I¬∏-\-Iƒ. 3.- Xm-]- -h-N-\-ßƒ. At±-lhpw tbip-]m¿Y\

t]m’m-ln-∏n-°p-∂p.

ko\m-bnse A\-kvXm-kyqkv (7/8˛mw \q.)

hn.-Im-X-ssds‚ Bi-a-Ønse G‰-hpw -]-i-kvX-hy-‡n-bmWv At±-lw.

tlmsU-tKmk v F∂- Ir-Xnbpw a‰pNne IrXn-I-fpw- A-t±-l-Øns‚

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""Nq≠p-]-eI'' AYhm ""icn-bmb ]mX-bn-eqsS

\bn-°p∂ ssKUv'' F∂mWv AXns‚ A¿Yw. _nk-ss‚≥k`

InkvXp-im-kvX -cq-]o-I-c-W-Øn\v Cu IrXn D]-tbm-Kn-®p. \nc-h[n

ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-I-fn¬ CXv ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v.- CXv Im¬kn-U¨

hn-izm-k-\n¿h-N-\sØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p. ap≥Im-e-Ir-Xn-Isf B[m-c-

am-°n-bmWv \ymbo-I-cWw. ]Xn-]m-Z-\-ßƒ,- Hcp IØns‚ Bap-Jw,



]cky-N¿®-I-fpsS hnh-c-W-ßƒ, sNdn-b -tc-J-Iƒ, A\p-_-‘-ßƒ

F∂nh CXnep≠v. GI-kz-`mh hmZn-Iƒ°pw a‰p ]mj-Wv-Un-Iƒ°p-

sa-Xnsc kXy-hn-izmk \ymbo-I-c-W-Øn\p apXn-cp-∂-h¿°p≈ ssKUm

bn-´mWv CXv Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. ]e-bn-S-ß-fnepw ap≥Ime Fgp-Øp-Imsc

]Zm-\p-]Zw ]I¿Øp-I-tbm,- ]p-Xp-°n-sbgp-Xp-Itbm sNbvXn-´p-≠v. C∂-

sØ -co-Xn-bn¬ -CXv cq]o-Ir-X-am-bXv 686- \pw 689˛\pw CS-bv°m-Wv. ""GI-

Nn-Ø-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnscbp≈ A[ym-b-ßƒ'' F∂- Ir-Xnbpw Cbm-fn¬

\n∂ e-`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Xm≥ Im¬kn-U¨ AwKo-I-cn-°p-s∂-¶nepw s\kvtXm-dn-b¿ hyXy-kvX-

cm-sW∂v ImWn-°m≥, ""kwbp-‡-lyp-∏-Ã-knkv'' (lyp-t∏m-Ã-knkv

kns¥-t‰m-kv) AYhm ""kwbp‡ t]mskm-t∏m¨'' F∂]Z-]-tbmKw

At±lw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. AXn¬ Hmtcm kz`m-h-Øns‚bpw khn-ti-j-

X-Iƒ IqSn-°p-g-bm-sXbpw am‰w IqSm-sXbpw th¿Xn-cnhv IqSm-sXbpw

kwc-£n-°-s∏-Sp-∂p.- a-\pjy-\n¬ Bflmhpw ico-chpw tN¿∂v H∂m-Ip-

∂-Xp-t]m-se, c≠p-kz-`m-h-ßƒ tN¿∂v GI -lyp-t∏m-Ã-knkv (anbm

lypt∏m-Ã-kn-kv) D≠m-Ip-∂p. F∂m¬ c≠v hyXykvX lypt∏m-Ã-kn-

kp-Iƒ tN¿∂√ lypt∏m-Ãm-‰nIv sFIyw D≠m-Ip-∂-Xv. InkvXp-

hn-s‚ a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Øn¬ ssZh-Xzhpw a\p-jy-Xzhpw tN¿∂v Ahn-`m-

Pyhpw kwbp-‡-hp-amb Hcp t]mk-t∏m¨ D≠m-Ip-∂p. hN-\-hp-am-bp≈

lypt∏m-Ãm-‰nIv sFIy-Øn\p apºv InkvXp-hns‚ a\p-jy-kz-`m-hw-˛-

i-co-c-hpw Bflm-hpw-˛-ÿn-Xn -sN-bvXn-cp-∂n-√. c≠p- kz-`m-h-ß-fpsS

kwbp-‡-amWv lypt∏m-Ãm-‰nIv sFIyw. F∂m¬ c≠v lypt∏m-Ã-kn-

kp-I-fpsS sFIy-a-√-Xv. Cßs\ kndn-√n-b≥ coXn-bn¬ Im¬kn-U¨

Iu¨kn-ens‚ Ccp-kz-`m-h- X-Xz-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

A⁄m-X- I¿Xr-I -Ir-Xn-Iƒ (7- mw \q.)

t]¿jym°m¿ Pdp-ktew BI-an® -Im-eØv (610) bqZ¿ t]¿jy≥ ]£w

tN¿s∂∂v Btcm-]Wapb¿∂p. A°m-c-W-Øm¬ -t]¿jym°m-cpsS ]cm-

P-b-Øn-\p-tijw bqZ¿s°-Xnsc _nk-ss‚≥ tem-IØv P\-ap-t∂-‰-

ap-≠m-bn. \n¿_-‘n-®p≈ aX-]-cn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v bqZsc hnt[-b-

cm°nsb∂pw kn-\-tKm-Kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]N-c-W-]-cn-]m-Sn-Iƒ \Ss∂∂pw

]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Ip-cn-in-s\bpw cq]-ß-sfbpw hW-ßp-∂-Xns\ t]m’m-

ln-∏n-°p∂- km-ln-Xy-imJ C°m-eØv DS-se-SpØp.



IVtIm¨Ãm‚ nt\m∏nƒ

G-jym-ssa-\¿ ]tZißfnseKo°v Fgp-Øp-Im¿

BapJw

tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ NI-h¿Øn-bmWv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]´-Ww-

]-Wn-bn-®-Xv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn\-Uns‚ (381) -aq-∂mw-Im-\\pw

Im¬kn-U¨ kn\-Uns‚ (451) Ccp-]-Øn-sb´mw Im\\pw \h-tdm-ambmb

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn\v k`m-X-e-Øn¬ ]pcmX\tdmam Ign-™m¬ ASp-

Ø- ÿm\w \¬In. NI-h¿Ønbpw sk\‰pw D≈-Xn-\m-emWv AXn\v

Cu _lp-am\w \¬In-b-Xv. tXkn-se slcm-s¢bm cq]-X-bpsS kma-

¥-cq-]-X-bm-bn-cp∂p BZyw _nkm-≥kyw. ]n∂o-SmWv t]cp amdn

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ F∂m-bXpw ]uc-kvXy- tdm-am-km-am-Py-Øns‚

Xe-ÿm-\am-b-Xpw ]mXn-bm¿°¬ Bÿm-\-am-b-Xpw. Gjym, t]m¥p-

kv, -tXkv F∂o- kn-hnƒ cq]-X-Iƒ Cu ]mXn-bm¿t°-‰n¬ Dƒs∏-ń-cp-

∂p. amkn-tUm-Wn-bm,- tXkv F∂o- kn-hnƒ cq]-X-Iƒ Dƒs∏-´ -]u-

ckvXy C√o-dnbm ]uckvXy tdmam-km-am-Py-Øn¬ Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw

tdmanse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p Ah-bpsS ta¬t\m´w.- Xn-b-tUm-jykv c≠m-

a≥ N-I-h¿Øn 421-˛¬ AXns\ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfns‚ Iogn¬

sIm≠p-h-cm≥ ian-s®-¶nepw \S-∂n-√. ]n¬°m-eØv setbm III NI-

h¿Øn-bmWv (733) AXv tdmans‚ Iogn¬\n∂p am‰n tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏nfns‚ Iogn¬ sIm≠p-h-∂-Xv. Im¬kn-U-tWm-Sp-IqSn At¥ymIym

]mXn-bm¿t°-‰ns‚ hnkvXrXn Ipd-™p. aq∂p ]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ ]tZ-

i-ßƒ tN¿Øv Pdp-ktew ]mXn-bm¿t°‰v cq]o-I-cn-®Xmbn-cp∂p


AXn\p Imc-Ww. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm--bpsS A[y-£-\mb Znb-kvtIm-tdm-

kn¬ ]mj-WvUX Btcm-]n-°-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬ AXn\pw CSn-hp-X-ń.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ k`m-˛-cm-jvSo-b

N-c-Sp-h-en-I-fn¬ \n¿W-m-b-I-]¶p hln-®p. Cu ]tZ-i-ß-fnse ]n¬°me-

F-gp-Øp-Im-sc- ]-‰n-bpw IrXn-Isf ]‰n-bpam-Wv Cu `mK-sØ -N¿®.

1. skhp-tUm- -U-b-\o-jykv

hnip≤ ]utem-kn-s‚- in-jy\pw Asc-tbm-]m-K-kp-Im-c-\p-amb Ub-

\o-jy-kns‚ t]cn¬ (\-S.17,34)- Bdmw \q‰m-≠p apX¬ Iptd B[ym-

flnI anÃ-n-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sm≥ XpS-ßn. A°m-e-Øp≈ ]e

Fgp-Øp-Imcpw CXns\ A∏-kvtXm-enI IrXn-bmbn IcpXn _lp-am-\n-

®n-cp-∂p.- Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-`m-hn-Ifpw Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤cpw XΩn¬

532-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v \S-Ønb kwhm-Z-Øn¬ ""Ah-X-cn-

®- h-N-\-Øns‚ GI-kz-`mhw'' F∂ ]Z-]-tbm-KsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥

a‰p ]e-cp-sSbpw D≤-c-Wn-I-fpsS Iq -Øn¬ Ub-\o-jy-kn¬ \n∂v skth-

cqkv D≤-cn-°p-∂p. alm-\mb _m_mbv dºm (+628) Fhm-Kn-b-kns‚

sk©z-dn-I-fpsS hymJym-\-Øn¬ Ub-\o-jy≥ IrXn-Iƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-

´p-≠v. butk∏v l mbm Ch-bvs°mcp `mjy-sa-gp-Xn.- F-tU- m-bnse

bmt°m-_v,- Ão-^≥ _¿ kpssZen F∂n-h-cnepw Ub-\o-jy≥ kzm-

[o\w Zriy-am-Wv. jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse tPmWpw hnizm-k-km-£n-bmb

amIvkn-apkpw Ub-\o-jy≥ IrXn-Iƒ°v am¿Pn-\n¬ Ipdn-∏p-I-sf-gpXn

kpKm-ly-am-°n. GI-kz- m-h-hmZn-I-fmb kpdn-bm-\n-°m-cpsS CS-bn-emWv

Ch BZy-w hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-®-Xv. H∂n-tesd hyXykvX hnh¿Ø-\-

ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬- D-≠m-bn.- C-h-bn¬ -G-Xm-Wv sa®-s∏- -sX∂v _mKvZm-

Znse XntamXn ImtXm-en°m (+823) Hcn-°¬ Xnc-°p-I-bp-≠m-bn.

]n¬°me ]T\-ß-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Cu IrXn-Iƒ A∏kvtXm-

en-I- hy-‡n-bmb Ub-\o-jy-kn¬ Bcpw Btcm-]n-°m-dn-√.- A-Xp-sIm-

≠mWv skhp-tUm-˛-U-b\ojy≥ IrXn-I-sf∂v A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. -K-Ÿ-

Im-c-s\-∏‰n IrXn-bn¬ bmsXmcp kqN-\-bp-an-√. -t]m-¢pkv F∂ s\tbm-

π-t‰m-WnIv Ko°v Xm-Xzn-Is‚ (410-˛485) Nn¥m-[m-c-bp-ambn _‘-s∏´

k¿°n-fp-I-fn¬ cq]-s∏-´-XmWv Cu Ir-Xn-Iƒ. t]m¢p-kn-s‚bpw Uam-

kyq-kn-s‚bpw XXz-im-kvX-hp-ambpw At¥ym-Iy≥ Bcm-[-\-I-a- ]mc-

ºcyhp-ambpw I∏-tUm-jy≥,- A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ssZh-im-kvX -ssi-

en-bp-ambpw ]cn-N-b-ap≈ Btcm BWv Ch-bpsS I¿Øm-hv. amem-J-

am¿, Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-\-ßƒ, ssZh-Øns‚ hnhn[ \ma-ßƒ F∂n-h-

bn¬ KŸ-Im-c≥ i≤ sNep-Øp-∂p. AKm-ly-\mb ssZhsØ As∏m-

skhp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jykv


^m-‰nIv ]mX-bn-eqsS kao-]n-°p-∂p. ssZh-sØ-∏‰n ]d-bm≥ ]‰p-∂-h-

sbms° ]d-™n-´v, CsXm-∂p-a√ ssZhw, CXn-\-∏p-d-amWv, F∂p

]d-™p-h-bv°p∂ kao-]\w -Ir-Xn-bn¬ Zr-iy-am-Wv.

Ub-\o-jy≥ IrXn-Iƒ kpKm-ly-a-√.- Zp¿K-l-amb ]Z-]-tbm-K-

ß-fn¬ tIm¿Øn-W-°nb \nKq-Vm-i-b--ßƒ hmb-\ ZpjvI-c-am-°p-∂p.-

F-¶nepw ]pcm-X-\¿ Xm¬]-cy-tØmsS hmbn-°m\pw ]Tn-°m\pw K-ln-

°m\pw ]cn-i-an-®n-cp∂p F∂Xv hmbn-°m≥ B[p-\n-I-scbpw t]cn-

∏nt°≠-XmWv. At¥ym-Iy≥ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bnse Bcm-[-\m-\p-jvTm-

\-ß-fp-sSbpw ]Z-]-tbm-K-ß-fp-sSbpw ASn-ÿm\w Cu IrXn-I-fn¬

ImWm-hp-∂-Xm-Wv.- A-©p- Ir-Xn-I-fmWv Cu kam-lm-c-Øn-ep-≈-Xv.

1.- kz¿Ko-b- l-b-cm¿°n.

2. k`m-l-b-cm¿°n.

3.- Znhy-\m-a-ßƒ.

4.- an-Ãn°¬ ssZh-im-kvXw.

5.- I-Øp-Iƒ.

1.- kz¿Ko-b- l-b-cm¿°n: ]Xn-\©v A[ym-b-ß-fn-embn hnhn[

kz¿Kob Pohn-I-fpsS Xncp-en-Jn-Xm-h-X-cWw hymJym-\n-°p-∂p. A[ymbw

1˛3 hsc kz¿Ko-bhpw k`m-]-c-hp-amb lb-cm¿°n-I-sf-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-

°p-∂p.- knw-t_m-fn-kw, lb-cm¿°n F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n KŸ-Im-cs‚ Bi-

b-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.- ln-sb-cm¿°v F∂- ]-Z-Øn¬ \n∂v lb-cm¿°n

F∂- ]Zw Abmƒ D≠m-°n. A[ymbw 4˛9- hsc amem-J-am-cpsS lb-

cm¿°n-sb-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p. apΩq∂v KW-ß-fp≈ H≥]Xp]‰w amem-J-am-

cp≠v: Ah¿ Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂-h-cmWv:

1. -tIm-t_-∑m¿,- tkm-t∏-∑m¿, -knw-lm-k-\-ßƒ.

2.- B-[n-]-Xy-ßƒ,- i-‡n-Iƒ,- A-[n-Im-cn-Iƒ.

3.- ]-`p-Xzßƒ,- ap-Jy-Zq-X-∑m¿,- am-em-J-am¿.

A[ymbw 11-˛14 hsc hnhn[ ]iv\-ßƒ N¿®- sN-øp-∂p.- A-h-km-

\-ambn A[ymbw 15 amem-J-am-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ Xncp-en-JnX ]cm-a¿i-ß-fpsS

B¥-cm¿Y-Øn-\p≈ XXz-ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. am\p-jn-I- co-Xn-bn¬

amem-J-am-sc-∏‰n ]d-™-n-cn-°p-∂Xv Bflo-b--ambn a\- n-em-°-Ww. AXn-

\p≈ ZrjvSm-¥-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p. -A-Xm-bXv Ahbv°v A\-tKm-Kn-°¬

hymJym\w \¬Ip-∂p.

tIm¨.˛G-jym-ssa-\¿ ]tZißfnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿


2.- k-`m-l-b-cm¿°n: kz¿Ko-b- l-b-cm¿°n-bp-sS XpS¿®-bmWv Gg-

[ym-b-ß-fp≈ Cu IrXn. InkvXob kaq-l-Øns‚ A\p-jvTm-\-hn-[n-

Ifpw Ia-ßfpw A]-K-Yn-°p-∂p. H∂mw A[ymbw lnsb-cm¿°v, lb-

cm¿°n F∂n-h-bpsS s]mXp-hmb A¿Yw \¬Ip-∂p.- A-[ymbw 2˛4- hsc

kv\m\w, -Ip-¿_m-\, aqtdm≥ IqZmi F∂nh N¿®- sN-øp-∂p. kv\m\sØ

]Im-in-∏n-°¬ F∂pw Ip¿_m-\sb kn\m-Ivknkv F∂pw hnfn-°p-∂p.

Ip¿_m-\bn¬ hnizm-k-]-am-Ww- sNm-√p-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n aq∂mw A[ym-b-

Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.- A-[ymbw A©v lnsb-cm¿°v (-_n-j-∏v), s]kv_n-

‰¿, Uo°≥ F∂n-h-sc-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p.- ]-´-ip-iq-j-bpsS knwt_m-fnIv

A¿Yw \¬Ip-Ibpw sNøp-∂p. A[ymbw Bdv A¬am-b-sc-∏-‰n-bm-Wv.

Ct∏mgpw ip≤o-I-cWw Bh-iy-ap-≈-h¿, ]Im-in-X-cmb hnizm-kn-Iƒ,-

]-cn-]q¿W-cmb k\ym-kn-Iƒ F∂n-ßs\ P\sØ Xcw-Xn-cn-®n-cn-°p-

∂p. KŸ-Im-c≥ k-\ym-k-Po-hn-X-Øn¬ ]-tXy-Iw X¬∏-c-\m-Wv.

F∂m¬ k\ym-kn-\n-I-sf-∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂n-√.- A-[ymbw 6 Ch-bp-sS-

sbm-s° -kw-Klw F∂p- ]-d-bmw. A[ymbw Ggv ih-kw-kvIm-c- ip-iq-

j-bpsS hnh-c-Whpw hymJym-\hpw \¬In Ah-km-\n-∏n-°p-∂p. k`m-

l-b-cm¿°n aq∂mw A[ym-b-Øn¬ Ip¿_m-\-sb-∏‰n ]d™n-cn°p-∂-

Xns‚ ae-bm-f -hn-h¿Ø-\-Øn\v: Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, Ip¿_m-\-bp-sS -hym-Jym-

\-ßƒ, - tIm-´-bw, 2000, -t].180-˛198.

3. Znhy-\m-a-ßƒ: Ub-\o-jy≥ Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ G‰hpw hepXpw

]bmk-ta-dn-bXpw IqSp-X¬ kzm[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn-bXpw Cu IrXn-bm-

Wv. t]m¢p-kns‚bpw Uam-ky-q-kn-s‚bpw s\tbm-π-t‰m-WnIv ]mc-º-

cy-a-\p-k-cn-®v, ssZh-Øns‚ Xncp-en-Jn-X-\m-a-ß-fpsS hymJym\w \¬Im≥

KŸ-Im-c≥ ian-°p-∂p.- A-[ymbw 1˛3: Xncp-en-Jn-X-ßƒ ]e t]cp-Iƒ

sIm≠v ssZhsØ ]Io¿Øn-°p-∂p.- Nne t]cp-Iƒ a‰p-≈-h-tb-°mƒ

ssZh-Øn\v IqSp-X¬ tNcp-∂-XmWv. F∂m¬ ssZhw F√m \ma-

ßƒ°pw D]-cn-ÿ-\m-sW∂pw Ahm-Ny\pw AKm-ly-\p-am-sW∂pw Ah

\n»-_vZ-ambn ]Jym-]n-°p-∂p. ]nXm-hv,- ]p-X≥, ]cn-ip-≤m-flmhv F∂o

aq∂p \ma-ßƒ amXta th¿Xn-cn-°-s∏-ń-´p-≈p. tijn® Xncp-en-Jn-X-

\m-a-ß-sf√mw ssZh-Xz-Øn\p s]mXp-hm-Wv. A[ymbw \mev: \∑, ]Im-

iw, kvt\lw,- ku-µcyw F∂o \ma-ßƒ N¿®- sN-øp-∂p. -\-∑-sb-∏-‰n-

bp-≈- N¿® Xn∑-sb-∏‰n N¿®- sN-øm≥ Ah-kcw H-cp-°p-∂p. t]m¢p-

kn-s‚bpw a‰v s\tbm-π-t‰m-Wn-Ãp-I-fp-sSbpw ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ D]-tbm-

Kn-®v, \∑-bp-sS A`m-h-amWv Xn∑- F-∂p- k-a¿Yn-°p-∂p. A[ymbw 5˛7:

bmYm¿Yyw, Poh≥, hn⁄m\w F∂nh N¿®- sN-øp-∂p. A[ymbw 8˛12:

i‡n,- \oXn, al-\o-bX F∂p -Xp-Sßn \nc-h[n \ma-ßƒ N¿®- sN-øp-

∂p. A[ymbw 13 ]cn-]q¿WX, GI≥ F∂nh hnh-cn-°p-∂p.

skhp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jykv


4. anÃ-n-°¬ ssZh-imkvXw: A©v sN-dnb A[ym-b-ß-fp≈

hfsc sNdnb IrXnbm-Wn-Xv. F∂m¬ Cu IrXnbpw henb kzm[o-\w-

sN-ep-Øn-bn- p-≠v. ssZhw ImgvNbv°pw Z¿i-\-Øn\pw D]-cn-ÿ-\m-I-bm¬,-

sF-µn-I-ho-£-W-ßƒ°v AXo-X-ambn ssZh-sØ-∏-‰n Nn¥n-°-Ww.

ssZhw C∂-XmsW∂v am\p-jn-I- hm-°p-I-fn¬ ]d-bp-∂-h,- ssZhw Ch-

bs√∂p ]d-bp-∂hbmWv, AYhm Chbv°v D]-cn-ÿ-\m-sW∂v ]d-bp-

∂-h-bm-Wv. ssZhw C∂-X-s√∂p ]d-bmt\ \ap-°p- I-gn-bq. \Ωp-sS A\p-

`-h-Øn¬ \n∂v \mw Hmtcm t]cp\¬Ip∂p F∂p-am-Xw. -F-∂m¬ AXn-

s\ms° A∏p-dØmWv Ahn-Sp-s∂∂v \mw Xd-∏n-®p- ]-d-bp-∂p.- F-√m-

Øcw t]cp-Iƒ°pw Bi-b-ßƒ°pw A∏p-d-Øm-Wv ssZhw.

5.- I-Øp-Iƒ: A∏-kvtXm-en-I -hy-‡n-Iƒ°-b® ]Øp- I-Øp-Iƒ

Cu kam-lm-c-Øn-ep-≠v. Nne IØp-Iƒ H-‰- J-WvUn-I -am-X-ap-≈-Xm-Wv.

t]m¢p-kns‚ s\tbm- -π-t‰m-WnIv XXz-im-kvXhpw I∏-tUm-jy≥

ssZh-im-kvXhpw XΩn¬ Iqń tbmPn-∏n-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-amWv Ub-

\o-jy≥ IrXn-Iƒ.- a-[y-Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ ]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv Cu IrXn-

Iƒ KWy-amb kzm[o-\w- sN-ep-Øn.

2. PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn (483-˛565)

PÃo-\nb≥ P\n-®Xv tUjym saUn-s‰-dm-s\-bm-bnse Xutd-knbpw

Kma-Øn-em-Wv.- B-Zy-\maw t]Xpkv k∫m-Xn-bpkv F∂m-bn-cp-∂p. amXr-

k-tlm-Z-c-\mb PÃn≥ H∂m-a≥ (518-˛527) NI-h¿Øn-bmbn A[n-Im-c-

Øn¬ h-∂-t∏mƒ 35- mw hb- n¬ kmam-Py- -c-W-Øn¬ PÃo-\n-b-s\bpw

]¶p-Im-c-\m°n. PÃns‚ Ime-Øp-Xs∂ PÃo-\n-b≥ cmjvS-`-c-W-Øn¬

]e -kw-K-Xn-Ifpw \nb-¥n-®n-cp-∂p.- P-Ãns‚ ap≥Km-an-bmb A\-kvXm-

kyqkv H∂m-a≥ NI-h¿Øn (491-˛518) GI-kz-`m-h- Nn-¥m-KXn°mc-\m-

bn-cp∂p. PÃ-n≥ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h∂-t∏mƒ, GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ-s°-

Xnsc \S-]-Sn-sb-Sp-°m≥ P\w At±-lsØ \n¿_-‘n-®p. tPm¨ c≠m-

a-\m-bn-cp∂p At∏mƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-kv. GI-kz-

`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS t\Xm-hmb skth-cq-kns\ apS-°-W-sa∂pw tdmap-am-

bp≈ Iq´mbva ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°-W-sa∂pw ]c-ky-ambn Im¬kn-U¨

hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w \S-Ø-W-sa∂pw P\w apd-hn-fn- Iq-ń. -A-Xp-t]mse

A\-kvXm-kyqkv NI-h¿Øn ÿm-\-`-jvS-cm-°nb Fhp-t^-an-bkv (489-

˛495), amkn-tUm-Wn-bpkv (495-˛511) F∂n-h-scbpw GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ

\ncm-I-cn® setbm- am¿]m∏msbbpw (440-˛461) A\p-kva-c-W-∏-ń-I-bn¬

tN¿°-W-sa∂pw Ah¿ PÃn-t\mSv Bh-iy-s∏-´p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-

fn¬ 518-˛¬ IqSnb kn\Uv P\-Øns‚ Unam‚p-I-sf√mw Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.



AXp-t]mse tkt\m NI-h-¿Øn-bpsS Ime-Øp-≠mb (474-˛491)

""AIm-Nn-b≥ ioiva'' Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m\pw PÃn\pw PÃo-\n-b-\pw ]mXn-

b¿°okpw \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-Øp. PÃn≥ Im¬kn-U-Wp-th≠n \ne-sIm-

≠p. skth-cq-kns\ 518- ¬ Xs∂ At¥ym-Iym- knw-lm-k-\-Øn¬ \n∂p

\o°n.

Cu Ime-b-f-hn¬ (519) jnXn-b≥ k\ym-kn-Iƒ ""XnXz-Øn-sem-

cmƒ Iqin-°-s∏´p'' F∂ ""-sX-tbm-]m-kvssI‰v t^m¿ape'' Ah-X-cn-∏n-

®p. A]-Imcw ]d-s™-¶n¬ amXta Im¬kn-U¨ kn\Uv s\kvtXm-

dn-b-\√ F∂p ]d-bm-\mIq F∂v Ah¿ hmZn-®p. ""hN-\amw ssZh-amWv

]oUm-k-l-\-Øns‚ I¿Ømhv, kndn-ens‚ 12 im]-ßƒ A∏msS AwKo-

I-cn-°-Ww, Ah-bpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Im¬kn-U¨ hymJym-\n-°-s∏-SWw''

Fs∂ms° Ah¿ hmZn-®p. PÃo-\n-b≥ CtX-∏‰n 520- ¬ slm¿an-kvZmkv

am¿]m∏m-tbmSv A`n-]m-b-am-cm-™p. ""ico-c-Øn¬ ]oU-tb‰ InkvXp-

hns‚'' (InkvXp ]tØm-t¥mkv km¿°n) F∂- ¢m-kn-°¬ "'sXtbm-

]m-kvssI‰v t^m¿ap-e'' (1-]-tXm.4,1) PÃo-\n-b≥ CXn¬ D≤-cn-°p-∂p.

""XnXz-Øn¬ Hcm-fmb InkvXp'' (In-kvXpkv DuWm t]¿tkmWm

sZ Xn\n-Xm-sØ) Fs∂mcp t^m¿ap-ebpw PÃo-\n-b≥ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

slm¿an-kv-Zmkv am¿]m∏m PÃn-\-b® IØn¬ jnXn-b≥ k\ym-kn-I-

fpsS t^m¿ape \ncm-I-cn-®p. PÃo-\n-bs‚ t^m¿ap-e-sb-∏-‰n au\w Ah-

ew-_n-®p. PÃo-\n-b\v ]m∏m adp-]Sn \¬In-b-Xp-an-√. F∂m¬ PÃo-\n-

b≥ jnXn-b≥ k\ym-kn-I-fpsS ""XnXz-Øn-sem-cmƒ'' F∂ t^m¿ape

kzoI-cn-®p. Ah-X-cn® hN-\-amb InkvXphns\-∏-‰n-bmWv hnizm-k-

]Jym]\sa∂v ImWn-°m-\mImw PÃo-\n-b≥ CXv kzoI-cn-®-Xv.

PÃn≥ 527-˛¬ acn-®-t∏mƒ PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn. XpS¿∂v

`mcy Xnb-tUmdm acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc (548) aX-]-c-am-b Im-cy-ß-fn¬ Abmƒ

Cc-´-Øm-∏p-\bw kzoI-cn-®p. Abmƒ Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k- \n¿h-N-\-

Øn-\p- th-≠nbpw Xnb-tUmdm GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ°p- th-≠nbpw \ne-

sIm-≠p. Ah-cn-cp-hcpw ]c-kv]cw Btem-Nn-°msX bmsXm∂pw sNbvXn-

cp-∂n-s√∂p ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

PÃo-\n-b≥ 532-˛¬ Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-`m-hn-I-fp-sSbpw FXn-cm-fn-

I-fp-sSbpw Hcp kwbp-‡-tbmKw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.

Cu tbmK-Øns‚ dnt∏m¿´v Ccp-hn-`m-K-°mcpw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. tbmK-

Øn-¬ -]-s¶-Sp-Ø-hsc NI-h¿Øn aq∂mwZnhkw Xs‚ Ac-a-\-bn-te°p

-£-Wn-®p.- sF-Iy-ap-≠m-°m≥ At±lw Hcp t^m¿ape Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

AXn¬ Bdv \n_-‘-\-Iƒ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p:

PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn


1.- s\-kvtXm-dn-b-kn\pw Fhp-Xo-°n-b-kn\pw ]pd-ta, Znb-tZm-dn-s\bpw

Xnb-tUm-dn-s\bpw Xnb-sUm-sd-‰n-s\bpw Cu_m-kn-s\bpw i]n-°p-I.

2. Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k- \n¿h-N-\-Øns‚ icn-bmb hymJym-\-

ambn s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-\p≈ kndn-ens‚ aq∂mw-te-J\w im]-ß-tfm-Sp-

IqsS AwKo-I-cn-°p-I.

3. -Im¬kn-U¨ Iu-¨-kn-ens‚ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ hymJ-ym\w Hgn-

hm-°m≥ ""sFIy-s∏-´Xpw At`-Zy-hp-am-b -C-cp-kz-`m-h-ßƒ'' F∂-tXm-

Sp-IqsS ""Ah-X-cn-®- h-N-\-amb ssZh-Øns‚ GI-kz-`mhw'' F∂- kn-dn-

√n-b≥ ]Z-]tbmKw kzoI-cn-°p-I.

4.- Im¬kn-U¨ hn-izm-k-\n¿h-N\w AXp-t]m-se -kzo-I-cn-°m≥

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf \n¿-_-‘n-°m-Xn-cn-°pI, ]n-s∂-tbm- A-Xns‚

s\kvtXm-dnb≥ `mjyw -amXw \nc-kn-®m¬ aXn.

5. setbm am¿]m∏m ^vfmhn-b-\-b-® -I-Øn-t∑¬ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-

Iƒ D®-cn-®- im]w ]n≥h-en-°p-I.

6. Fhp-Xo-s°-kns\ i]n®p F∂ \ne-bn¬ Im¬kn-U-¨ Aw-Ko-

I-cn-°p-I.

]c-kv]cw AwKo-I-cn-°m-\p≈ Ah-iy-kw-K-Xn-Iƒ F∂ -\n-e-bn-

emWv PÃo-\n-b≥ CX-h-X-cn∏n-®-Xv. At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX-

Øns‚ h‡m-°sf i]n-°-W-sa-∂Xv GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \nc-¥-c-

amb Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Cu \n_-‘-\-Iƒ Ccp-hn-`m-K-

°m¿°pw kzoIm-cy-am-bn-√. ""ssZh-h-N\w PU-Øn¬ ]oUb\p-`-hn®p''

F∂ -]-tbmKw Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-`m-hn-Iƒ X≈n-°-f™p.- ""In-kvXp-

hns‚ Bf-Øhpw kz`m-h-ßfpw XΩn-ep≈ A¥cw Ah¿ Nq≠n-°m-

ń. A¤p-X-ßfpw ]oUm-\p-`-hhpw InkvXp-hns‚ GI-bm-fn\v Btcm-]n-

°-Ww,- F-∂m¬ kl\w ssZh-Xz-Øn-e√ PU-Øn-emWv \S-∂-Xv.''

""XnXz-Øn-sem-cmƒ'' F∂ ]tbmKw InkvXp-hns‚ Bf-Ø-Øn\v

tN¿∂-Xm-Wv. AXv InkvXp-hns‚ ssZh-Xz-hp-ambn _‘-s∏-´-Xm-Wv.

""XnXz-Øn-sem-cmƒ''F∂Xv ssZh-Xz-kw-_-‘-am-Wv. CXns‚ shfn-®-

Øn¬ amXw ""sXtbm-]m-kvssI‰v t^m¿ape'' AwKo-I-cn°mw

Fs∂ms° Ah¿ hmZn®p. ˛ GXm-bmepw B N¿®- A-e-kn-∏n-cn-™p.

""sXtbm-]m-kvssI‰v t^m¿ape'' AwKo-I-cn-∏n-°m≥ PÃo-\n-b≥

c≠v saXm-∑msc tPm¨ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m-∏m-bpsS (533-˛5) ]°-te-

°b®p. ""XnXz-Øn-sem-cmfmb InkvXp Iqin-°-s∏´p'' F∂Xv lypt∏m-

Ãm-‰nIv t^m¿ape D]-tbm-Kn-®mWv PÃo-\n-b≥ \ymbo-I-cn-®-Xv: hN\w



Hcp-h-iØpw InkvXp adp-h-iØpw F∂v c≠m-fp-I-fm-bp≈ s\kvtXm-

dn-b≥ hn-`-P\w CXp-hgn Hgn-hm-°m-sa∂v At±lw Icp-Xn. al-\o-b-am-

b-hbpw _e-lo-\-am-b-hbpw Cu sFIy-Øn¬ GI-bm-fn-t‚-Xm-Wv. AXm-

b-Xv, Cu sFIy-Øns‚ ASn-ÿ-m-\-Øn-emWv Ah Btcm-]n-°m≥ I-

gn-bp-∂-Xv. s\kvtXm-dn-b-\nkw Bf-Ø-Øn-ep≈ sFIyw \ntj[n-°p-

∂-Xn-\m¬, XnXz-Øn-\p -]-Icw sSSm-UmWv G‰p-]-d-bp-∂-Xv. Cu t^m¿ap-

e-bn-eqsS PÃo-\n-b≥ D∂w-h-®Xv s\kvtXm-dn-bsc amX-a-√, s\kvtXm-

dn-b≥ (At¥ym-Iy≥) ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Im¬kn-U¨ kzoI-cn®

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse "'Bs°m-sb-ssa‰v'' k\ym-kn-I-sf-bm-Wv.

Ahsc 533-˛¬ Xs∂ ]mXn-b¿°okv apS-°n-bn-cp-∂p. kndn-ens‚

InkvXp-im-kvX- t^m¿ap-e-I-fpsS shfn-®-Øn¬ Im¬kn-U¨ hymJym-

\n-°m≥ Ah¿ -Iq-´m-°n-bn-√.- G-I-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS-bpw a‰pw \nc-¥-c-

]-N-c-W -^-e-ambn ta¬-∏-d-™- k-\ym-kn-Isf PÃo-\n-b≥ Xd-]-‰n-®p.

hnhn[ hn`m-K-°m-cpsS sFIy-Øn\v Cu k\ym-kn-Iƒ X-S- -am-sW∂v

PÃo-\n-b≥ [cn-®p-h-im-bn.- tPm¨ c≠ma≥ am¿]m∏m 534-˛¬ PÃo-\n-

b\v Fgp-Xnb IØneqsS PÃo-\n-b-s‚bpw ]mXn-b¿°okn-s‚bpw

`mKw-tN¿∂v Cu k\ym-kn-Isf apS-°n. Cßs\ ]m∏m Hcp XInSwadn-

®n¬ \S-Øn. setbm- am¿]m∏mbpsS IØv ""sXtbm-]m-kvssI‰v

t^m¿ape'' Dƒs°m-≈p-s∂∂v sk\-‰n-\-b-®- I-Øn¬ tPm¨ am¿]m∏m

hmZn-®p.

F∂m¬ -G-I-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ sFIy-Øn\v k∂-≤-c-√m-bn-cp-∂p.

PÃo-\n-bs‚ Cu \ho-\-t^m¿ap-e-bpsS Nph-Sp-]n-Sn®v skth-cqkpw Hfn-

hn¬ Ign™ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fmb saXm-∑mcpw 534 apX¬ sskzc-

hn-lmcw \S-Øm≥ XpS-ßn. PÃ-o-\n-bs‚ Cu ae-°w- a-dn-®n-ens‚

ImcWw Xnb-tUm-dm-bpsS kzm[o-\-am-sW∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. PÃo-\n-b≥

535/6 se Hcp I¬]-\-bn-eqsS ""ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Pm-X-\mb ]pX\pw

hN-\hpw'' (""kz-`m-h-]-Imcw'' F∂- KoXw/tlm tamtWm-sK-t\kv

bpbvtbmkv Imbv temtKmkv Xq sXhp) F∂ -KoXw \S-∏m-°n. CXv

_nk-ss‚≥Imcpw bmt°m-_m-b-°mcpw Hcp-t]mse D]-tbm-Kn-°p-∂p.

skth-cq-kmWv CXns‚ I¿Øm-sh-∂v bm-t°m-_m-b-°m¿ Icp-Xp-∂p.

sXtbm-^m-s\-kns‚ (9-˛mw -\q.) A`n-]m-b-Øn¬ CXp-]-tbm-Kn-°m≥

I¬]n-®Xv PÃo-\n-b\-tX. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn Ft∂-°p-ambn

]ncn-bp-∂-Xn-\p-apºp Xt∂ (536) CXv Bcm-[-\-I-a-Øn¬ tN¿Øp- Im-

Wm-\m-Wn-S.

]mXn-b¿°okv F∏n-^m-\n-bkv acn-®-t∏mƒ (535) A¥o-ap-kns\

PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn \nb-



an-®p.- A-¥o-apkv GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn [mc-W-bp-≠m°n skth-cq-

kn-s\bpw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm-jy-kn-s\bpw k`m-Iq-´m-bva-

bn¬ kzoI-cn-®p. skth-cqkpw a‰p-ambn Abmƒ IØp-Iƒ hgn _‘-

s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂p. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS \ne-]m-SmWv A¥o-apkv

kzoI-cn-®-Xv: -F-t^-tkmkv kn\Uv (431),- kn-dn-ens‚ ]¥≠v im]-ßƒ

F∂nh InkvXp-hn-ep≈ hnizm-k-]-Jym-]-\-Øns‚ am\-Z-WvU-ambn

kzoI-cn-°-Ww, -kn-dn-ens‚ IrXn-Iƒ apgp-h-\mbn AwKo-I-cn-°-Ww,

skt\m-bpsS slt\m- n-t°m≥- Aw-Ko-I-cn-°Ww F∂n-h-bm-bn-cp∂p Ah-

cpsS \ne-]m-Sv. Cßs\ Im¬kn-UWv FXn-cmb \ne-]mSv kzoI-cn-®-Xn-

\m¬, NI-h¿Øn A¥oap-kns\ apS-°n. InkvXp-hn¬ GI-C-—bpw

GI]h¿Ø-\-hp-am-sW∂pw Abmƒ ]Tn-∏n-®n-cp-∂p. Abmƒ PÃo-\n-

b-\-b® IØns‚ iI-e-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

XpS¿∂v sa∂mkv ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn.- Hcn-°¬IqSn (536) Hssc-

Iy-N¿®bv°v At±lw _‘-s∏-´-h-sc-sbms° tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬

hnfn-®p-Iq- n. AXpw ]cm-P-b-s∏- p. G-I-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-I-fp-ambn HØp-Xo¿∏p-

≠m-°pI Akm-[y-am-sW∂v PÃ-o-\n-b\v a\- n-em-bt∏mƒ, Im¬kn-

U-¨ -hn-izm-k-\n¿h-N\w kmam-Py-Øn-s‚- hn-izm-k-]-am-W-ambn hnfw-

_-cw -sN-bvXp. ""XnXz-Øn-sem-cp-h\pw ssZh-Øns‚ GI-Pm-X-\p-amb

InkvXp'' F∂- X-s‚- t^m¿ape ho≠pw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂v AI-∂-ti-jw (536) Ae-Ivkm-≠n-

b≥ ]m-Xn-b¿°okv Xnb-tUmjy-kns\ (+566) PÃo-\n-b≥ tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fn¬ h-cpØn ho´p-X-S-¶-en¬ ]m-¿∏n-®p. Abmƒ°p- ]-Icw Xs_-

s∂-kn-bnse Hcp k\ym-kn-bmb ]utem-kns\ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-°n.

F∂m¬ kn\Uv 540-˛¬ Abmsf \o°n-bn´v tkmbn-ep-kv (540-˛551) F∂

Hcp ]e-kvXo-≥Im-cs\ hmgn-®p. PÃo-\n-b≥ 540-˛¬ tkmbn-ep-kn\v Hcp

tUm‹m-‰-nIv IØ-b-®p.- ssk\y-_-e-Øn-em-Wv- A-bmfpw ap≥Km-anbpw

AhnsS ]m¿Ø-Xv. F∂m¬ 546- ¬ AhnsS elf D≠m-b-t∏mƒ Abmƒ

tIm¨Ã-m‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ -A-`bw tXSn.- A-hn-sS- h®v aq∂-[ym-b-ßsf

i]n-°m-™-Xn-\m¬ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-bn.

F-∂m-t‰m-Wnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ IØn¬ PÃo-\n-b≥ Xs‚

ssZh-im-kvX -Nmbvhv shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kndn-ens‚ bYm¿Y ]n≥Km-an-

I-fm-sW-∂m-Wt√m GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ Ah-Im-i-s∏-´p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-Xv.

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-f-√,- Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-emWv bYm¿Y-Øn¬

kndn-ens\ ]q¿W-ambn ]n≥sN√p-∂Xv F∂m-bn-cp∂p PÃo-\n-bs‚ hmZw.

""Ah-X-cn-® -h-N-\-amb ssZh-Øns‚ GI-kz-`mhw'' F∂ -t^m¿ape

amXta GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ FSp-°p-∂p-≈p.- F-∂m¬ k`-bm-I-s´,



kndn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®Xv ]q¿W-ambn kzoI-cn-°p∂p F∂v At±lw Nq≠n-

°m-ń. kndn-ens‚ IrXn-I-fp-ambn Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ HØp-

t]m-Ip-s∂∂v ImWn-°m≥ PÃo-\n-b≥ ian-®p. ssZh-Xz-Øns‚bpw

a\p-jy-Xz-Øns‚-bpw- kn-s¥-knkv Bbn In-kvXp-hns\ a\- n-em-°-

Ww,- A-h-X-cn-® -h-N-\-am-b -In-kvXp-hmWv kns¥-kn-kns‚ A\-¥-c-

êw,- ""h-N\w Hcp lypt∏m-Ã-kn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p,- C-Xn¬ amwkw

AkvXnXzw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p'', AXp-sIm-≠v- A-Xns\ ""F≥lyp-t∏m-Ã-

knkv'' F∂p- hn-fn-°mw. ssZhn-I-h-N\w AXn¬ X-\n-°mbn Hcp am\p-

jn-I bm-Ym¿Yyw -kr-jvSn-®p. -A-ßs\ Ahn-Sp∂v InkvXp-hm-bn, Ah-X-

cn-® -h-N-\-am-bn,- A-hn-Sp∂v c-≠p -kz-`m-h-ß-fn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p,- c-≠p-

kz-`m-h-ß-fn¬ ÿnXn-sN-øp-∂p.

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ AwKoI-cn-°m≥ GI-kz`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ

apt∂m-´p-h® Hcp -Un-am‚ v At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øns‚ h‡m-

°sf i]n-°pI F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. AXn-\-h¿ i‡-ambn ]N-cWw \S-

Øn. AXns‚ ê-ambn Xnb-tUm¿, -Xn-b-sUm-sd-‰v, Cu_mkv F∂o

At¥ym-Iy≥ k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿s°-Xnsc PÃo-\n-b≥ 544-˛¬ Hcp Cºo-

cn-b¬tcJ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p.- At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvXsØ ]mtS

\ncm-I-cn-°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p B tc-J. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨-kn-ens\

At¥ym-Iy≥ In-kvXp-im-kvX- Nn-¥m-[m-c-bn¬\n∂v AI-‰n-°m-Wn-°m-

\p≈ ia-am-bn-cp∂p A-Xv. ""-aq-∂-[ym-b-ß-fp-sS -ta-ep≈ im]w'' F∂v

CXv Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

]m›m-Xy-tem-IØv _nk-ss‚≥ km-am-Py-Øns‚ `mK-ambn

[mcmfw q]-tZ-i-ßƒ- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. A]-cn-jvIr-X-cpsS BI-a-W-Øn¬

\n∂v Ahsb kwc-£n-°m≥ PÃo-\n-b\v ]m›m-Xy-k-lmbw Bh-iy-

am-bn-cp-∂p. Ie-h-d- Iq-SmsX Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ AwKo-I-cn-s®-

¶n¬ am-Xta ]m›m-Xy-k-lmbw \n¿tem`w e`n-°p-I-bp≈p F∂v PÃo-

\n-b≥ a\- n-em-°n.

A-tX-k-abw ]uc-kvXy -]-hn-iy-I-fnse (CuPn-]vXv,- kn-dn-bm) P\-

ßƒ c≠p -X-ń¬ Ign-bp-∂Xv kmam-Py-Øns‚ sFIy-Øn\v lm\n-I-c-

am-sW-∂v- A-t±lw I≠p. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf ]oWn-s∏-SpØn sFIy-

s∏-Sp-Øm-sa-∂ -Nn¥ 536- -\p-ti-jhpw At±lw Iptd-sbms° ]pe¿Øn.

Ah-cp-sS- Un-am‚p-Iƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ At±lw \n¿_-‘n-X-

\m-bn.- H-cp -km-am-Pyw, Hcp NI-h¿Øn, Hcp hnizmkw F∂-Xm-bn-cp∂p

A∂-sØ- Nn-¥. AXp-t]mse Xnb-tUmdm GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf A\p-

Iq-en-®n-cp-∂p. Hcp kam-¥-c-l-b-cm¿°n D≠m-°m≥ Ahsc A\p-h-Zn-



®Xpw Ah¿s°-Xnsc ISp-Ø -\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ FSp-°m-Xn-cn-°m≥ PÃo-\n-

bs\ t]cn-∏n-®Xpw Ah-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Xnb-tUmdm acn-°p-∂-X-hsc Cu

\n-e- Xp-S¿∂p.

tdm-a≥ ]Xn-\n[n s]emPn-bp-kpw (540) Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°okv

]tXmkpw (524-˛552) H∂n®v ]e-kvXo-\-bnse Hcn-P-\n-kvXy-sc-∏‰n PÃo-

\n-bs\ [cn-∏n-®p. ]e-kvXo-\-bn¬ ]pXnb eudm-bnse k\ym-kn-I-fm-

bn-cp∂p Hcn-P\n-k-Øns‚ ]tW-Xm-°ƒ.- A-h-cpsS CS-bn¬ \n∂p≈

Bfm-bn-cp∂p NI-h¿Øn-bpsS -ta¬ kzm-[o-\-ap≠m-bn-cp-∂- Xn-b-tUm¿-

AkvIoZmkv saXm≥. ta¬∏-d™ c≠p- t]-cpsS D]-tZ-i-Øm¬ 543-

˛se Hcp hnfw-_-c-Øn-eqsS PÃo-\n-b≥ Hcn-P-\n-ksØ i]n-®p. AXv

\S-∏m-°n-bm¬ Xs‚ \ne ]cp-ßenem-Ip-sa-∂p- I≠v, PÃo-\n-bs‚ Nn¥

s\kvtXm-dn-b-\n-k-Øn-te-°v Xnb-tUm¿ AkvIo-Zmkv Xn-cn-®p-hn-´p.

Aßs\ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpw Hcn-P-\n-kvXycpw H∂p-tN¿∂v At¥ym-

Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn\pw AXns‚ h‡m-°ƒ°p-sa-Xn-sc -Xn-cn-

™p. AXns‚ A\-¥-c-^-e-amWv ""aq∂[ymbß-fpsS taep≈ im]w''.

Hcn-P-\n-kvXy¿ 547-˛-\p-tijw c≠p hn`m-K-ß-fmbn Xncn-™p: hn.-

^n¿ao-\p-kns‚ eudm-bn-ep-≈-h¿ ]pXn--b- eu-dm-bn-ep≈ k\ym-kn-Isf

C-tkm-In-kvtXmbv (InkvXp-hn\p Xpey¿) F∂p hnfn-®p. ]pXn-b- eu-

dm-bn-ep-≈-h¿ a‰-hsc t]mtXm-‡n-kvtXm-bv (B-Zy-kr-jvSn-Iƒ) F∂pw

sS-Sm-Zn-Xm-bv (sSSm-Uns\ Bcm-[n-°p∂-h¿) F∂pw hnfn-®p. Xnb--tUm¿-

A-kvIo-Zmkv BZyhn`m-K-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p. NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ]°¬

C°q-´¿°m-bn-cp∂p kzm[o-\-w. Xßƒ Xg-b-s∏´p F∂pI≠v c≠m-a-

sØ- Iq-´¿ 551/2˛¬ B‚n-˛-H-cn-P-\n-kvXy-cp-sS -IqsS°qSn. henb eudm-

bnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ CXn\p t\XrXzw \¬In. Bflm-°-fpsS ]nÿnXn

F∂ Hcn-P-\n-Ãv- B-ibw C°q- ¿ -D-t]-£n-®p. PÃo-\n-bs‚ t]c-Wbv°v

hiw-h-Z-\mb ]pXn-b- eu-dm-bnse ap≥ A[y-£≥ (jn-tXm-s∏m-fo-knse

Xn-b-tUm¿ sa-Xm≥) 552-˛¬ Hcn-P-\nÃv sX‰p-Iƒ (12 im]-ß-fm-bn-) Xn-

c-kvI-cn-®p. Hcp kn\-U¬ \S-]-Sn-bn-eqsS 551- ¬ Xs∂ Hcn-P-\n-k-sØbpw

Ctkm-In-kvX-scbpw i]n-®p. F∂m-enXv 551-˛se FIyq-sa-\n-°¬

Iu¨kn-ens‚ Hcp -\-S-]Sn Bbn-cp∂n√.

A©mw km¿h-Xn-I- kn-\-Un¬h-®v (551) PÃo-\n-b≥ Xs‚ Cºo-

cn-b¬ A[n-Im-cw- D-]-tbm-Kn®v aq∂-[ym-b-ßsf i]n-®p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fn¬ k∂n-ln-X-\m-bn-cp∂ tdma≥ am¿]m-∏m-bpsS ]Xn-tj-[-ßsf

hI-h-bv°m-sX-bmWv aä-d™ ]nXm-°-∑msc PÃo-\n-b≥ i]n-®-Xv.

AXp-hgn 431-˛se Ft^-tkm-kns‚ ]Z-]-tbm-K-ß-fn-te-°p≈ Xncn-®p-

t]m-°mWv \S∂-Xv. At¥ym-Iy≥ In-kvXp-im-kvXw ]mtS X≈-s∏-´p.



Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ In-kvXp-im-kvXw k`-bpsS HutZym-KnI `mjy-am-

bn-Øo¿∂p. Im¬kn-Us‚ t]cn-em-Wv PÃo-\n-b≥ C]-Im-cw- sN-bvX-

sX-¶nepw Im¬kn-U¨ Im-Wn-® -k-a-`m-h\ 551-˛se im]-ß-fn¬ C√m-

bn-cp-∂p.- P-Ão-\n-b≥ Dt±-in-®- \∑ 551-˛se kn\-Un¬ \n∂p-≠m-bn-√.

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ k`-tbmSv tN¿∂pan-√.- A-t¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-

kvXsØ Fs∂-t∂-°p-ambn Ipgn-®p-aqSn F∂-Xp -am-X-am-bn-cp∂p t\´w.

-A-tXm-sSm∏w At¥ym-Iy≥ k- -bp-sS ]i-kvX -h-‡m-°-sf-bpw i]n®p.

tbip-InkvXp Hcp ""kwb-p-‡ -lyp-t∏m-Ã-kn-kmWv'' F∂- t^m¿-ape

(anbm kyp≥sX-t‰mkv lypt∏m-Ã-knkv) s]mXpth ]N-cn-°m≥ XpSßn.

C‰-en-bn-se -_nk-ss‚≥ -`q-]-tZ-i-ßƒ 552-˛¬ tKmXy-cn¬ \n-∂p-

Xn-cnsI ]nSn-®Xpw t]¿jym°m-cp-ambn AXn¿Øn-bn¬ 561-˛¬ kam-[m-

\-k‘n D≠m-°n-bXpw PÃ-o-\n-bs‚ t\´--ß-fm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-t±lw 561-

˛¬ t]¿jy≥ In-kvXym-\n-Isf Hssc-Iy-N¿®bv°v £Wn-®p. \nkn-

_n-knse ]utemkv t]¿jy≥ Ue-tK-j-s\- \bn-®p. PÃo-\n-b≥

""F≥lyp-t∏m-Ãknkv'' Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ At¥ym-Iy≥ ]Z-]-tbm-

K-ßƒ ]mtS Xnc-kvI-cn-®-Xn-\m¬, t]¿jy≥ U-e-tK-js‚ Ah-X-c-W-

coXn PÃo-\n-b\v a\- n-em-bn-√.- Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-e-n-s\ Ae-

Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ssi-en-bn¬ amXw I≠ PÃo-\n-b\v At¥ym-Iy≥`mjyw

A\y-am-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v N¿® -êw ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®n-√.

Xs‚ Pohn-Xm-h-km\w PÃo-\n-b≥ -A-^vXm¿tXm tUmsk-‰nkw

]Tn-∏n-®p. tdmam-°m¿°v At±lw Fgp-Xnb tcJ-bn-em-WnXp ImWp-I.

""-In-kvXphns‚ icocw Agn-hn\v AXo-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. A-Xp-sIm≠v bmsXm-

cp- X-c-Øn-ep-ap≈ ]oU-\-Øn\pw hnt[-b-a-√''.- len-I¿Wm-kp-knse

Pq-en-bs‚ ]t_m-[\w Xs∂-bm-Wn-Xv.- ]-e-kvXo-\-bnse tbm∏m- sa-

Xm-\n¬ \n-∂mWv PÃo-\n-b\v Cu Xobdn e`n-®--sX∂v anJm-tb¬ dmt_m

]d-b-p-∂p. At¥ym-Iym- ]m-Xn-b¿°okv A\-kvXm-kyq-kpw (559-˛570;591-

˛8) tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°okv Fhp-Xo-°n-bkpw (552-˛565)

CXw-Ko-I-cn-®n-√.- s]mXpth sa-Xm-∑m-sc√mw CXn-s\- F-Xn¿Øp.

3.- A©mw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°v k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿

Fhp-tUmIvkym cm⁄n (+404)

he‚o-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS (364-˛375) Iogn-ep≈ ^m¶njv P\-d¬

_u-tXm-bpsS aI-fmbn P\n-®p. kpµ-cn-bmb Ahsf 395-˛¬ A¿t°-

Un-bkv NI-h¿Øn (395-˛408) hnhm-lw -I-gn-®p. ]pƒ°-dnbm cm⁄nbpw

Xnb-tUm-jykv c≠m-a≥ NI-h¿Ønbpw (408-˛450) Dƒs∏sS Ah¿°v

A©mw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°v k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿


A©v a°-fp-≠m-bn. Ahƒ cmjvSo-b-Øn¬ kPo-h-ambn CS-s]-ń-cp-∂p.-

F-hp-tXm-∏n-bpkv F∂ ]osÎvSv a-cn-®-t∏mƒ (400),- F-hp-tUm-Ivknbm

X¬ÿ-m\w Icÿ-am-°n. ""AKpkvXm'' F∂ t]-sc-Sp-Øp. Ahƒ Bcn-

b-\n-ksØ FXn¿°p-Ibpw kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p -th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-

I-bpw -sN-bvXp.- hn.- tPm¨ In-skm-kvtXm-an-t\m-Sv- C-Wßnbpw ]nW-

ßnbpw Ign-™p. Fhp-tUm-Ivkn-bm -A-t±-lsØ 402-˛¬ \mSp-I-S-

Ønsb¶nepw P\-ß-fpsS ]Xn-tj[w \nanØw DSs\ Xncn-sI-hn-fn-®p.

F∂m¬ 404-˛¬ c≠m-aXpw \mSp-I-S-Øn. ]kvXp-X- h¿jw HIvtSm-_¿-

6˛\v Ahƒ a-cn-®p.- tPm-Wn-t\mSp ImWn® Iqc-X-bpsS ê-am-Wn-sX-

∂v km-[m-c-W-°m¿ hym-Jym-\n-®p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse A‰n-°pkv (406- 425)

A¿ta-\n-bm-bnse sk_-kvsX-bn¬ P\n-®- A-‰n-°pkv sNdp-∏-Øn¬ Hcp

k\ym-kn-bm-bn.- tIm¨kv‰m‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v sshZn-I\pw ]n∂oSv Ahn-

SpsØ ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-bn. tPmWns\ \mSp-I-S-Øn-b-Xns‚ t]cn¬

hj-fm-bn-cp∂ tdma≥_‘w At±lw ]p\x-ÿm-]n-°p-Ibpw tPmWns‚

\maw A\p-kva-c-W-∏-ń-I-bn¬ tN¿°m≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse kndn-

ens\ t]cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. hn.- A-K-Ã-n≥ (354-˛430), ske-Ãn≥

]m∏m (422-˛432), setbm ]m∏m (440-˛461), kndn¬ (+444) F∂n-hcp-ambn

\√ _‘Øn¬ Ign™p. At±lw s\kvtXm-dn-b≥-˛-s]-em-Pn-b≥

hncp≤ -a-t\m-`mhw ]pe¿Øn.- ssZ-h-im-kvX -X-e-Øn-se-∂-Xn-t\-°mƒ

cmjvSo-b-X-e-Øn-emWv At±lw IqSp-X-embn tim`n-®-Xv. -Xn-b-tUm-jykv

c≠m-a≥ N-I-h¿Øn-bp-ambn \√ _‘Ønembncp∂p.- A-t±-l-Øns‚

Nne -I-Øp-I-fpsS tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ am-Xta \ap-°p -e-`n-®n-´p-≈-p. tbip-

In-kvXp-hns‚ ssZhXzw kw_-‘n®v Fhp-]vkn-°n--bp-kn-\p-≈- I-Øv,

kndn¬, -I-√n-tbm-]vkn-bpkv F∂n-h¿°pw Im¿tØPv kn\-Un-\p-ap≈

IØpI-fp-sS- tc-Jm-i-I-e-ßƒ F∂nh CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.

\o m-bnse slcm-¢n-sZkv (5- mw \q.)

\o m saXm-\m-bn-cn°mw slcm-¢n-sZkv F∂v Nn-e¿ I-cp-Xp∂p (431-

˛440).- sa- m-en-b¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn-bpw Hfnw-]n-bmkns‚ Poh-N-cn-

Xhpw Fgp-Xn-bXv Cbm-fm-bn-cn-°mw. eukn-bm-Iv N-cn-X-Øns‚ Hcp

]mT-t`Zw Cbm-fpsS kw`m-h-\-bm-sW∂v Icp-Xp-∂-h-cpw -D-≠v. F∂m¬-

C-h- J-WvUn-X-am-b- A-`n-]m-b-ß-f-√.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfnse amIvkn-an-b≥ (+434)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmb amIvkn-an-b≥ (431-˛434) tdmam-

°m-c\pw ske-Ãn≥ ]m∏m-bpsS kl-]m-Tn-bp-am-bn-cp-∂p. tPm¨ Inskm-



kvtXm-ans‚ ImeØv (+407)- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ k-`-bn¬ AwK-am-

Ip-I-bpw -F-t^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-en-\p- ti-jw (431) Ahn-SpsØ ]mXn-

b-¿°o-kmbn sXc-s™-Sp-°-s∏-Sp-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. At±lw ]mh-s∏-´-h-

tcmSv ]tXy-I -]-cn-K-W-\ -Im-ń-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse kXy-hn-izm-k-

Øns‚ hen-b -h-‡m-hm-bn-cp-∂p. s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]m-j-WvU-Xsb i‡n-

bmbn FXn¿-Øn-cp-∂p. kndnepw ]uc-kvXycpw XΩn¬ k-am-[m-\w -]p-

\x-ÿm-]n-°m≥ ap≥ssI FSp-Ø-h-cn¬ -H-cm-fm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw.

Aeo-∏n-bpkv s]kv_n-‰¿ (5- mw \q.)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hn.- «o-l-∑m-cp-sS- ]-≈n-bnse Hcp s]kv_n-‰-

dm-bn-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw. Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens‚ ImeØv kndn-en-

s‚- ]-£-]mXn Bbn-cp-∂p. -Iu¨kn¬ Im-e-L-´-Øn¬ kn-dn-en-\-b-®-

Hcp IØv e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfnse ]¿tX-\n-bp-kv (5- mw \q.)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcp -s]-kv_n-‰dpw B¿°n-a-¨-ssU-‰p-am-bn-

cp∂p Abmƒ. s\kvtXm-dn-bkns‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp∂ ]¿tX-\n-bpkv

Abmƒ°-\p-Iqe-ambn lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-kn-se (-kn-dn-bm) Ae-Ivkm-≠-

dn-\-b-®- H-cpIØv e`y-am-Wv. -]-kvXp-X- IØv s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\- ]p-

I-gvØp-∂p.

am¿kn-bm-t\m-s∏m-fo-knse sZmtdm-sX-hpkv (5- mw \q.)

am¿kn-bm-t\m-s∏m-fo-kn-se (-ta-kn-bm) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw

s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.- A-°m-c-W-Øm¬ apS-°-s∏´v I∏-

tUm-jy-bn-te°v \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. X¿tkm-knse sl√m-Un-bp-kv,- Xn-

bm-\m-bnse Fhp-tX-cn-bp-kv,- \n-s°m-ta-Zn-bm-bnse lnta-cn-bpkv F∂n-

hcpw A°m-c-W-Øm¬ apS-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-Sp-I-bpw -sN-bvXp.

s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ X¿°w -kw-_-‘n-®- At±-l-Øns‚ Nne IØp-Iƒ

e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

t_kn¬ B¿°n-a¨ssU‰v (5- mw \q.)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcp- Uo-°\pw ]n∂o-Sv- B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰p-

amb t_kn¬ At¥ym-Iy-°m-c≥ Bbn-cp-s∂-¶nepw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-

bn-se- kn-dn-en-s\- ]n≥-Xm-ßn. t_knepw Hcp Xem- n-bpkpw IqSn-bmWv

Xnb--tUm-jykv c≠m-a≥ N-I-h¿ØnbpsS apºmsI s\-kvtXm-dn-b-kn¬

]mj-WvUX Btcm-]n-®-Xv. -t]m-°p-fp-kns‚ ImeØv (434-˛446) Xnb-

tUm-dn-s\-Xnsc t_kn¬ Hcp tcJ (en-s_-√p-kv) Xbm-dm-°n. c≠m-a-

sXm-sc-Æ-sØ-∏-‰nbpw ""Znb-tZm-dn\pw Xn-b-tUm-dn-\pw- F-Xn-sc-bp-≈''- IrXn-

-sb-∏-‰nbpw ens_-cm-Øpkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.



koZnse Bw^n-tem-°n-bpkv (5- mw \q.)

sa m-en-b≥ -A-_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-Øns‚ _≤-i-Xp-hm-bn-cp∂ Bw^n-tem-

°n-bp-kv, -ko-Zn-se (-]w-ô-en-b) saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Ft^-tkmkv

Iu¨kn-ens\ sIm≠v Cu ]mj-WvU-X-bvs°-Xnsc Hcp UnIn

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°m≥ -A-t±-l-Øn\v Ign-™p.- Iu¨kn-en¬ -A-bmƒ kndn-

ens‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.- X-kvI-c-kn-\-Un¬ (449) Fhp-Xo-s°-kn-s\- ]n≥-

Xm-ßn.- Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ (451) kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n

\ne-sIm -≠p. se-tbm - N - I -h¿Øn-s°-gp -Xnb IØns‚ Nne

`mK-ßƒ amXw Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

Z¬ta-jykv B¿°n-a¨ssU‰v (+440)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcp B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰m-bn-cp∂ Z¬sa-jykv,

k\ymkn BIp-∂-Xn-\p- apºv Hcp- ssk-\n-tIm-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp-∂p.

Ft^-tkm-kn¬ kndn-ens‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. hfsc amXr-Im-]-c-am-b-

k-\ym-k-Po-hnXw \bn-®-Xn-\m¬ ]n¬°m-e-k` At±-lsØ BKÃv

aq∂n\v- A-\p-kva-cn°p∂p. Ft^-tkm-kv Iu¨kn-en-te-°-b-®- c≠v

I-Øp-Ifpw kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p- th-≠n-bp≈ Hct∏m-f-Pnbpw At±-l-

Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

km¿Zn-°m-bnse Pqen-b≥ (5- mw- \q.)

km¿Zn-°m (-_ƒtK-dn-bm-bn-se -tkm- n-bm)- sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm Bbn-cp∂

Pqen-b≥, Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-en¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPmWns‚

]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.- ln-sb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse k`-bv°-b-®- I-Øn¬ tPmWn-

t\m-sSm∏w Pqen-b-\pw- H-∏p-h-®p.

kn∂m-Zm-bnse skth-cqkv (5- mw -\q.)

kn∂mZm (ô-Pnbm kfp-Øm-cn-kv) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ skth-cq-kv, Ft -

tkm-kn¬ kndn-ens‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp∂p. At±lw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xnsc

kn\-Un¬ \-S-Ønb eLp]kwKw FtXym-]y≥ `m-j-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

slcm-s¢-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (5- mw- \q.)

_nXo-\n-bm-bnse slcm-s¢bm saXm-\mb Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, Ft -tkm-

kn¬ kndn-ens‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp∂p. At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xmbn Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂

Hcp tlmanen FtXym-]y≥ `mj-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

Ft -tkm-knse saavt\m¨ (428- 440)

saavt\m¨ Ft^-tkmkv B¿®p-_n-j-∏m-bn-cp∂ Ime-Øm-Wv kn\-Uv

(431) \S-∂-Xv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fns‚ ta¬t°m-bva-bvs°-Xnsc



Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bp-ambn saavt\m¨ [mc-W-bp-≠m°nsb∂p ]d-b-s∏-

Sp-∂p.- A-t±lw kndn-ens‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. kn\-Uns‚ c≠mw skj≥

At±-l-Øns‚ Ac-a-\-bn¬ h®m-Wv IqSn-b-Xv. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\ ÿm-

\-`-jvS-\m-°n-b-tijw saavt\m-¨ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse sshZn-I-

k-aq-l-Øn-\-b-®- IØv e`y-am-Wv. _nk-ss‚≥ k` Unkw-_¿ 16-˛\v

At±-lsØ A\p-kva-cn-°p-∂p.

tUmdn-te-hp-anse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (5- mw- \q.)

s\kvtXm-dn-b--kn-s\-Xnsc 430-˛¬ BZy-ambn Btcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-®Xv

A¬am-b-\mbn-cp∂ Fhp-tk-_n-b-km-Wv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-se- H-c-

`n- m-j-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Abmƒ ]n∂o-Sv tUm-dn-te-hp-an-se (-ô-Pn-bm) saXm-

\m-bn. Fhp-Xo-s°-kn-s\-Xn-scbpw (378-˛454) Btcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-®Xv

Cbmƒ Xs∂-bm-Wv. Ft^-tkm-knse XkvI-c-kwLw (449) Cbmsf

ÿm\- -jvS-\m-°n Pbn-en¬ AS-s®-¶n-epw, Ahn-sS-\n∂v c£-s] v tdman-

se-Øn. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬- Abmsf ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn-®p.

A≥ko-dm-bnse sXb-tUm- kv (+446)

Kem-Xy-bnse A≥kodm saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ sXb-tUm-´kv, BZyw

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ ]n≥Xm-ßn.- ]n-∂oSv kndn-ens‚ ]£w-tN¿∂p.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPmWn-s‚ (+441/2) t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IqSnb kn\-Un-

s\-∏‰n Xnb-tUm-jykv c≠m-a≥ N-I-h¿Ønsb Adn-bn-® -sU-e-tK-j-

\n¬ sXb-tUm-´kpw D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Ggv tlman-

en-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ]cnip≤ I\y-Im-a-dn-b-Øns‚ ssZh-am-Xr-Xzhpw

\nXy-I\y-Xzhpw Ah-bn¬ At±lw ]tLm-jn-°p-∂p.- A-Xp-t]mse

s\kvtXm-dn-b-kn-s\-Xnsc aq∂p IrXn-Ifpw \nJym- hn-izm-k]-am-W-Øn-

s‚ hymJym-\hpw hnXm-enkv F∂ -k-\ym-kn°v Hcp- IØpw cNn-®p.

XmPm-\m-s∏m-fo-knse ]o‰¿ (5- mw- \q.)

tXknse XmPm-\m-s∏m-fo-knse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ ]o‰¿, Ft^-tkmkv

Iu¨kn-en¬ At¥ym-Iy-bnse tPmWns‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. A°m-

c-W-Øm¬ kn-dn-en-s‚- kn-\Uv ]o‰-dn-s\-bpw- ap-S-°n. At∏mƒ Xs‚

kXy-hn-izmkw hy‡-am-°n-s°m≠pw s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ho-£-W-ßƒ

Xnc-kvI-cn-®p-sIm≠pw At±lw Hcp teJ-\w (-en-s_-√p-kv) Fgp-Xn.

tIk-dn-bm-bnse n¿apkv (+439)

I∏-tUm-jy-bnse tIk-dnbm saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p ^n¿ap-kv. kndn-ens‚

]£-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬,- A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse tPm¨ Ft^-tkmkv

Iu¨kn-en-\p-ap-ºv- A-t±-l-Øn-\v- H-cp -I-sØ-gp-Xn. F∂m¬ ^n¿apkv



kndn-ens‚ ]£Øv Dd-®p- \n¬°p-Ibpw s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns\ Xcw-Xm-

gvØm≥ k-Po-h-ambn ]-h¿Øn-°p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. Abm-fpsS 45 IØp-

Iƒ e`y-am-Wv. 1709-˛¬ F¬.-G.- aq-d-tØmdn F∂ ]WvUn-X≥ anem-

\nse Awt_m-kn-b≥ sse_-dn-bn¬ \n∂v ChbpsS -]Ømw \q‰m-

≠nse Hcp Isø-gp-Øp-]Xn Is≠-SpØv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. tIk-dnbm

] -W-Ønepw cq]-X-bn-ep-ap≈ Abm-fpsS ]h¿Ø-\-ß-sf-∏‰n Adn-bm≥-

Ah klm-b-I-am-Wv. Ahbv°v ssZh-im-kvX-]m-[m-\yw -Ip-d-hm-Wv.-

F-t^-tkm-kn¬- A-bmƒ sNbvX Hcp eLp-]-`m-j-Ww- F-tXym-]y≥

`m-j-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Fsd-‡n-bpkv (5- mw- \q.)

]nko-Zn-bm-bn-se -A-t¥ym-Iy-bn¬ 440-˛-t\m-S-SpØv Abmƒ saXm-\m-bn-

cp-∂p. AbmfpsS c≠p -]-kw-K-ßƒ ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v. H∂v t-]-m¢p-kns‚

apºmsI tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v Z\-lm-bv°pw -a-‰-Xv Inkva-kn\pw

\S-Ønb ]kw-K-ß-fm-Wv.

]t\m-s∏m-fo-knse sskdkv (+457)

]t\m-s∏m-fo-knse sskdkv ]uc-kvXy-tdm-am-km-am-Py-Ønse Hcp-∂-

tXm-tZym-K-ÿ\pw KŸ-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. At±lw tIm¨Ãm‚-n-t\m-

∏nƒ ]´-W-Øn-s‚ ]os^-IvSmbn 435-˛¬ \nb-an-°-s∏-´p. ]n∂oSv ]uc-

kvXy-]-hn-iy-bpsS ]osÎvSpw 444-˛¬ tIm¨kp-fp-am-bn.- e-Øo-≥,

Ko-°v- F∂o c≠p `mj-I-fn-ep-ambn tcJ-Iƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® BZy-]o-

s -IvSmWv At±-lw. At±-l-Øn-s‚ lnX-Øn-s\--Xn-cmbn ôPnbm kfp-

Øm--cn-knse sImń-tbhpw ]´-W-Ønse saXm\mbn \nb-an-X-\m--sb-

¶nepw Nne Btcm-]--W-ß-fpsS t]cn¬ cmPn-h®v cl-ky-Po-hnXw \bn-

®p. Zm\n-tb¬- F-∂ -kvXw-`-Xm-]- -s\-∏‰n Hcp- ""F-∏n-Kmapw'' P\-\-s∏-

cp-\m-fn-s\-∏‰n Hcp tlman-enbpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

Fhp-Xo-s°kv (378- 454)

k\ym-kn-bm-b- F-hp-Xo-s°kv s]kv_n-‰dpw 410-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏n-fn¬ B¿°n-a¨ssU‰pw Bbn. Abmƒ kndn-ens‚ ]£-°m-c\pw

Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kns‚ (+454) kvt\ln-X-\pam-bncp-∂p. k`m-X-e-Ønepw

cmjvSo-b-X-e-Ønepw Abmƒ°v \√ kzm[o-\-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. a\p-jym-

h-Xm-c-Øn-\p-tijw InkvXp-hn\v GI-kz-`m-h-am-sW-∂v- A-bmƒ hmZn-

®p.- h-enb ]mWvUn-Xy-an-√m-Øh\pw -hn-th-I-c-ln-X\pamb hy‡n-sb∂v

]e tkmX- p-Ifpw Abm-sf-∏‰n ]d-bp-∂p. tUmdn-te-hp-anse Fhp-

tk-_n-b-kv, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ^vfmhn-b≥ ]m-Xn-b¿°o-kns‚



apºmsI Fhp-Xo-s°-kn-s\-Xnsc Btcm-]-W-ap-∂-bn-®p.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fn¬ 448 \hw-_¿ 22-˛\v IqSnb ÿnc-kn\Uv Abmsf Ip‰-°m-c-

\mbn hn[n-s®-¶nepw X-kvI-c-kn-\Uv (449) Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-\m-°n. Im¬kn-

U¨ kn\-Uv- A-bmsf apS°n \mSp-I-S-Øn. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zw -F∂

]mj-WvU-X-bpsS D¤hw Fhp-Xo-s°-kn-em-Wv ]ecpw ImWp-∂-Xv.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfnse vfmhn-b≥ (446- 449)

t]m¢p-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ]mXn-b¿°o-

km-bXv ^vfmhn-b-\m-Wv. Fhp-Xo-s°-kn-s\-Xnsc 448 \hw-_-dn¬

At±lw kn\-Up- IqSn \S-]-Snsb-Sp-Øp. tbip-In-kvXp-hn\v c≠p-kz-`m-

h-ßfpw GI t]mskm-t∏mWpw/lypt∏m-kvX-knkpw Ds≠∂v kn\Uv

]Jym-]n-®p.- F-∂m¬ XkvI-c-kn-\-Uv- F-hp-Xo-s°-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-b-

\n-e-]m-sS-Sp-Øp. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ setbm am¿]m∏m (440-˛461)

^vfmhn-b\v Hcp- Xm-Xzn-I -I-Ø-b-®p. (AXns‚ ae-bmf ]cn-`m-j-bv°v:

Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv, eØo≥ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿,- tIm-´-bw, 1992, t].134-˛147).

XkvI-c-kn-\-Un\v t\Xr-Xzw- sIm-SpØ Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kv, ^vfmhn-b-\n¬

Ip-‰-am-tcm-]n®v hn[n-°p-Ibpw ÿm-\-`-jvS-\m°n \mSp-I-S-Øp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. bmX-bv°n-S-bn¬ (449/450) At±lw acn-®p. Im¬kn-U¨

kn\Uv vfmhn-bs\ Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-\m-°n. At±-l-Øns‚ hnizm-k-]-Jym-

]\w kXy-hn-izm-k-ambn AwKo-I-cn-®p. am¿ky≥ NI-h¿Øn (450-˛7)

At±-l-Øns‚ icocw tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hnip≤«ol-∑m-cpsS

]≈n-bn¬ sIm≠p-h∂v kwkvI-cn-®p.- Xkv°-c-kn-\-Unse c‡-km-£n-

bmbn setbm -N-I-h¿Øn (457-˛474) At±-lsØ ]Io¿Øn-®p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfnse A\m-t‰m-fn-bpkv (+458)

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse kndn¬ Xs‚ ]Xn-]p-cp-j-\mbn tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fn-te°b® Uo°-\m-bn-cp∂p A\m-t‰m-fn-bp-kv.- ^vfm-hn-b≥ acn-

®-t∏mƒ (449) Abmƒ AhnsS ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn.- A-bmƒ kXy-hn-

izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-Ibpw setbm am¿]m-∏m-bpsS teJ\w

AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kn\v

FXn-cmb \ne-]mSv AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-

ens‚ 28-˛mw Im\≥ AwKo-I-cn-∏n°m≥ At±lw hfsc Xm¬]-cyw-

Im-ń. tdmw Ign-™m¬ k`m-X-e-Øn¬ ASpØ _lp-am-\-ÿm\w

tIm¨Ã-m‚n-t\m-∏nƒ knw-lm-k-\-Øn-\m-b-n-cn-°Ww F∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p-

Im-\-s‚- Np-cp-°w. A\m-t‰m-fn-bpkv \nc-h[n IØp-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v.

F∂m¬- A-h-bn¬ Nne-Xns‚ tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta Ah-ti-jn-°p-

∂p-≈p.



X_n-bm-bnse Pqen-b≥ (5- mw \q.)

Kem-Xym -]o-am-bnse X_nbm saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p Pqen-b≥.- X-kvI-c -kn-

\-Un¬ Abmƒ Fhp-Xo-s°-kns‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p.- ^vfm-hn-bs\ apS-

°p-∂-Xn¬ apJy-]-¶p -h-ln-®p. ]n∂oSv Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ kw-

_-‘n-®p. Pqen-bs‚ ]e tlman-en-I-fpw tPm¿-Pn-b≥, -]p-cm-X-\- d-jy≥

`mj-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Ah-bnsem-∂m-Wv ""In-kvXp-hns‚ kv\m\-sØ''

]-‰n-bp-≈ -tlman-en.

aodmbnse ]o‰¿ (5- mw \q.)

aodm-bn-se (-]w-ô-en-bm-˛-eo-kn-bm) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p ]o‰-d¿. ""As∏m-

≈n-\m-cn-kn-s\-Xnsc'' F∂- A-]q¿W-Ir-Xnbpw setbm NI-h¿Øn-

°p≈ IØpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en-\p-tijw CuPn-

]vXn¬- D-S-se-SpØ Akz-kvXX -]-d-s™m-Xp-°m≥ setbm- N-I-h¿Øn

Cbm-sf-bmWv Ab-®-Xv.

I√n-\n-°kv (5- mw \q.)

kn-dn-bm°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂ I√n-\n-°-kv Im¬kn-U-W-Sp-Øp≈ HmIv F∂-

ÿ-esØ dpô-\n-bm\n Bi-a-Ønse Aw-K-am-bn-cp∂p. ln∏m-kyqkv

F∂ Bi-am-[y-£-\p -tijw (+446)- I-√n-\n-°kv A[y-£-\m-bn.

Abmƒ CuPn-]vXnse At¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-Øns‚ amXr-

I-bn¬ ln∏m-kyq-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.- -

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse AIm-Nn-bkv (472- 488)

P∂m-Un-bp-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-

km-bn. -Im¬kn-U - Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p-∂-h-scbpw Xnc-kvI-cn-°p-∂-h-sc-bpw

tbmPn-∏n°m≥ 482-˛¬ tkt\m N-I-h¿Ønbpw AIm-Nn-bpkpw IqSn

slt\m-ń-t°m≥ F∂ tcJ ]kn-≤-o-I-cn®p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse

]o‰¿ tamwKpkv, At¥ym-Iy-bnse ]o‰¿ ^p≈¿ F∂o ]mXn-b¿°o-

kp-am¿ Cu tcJ AwKo-I-cn®p. Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k-\n¿h-N-\sØ

]tcm-£-am-bn- X-≈n-∏-d-bp∂ Hcp- tc-J-bm-bn-cp-∂n-Xv. BZy-kn-\-Up-I-fnse

hnizm-k-]-amWw amXw kzoI-cn-®m¬ aXn F∂ \ne-]m-SmWv AXn-\p-

≠m-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-sc- Xr-]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ -A-Xn-\p -Ign-

bp-sa-∂v -tk-t\m- NIh¿Øn -I-cp-Xn. AXv GI-kz-`m-h-Nm-bvhp≈ tcJ

Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, tênIvkv aq∂m-a≥ ]m∏m AIm-Nn-b-kn-s\bpw ]o‰¿

tamwKp-kn-s\bpw 484-˛¬ apS°n. CXmWv ""AIm-Nn-b≥ io-iva''- F-∂-dn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂-Xv. PÃn≥ N-I-h¿Øn A[n-Im-c-Øn¬ h-∂-tijw (518) amX-

amWv Cu ioiva Ah-km-\n-®--Xv. PÃn≥ sl-t\m-ń-t°m≥ ]n≥h-en-



°pIbpw Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens\ ]n¥p-W-bv°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Xp-S¿∂v A\p-kva-cW-∏-ń-I-bn¬ \n∂v AIm-Nn-bkns‚ t]cv \o°w-

sN-øm≥ slm¿an-kvZmkv ]m∏m PÃns\ t]cn-∏n-®p. knwπn-®n-bp-kv

]m∏mbv°vv, ]o‰¿ tamwKp-kn-\v,- ]o-‰¿ ^p≈-dn-\v F∂n-ßs\ AIm-Nn-b-

kns‚ aq∂v I-Øp-Iƒ e-`n-®n-´p-≠v.

tkt\m NI-h¿Øn (474.476- 491)

slt\m-ń-t°m≥ -F-∂- tc-Jbv°v cq]w \¬In \S-∏m°m≥ tkt\mbpw

AIm-Nn-bkv ]mXn-b¿°okpw ian-®p.- km-am-Py-Øns‚ cmjvSo-ssb-

Iy-Øn\v aX-]-c-am-b- sF-I-cq]yw Ah-iym-h-iy-am-sW∂v _nk-ss‚≥

N-I-h¿Øn-am¿ Icp-Xn-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-sIm≠v hnhn-[ -Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°msc

Xr]vXn-s∏-SpØn H∂n-®p- sIm-≠p-t]m-Im-\p-≈- h-gn-Iƒ NI-h-¿Øn-am¿

tXSn. AØ-c-sam-cp- tc-J-bm-bn-cp∂p slt\m-ń-t°m≥. Im¬kn-U¨

A\p-Iq-en-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ Cu tcJ ]cym]vXam-bn-√. Im¬kn-

U-sW ]tcm-£-am-bn- X-≈n-∏-d-bp∂Xmbn-cp∂p CXv.- C-Xns‚ t]cn¬

tdmanse am¿]m-∏m-am¿ CXn-\p -cq]w \¬Inb ]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-bp≈

Iq´mbva hnt—-Zn-®p. CXv AIm-Nn-b≥ ioiva F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-Im-

Nn-bkv ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂p CXn-s‚- kq-X-[m-c-I≥. GXm≠v 35

h¿j-tØmfw AIm-Nn-b≥ ioiva \ne-\n-∂p. Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤

-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m¿ CXn-s\ -kzm-K-Xw-sN-bvXp.

_kn-en-kvIkv N-I-h¿Øn (475/6)

tkt\m NI-h¿Øn `cn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ (475/6) _kn-en-kvIkv

F∂- ]-´m-f-°m-c≥ `cWw ]nSn-s®-Sp-Øp. Abmƒ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp≤

saXm-∑m-sc-sb√mw XncnsI hnfn-®p. F≥kn-¢n-tbm≥ F∂ Hcp- tcJ

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®p.- Cu- tcJ Im¬kn-U-¨ Iu¨kn-ens‚ Xo-cp-am-\-ß-

sfbpw setbm am¿]m-∏m-bpsS teJ-\-sØ-bpw \n»n-X-am-bn hna¿in-

°p-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂p. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf Xr]vXn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥ cq]o-I-cn®

Cu tcJbv°v hfsc `mKn-Ihpw Xm¬°m-en-I-hp-amb êta D≠m-bp-

≈p. XpS¿∂v (476) tkt\m A[n-Imcw Xncn-®p-]n-Sn-®-t∏mƒ, F≥kn-¢n-

tbm≥ X≈n-°-f-™p.- _-kn-en-kvIkv Xs‚ ]X-\-Øn\v sXm´p-apºv

F≥kn-¢n-tbm≥ ]n≥h-en-®v HusX≥kn-¢n-tbm≥ F∂ tcJ ]pd-s∏-Sp-

hn-s®-¶n-epw A-bmƒ°v ]nSn-®p-\n¬°m-\m-bn-√.

knkn-°p-knse Pem-kn-bpkv (5˛mw \q.)

k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c-\mb Pem-kn-bp-kns\ \ma-dn-bp-∂Xv t^mkn-bkv hgn-

b-m-Wv.- kn-kn-°p-knse Hcp s]kv_n-‰-dns‚ aI-\mbn P\n-®p. tkt\m-

bvs°-Xnsc _kn-en-kvIkv Iem]w Db¿Ønb Ime-Øm-Wv Pem-kn-



bpkv Xs‚ k`m-N-cn-Xw _nYo-\-n-bm-bn¬ h-s®gp-Xn-b--Xv.- F-hp-tk-_n-

b-kv, skmIm-´-kv,- Xn-b-sUm-sd-‰v, dpô-\kv F∂n-hsc ]e-bn-SØpw

]Zm-\p-]Zw D≤-cn-°p-∂p. AXn-\pw- ]p-d-ta tI-k-dn-bm-bnse Pem-kn-bpkv,-

Hcp tPm¨ F∂n-h-cpsS Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ßfpw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-. tIm¨Ã≥

ssSs‚ ac-Ww -h-sc-bp≈ kw`h-ßtf At±lw Fgp-Xn-bp-≈p. \nJym-

bn¬ kw_-‘n-® -]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS -]-ń-Ibpw At±lw \¬Ip-∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ^hoX (488- 9)

AIm-Nn-b-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]m-Xn-b¿°o-

km-b ^ho-X, sFIy-]p-\x-ÿm-]-\m¿Yw tênIvkv aq∂m-a≥

]m∏mbv°pw ]o‰¿ tamwKp-kn\pw IØp-I-f-®p. F∂m¬ -""A-Im-Nn-b≥

ioiva'' Ah-km-\n-∏n-°m≥ -A-t±-l-Øn\p Ign-™n-√. ^ho-X--bpsS s]s -

∂p≈ acWw XpS¿\-S-]-Sn-Iƒ XS- -s∏-Sm-\n-S-bm-bn.- ]o-‰-dn-\p≈ IØv

e`n-®n-´p--≠v.

Xnb-tUm¿ hmb-\-°m-c≥ (5- mw \q.)

A\-kvXm-kyqkv H∂m-a≥ NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ImeØv (491 -˛518)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hen-b- ]-≈n-bnse hmb-\-°m-c≥ Bbn-cp∂p

Xnb-tUm¿.- A-t±lw ""lnkvtXm-dnbm Xn]m¿Xn-Xm'', ""lnkvtXm-dnbm

Ft¢-kn-bm-kvXn°m'' F∂n-ßs\ c≠v Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ßƒ cNn-®p.- F∂m¬

Ah-bp-sS- Nne `mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.- skm-Im-´-kv, skmskm-

a≥, Xnb-sUm-sd‰v F∂n-h-cpsS Ncn-X-K-Ÿ-ß-fp-sS -kw-Klw \mev

]pkvX-I-ß-fn-embn Fgp-Xn-b-XmWv BZy-K-Ÿw. 305- 439 Ime-L- -Ønse

Ncn-X-amWv CXn-ep-≈-Xv. Cu IrXn°v amXr-I-bmbn Abmƒ kzo-I-cn-

®Xv I n-b-tZm-dns‚ ""lnkvtXm-dn-bm Xn]m¿XnXm'' BWv. tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fp-ambn _‘-s∏-´ -Im-cy-ß-fn-emWv Abmƒ IqSp-X¬ i≤n-®-Xv.

Abmƒ Im¬kn-U¨ ]-£-]mXn Bbn-cp-∂p.

4. Bdmw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°v k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿

Xnbm-\m-bnse sskdkv (6- mw \q.)

I∏-tUmjym sk°p≥Zm-bnse Xnbm\m saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p sskd-kv.-

""tZmIvXo\m ]mXpw'' F∂ Ko°v ^vtfmdn-te-Pn-bpw (7-˛mw \q.) sskd-

kn -t‚-Xmbn Hcp teJ-\-Øns‚ Nne `mK-ßƒ D≤-cn -°p -∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-se- Pq-en-b\pw skth-cq-kn\pw Fgp-Xn-b- I-Øp-

I-fn¬ sskdkv Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤-a-t\m-`mhw ]Z¿in-∏n-°p-∂p.



]n¬°m-eØv At±lw Xs‚ at\m-`m-h-Øn¬ am‰w hcpØn F∂p

tXm-∂p-∂p.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tPm¨ II ]m-Xn-b¿°o-kn\v 518-

˛¬ Ab-®p-sIm-SpØ A\m-^-d-bn¬ H∏n-ń-cn-°p∂ Xnbm-\m-bnse kndn-

b-m-°pkv Cbmƒ Xs∂ -F∂p Icp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v.

l¿]m-tkm-knse sFtd-\nbkv (6- mw \q.)

Cbm-fpsS Hcp Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-tcJ ""tUmIvXo\m ]mXpw'' ]cm-

a¿in-°p-∂p.- Xn-bm-\m-bnse sskd-kns‚ teJ-\-`mKw D≤-cn-°p-∂-Xn-

\p- ap-ºm-Wn-Xv. Htc Ime-L´-Øn-emImw (508-˛511) c≠pw Fgp-X-s∏-´-Xv.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tPm¨ II (518- 520)tPm¨ Hcp s]kv_n-‰dpw XntamXn ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ D-]-tZ-jvSmhpw

(kn≥sN-√p-kv) Bbn-cp-∂p. XntamXn acn-®-t∏mƒ (518) tPm¨ ]mXn-

b¿°o-km-bn.- A-\-kvXm-kyqkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS \n¿_-‘-Øm¬

slt\m-ń-t°m≥- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.- P-Ãn≥ `-c-W-ta-‰-t∏mƒ (518) -Im¬kn-

U¨ AwKo-I-cn-°p-Ibpw A\p-kva-c-W-∏-ń-I-bn¬ setbm (+461),-

slm¿an-kvZmkv (514-˛523) F∂n-h-cpsS t]cp-Iƒ tN¿°p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp.

At±lw 518 Pqsse 20-˛\v Hcp kn\Uv IqSn ""AIm-Nn-b≥ ioiva'' Ah-

km-\n∏n-®p. ]m∏m Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Ø -hn-izm-k-]-Jym-]\w AwKo-I-cn-®p.

ta¬∏-d-™ -kn-\-Un¬ h-®m-Wv BZy-ambn FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ ]mXn-

b¿°okv F∂- kw⁄ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ saXm≥ D]-tbm-Kn-°p-

∂-Xv. tPmWns‚ ]e IØp-Ifpw e`y-am-Wv.

F∏n- m-\n-bkv ]mXn-b¿°okv (520- 535)

At±lw Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-Iq-en- B-bn-cp-∂p. ""XnXz-Øn-sem-cmƒ ]oU-

b-\p-`-hn®p'' F∂ t^m¿ape Bcw`w apX¬ -Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. tdman-te°v

Hcp Iq´m-bva-°Øpw Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en-t\m-Sp≈ tbmPn∏v Adn-

bn-®p- sIm-≠p-≈- IØpw 520-˛¬ Ab-®p.- A-Xp-t]mse \nc-h[n IØp-

I-f-b-®p. tPm¨ H∂m-a≥ ]m∏m (523-˛6) tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Xma-

kn-®- Im-e-Øv, -In-kva-kn\pw Db¿∏n\pw Ip¿_m-\-bv°v -t\-XrXzw

\¬Im≥ ]m∏msb F∏n-^m-\nbkv £Wn-®p.- A-tX-k-a-bw ]m∏m-bpsS

`c-W-Øn≥ Io-gn-en-cp∂ sX -tem-\n-°≥ ]-tZ-i-ßƒ Xs‚ Iogn¬

sIm≠ph-cm≥ (531) ian-®p. t_m\n-^kv c≠m-a≥ ]m∏m-bpsS (530-˛2)

t\-Xr-Xz-Øn¬ IqSnb kn\Uv C√o-dn°pw ]tZ-i-Øn-t∑¬ tdm-an-\p≈

Ah-Im-i-hmZw Bh¿Øn-®p-d-∏n-®p. XmXzn-I -Im-cy-ß-fn¬ F∏n-^m-\n-

bkv PÃo--\n-b-t\mSv tN¿∂v kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-\p-th≠n \ne-sIm-≠p.

A-bmƒ s]mXpth tdman-t\mSv \√- _-‘w- ]p-e¿Øn.

Bdmw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°v k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿


len-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-b≥ (6- mw \q.)

Imdnbm t]mhn≥kn¬ len-I¿Wm-kp-knse saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p Pqen-

b≥.- G-I-kz- m-hhmZnIfpsS CS-bn¬ DS-se-SpØ A vXm¿tXm tUmsk-

‰nkw F∂ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-Øns‚ h‡m-hm-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. -P-Ãn≥

N-I-h¿Øn A[n-Im-c-ta-‰-t∏mƒ (518) Pqen-b\pw skth-cqkpw CuPn-

]vXn-te°v Hfn-t®m-Sn-t∏m-bn. Ahn-sS- h-®mWv Pqen-b≥ Xs‚ A_-t≤m-

]-tZiw KŸ-cq-]-Øn-em°n ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. D∞m-\-Øn\p apºpw ]nºpw

InkvXphns‚ icocw Agn-hn\v AXo-X-amWv (A-^vXm¿tXm¨).

A^vXm¿kn-bmbv°v A\p-Iq-e-ambn k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Iptd sSIvÃp-

Iƒ D≤-cn-®p-sIm≠v Pqen-b≥ Xs‚ KŸw skth-cq-kn\v Ab-®p-

sIm-Sp-Øp. F∂m¬ Pqen-bs‚ Bi-b-tØmSv skth-cqkv tbmPn-®n-√.-

Xp-S¿∂v Ah-cn-cp-hcpw G¿s∏-´ -Xm-Xzn-I-N¿® Pqen-bs‚- a-c-W-tØm-Sp-

IqSn amX-ta (527) Ah-km-\n-®p-≈p:""]m]-Øn-\p- ap-ºp≈ BZ-Øns‚

Ah-ÿ-bm-bn-cp∂p InkvXp-hn\vv.- A-Xp-sIm≠v Ahn-SpsØ icocw hyXn-

bm-\m-Xo-Xhpw kl-\m-Xo-Xhpw Aa¿Xy-hp-am-bn-cn-°Ww'' F∂v Pq-en-

b≥ ]Tn-∏n-®p. InkvXp-hns‚ D∞m\w sNbvX ico-c-Øn-\p- am-Xta

Cu khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ Ds≈∂v skth-cqkv ]Tn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ Cu

k-hn-ti-j-X-Iƒ BZ-Øns‚ ico-c-Øn\v Ds≠∂v skth-cqkv AwKo-

I-cn-®n--√. InkvXp-hns‚ ]oUm-k-l\w Pqen-b-\n-kvXy¿ \n-tj-[n-°p-∂-

Xm-bn skth-cy¿ Ip‰-s∏-Sp-Øn.- A-Xn-\-h¿ D]-tbm-Kn-®- ]-Z-amWv ""A^v-

Xm¿tXm tUmsk-‰n-kw''.- CuPn-]vXn¬ Xn-tamXn ]mXn-b¿°okv acn-®-

t∏mƒ 535-˛¬ Xß-fpsS Hcp ÿm\m¿Yn-bmb Køm-\p-kns\ ]n≥Kman

B°p-∂-Xn¬ Pqen-b-\n-kvXy¿ hn-P-bn-®p. Abm-fn¬ \n∂v Kø-m-\nkw

F∂pw CXdn-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ggpw F´pw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnepw Pqen-b-\n-kvXy¿

]uc-kvXy- -tZ-i-ß-fn¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Im-e-I-a-Øn¬ C°q-´¿ a‰v GI-

kz-`mh hn`m-K-ß-fn¬ ebn-®p. skth-cq-kp-am-bp-≈- IØn-S-]m-Sp-I-fmWv

Pqen-b-\n¬ \n∂v e`n-® -tc-J-Iƒ. -a-‰p-≈-h-bp-sS- Nn-e- `m-K-ßfpw

Xe-s°´p-I-fpta e`n-®n-´p-≈-p.

AKm-]o-‰kv Uo°≥ (6- mw \q.)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ lmKnbm tkm^nbm ssZhm-e-Ønse Uo°-

\m-bn-cp∂p AKm-]o-‰-kv. PÃo-\n-bs‚ ÿm\m-tcm-l-Wm-h-kcw (527)

""InkvXo-b -cm-Pm-hn-s‚- I-S-a-I-fpsS Ah-X-cWw'' F∂ -t]-cn¬ 72

sNdnb- hm-N-I-ßƒ Dƒs°m-≈p∂ Hcp-]-tZ-i-k-am-lmcw At±-lØn\p

ka¿∏n-®p. ""]m¿Y-\-bm¬ ]Im-in-X-amb _p≤n'' F∂-bm-ibw H∂n¬

IqSp-X¬ ]mhiyw ImWmw. ""NI-h¿Øn ssZh-Zm-k-\m-Wv'' (68),- ""Xs‚

krjvSn-I-fn¬ ssZhsØ Xncn-®-dn-bm-\p≈ ISa At±lØn-\p≠v'' (61),



""Ah≥ ssZh-sØ-t∏mse £an-°Ww'' (64),- ""b-Ym¿Y- \n-t£-]-ßfn¬

X¬]-c-\m-bn-cn-°Ww'' (67) F∂p XpS-ßnb Bi-b-ßƒ AXn¬ ImWmw.

kvsImfm-ÃnIv Ime-L- -Øn¬- C-sXmcp ]mT-]p-kvX-I-ambncp∂p.

atdm-\n-bm-bnse C∂-sk‚ v (6- mw \q.)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ slm¿an-kvZm-kns‚ Ac-a-\-bn¬ h®v 532-˛¬

\S∂ kss -Iy-kw- m-j-W-Øn¬ PÃo-\n-bs‚ \n¿tZ-i-]-Imcw Im¬kn-

U¨ `mjyw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®Xv atdm-\nbm saXm≥ C∂-sk‚m-Wv. sXk-

tem-\n-°-bnse tXmakv s]kv_n-‰-dn-\p≈ IØns‚ cq]-Øn-emWv Cu

tc-J.- aq-∂p-Zn-h-ksØ N¿®-bn¬ Im¬-kn-U¨ A\p-`m-hn-Ifpw hncp-≤-

cp-amb Bdmdpt]¿ -C-cp-`m-K-Øp-\n∂pw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. tPm¨ _¿ -A-

^vtXm-Wnbm F∂ Im¬-kn-U¨ hn-cp≤ B_´v Cu tbmKØns‚

Hcp Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤- mjyw \¬Ip-∂p. -sk-hptUm Ub-\o-jy-kns\

kv]jvS-ambn kqNn-∏n-°p∂ BZy-tc-J-bm-Wn-Xv. as‰m-cp -tc-Jbpw C∂-

sk‚ns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Im¬kn-U-Wnse slcm-¢n-b≥ (6- mw \q.)

Im¬kn-U¨ sa-Xm-\mb slcm-¢n-bs‚ t]cn¬ ""tZmIvXo\m ]mXpw''

F∂ -tc-J-bn¬ InkvXp-im-kvX -kw-_-‘-ambn \nc-h[n tcJm-i-I-e-

ß-fp-≠v. At±lw 536-˛\pw 553-˛\pw CSbv°v saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. skth-

cy-cp-am-bp≈ sFIy-N¿®-bn¬ (532)- A-bmƒ ]s¶-Sp-Øp. tdman-te°v

520-˛\pw 535-˛\pw CSbv°v At±lw c≠v ZuXy-bm-X-Iƒ \S-Øn.

Ft -tkm-knse ln∏m-kyqkv (6- mw \q.)

kss`-Iy-N¿®-bn-¬ (532) Im¬kn-U¨ hn-`m-K-Øns‚ Xe-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p

Ft^-tkmkv saXm≥ ln∏m-kyq-kv. -P-Ão-\n-b≥ At±-lsØ Hcp Ue-

tK-j-\mbn 534-˛¬ tdman-te°b-®p. c≠mw sFIy-N¿®m-h-km\w GI-

kz-`m-h-hm-Z-sØ- \ncm-I-cn® tbmK-Øn-epw (536) At±lw kw_-‘n-®p.

Cu tbmKm-\-¥-c-am-Wv skth-cq-kns\ ]n¥m-ßnbXn-\m¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏nƒ saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ A¥o-ap-kns\ ÿm\- -jvS-\m-°n-b-Xv. Km m-

bn¬ 540-˛¬ IqSnb kn\-Un¬ h®v Xs_-s∂-kn-bnse ]utem-kns\

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ \n∂v \o°m-\pw NI-h¿Øn -ln-∏m-kyq-kns\

Npa-X-e-s∏-Sp-Øn-. At±-l-Øns‚ Nne- Ir-Xn-I-fpsS `mK-ßƒ am-Xta

e`n-®n- p-≈p.

Fhp-kvXm-tXymkv k\ymkn (6- mw \q.)

Im¬kn-U¨ ]£-]m-Xn-bm-bn-cp∂ Cu k-\ymkn skth-cq-kns‚ ho£-

W-ßsf FXn¿Øn-cp-∂p.""InkvXp-hns‚ Ccp-kz-`m-h-ß-sf-∏-‰n'' F∂



e-Lp-teJ Hcp Xntam-Xnsb A`n-kw-t_m-[-\ -sN-bvXncn-°p∂p. skth-

cq-kns‚ ho£-W-ßƒ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[-\-ß-fp-ambn HØp-t]m-

Ip∂-X√ F∂p- Nq-≠n-°mWn°-bmWv tcJ-bpsS e£yw.- A-bmƒ sk-

th-cq-kns‚ ]e -Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂pw D≤-cn-°p-∂p.- _n-km≥ky-Ønse

setbm¨jyq-kns‚ InkvXp-im-kvX-tØm-SmWv Abmƒ°v ASp-∏w.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse A¥o-apkv (535- 536)

]mXn-b¿°okv BIp-∂--Xn-\p-apºv sX_n-tkm≠nse saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p.-

Iptd \mƒ saXm≥ÿm\w cmPn-h-®-v k-\ym-kn-bmbn Ign-™p.- P-Ão-

\n-b≥ Abmsf 535-˛¬ tIm¨kv‰m‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]m-Xn-b¿°o-km-°n.-

A∂v Abmƒ Im¬knU¨ -Aw-Ko-I-cn-®n-cp∂p. PÃ-o\n-bs‚ mcy Xnb-

tUmdm Abmsf skth-cq-kp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Øn. Aßs\ Abmƒ

Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-Iym-ºn¬ tN¿∂v G-I-Nn-Ø-hmZw ]Tn-∏n-®p. A°m-

c-W-ßfm¬ NI-h¿Øn Abmsf ÿm\-Øp-\n∂v \o°n. -A-bm-fp-sS-

Nn-e -I-Øp-I-fpsS `mK-ßƒ am-Xta \ap-°v e-`n-®n-´p-≈p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse sa∂mkv (536- 552)

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-°m-c-\m-b -sa-∂mkv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ 536-˛¬

saXm-\m-bn. AKm-]o-‰kv am¿]m∏m-bmWv (+536) ]´w -sIm-Sp-Ø-Xv.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Iq-Sn-b- kn-\-Un¬ (536) A¥o-aq-kn-s\bpw

skth-cq-kn-s\-bpw a‰v Im-¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-scbpw apS-°n. ]p\¿

\n¿amWw -\-S∂ lmKn-bm -tkm-^nbm ssZhm-ebw 538 Unkw-_¿ 22-˛\v

IqZm-i- sN-bvXp. Hcn-P-\n-kvXy¿s°-Xn-sc-bpw (543) aq∂-[ym-b-ßƒs°-

Xn-scbpw (547) NI-h¿Øn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-®- Un-In-Iƒ sa∂mkv AwKo-I-

cn-®p. aq∂-[ym-b-ßƒs°-Xnsc FSp-Ø- \-S-]Sn \nanØw hnPo-en-bpkv

]m∏m-bp-ambn A`n-]m-b-`n-∂-Xbv°v CS-bm-bn. 550 Pq¨ 28-˛\v hn.-«o-l-

∑m-cpsS \ma-Øn-ep≈ ]pXnb ]≈nbpw IqZm-i -sN-bvXp. Im¬kn-U-

Wn¬ -hn.- F-hptân-bm-bpsS ]≈n-bn¬h®v sa∂mkpw hnPo-en-bpkpw

cay-X-bn-em-bn. Ahn-sS- h-®v -sa-∂mkv \mev FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ Iu¨kn-

ep-I-fpw AwKo-I-cn-®p. hnPo-en-bq-kn-s\-Xnsc \S∂ _em¬°m-c-ßƒ°v

]c-ky-ambn am∏p-tNm-Zn-®p. 552 BKÃv 24-˛\v acn-®p. A[nIw-ssh-ImsX

_nkss‚≥ kn\-Ivkm-dn-bm-bnepw tdma≥ c‡-km-£n- hn-h-c-W-Ønepw

sa∂m-kn-s‚- t]-cv tN¿Øp.

A≥ko-dm-bnse sUmao-jy≥ (6- mw \q.)

Hcn-P-\n-k-Øns‚ i‡n-tI-µ-am-bn-cp∂ hn.- ^n¿ao-\p-kns‚ ]pXnb

eudm-bpsS A[y-£-\m-bn-cp∂p (sl-Kp-sa≥) At±-lw. sa∂mkv hnfn-

®p -Iq -ń -b tbmK-Øn¬ (536) ]s¶-SpØp- . _nkm≥ky-Ønse



setbm¨jyqkv Abmsf Fhp-tk-_n-bkv F∂ "lmKnbm tkm^nbm

Sj-dmsd' ]cn-N-b-s∏-Sp-Øn. Cu Fhp-tk-_n-b--kn\v NI-h¿Øn-bpsS

]°¬ D≠m-bn-cp-∂- kzm-[o-\w -D-]-tbm-Kn-®v sUmao-jys\ 540-˛¬ Kem-

Xy-bnse A≥kodm saXm-\m°n. Hcn-P-\n-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc hmtfm-ßn-b-

h-sc- Aa¿®- sN-øm-≥, NI-h¿Øn-bpsS D]-tZ-i-I-\m-bn-cp∂ Xnb-tUm¿

AkvIo-Zm-kp-am-bn- tN¿∂v \o°-ß-fm-cw- n-®p. At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ft^w

-]m-Xn-b¿°okv 542-˛¬ Hcn-P-\n-ksØ i]n-®n-cp-∂p. Abm-fp-am-bp≈

Iq´m-bva- hn-t—-Zn-°m≥ Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°okmb ]tXm-kns\ t]cn-

∏n-°m≥ ian-s®-¶nepw hnP-bn-®n-√.- F∂p- am-X-a-√, Hcn-P-\n-kvXy-

¿s°Xnsc- Hcp UnIn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-°m≥ PÃo-\n-bs\ t]cn-∏n-°p∂-

Xn¬ ]tXmkv hnP-bn-°pIbpw sNbvXp. Aß-s\-bmWv 543-˛se UnIn.

F∂m¬ Xnb-tUmdpw sUman-jy\pw At¥ym-Iy≥ Inkv-Xp-im-kvX-Øn-

s\-Xnsc Xncn-bm≥ PÃo-\n-bs\ D]-tZ-in-®psIm-≠n-cp-∂p. Aß-s\ -P-

Ão-\n-bs‚ i≤ Hcn-P-\n-k-Øn¬\n∂v -Xn-cn-®p-hn-Sm≥ -I-gn-bp-sa∂v Ah¿

I-cp-Xn. Aß-s\-bmWv aq∂-[ym-b-ßƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ BZy-UnIn 544-

˛¬ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-b-Xv. Cu X¿°-ß-fp-ambn _‘-s∏´ Nne tcJ-I-

fpsS iI-eßƒ amXta sUmao-jy-\n¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

A≥ko-dm-bnse \nt°m-fmkv (5/6˛mw \q.)

Kem-Xy-bn-se- A≥ko-dm-bn¬ Hcp- ssh-Zn-I-t\m,- k-\ym-kntbm Bbn-

cp∂p Abmƒ. ItØ-\-I-fn¬ Abm-fp-sS -en-Jn-X-ß-fpsS iI-e-ßƒ

ImWmw. \nt°m-fm-kn-\v- B_m a¿t°mkv Hcp- Ir-Xn-sb-gp-Xn. AXn\v

\nt°m-fmkv Hcp adp-]-Snbpw Ab-®-Xmbn ImWp-∂p.- ]e Xncp-en-Jn-X-

K-Ÿ-ßƒ°pw \nt°m-fmkv `mjy-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xmbn kqN-\-bp-≠v.

skhp-tUm- -sN-km-dn-bpkv (6- mw \q.)

""tNmtZym-Ø-c-ßƒ'' F∂ -t]-cn¬ 550-˛-\p- apºv ]Xy£-s∏´ Hcp tcJ

sNkm-dn-bp-kns‚ t]cn¬ ]kn-≤-o-Ir-X-am-bn. IqSp-X¬ B[n-Im-cn-IXzw

e`n-°m≥ KnK-dn- \-kym≥ks‚ ktlm-Z-c≥ sNkm-dn-bp-kn-s‚ (+368/

9) t]cn-emWv ]N-cn-∏n-®-Xv. \mev ]pkvX-I-ßfm-bn-´mWv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. ss__nƒ,- ssZ-h-im-kvXw,- N-cn-Xw,- `q-an-imkvXw F∂o- kw-

K-Xn-I-fn¬ sNkm-dn-bpkv X¬∏-c-\m-bn-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse NI-h¿Øn-

bpsS Ac-a-\-bnse \S-]-Sn-I-a-ßfpw hnh-cn-°p-∂p. bqZ¿, Bcn-b¿, -H-cn-

sP-\n-kvXy¿ F∂n-h¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ \ne-]m-sS-Sp-Øn-cn-°p-∂p. InkvXp-

hns‚ A⁄-X,- kz-`m-h-ßƒ F∂o ]iv\-ßfpw N¿®-sN-øp-∂p.- G-I-

kz- m-h-sa-t∂m, -Zzn-kz- m-h-sa-t∂m ]d-bp-∂n-√. AseIvkmWvUnbmbnse

s¢sa‚ v apX¬ tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m∏nfnse t]m¢pkv hsc-bp≈ ap≥]n-

Xm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-I-fpw Npcp-ßnb hnh-c-W-ßfpw \¬Ip-∂p.



sdmam-\pkv (+555/6)

kndn-bm-bnse tlmwkn¬ P\n® sdmam-\p-kv, s_do-Øq-knse Xncp-hp-

∞m\ ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ Uo-°-\m-bn.- ]n-∂oSv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬

t]mbn Iotdm-knse ssZh-am-Xm-hns‚ \ma-Øn-ep-≈- ssZ-hm-e-b-tØm-Sv

_-‘-s∏´v Pohn-®p. Km\-cq-]-Øn-ep≈ ]kw-K-ßƒ (-sIm≥Sm-°n-bm)

Fgp-Xnb G‰hpw ]K-¤-\mb hy‡n-sb∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p. At±-l-

Øns‚ t]cn¬ 89 FÆw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw 60 FÆw \n›-b-ambpw

At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. At\Iw Ãm≥km-I-fp≈ ]kw-K-amWv sIm≥Sm-

°n-tbm-kv.- km-[m-c-Wbmbn 20 Ãm≥km-Iƒ ImWpw. F√m-‰n-s‚bpw

Ah-km-\-sØ- hcn Hcp-t]mse Bbn-cn-°pw. HbvtImbv F∂mWv Cu

Ãm≥km-I-fpsS t]cv. -]p-an-tbm≥ AYhm Ip°n-en-tbm≥ F∂- t]cn¬

Chbv°v Hcm-apJw D≠m-bn-cn-°pw.- kp-hn-ti-j- hm-b-\m-\-¥cw t_am-

bn¬ \n∂m-Wv Ch ]mSn-bn-cp-∂-Xv.- Km-b-I-kw-Lhpw kaqlw apgp-h\pw

H∂n®v ]Xn-hm-Iyw -sNm-√n-bn-cp-∂p.- kp-dn-bm-\n -k-`-bn-emWv CXns‚

Bcw-`w.- a-Zvdmim, kqKokm F∂o Km\-co-Xn-I-fn¬ am¿ At]w Cu

ssien D]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Rmb-dm-gvN-I-fnepw s]cp-∂m-fp-I-fnepap≈

Xncp-en-Jn-X- hm-b-\-Isf B[m-c-am°n InkvXp-hn-s\-∏‰nbmWv an°-Xpw.-

ssZ-h-am-Xm-hv,- ]-g-b-\n-b-a -hy-‡n-Iƒ,- c-‡-km-£n-Iƒ,- Xm-]- ¿,- sk_-

kvX-bnse 40 c‡-km-£n-Iƒ F∂n-h-sc-∏-‰nbpw At±lw cNn-®n-´p-≠v.

kphn-ti-j-Øn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂- hy-‡n-I-fp-sS -Po-hn-X-Øn-te°p IS-

∂p-sN-∂v \m-S-Io-b-ambn Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m-\p≈ Akm-am-\y-I-gnhv At±-

l-Øn-\p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p; AXp-t]mse XmXzn-I-kw-K-Xn-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-

∂-Xn-\pw. At±lw Im¬kn-U¨ Iu-¨kn¬ ]-£-]m-Xn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. ˛

Ko-°p-k-`-b-n¬ Ct∏m-gp≈ sIm≥Sm-°n-tbm≥ hyXy-kvX-am-Wv. ]pcm-

X\- sIm≥Sm-°n-tbms‚ Bap-J-hp-am-bn- H-Øp-t]m-Ip-∂-Xm-Wn-Xv.

]utemkv knse≥kn-bm-cn-bp-kv (6- mw \q.)

PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn-bp-sS (527- 65) Iogn¬ sIm´m-c-Ønse Hcp ][m-

\-s∏- - D-tZym-K-ÿ-\m-bn-cp∂p ]utemkv. lmKn-bm -tkm- n-bm-sbbpw

AXnse t_am-sbbpw Ipdn®v slIvkm-ao-‰-dn¬ c≠v Ir-Xn-I-sf-gp-Xn.- A-

Xp-t]mse 78 F∏n-Km-ap-Ifpw Inń-bn- p-≠v. Xnb-tUm-jykv NI-h¿Øn

]WnX lmKn-bm- tkm- n-bm-]≈n 532- se \n°m el-f-bn¬ XI¿°-s∏-

´p. AXns‚ ]p\¿\n¿amWw 537- ¬ ]q¿Øn-bm-bn.- F-∂m¬ 558- se `qan-

Ip-ep-°-Øn¬ AXns‚ ta¬°qc (tUmw) XI¿∂p-ho-Wp.- ]ns∂ ]Wn-

X -h-en-b- ]-≈n-bp-sS- Iq-Zmi 562/3˛¬ \S-∂p.- X-Z-h-kcw hmbn-®-XmWv -

]u-tem-kns‚ cN-\-Iƒ. samØw 887 slIvkm-ao-‰-dp-I-fp-≠v. lmKn-bm-

tkm- n-bm-bpsS ]Wn-sb-∏-‰n-bp-≈- hn-i-Zmw-i-ßƒ CXn¬ ImWmw.



Ft -tkm-knse A_m-an-bpkv (6- mw \q.)

Ft^-tkm-knse B¿®p-_n-j-∏m-bn-cp∂p A_m-an-bp-kv. At±-l-am-bn-

cn-°mw tPm¨ tam-kvIpkv ]d-bp∂ B_´v A_m-an-bpkv. Abmƒ

Pdp-k-te-anepw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnepw Bi-a-ßƒ ÿm]n-®p. awK-

e-hm¿Ø-sb-°p-dn®pw tbip-hns\ ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ ImgvN- h-®-Xn-s\-

°p-dn®pw c≠v ]kw-K-ßƒ Abmfp-sS -t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ASp-

Ø- Im-e-Øm-Wv awK-e-hm¿Ø-bp-s-S -A-\p-kva-cW am¿®v 25-˛-te°v am‰n-

b-sX∂v kqNn∏n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ F√m-bn-SØpw Cu Xo-bXn kzoIm-cy-

am-bn-ń-s√∂pw ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Fhp-Xo-°n-bpkv (552- 582)

ôPn-bm-bnse sXøp-an¬ P\n® Fhp-Xo-°n-bpkv Aam-sk-bm-bn¬

k\ym-knbpw B¿°n-a¨ssU‰pambn. ÿ-e-sØ- sa-Xm≥ Xs‚ ]Xn-

\n-[n-bmbn 552-˛¬ Abmsf tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcp kn\-Un-te°-

b-®p. aq∂-[ym-b-ß-fpsS taep≈ im]-Øn\v Xs‚ kl-]h¿Ø-I\mbn-

P-Ão-\n-b≥ Abmsf I≠p. sa∂m-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 552-˛¬

Abmsf ]mXn-b¿°o-km-°n. Hcp IØn-eq-sS -A-∏-kvtXm-en-I- knw-lm-

k-\-hp-am-bp-≈- Xs‚ tbmPn-∏-dn-bn-®p. 553 sabv- -Pq¨ amk-ß-fn-se kn\-

Un¬ Abm-fm-bn-cp∂p A[y-£≥.- F-∂m¬ 565-˛¬ PÃo-\n-b≥ Xs∂

At±-lsØ ÿm\- -jvS-\m°n \mSp-I-S-Øn. PÃo-\n-bs‚ ""A vXm¿tXm-

tUm-sk-‰n-ksØ'' Fhp-Xo-°n-bpkv hna¿in-®-Xm--bn-cp-∂p Im-cWw.

A-t±-lw- X-s‚- ]-gb Bi-a-Øn-te-°v -Xn-cn-®p-t]m-bn. XpS¿∂p -`-cn-®-

P-Ãn≥ c-≠m-a≥ (565-˛78), tPm¨ aq∂m-a≥ ]m-Xn-b¿°okv acn-®-t∏mƒ

(577) At±-lsØ Xncn-sI -hn-fn®v ]p\x-]-Xn-jvTn-®p. acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc

AhnsS `c-Ww- \-S-Øn.- ssX-ip-≤-Io¿Ø-\-Øn¬ ""Rßƒ°p-th≠n

Iqin-°-s∏-´h-t\,-'' F-∂v- Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤¿ Iqń-t®¿Ø-Xns\

At±lw hna¿in-®p.- In-kvXp-hn-s‚- D-∞m-\w -kw-_-‘n-® v -KnKdn F∂-

t]-∏¬ ]-Xn-\n-[n-bp-ambn A`n-]m-b-hy-Xym-k-ap-≠m-bn.- F-∂m¬ Fhp-

Xo-°n-sbkv acn°p∂Xn\papºv Xs‚- ho-£-W-ßƒ ]n≥hens®∂v

KnKdnbpsS PohNcnXw km£n°p∂p. _nk-ss‚≥ k` G]n¬ 6/

20 At±-l-Øns‚ A\p-kva-c-W -\-S-Øp-∂p. At±lw Im¬kn-U¨

hnizm-kn- B-bn-cp-∂p. kz`m-hhpw lypt∏m-Ã-knkpw XΩn-ep≈

hyXymkw hni-Z-am-°p∂ Hcp InkvXp-im-kvX-IrXn At±lw cNn-®p.

I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m-sc,- ]-tXy-In®v t_kn-ens‚ teJ\w 38-˛s\,

B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv hnh-c-Ww. A°m-esØ s\tbm-˛-Im¬kn-U¨

InkvXp-im-kvX-ssien At±lw Iptd-sbms° ]n≥sN-∂p.



tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Fhp-kvXm-Øn-bpkv (6- mw \q.)

At±lw Fhp-Xo-°n-bp-kns‚ (+582) injy\pw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ

lmKnbm tkm^n-bm-bn¬ s]-kv_n-‰-dpam-bn-cp-∂p. At±-l-tØm--sSm∏w

hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ t]mIp-Ibpw (565˛577) At±-l-Øns‚ Poh-N-cnXw cNn-

°p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp.- A-Xp-t]mse t]¿jy≥ c-‡-km-£n-Wn-bmb

sKmfn≥Zp-°ns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xhpw cNn-®p. ""ac-Wm-\-¥cw Bflm°fpsS

Ah-ÿ'', ""B-flm-hpw amem-J-amcpw'' F∂o- c≠p IrXn-I-fpw -A-t±-l-

Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse setbm- -jyqkvv (6- mw \q.)

_nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm-¨-jyqkv, P-dp-k-te-anse s]kv_n-‰¿

setbm-¨-jyqkv F∂n-h-cn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-\mWv tIm¨-Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏n-fnse s]kv_n-‰-dmb setbm-¨-jyqkv. Cbm-fpsS t]cn¬ 14 tlman-

en-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. kv\m]-I-tbm-l-∂ms‚ P\\w (1), Hmim\

(2-˛3),- tPm_v (4-˛5), tPm_ns‚ `mcybpw bqZm-kns‚ H‰n-s°m-Sp-°epw

(6), ZpxJ-sh≈n (7), Db¿∏v (8-˛9), s]¥n-t°mkvXn (10-˛11.13), -In-kvXp-

hns‚ P\\w (12), -cq-]m-¥-co-I-c-Ww (14) F∂nh N¿®-sN-øp-∂p. tlmanen

4˛7 lmim BgvN-bn¬ sNbvX ]kw-K-ß-fm-Wv. A∂sØ ]kw-K-

Icpw timXm-°fpw \mS-Io-bm-h-X-c-W-Øn¬ X¬∏-c-cm-bn-cp-∂p.

tPm¨ III kvsImfm-kvXn-°pkv (565- 577)

tPm¨ At¥ym-Iy-bv°-Sp-Øp≈ sktd-an-kn¬ P\n-®p. -A-t¥ym-Iym

]mXn-b¿°okv sZmav\o-\pkv III (545-˛59)- tPm-Wns\ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏n-fn-te°v Xs‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn Ab-®p. XqWn-t∑¬ si-a-tbm≥ c≠m-

as\ I≠v tPm¨ A`n-]m-b-am-cm-™p. tPm¨ ]m-Xn-b¿°o-km-Ip-

sa∂pw PÃo-\n-bs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn PÃn≥ c≠m-a≥ A[n-Im-c-Øn¬

hcp-sa∂pw siatbm≥ ]h-Nn-®p. Fhp-Xo-°n-bp-kns\ ÿm\-`-jvS-\m-

°n-bn-´v, PÃo-\n-b≥ tPmWn-s\ -]m-Xn-b¿°o-km-°n.- ]m-Xn-b¿°o-kmb

tijw At±lw Im¬kn-U-Wp-th-≠n- \n-e-sIm-≠p. -B-Zy-amZyw XnsX-

bnÃv hn`m-K-°m-cp-ambn temly-Øn¬ Ign-s™-¶nepw 567/8˛¬ Ah¿

s°-Xnsc Hcp- Ir-Xn-sb-gp-Xn. bmt°m-_m-b-°m-scbpw XnsX-bn-Ãp-I-

sfbpw tbmPn-∏n-°m≥ tPmWns‚ t\Xr-Xz-Øn¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-

fn¬ h®v 570-˛¬ N¿® -\-S-s∂-¶nepw ê-ap-≠m-bn-√.- Xp-S¿∂v Im¬kn-

U¨ hn-cp-≤¿s°-Xnsc I¿°-i -\n-e-]m-sS-Sp-Øp.- A-t±-lw- Xs‚ Imt\m-

\n-I -k-am-lm-c-ß-fn-eq-sS-bm-Wv Iq-Sp-X-em-bn- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂X.v A≥]Xv

Xe-s°-´p-I-fn¬ kn\-tKmK F∂- t]-cn¬,- A∂v \ne-hn-en-cp∂ Imt\m-

\n-I-k-am-lmcw At±lw Iao-I-cn-®p. 87 A[ym-b-ß-fp≈ as‰m-cp-



k-am-lm-chpw At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""aXm-[ym-]\

]kwKw'' F∂- t]-cn¬ XnXz-sØ-∏‰n XnsX-bn-Ã-pIƒs°-Xnsc Hcp-

IrXn cNn-®p. XnsX-bnÃv tPm¨ ^nsem-t∏m-Wpkv CXns\ hna¿in-®v

JWvU-\-sa-gp-Xn..

X¿tkm-knse tImt\m≥,- F-hp-tP-\n-b-kv,- sX-tbm-\mkv

bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\ BZyw- hm-gn® c≠p- sa-Xm-∑m-cmWv X¿tkm-kn-

se -tIm-t\m≥, skeq-jy-bn-se (-C-ku-cn-bm) Fhp-tP-\n-bkv (6˛mw \q.)

F∂n-h¿. Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤¿°p-th≠n kndn-bm-bnepw ]uc-kvXy-

tZ-i-ß-fnepw saXm-∑msc hmgn-°m≥ Ch¿ Ccp-h-cp-amWv bmt°m-_ns‚

kl-Im¿an-I-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xv. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚

ac-W-Øn-\p-tijw (566) tImt\m-\pw- F-hp-tP-\n-bkpw XnsX-bnkw

kzoI-cn-®p. Xn-sX-bn-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc Xnb-tUm-jykv cNn® IrXn-bp--sS-

kzm-[o\w At±-l-Øns‚ ac-W-tØm-Sp-IqSn Ipd-™-t∏mƒ, Ch-cp-sS-

kzm-[o\w h¿≤n-®p. -Xn-b-tUm-dm -cm-⁄n-bp-sS (+548) -sN-dp-a-I\pw

PÃns‚ `mcy-bm-b -tkm-^n-bm-bpsS A\-¥-c-h-\p-amb AØ-\m-tkym-

kv- F-∂ -k-\ymkn Ch¿°p- th-≠- [-\-k-lm-bw- sN-bvXp-sIm-Sp-Øp.

Aßs\ Xn-sX-bnkw hfsc thKw hym]n-°p-Ibpw Im¬kn-U¨ hn-

cp≤ Iymºn¬ ]n-f¿∏v h¿≤n-°p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. bmt°m-_ns‚ ]£-

°mcpw XnsX-bn-Ãp-Ifpw IqSn 567-˛epw 568-˛epw c≠p [m-c-W-Iƒ D≠m-

°n-sb-¶nepw \ne-\n-∂n-√. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ 569- ¬ IqSnb bmt°m-

_mbm saXm-∑m-cp-sS- tbmKw tImt\m-s\bpw Fhp-tP-\n-b-kn-s\bpw

apS-°n ÿm\-`-jvS-cm-°n. AØ-\m-tkymkv k\ym-kn-bp-sS -kzm-[o-\-

Øm¬ Im¬kn-U¨ ]£-]m-Xn-bmb tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-

b¿°okv tPm¨ aq∂m-as\ (565-˛577) a[y-ÿ-\mbn PÃn≥ \nb-an-®p.

569/70- ¬ \S∂ N¿®-bn¬ XnsX-bn-Ãv ]-£-Øp-\n∂v tImt\m\pw Fhp-

tP\n-bkpw bmt°m-_ns‚ ]£-Øp-\n∂v At¥ym-Iy-bn-se -]u-temkpw

ssk]-kn-se -Ão-^\pw ]s¶-Sp-Øp. ]c-kv]cw Ip‰m-tcm-]Ww \S-Øn-

b-X-√m-sX, Im¬kn-U¨ hn-c-p-≤-Iym-ºn¬- sFIyw D≠m-°m≥ Cu tbm-

K-Øn-\p- I-gn-™n-√. tImt\m\pw Fhp-tP-\n-bkpw IqSn, sXtbm-\mkv

F∂ -\n-jvIm-knX Im¬kn-U¨ hncp≤ saXms‚ klm-b-tØm-sS

XnsX-bnkw ]uc-kvXy-tZ-i-ß-fnepw BY≥k-nepw tImdn-¥nepw B^n-

°-bnepw ]Ncn∏n®p. tPm¨ ^n-sem-t∏m-Wpkv cNn-® -D-∞-m-\-sØ-∏‰n

F∂ IrXn-bnse Bi-b-ßsf sNm√n XnsX-bn-Ãp-I-fpsS CS-bn¬

]ns∂bpw hn`-P-\-ap-≠m-bn. tImt\ms‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Hcp-h-iØpw

AØ-\m-tkym-kns‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ adp-h-i-Øp-ambn Ah¿ t]mc-Sn-®p.



PÃn≥ c≠m-a≥ 571-˛\p tijw Im¬kn-U-¨ -hn-cp-≤¿s°-Xnsc ]oU-

\-ßƒ Agn-®p-hn-´p. tImt\m-s\bpw Fhp-tP-\n-b-kn-s\bpw Pdp-k-te-

anse ]pXn-b -eu-dm-bn-te-°b-®p. sXtbm-\mkv Hfn-hn¬ t]mbn. -aq-∂p-

h¿j-ßƒ°p-tijw tImt\m-s\bpw Fhp-tP-\n-b-kn-s\bpw kzX-¥-

cm°n kneo-jy-bn-te-°-b-®p. -A-h¿ ]wô-en-bm-bn-te-°p- I-S-∂p.- A-hn-

sS-h-®v Fhp-tP-\n-bkv acn-®p. tImt\m≥ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ sN∂v

AØ-\m-tkymkv Abmƒ°v \o°n-h-®n-cp-∂ -k-ºmZyw hmßn-s°m≠v

kneo-jy-bn-te-°p- a-S-ßn. ˛ C-h-cp-sS -Ir-Xn-Ifp-sS- Nne iI-e-ßƒ

am-Xta Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p-≈p.

tPm¨ IV ]mXn-b¿°okv (582- 595)

D]-hm-k-I≥ F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ -tPm¨, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-

b¿°o-km-bn-cp-∂p. B \m-´p-Im-c-\m-bn-cp∂ Abmƒ PÃn≥ H∂mas‚

ImeØv (518-˛527) lmKnbm tkm^nbm ssZhm-e-b-Ønse sshZn-I-

K-W-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.- ]n-∂o-Sv k-\ym-kn-bm-bn.- A-hn-sS \n∂mWv -]m-Xn-

b¿°o-km-b-Xv. At±lw Ac-a-\-bnepw Xm]- -Po-hnXw XpS¿∂p. ]mh-

s∏-´-h-tcmSv hf-sc A-\p-I-º- Imń. NI-h¿Øn-am-tcmSv \√- _-‘w-]p-

e¿Øn. At±-l-Øns‚ A[y-£-X-bn¬ 587-˛¬ IqSnb Hcp kn\Uv

FIyq-sa-\n-°¬ ]mXn-b¿°okv F∂ -kw⁄ D]-tbm-Kn-°m≥ tIm¨-

Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-kn\v A[n-Imcw \¬In. s^mXo-\pkv F∂

-ssh-Zn-I≥ tPmWns‚ Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.- F-∂m¬ AXv \jvS-s∏´p.

Ko°p-k` s^_p-hcn 18-˛\pw sk]vXw-_¿ 2˛-\p-amWv tPmWns‚

A\p-kva-c-W -\-S-Øp-∂-Xv. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp -k-\ym-k-IrXnbpw

Imt\m-\n-I-k-am-lm-c-ßfpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw Ah At±-l-Øn-t‚-

X√ F∂m-Wv ]WvUn-X-a-Xw.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse s^mXo-\pkv (6- mw \q.)

Cbm-fmWv tPmWns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn-b-Xv. ""F-Iyq-sa-\n-°¬ ]mXn-

b¿°okv'' F∂ kw⁄sb \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Cu s]kv_n‰¿ ian-

®n-cn-°mw.

tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ Uo°≥ (550- 560)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse B¿°n-hn-Ã-m-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. ""kIe c‡-

km-£n-I-sfbpw Ipdn-®p≈ kvXpXn∏v'' F∂ -t]-cn¬ h-ensbmcp kvXpXn-

]-`m-jWw Cbm-fp-sS- t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- Om-bm-Nn-X-ß-fpsS hW-

°-Øn\v A\p-Iq-e-ambn CXn¬\n∂v c≠mw \nJym-kn-\Uv- D≤-cn-°p-

∂p.- k-I-e- hn-ip-≤-cp-sS-bpw -s]-cp-∂m-fn\p≈ -hm-b-\bv°v Ko°p-k`

CXv \n›-bn-®n-´p-≠v.



5. hnizm-k-km-£n-bmb amIvkn-apkv (580-˛662)

amIvkn-apkv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ [\n-I- am-Xm-]n-Xm-°-fn¬

\n∂p P\n-®p. At±-l-Øn\v \√- hn-Zym-`ymkw e`n-®p. Iptd-\mƒ cmPy-

tk-h-\w -\-S-Øn--b-tijw k\ym-kn-bm-bn. BZyw Intkm-s∏m-fo-knepw

]n∂oSv knkn-°q-kn-ep-ap≈ Bi-a-ß-fn¬ ]m¿Øp. amIvkn-ap-kn\v 618-

˛¬ A\-kvXm-kyqkv F∂ -in-jys\ Inń. Abmƒ ac-Ww-hsc amIvkn-

ap-kns‚ IqsS ]m¿Øp. t]¿jy≥ BI-a-W-Im-eØv (626) Io‰v,- ssk-

]kv hgn h-St° B^n-°-bn-se-Øn ]Xn-\-©p-h¿jw Ahn-sS -Xm-a-

kn-®p. an°- Ir-Xn-I-fpw -A-hn-sS -h-®mWv Fgp-Xn-b-Xv.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°okpw GI-Nn-Ø-hmZw ]Tn-∏n-®- B-f-pamb ]odqkv

""tamtWmF\¿Pn-Ãv X¿°w'' kw_-‘n®v amIvkn-ap-kns‚ A`n-]m-bw-

B-cm-s™-¶nepw Fs‡-knkv F∂ GI-Nn-Ø-hmZ Cºo-cn-b¬tcJ

]pd-s∏-Sp-hn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc (638) amIvkn-apkv Xs‚ \ne-]m-Sv hy-‡-am-°n-

bn-√. GI-Nn-Ø-hm-ZsØ FXn¿Øp-sIm≠v 640-˛¬ amIvkn-apkv \nc-h-

[n- te-J-\-ßƒ Fgp-Xn. ]odqkv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬\n∂v 645-˛¬

\njvIm-kn-X-\m-b-t∏mƒ, hSt° B^n-°-bn-seØn amIvkn-ap-kp-ambn

InkvXp-im-kvX-N¿®- \-SØn kXy-hn-izm-kw -kzo-I-cn-®p. Abmfpw

amIvkn-apkpw- A-hn-sS-\n∂v tdman¬ t]mbn emX-d≥ kn-\-Un¬ kw-_-

‘n-®p. GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Z-sØbpw tamtWm- F-\¿Pn-k-sØ-bpw i]n-®p.

CXn¬ amIvkn-ap-kn-s‚- kzm-[o-\w -D-s≠-∂-dn-™ -N-I-h¿Øn At±-

lsØ 655-˛¬ hnkvX-cn®v tXknse _nkym-bn-te°pw ]n∂oSv s]t_-

cn-kn-te°pw \mSp-I-S-Øn. Bdp-h¿j-ß-ƒ-°p-tijw amIvkn-ap-kn-s\bpw

c≠v injy-∑m-scbpw tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hcpØn hnkvX-cn®v

\m°pw he-Øp-ssI-bpw- tO-Zn®v Icn-¶-S¬ Xoc-Øp≈ emkn-°m-bn-

te°v \mSp-I-S-Øn. Ahn-sS-h®v 662-˛¬ acn-®p. Bdmw FIyp-ta-\n-°¬

Iu¨kn¬ (681) amIvkn-apkv ]Tn-∏n-®Xv AwKo-I-cn-®p.

IrXn-Iƒ

amIvkn-apkv 90-˛-Hmfw IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn.- Nne IrXn-Iƒ knkn-°q-

kn¬ h®pw (624/5˛-\p -ap-ºv) an°Xpw B^n-°-bn¬ h®pw. a‰p-≈-h-

cpsS tNmZy-ßƒ°pw -kw-i-b-ßƒ°pw DØ-c-am-bn-´mWv ]e IrXn-Ifpw

cNn-®n- p-≈-Xv.

1.- k-\ym-k-Po-hnXw: Hcp -k-tlm-Z-c\pw Hcp hr≤\pw XΩn-ep≈

kw`m-j-W-co-Xn-bn-em-Wv CsX-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv. a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Øns‚

Dt±-i-y-sa-s¥-∂p≈ ktlm-Z-cs‚ tNmZy-tØm-Sp-IqsS CXm-cw-`n-°p-∂p.

hnizm-k-km-£n-bmb amIvkn-apkv


a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Øn¬ ssZhw Imńb kvt\l-Øn-\p≈ ]Xn-I-c-W-ambn

k\y-m-k-Po-hn-Xw A-h-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

2. kvt\l-sØ-∏‰n \mev sk©z-dn-Iƒ: amIvkn-ap-kns‚ G‰hpw

hnin-jvS- Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv. kvt\l-Øns‚ ip≤o-I-c-W-ambn B[ym-fln-

I-Po-hnXw Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p. Fhm-Kn-b-kmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ASn-ÿm-

\w. skhp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jy-kn-s‚bpw kzm[o\w Zriy-am-Wv. ssZh-hp-am-

bp≈ sFIy-Øn¬ ka-K-a-\p-jy≥ Dƒs°m-≈p-∂p.

3. kwi-b-ßfpw tNmZy-ßfpw: Cu Xe-s°´v \¬In-b-Xv- B-[p-

\nI ]km-[-I-cm-Wv. tNmtZym-Ø-c-ßƒ F∂mWv bYm¿Y-t]-cv.

ss__nƒ kw_-‘-ambpw ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ kw_-‘-am-bp-

ap≈ tNmZy-ßfpw DØ-c-ß-fp-amWnXn¬.

4. ]iv\m-hen (Aw-_n-Kzm): At±-l-Øn-s‚ ][m-\-s∏- -Hcp tUm‹m-

‰nIv IrXn-bm-Wn-Xv. KnKdn \kym≥ks‚ IrXn-I-fnse ]bm-k-ap≈

`mK-ß-fpsS N¿®-bm-Wn-Xn¬.

5. Xem-kyq-kn-\p≈ IrXn: ss__nƒ hnj-b-ßƒ kw_-‘n-®p≈

tNmtZym-Ø-c-ß-fmWn-Xn¬. -Aw-_nKzm Ign-™m-¬ amIvkn-ap-kns‚

ssZh-im-kvX -ho-£-Wa-dn-bm≥ CXv -G-‰-hpw klm-b-I-am-Wv.

6.- ssZ-h-im-kvX- kw-_-‘-ambpw ssZh-]p-Xs‚ Znhym-h-Xm-c-hym-

]m-c -kw-_-‘-am-bp-ap≈ c≠v sk-©z-dn-Iƒ. amIvkn-ap-kns‚ ssZh-im-

kvX-Øns‚ Npcp°w CXn¬ ImWmw.

7.- ]-Xn-\©v A[ym-b-ßƒ: a\p-jys‚ hogvNbpw a\p-jym-h-Xm-chpw

kw_-‘n® hnNn-¥-\-ßfpw amIvkn-ap-kns‚ sa‰m-^n-knIvkpw CXn¬

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂p.

8. sXtbm-s]w-]vtXm-kn-\p≈ tNmZy-ßƒ: Xem-kn-bp-kn-\p≈ IrXn-

bpsS A\p-_-‘-ambn aq∂p Xncp-en-JnX `mK-ß-fpsS (eq.18,6; 6,29;

tbml. 20,27) hni-Zo-I-c-Ww -\¬Ip-∂p.

9. ]n¬°m-e-]-iv\m-hen: XnXz-kw-_-‘-ambpw InkvXp-im-kvX-

kw-_-‘-ambpw KnKdn \kym≥k-\n¬ \n∂p≈ `mK-ßƒ hni-Zo-I-cn-

°p-∂p (A[ym.1-˛4). Ub-\o-jy-kns‚ IØns‚ hni-Zo-IcW-amWv ASp-

ØXv (5).

10.- ]o-dq-kp-am-bp≈ N¿®: ]odq-kp-ambn GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Zw- kw-_-‘n®v

hS-t° -B-^n-°-bn¬ h®v 645-˛¬ \S∂ kwhm-Z-am-Wn-Xv. ]odqkv CXp-

I-gn™v am\- m-¥-c-s∏´v tdman-te-°p-t]m-bn.



11. -ssZ-h-im-kvX-]-chpw Xm¿°n-I-hp-amb sNdn-b -Ir-Xn-Iƒ: AØ-

c-Øn-ep≈ 27 FÆw- ]-kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≠v. GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Zhpw

tamtWmF\¿Pn-khpw Cf-°n-hn´ N¿®-I-fpsS hy‡-X-bv°p-th≠n

XmXzn-Ihpw ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-hp-amb ]Z-ßƒ kw_-‘n-®p≈ ^vtfmdn-

te-Pnb BWv ]e-Xpw.

12. k¶o¿Ø\w 59- s‚ hni-ZoI-c-Ww.- C-sXm-cm-Zy-Im-e- Ir-Xn-bm-Wv.

13. I¿Xr-]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n: ]m¿Y-\-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ Hcp ]Xn-]m-Z-\-

am-Wn-Xv. -H-cn-P≥, KnK-dn- \o m F∂n-h-cp-sS- Ir-Xn-Isf B[m-c-am-°n-

bmWv CXv Fgp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

14. -an-Ã-tKm-Knbm: Ip¿_m-\-bnse I¿am-\p-jvTm-\-ß-fpsS knwt_m-

fnIv hymJym-\-am-Wn-Xv.

15. k`m-I-e-≠¿: Db¿∏p-Xn-cp-\mƒ IW-°p- Iq-´p-∂Xp kw_-‘n-

®m-Wn-Xv.

16. teJ-\-ßƒ: 45 teJ-\-ßƒ ]kn-≤o-Ir-X-am-bn-´p-≠v.

17. Ub-\o-jy≥ IrXn-Iƒ°p≈ kvtImfnbm: CXn¬ amIvkn-apkv

Xbm-dm-°n-bXpw jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse tPm¨ Xbm-dm-°n-bXpap≠v.

amIvkn-ap-kn¬ \n∂v FX-amXw Ds≠∂v hy‡-a-√.

18. I\y-I-adn-b-Øns‚ Poh-N-cnXw: adnbw ssZh-am-Xm-hm-sW-∂v

X-d-∏n-®p- ]-d-bp-∂- Ir-Xn-bm-Wn-Xv.

ssZh-im-kvXw

At±lw hfsc Iao-Ir-X-ambn ssZh-imkvXw Fgp-Xn-bn-ń-√.

tNmtZym-Ø-c- co-Xn-b-n-em-Wv an-°- Ir-Xn-I-fpw. Xs‚ k\ym-k- ]-›m-Ø-

e-Øn-em-Wv At±lw Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≈-Xv. tNmtZym-Ø-c-co-Xnbpw sk©zdn-

co-Xnbpw At±-l-Øn-\v ]n-bw-I-c-am-bn-cp-∂p. k\ym-k -k¿°n-fp-I-fn¬

c≠m-a-sØ- co-Xn -hym-]-I-am-bn -]-N-cn-®n-cp-∂p. GI-C—m-hm-Zhpw tamtWm

F\¿Pn-khpw i‡n-bmbn B™-Sn-°m≥ Xp-S-ßn-b-t∏mƒ amX-amWv

At±lw kXy-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-∏nSn°m≥ InkvXp-imkvX X¿°ß-

fn-te°v Cd-ßn-b-Xv. NI-h¿Øn-am¿ sFIy-ap-≠m-°m≥ ISp-Ø -hn-´p-

ho-gvNbv°v apXn∂-t∏mƒ At±lØn\v Ah-sc-bpw- F-Xn¿t°-≠nh-∂p.-

A-Xn-\v- A-t±lw I\-Ø-hne \¬tI-≠nbpw h∂p. Im¬kn-U¨

InkvXp-imkvX t^m¿ap-e-bpsS Hcp ]i-kvX- h-‡m-hm-bn-cp∂p

At±lw. At±-l-Øn¬ πt‰m-Wn-Iv kzm-[o\w ZriyamWv. At±-l-Øns‚

Hcp -kp-]-[m\ tkmX- v- F-hm-Kn-b-km-Wv. Xm]- -Po-hn-X-Øns‚

hnizm-k-km-£n-bmb amIvkn-apkv


]c-a-e£yw hnIm-c-cm-lnXyw (A]-sXbvbm) BsW∂v Fhm-Kn-b-kn-

t\m-sSm∏w At±lw ]Tn-∏n-®p. F∂m¬ Nne Imcy-ß-fn¬ Fhm-Kn-b-

kn¬ \n∂v hyXy-kvX-am-bn- Nn-¥n-®n-cp-∂p. AXp-t]mse a°m-cn-b≥

tlman-en-Ifpw s^mXo°nse Unb-tUm-°p-kns‚ IrXn-Ifpw At±-l-

sØ -kzm-[o-\n-®n- p-≠v. Fhm-Kn-b-kns‚ _u≤n-Im-[ym-fln-I-Xbpw a°m-

cn-bp-kns‚ lrZ-b-Øns‚ B[ym-fln-I-Xbpw Iqń-bn-W-°p-∂ -B-[ym-

fln-I-X-bmWv At±lw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®-Xv. A°m-eØv ]cs° ]N-cn-®n-

cp∂ Hcn-P-\nkw ip≤o-I-cn®v Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv coXn-bn¬ A-h-X-cn-∏n-

°m≥ amIvkn-apkv ian-®p.

6. ]n¬°me Fgp-Øp-Im¿

A-\-kvXm-kyqkv (7- mw \q.)

amIvkn-ap-kns‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-Icpw kvt\ln-X-cp-ambn c≠p-t]¿ Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Hcm-fmWv A\-kvXm-kyq-kv. B^n-°-bn¬ P\n-®

-A-\-kvXm-kyqkv 618 apX¬ At±-lØns‚ injy\pw k¥-X-k-l-Nm-

cn-bp-am-bn.- At±-ltØm-sSm∏w kXy-hn-izmkw Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-®p-sIm≠v

GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Z-Øn-s\-Xnsc \ne-sIm-≠p. kXyhn-izm-k-Øn-\p -th≠n

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬h®v At±-ltØm-sSm∏w hnkvX-cn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

he-Øp-ssIbpw \m°pw tOZn-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp.- AXn-\p-tijw

\mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p. amIvkn-ap-kns‚ ac-W-Øn-\p-apºv (662)- I-cn-¶-S-ens‚

sX°p-In-g-°≥ Xoc-Øp≈ emkn-°m-bn¬h®v hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ a-cn-®p.

-A-\-kvXm-kyqkv As∏m-In-km-cn-bpkv (7- mw \q.)

amIvkn-ap-kns‚ as‰mcp injy-\m-bn-cp∂p At±-lw.- A-bmƒ t]∏¬

]Xn-\n[n Bbn-cn°mw. At±-ltØm-sSm∏w in£n-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw \mSp-

I-SØs∏Sp-Ibpw sNbvXp. tUmIvXo\m ]mXpw F∂ -""^vtfm-dn-tePv''

Abm-fpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- A-t±-l-Ønt‚Xmbn Nne -Ir-Xn-Iƒ

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p:

1. -Kmw-Km-bnse Xnb-tUm-dn-\p-≈- I-Øv amIvkn-ap-kns‚ ac-W-Øn-te°p

\bn® kw`-h-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p. 2. AivI-tem-\nse k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p-

≈ -I-Øv. 3.- am-Ivkn-ap-kns‚ BZy-\m-Sp-I-S-Ø-en-s\-∏-‰nbpw BZyhnkvXm-

c-sØ-∏-‰n-bp-ap≈ hnh-c-Ww. 4. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-se- P-\-ßƒs°-

Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn.



Xn-b-tUm¿ kv]ptZ-hpkv

A\-kvXm-kyqkv As∏m-In-km-cn-bp-kns‚ -kvt\-ln-X-\m-bn-cp-∂p Xnb-

tUm¿. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-tem, ]e-kvXo-\m-bntem D≈ B-i-amw-K-

am-bn-cp-∂p. GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Zn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]oU-\w- G¬t°-≠nh∂ am¿ń≥

]m-∏m,- am-Ivkn-ap-kv,- A-h-cp-sS -k-l-]-h¿Ø-I¿ F∂n-h-sc-∏-‰n hnh-cn-

°p∂ Hcp-IrXn At±-l-Øn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. AXp-t]mse am¿ń≥

]m∏m-bp-sS -k-l-\ßsf Ipdn®v DØc -B-^n-°m, tdmw F∂n-hn-S-ßfnse

P\-ßƒ°v Hc-\p-kva-cWw Fgp-Xn.

sX -tem-\n-°-bnse tPm¨ (7- mw \q.)

sX -tem-\n-°-°m-c-\mb tPm¨ 603/6˛-\p -tijw Ahn-SpsØ saXm-

\m-bn. 620-˛¬ D≠mb `qan-Ip-ep-°-Øn-\p- apºv acn-®p. …mhp-Iƒ,-

A-hm¿kv XpS-ßnb BI-a-W-Im-cn-I-fpsS H∂n-te-sd -I-S-∂m-I-a-W-ßsf

sNdp-Øp-\n¬°m≥ tPm¨ t\XrXzw \¬In. sX -tem-\n-°-bpsS a[y-

ÿ-\mb hn.- sZ-an-Xn-tbm-kns‚ A¤p-X-ßƒ AS-ßnb Hcp -KŸw 610-

˛-\p-tijw cNn-®p. -A-Xn¬ 15 A¤p-X-ßƒ hnh-cn-°p-∂p.- sZ-sa-Xn-tbm-

kmWv \K-c-sØ- c-£n-®-sX∂v km£n-°p-∂p. AXp-t]mse At±lw

]e tlman-en-Ifpw cNn®p. -a-dn-b-Øns‚ kz¿Km-tcm-]Ww BKÃv 15-˛\v

\n›-bn-®p-sIm≠v sX -tem-\n-°-bn¬ \S-∏m-°p-∂-Xp- kw-_-‘n-®mWv

""amXm-hns‚ \nZ'' F∂ tlman-en.- kp-K-‘-Z-hy- hm-ln-\n-bm-b kvXo,

-In-kvXp-hns‚ ]co-£-Iƒ,- sZ-an-Xn-tbm-kv,- kv\m-]-Is‚ inc-t—-Z\w

F∂n-hbpw tlman-en-I-fp-sS- hn-j-b-ß-fm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Hcp

]m¿Y-\bpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tIk-dn-bm-bnse A¥-tbmkv (6/7 mw \q.)

I∏-tUm-jy-bnse tIk-dnbm saXm≥ A¥-tbm-kn¬ \n∂v ""ac-Wm-

\-¥cw Bflm-hns‚ Ahÿ'', ""D∞m-\-co-Xnbpw ka-bhpw'' F∂n-h-

kw-_-‘n®v Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Abmƒ shfn-]m-Sp-]p-

kvX-I-Øn\v Hcp `mjyw cNn-®p.- A-Xn¬- F-Iyp-ta-\n-bp-kns\ t]cp-]-d-

bmsX DS-\ofw D≤-cn-®n-´p-≠v. Pdp-ktew _nk-ss‚≥ `c-W-Øn≥

Iogn¬ Bbn-cp-∂-t∏m-gmWv (614-˛-\p -ap-ºv) CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. Pdp-ktew

614-˛627 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ t]¿jy≥ `c-W-Ønepw 638 apX¬ ÿn-c-ambn

Ad-_n-I-fp-sS -Io-gn-ep-am-bn-cp-∂p. Cu `mjyw 24 ]pkvX-I-ß-fmbpw 72

A[ym-b-ß-fmbpw Xncn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- sh-fn-]mSv 5,8-˛se 24 aq∏-∑msc A\p-

kva-cn-®p-sIm-≠mWv 24 ]pkvX-I-ßƒ. Hmtcm-∂n\pw ico-cw, Bflm-hv,

Acq]n F∂n-ßs\ aq∂p Imcy-ßƒ D≈Xn\m¬ 24˛s\ aq∂p-sIm-≠v

Kp-Wn°p-tºmƒ 72 In´pw.- sh-fn-]m-Snse ct≠m aqt∂m hmN-I-ßƒ H∂n-

]n¬°me Fgp-Øp-Im¿


s®-Sp-Øv ap≥Ime Fgp-Øp-Im¿ sImSp-Ø- hym-Jym\w \¬Ip-I-bmWv

]Xn-hv. ItØ-\ -c-N-bn-Xm-°-fpsS coXn-bmWv Abmƒ Ah-ew-_n-®n-cn-

°p-∂-Xv. ]∏n-bm-kv, PÃn≥, -sF-td-\n-b-kv, lnt∏m-fn-‰-kv,- sa-tXm-Un-

bkv F∂n-h-sc- D-≤-cn-°p-∂p. Xs‚ kz¥w A`n-]mbw A[n-I-sam∂pw

Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂n-√.

kns°-tbm-\nse tPm¿Pv (7- mw \q.)

Kem-Xy-bnse Hcp Kma-Øn¬ P\n-®v, Fse-hp-kn-tbmkv F∂v t]cp≈

Hcp bphm-hv, kns°-tbm-\n¬ hn.- Ko-h¿Ko-kns‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.

At∏mƒ Xnb-tUm-dm-bn-cp∂p (+613) A[y-£≥ . Ahn-sS-h®v Koh¿Kokv

(tPm¿Pv) F∂v t]cp-am-‰n. Abmƒ ]n∂oSv Ahn-SpsØ A[y-£-\m-bn.

Xn-b--tUm-dns\ ]‰n-bp≈ IY-Iƒ tiJ-cn®v ""kns°-tbm-\nse hn. -Xn-b-

tUm-dns‚ Poh-NcnXw'' F∂-t]-cn¬ Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tk¿Pn-bpkv (610- 638)

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂ Cbmƒ Im¬kn-U¨

hncp-≤- ]-›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ \n∂mWv h∂-Xv. -hn-hn[ hn`m-K-°msc tbmPn-

∏n--°m≥ ian-®p. At±lw ‡-\pw- k-am-[m-\-]n-b-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Im¬kn-

U¨ hn-izmkw Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw

h-N-\-Øns‚ lypt∏m-Ãm-‰nIv sFIy-Øn-\p- th≠n \ne-sIm-≈p-I-bpw-

sNbvX Bfm-b-n-cp-∂p- A-t±-lw. BZyw lmKnbm tkm^nbm ssZhm-e-

b-Ønse Uo°\pw ]n∂oSv 610-˛¬ t^m°m-kns‚ ]-X-\-Øn-\p-apºv

]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-bn. slcm-¢n-bkv NI-h¿Øn-bp-ambn ASp-Øp -k-

l-I-cn-®p -]-h¿Øn-®p.- A-hm¿kv 626-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ BI-an-

®-t∏mƒ,- tk¿Pn-bp-kmWv c£n-®-sX-∂p- ]-d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Cu Ah-k-c-

amWv kp]-kn-≤-amb AIm-Xn-kvtXmkv At±-lw cNn-®-Xv. F∂m¬

AXns‚ Bap-J-hm-Iy-ß-sf-gpXn ]N-cn-∏n-®-tX-bp≈p F∂pw Hc-`n-]m-

b-ap-≠v. Im¬kn-U¨ hntcm-[n-I-fmb bmt°m-_m-b-°m-cp-ambn tbmPn-

∏n-se-Øm≥ tamsW-s\¿Pnkw F∂ XXzw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. GI-kz-`m-h-

Øn¬ \n∂-√, GI-bm-fn¬ \n∂mWv tamsW-s\-¿Pn-kw.- A-Xns‚ XpS¿®-

bmbn GI-C-—m-hm-Zhpw Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p.

^mdm-\n-se -Xn-b-tUm¿ saXm-\p-ambn 615-˛-t\m-S-SpØv _‘-s∏-´p.- hnPo-

en-bpkv ]m∏mbv°v sa∂m-sk-gpXnb tcJ (en-s_-√p-kv) Xnb-tUm-dn\v

tk¿Pn-b-pkv Ab-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. tk¿Pn-bp-kns‚ A`n-]mbw Xnb-tUm¿

AwKo-I-cn-®p. tk¿Pn-bpkv Xs‚ A`n-]m-b-ßƒ 621/2˛¬ slcm-¢n-bkv

NI-h¿Ønsb [cn-∏n-®p. tk¿Pn-bp-kns‚ D]-tZ-im-\p-kr-Xw, NI-

h¿Øn 630-˛¬ A¿ta-\n-b≥,- kn-dn-b≥ k`-I-fp-ambn [mc-W-bn-em-bn.



^mkn-knse sskd-kp-ambn tk¿Pn-bpkv 626-˛¬ ssZh-im-kvX- N¿®-

bn¬ G¿s∏-´p.- ssk-dkv 631-˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn

\nb-an-X-\m-bn.- Xn-b-tUmjy¿ F∂-dn-b-s∏´ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Im¬kn-

U¨ hn-cp-≤-cp-ambn c≠p -h¿j-Øn-\p-tijw sFIy-[m-c-W -D-≠m-°n.

sFIy-Øn\p≈ \n_‘-\-Iƒ H≥]Xv JWvUn-I-I-fn-embn \¬In.

Ggmw JWvUnI Ccp-kz-`m-h-ßsf-∏-‰n ]d-bp-∂p. F∂m¬ kndn¬ ]Tn-

∏n® anbm- ^yq-knkpw Ub-\o-jy-kns‚ ""GI ssZhn-I-˛-am-\p-jnI

Fs\¿Pnbpw'' AXns‚ IqsS kqNn-∏n-®p. CXns‚ tIm∏n slmtWm-

dnbpkv ]m∏mbv°v Ab®p-sIm-Sp-°m≥ skmt^m-Wn-b-pkn-t\mSv

sskdkv \n¿tZ-in-®p. sFIyw- bm-Ym¿Yy-ambn Ign-™-Xn-\m¬ Bfp-

Iƒ GI-]-hr-Øn Ft∂m Ccp-]-hr-Øn-Iƒ Ft∂m ]d-bm-sX,- In-kvXp-

ssZhn-I- -am-\p-jnI I¿a-ßfn¬ GI-bm-fmsW∂v amXw ]d-™-m¬ aXn-

sb∂v kn\-Uns‚ ]n≥Xp-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn sskd-kn\v tk¿Pn-bpkv Fgp-Xn.

bmt°m-_m-b-m ]-£-tØ-°p≈ Nm®n-embn CuPn-]vXn¬ -AXv hymJym-

\n-°-s∏-´p.- N-I-h¿Ønbpw tk¿Pn-bpkpw sskdkpw IqSn ]pXnb

hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. skmt^m-Wn-b-pkns‚ FXn¿∏p-

≠m-b-t∏mƒ, -tk¿Pn-kpkv 634-˛¬ slmtWm-dn-bpkv ]m∏mbv°v Fgp-

Xn,- ]-›m-Øew hni-Zo-I-cn-®p. F∂m¬ Im¬kn-U¨ AwKo-I-cn-°-Wsa-

∂ -Imcyw sFIy-t^m¿ap-e-bn¬ tN¿Øns√∂p- ]-d-bm≥ tk¿Pn-bpkv

ad-∂p-t]m-bn. tlmtWm-dn-bpkv Xs‚ adp-]-Sn-bn¬ tk¿Pn-bp-kns‚ \ne-

]m-Sv- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. InkvXp-hn¬ GI-C-—-bm-sW-∂v ]-d-bp-I-bpw- sN-bvXp.

InkvXp F∂ GI-bm-fm-Wv ]h¿Øn-°p-∂-sX∂ Xoknkv, skmt^m-

Wn-bp-kns‚ CS-s]S¬ \nanØw tk¿Pn-bpkv kn\-Un¬ AwKo-I-cn®p.

CXn-t\m-SIw Pdp-ktew ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn-Øo¿∂ tkmt^m-Wn-bpkv

Cu HØp-Xo¿∏n¬ \n∂v AI-∂p-\n-∂p.- ""F-s\¿sKbvbm sXbm≥

Uns°'' F∂ Ub-\o-jy≥ t^m¿ap-esb B[m-c-am°n InkvXp-hn¬

c≠v kzm`m-hnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-s≠∂v Hcp- Nm-In-I-te-J-\-Øn¬

At±lw Xd-∏n-®p-]-d-™p. F∂m¬ tk¿Pn-bpkv Cu NmIn-I-te-J\w

AwKo-I-cn-®n-√.- A-bmƒ AXn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b-\nkw Z¿in-®p. -In-kvXp-

hn¬ GI-bm-fmWv F√mw sNøp-∂Xv F∂ kwK-Xn-bn¬ Dd-®p-\n-∂p.

kwK-Xn-I-fpsS \nP-ÿnXn Abmƒ slmtWm-dn-bp-kns\ Adn-bn-®p. c≠v

""Fs\¿Pn-''F-∂Xv \ho-\-]-t_m-[-\-ambn t]m∏n-\p- tXm-∂n. InkvXp-

hn¬ GI-C-—-bm-sW-∂p- ]-d-bp∂ ssien°v At±lw ap≥Xq-°w -sIm-

Sp-Øp. tk¿Pn-bpkv Xbm-dm-°nb Fs‡-knkv F∂- tcJ slcm-¢n-b-

kv N-I-h¿Øn 638-˛¬ Hcp Cºo-cn-b¬ UnIn-hgn ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. XnXz-

kw-_-‘-amb kXy-hn-izm-khpw InkvXp-im-kvX- kw-_-‘-am-b Im¬kn-

U¨ ]t_m-[-\hpw CXn-eqsS Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. InkvXp-hn¬ -H-sc-s\¿Pn-



bmtWm c≠m-tWm -F-∂v N¿® \S-Ø-cp-sX∂pw I¬]n-®p.- A-tX-k-a-

bw- G-I-C-—-bm-sW∂v ]Tn-∏n-°p-I-bpw- sN-bvXp. kn\-Un-s‚- ]n¥pW-

tbm-Sp-IqsS CXw-Ko-I-cn-°m≥ tk¿Pn-bpkv I¬]n-®p. AXns‚ tIm∏n

tdman-te-°--b-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp.- A-[n-Iw- Xm-a-kn-bmsX 638 Unkw-_¿ 9˛\v

tk¿Pn-bpkv acn-®p.

AXn\ptijw ]mXn-b¿°o-kmb ]odq-kv (639) kn\-Up-IqSn Fs‡-

knkv Aw-Ko-I-cn-°m-≥ F√m-h-scbpw \n¿_-‘n-®p. ]ns∂- A-[n-Im-c-

Øn¬ h-∂ -tIm¨-Ã≥kv N-I-h¿Øn 648-˛¬ Xyqt]m-kv F∂-tcJ

]kn-≤o-Icn-®p. AXn¬ hnizm-k-]-Jym-]\w H∂p-an-√m-bn-cp-∂p. GI-

C-—m-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw Ccp-C-—m-hm-Z-Øn-s‚bpw t]cn¬ Bscbpw Ip‰w-

hn-[n-°-cp-sX∂v I¬]n-®p. F∂m¬ 649-˛se emX-d≥ kn\-Uv (-tdmw)

tbip-In-kvXp-hn¬ c≠v C—-Ifpw c≠v kzm`m-hnI ]h¿Ø-\-ß-fp-

ap-≠v- F-∂ -t^m¿ape AwKo-I-cn-®p. ]ns∂ \S∂ s]mXp-kn-\Uv (680/1)

Cu t^m¿ap-e- Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p.- CXn-\p- Np-°m≥ ]nSn®Xv hnizm-k-km-

£n-bmb amIvkn-ap-km-bn-cp-∂p. GI-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-Ifp-am-bp≈ -H-Øp-Xo¿∏n-

\p-th≠n kXy-hnizm-k-Øn¬ \n∂I∂p F∂- Nn-¥--bm¬ emX-d≥

kn-\Upw (649) s]mXp-kn-\Upw(680/1) tk¿Pn-bp-kns\ ]mj-WvUn-bmbn

apZ-Ip-Øn. tamtWm-sX-en-‰n-k-Øns‚ Bcw-`-I-\mbn Cu kn-\-Up-Iƒ

Abm-sf -I-≠p. ka-Im-eo-\-tc-J-Ifpw tk¿Pn-bp-kn\v A\p-Iq-e-am-bn-

cp-∂n-√.- F-∂m¬ B[p-\nI Ime-Øp-≈- A-`n-]mbw hyXy-kvX-am-Wv.

]nko-Zn-bm-bnse tPm¿Pv (7- mw \q.)

]nko-Zn-bm-bn-se -At-¥ym-Iy-bn¬ P-\n-® tPm¿Pv, lmKnbm tkm^n-bm-

bn¬ Uo°-\m-bn. tk¿Pn-bp-kns‚ ImeØv (610- 638) tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-

fn¬ ]e -Dt-Zym-K-ßƒ h-ln-®p. NIh¿Øn-bpsS Ac-a-\-bn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-

kns‚ ]Xn-\n-[n-bmbn h¿Øn-®p. slcm-¢n-b-kns‚ t]¿jy≥ bp≤-Øn¬

(622- 3) At±-lsØ A\p-K-an-®p. Ncn-X-]-chpw ssZh-im-kvX-]-c-hp-am-b-

Im-hy-ßƒ,- c-‡-km-£n-bmb hn.- A-\-kvXm-kq-kns‚ PohN-cnXw F∂nh

-c-Nn-®p.

XntamXn s]kv_n-‰¿

lmKnbm tkm^n-bm-bnse Sj-dm¿ Bbn-cp∂p Xntam-Xn. hnhn[-bn\w

]mj-WvUn-Isf Ipdn®pw Ahsc k`-bn¬ kzoI-cn-°p-∂-Xns\ Ipdn®pw

A±lw Hcp- Ir-Xn-sb-gp-Xn.- Nn-e¿°v kv\m\w apX¬ \¬I-Ww,- a-‰p-Nn-

e¿°v aqtdm-\-`n-tjIw \¬In-bm¬ aXn. -aq-∂mw-hn-`m-K-°m¿ Xß-fp-sS-

]m-j-WvUX X≈n-∏-d-™m¬ aXn. Bdmw \q‰m-≠n-se -hn-hn[ GI-kz-

`mh hn`m-K-ß-sf-∏‰n Kln-°m≥ Cu IrXn klm-b-I-am-Wv.



Xnb-tUm¿ kn≥sN-√pkv

tk¿Pn-bpkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ kl-]-h¿Ø-I-\pw -lm-Knbm tkm^n-

bm-bnse sshZn-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿. At±-l-Øns‚ c≠v tlman-

en-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. ]cn-ip≤ adn-b-Øns‚ Xncp-hkvXw ªms°¿sW-

bn¬ XncnsI sIm≠p-h∂v ÿm-]n-®-tXm-S-\p-_-‘n-®m-Wv H∂m-a-tØXv.

Ahm¿- B-I-a-Ww -`-b∂v (619) AXv Hfn-®p-h-®n-cp-∂p. setbm- N-I-

h¿ØnbpsS Imew apX¬ (457-˛474) CXns‚ s]cp-∂m-fm-tLmjw

AhnsS D≠m-bn-cp-s∂∂v ]d-bp-∂p. c≠m-a-tØ-Xv 626-˛¬ Ahm¿kv

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ BI-an-°m≥ apXn¿∂-Xns\ ]‰n-bm-Wv.

k\ym-kn-bmb tPm¿Pv

k-\ym-k-ssh-Zn-I-\m-bn-cp∂ tPm¿Pns‚ c≠v IrXn-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. H∂v

hnhn[ ]mj-WvU-X-I-sf-∏-‰n-bmWv: a\n-s°-bn-kw- ap-X¬ A°m-ew

-h-sc-bp≈ hnhn[ A_-t≤m-]-tZ-i-ß-sf-∏‰n N¿® sNøp-∂p. GI-kz-

`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS hnhn[ hn`m-K-°m-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ Adnhv \¬Ip-∂p.-H-cn-P-

\n-k-sØ-∏-‰n- hym-]-I-am-bn- hnh-cn-°p∂p. -F-∏n-^m-\n-b-kns‚ ]\m-cn-

tbm≥, a‰p -tkm-X- p-Iƒ F∂nh Abmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. c≠v,

CuÃ¿Xo-b--Xn- kw--_-‘n-®p≈ tcJ. _nk-ss‚≥ Im-e-L-´-sØ-∏-‰n-

]-cm-a¿in-°p∂ BZysØ Ime-K-W--\-tcJ BWn-Xv. slcm-¢n-b-kns‚

Fs‡-k-n-kv ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®- h¿j-amImw (638) -C-sX-gp-Xn-b-Xv.

tk¿Pnbm

tk¿Pn-bpkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ ImeØv tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcp

-a-T-Øns‚ A[y£ Bbn-cp-∂p -tk¿Pn-bm. Hfnw-]n-bmkv (5-˛mw \q.)

ÿm-]n-®Xmbncp-∂p- B- a-Tw.- hn-ip≤ Hfnw-]n-bm-kns‚ Xncp-ti-jn∏v

Xß-fp-sS- a-T-Øn\v e`n-®-Xn-s\-∏‰n tk¿Pnbm Hcp hnh-c-Ww- F-gp-Xn-

bn-´p-≠v. t]¿jym-°m-cpsS BI-a-W-Øn¬ (626) XI¿∂ t_mt°m-bn-

knse Bi-a-Øn¬ \n∂mWv Xß-fpsS aT-Ønte°v Cu Xncp-ti-jn∏v

am‰n-bsX∂v- A-h¿ ]d-bp-∂p.

enkvXm-bn-se- F-tbm-_p-fpkv

Im¬kn-U-¨ hncp-≤-sc- sF-Iy-s∏-Sp-Øm\pw cay-X-s∏-Sp-Øm-\p-ap≈

slcm-¢n-bkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS ]cn-i-a-Øns‚ ]cn-Wn-X-^-e-am-bn-cp∂p

tamtWm-sX-en-‰nkw F∂ Nn¥m-[m-c.- At±lw bmt°m-_mbm ]mXn-

b¿°o-kp-ambn N¿®-I-fn¬- G¿s∏-Sp-Ibpw Ah¿°v -kzo-Im-cy-amb

tamtWm-sX-en-‰nkw ]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- t]¿jym-°m-cp-am-bp≈

bp≤-Øn¬ AXn¿Øn ]tZ-i-ß-fnse bmt°m-_m-b-°m-cpsS kulrZw



NI-h¿Øn°v Bh-iy-am-bn-cp-∂p.- bm-t°m-_m-b-°msc ]o-Xn-s∏-Sp-Øm≥

kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn¬ NI-h¿Øn sh≈w tN¿Øp- F-∂v ]e -Im¬k-n-

U¨ ]£-°m-cpw- I-cp-Xn.- A-h-cn¬ -H-cm-fm-bn-cp∂p Ftbm-_p-fp-kv.

sIs∂-io-\nse AØ-\m-tkymkv F∂- bm-t°m_mbm saXm-s\-Xnsc

Ftbm-_p-fpkv Fgp-Xnb IrXn-bpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ e`y-am-Wv. ens°m-

thm-\n-bm-bnse enkvXm saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p Ftbm-_pfp-kv.- Im¬kn-U¨

hn-cp-≤-cpsS InkvXp-im-kvX -hn-i-Zo-I-c--W-ßsf \ymbo-I-cn-°p∂ \S-

]-Sn-Iƒ°p≈ adp-]-Sn-bm-bn-cp-∂p -AbmfpsS -Ir-Xn.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-se- ]o-dqkv (638- 654)

lmKnbm tkm^n-bm-bnse Hcp s]kv_n-‰dpw -k-\ym-kn-bp-am--bn-cp∂p

]odq-kv.- tk¿Pn-bp-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 638-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ

]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn. slcm-¢n-b--kv N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS Fs‡-kn-kv-

Aw-Ko-I-cn-®p. tIm¨-Ã≥kv c≠m-a≥ ÿm\-ta-‰-t∏mƒ, GI-Nn-Ø-

hmZnbmb -]o-dqkv ]mXn-b¿°m-ÿm\w cmPn-h®v (641) B^n-°-bn¬

t]mbn Xma-kn-®p. Ahn-sSbpw GI-Nn-Ø-hmZw ]Ncn-∏n-°m≥ i-an-®p.

Ahn-sS-h®v amIvkn-ap-kp-am-bnkw-hm-Z-Øn-te¿s∏-´p.- am-Ivkn-ap-kns‚

kzm[o-\-Øm¬ 646-˛¬ am\- m-¥-c-s∏´v tdman-te-°p -t]m-bn. F∂m¬

XpS¿∂pw GI-Nn-Ø- Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°-Sn-s∏-´-Xn-\m¬, 649-˛se emX-d≥

kn-\Uv Abmsf Ip‰-°m-c-\m-bn hn[n-®p. NI-h¿Øn 649-˛¬ ]pd-s∏-Sp-

hn® Xyqt∏mkv AwKo-I-cn-®-Xn-\m¬ Ipd-®p-\mƒ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-

fn¬ XpS¿∂v `cn-®p. ]odq-kns‚ an°- Ir-Xn-Ifpw \jvS-s∏-´p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-se- ]utemkv II (641 -653)

lmKnbm tkm^n-bm-bnse Ct°m-W-apkv Bbn-cp-∂ -]u-temkv, ]odq-

kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn 641-˛¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-

kmbn. Xs‚ sXc-s™-Sp-∏ns\∏‰n Adn-bn-®p-sIm≠pw Xs‚ hnizm-k-

]-Jym-]\w ]kv]-jvS-am-°n-s°m≠pw At±lw Xnb-tUm¿ am¿]m-

∏mbv°v IØ-b--®p. F∂m¬ ap≥Km-an-bmb ]odq-kns\ ]mj-WvUn-bmbn

kn\Uv hn[n-°-Wsa∂v Xnb-tUm¿ ]m∏m \n¿_-‘n-®p. AXn\p adp-]-

Sn-bmbn GI-Nn-Øhm-ZsØ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂ -Hcp tcJ- ]u-temkv tdman-

te-°v- A-b-®p-sIm-Sp-Øp. Xs‚ hnizmkw tdma≥hn-izm-k-Øn¬ \n-∂v

hy-XykvX-a-s√∂pw ]utemkv hmZn-®p. AXn\v Dt]m-Zv_--e-I-ambn Nne

k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw ]utemkv

tN¿Øn-cp-∂p. At∏mƒ Xnb--tUm¿ -]m∏m ]utem-kns\ ÿm-\-`-jvS-

\m-°n. AXns‚ ê-ambn Hcp tdma≥hn-cp-≤-\o°w tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏n-fn¬ -D-≠m-bn. tIm¨Ã≥kv c≠m-as‚ Xypt∏mkv F∂ tcJ (648)



am¿ń≥ -H-∂m-a≥]m∏m (649)- X-≈n-°-f-bp-Ibpw ]odq-kn-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈

al-tdm≥ ]p-Xp-°p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. -B-dm-asØ FIyq-sa-\n-°¬

Iu¨kn¬ ]odq-kn-t\m-sSm∏w ]utem-kn-s\bpw i]n-®p.

Xnb-tUm¿ Uo-°≥

]utemkv c≠m-a≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ skI-´-dnbpw ]kw-K-I-\p-amb

Hcp Uo°-\m-bn-cp∂p Xnb-tUm¿.- G-I-Nn-Ø-hm-Z-Øns‚ FXn-cm-fn-

Iƒs°-Xnsc 642-˛¬ Abmƒ c-≠v ]-iv\-ßƒ (A-t∏m-dn-tb) Ah-X-cn-

∏n-®p. -H-∂m-a-tØ-Xv, -In-kvXp-hn¬ A⁄-Xbpw C—bpw Htc Xń-em-

W-v.- c-≠m-a-tØ-Xv,- kz-`m-h-Øn\v A\p-kr-X-amWv C— F∂Xv \ho-\-

]-t_m-[-\-am-Wv.- C-Xn-\p- c-≠n\pw hnizm-k-km-£n-bm-b -am-Ivkn-apkv

adp-]Sn \evIn. Xntbm-tUm-dns‚ At∏m-dn-bm -sX-‰m-sW-∂v k-a¿Yn-®p.

hmNI- °-k¿Øn¬- A-[n-jvTn-X-am-bn-cp∂p ""NnØw'', ""A⁄X''

F∂nh- kw-_-‘n® hmZ-tIm-em-l-e-ßƒ F∂v amIvkn-apkv sXfn-bn®p.

Xem-kyqkv Bi-am-[y-£≥ (7- mw \q.)

en_n-bm-bnse Hcm-i-amw-Khpw sshZn-I\pw amIvkn-ap-kn-s‚- kvt\-ln-

X-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p At±-lw. amIvkn-apkv At±-l-Øn\v IØp-I-f-b-bv°p-

Ibpw Xs‚ aq∂p- Ir-Xn-Iƒ At±-l-Øn\v ka¿∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXn-´p-

≠v. kvt\lw, kzbw-\n-Klw F∂n-h-sb-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂p Hcp IrXn

\mev sk©z-dn-Iƒ F∂ -t]-cn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. 630-˛-t\m-S-SpØv acn-®p.

KnKdn s]kv_n-‰¿ (6/7˛mw \q.)

KnKdn \kym≥ks\ ]Io¿Øn-®p -sIm-≠p≈ Hcp kvXpXn-]- m-jWw

Cbm-fp-sS- t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. KnK-dnsb ""ssZh-im-kvX-⁄≥'' F∂p

hnfn-°p∂ Hcm-Zy-tc-J-bm-Wn-Xv. Cbm-sf-∏‰n as‰m∂pw \ap-°-dn-hn-√.

KnKdn AKn-sPt¥m

Cu t]cn¬ c≠p-t]¿ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Hcmƒ KnKdn am¿]m-∏m-bp-sS-

Im-eØv 591-˛¬ tdman¬ t]mbn Nne Imcy-ßsf kw_-‘n®v Xs‚

\ne-]mSv hy‡-am-°n,- \n-jv°-f-¶X sXfn-bn-®p. as‰mcp KnKdn, PÃo-

\n-b≥ c≠m-as‚ ImeØv (685- 95;705- 711) Pohn-®n-cp-∂p. Ah-cn¬ Hcmƒ,

an°-hmdpw c≠m-aXv ]d-™-bmƒ, k`m-]-kw-K-I\v Hcp hymJym-\-sa-

gp-Xn. Xs‚ ap≥Km-an-I-sf-gp-Xnb hymJym-\-ßƒ Abmƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-

´p-≠v. ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ImeØv Cu KŸ-Øn-s\-gp-Xnb G‰hpw \√

hymJym-\-am-Wn-Xv. setbm¨jyqkv F∂ tdma≥k-\ymkn 750-˛\pw 830-

˛\pw CSbv°v AKn-sP-t¥m-bnse KnK-dn-bpsS Hcp Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.-

ap-I-fn¬ ]d™ c≠p-t]-cn¬ Bcp-tS-XmWv CsX∂v hy‡-a-√.



tIm¨Ãm‚-n-t\m-∏n-fnse tPm¨ VI (712- 715)PÃo-\n-b≥ c≠m-a≥ N-I-h¿Øn-sb -sIm-∂n-´v _¿Zm-s\kv F∂-bmƒ

^nen-∏n-°pkv F∂v t]-sc-SpØv NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn.- A-bmƒ GI-Nn-Ø-

hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ 680/1˛se kn\-Uns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ d±m-°m\pw

kXy-hn-izm-kn-I-fmb saXm-∑msc \mSp-I-S-Øm-\pw- Xp-S-ßn. tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fnse -ssk-d-kns\ ÿm\-`jvS-\m-°n-bn´v 712-˛¬ tPmWn-s\-

X¬ÿm-\Øv \nb-an-®p. At∏mƒ Abmƒ Hcp -Uo-°\pw ]mXn-

bm¿°¬ KŸ-ti-J-c-Øns‚ Npa-X-e-°m-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. NI-h¿Øn-

bpsS C—m-\p-k-c-Ww -]-h¿Øn-® -tPm¨- Hcp ]mh-sbt∏m-se- s]-cp-

amdn. Abmƒ 680/1˛-se- kn-\Uv d±m-°n,- G-I-Nn-Ø-hm-ZsØ A\p-Iq-en-

®p-sIm≠v tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ ]m-∏m-bvs°-gp-Xn. ]m∏m NI-h¿Ønsb

AwKo-I-cn-®n-cp-∂n-√. At∏m-tg°pw kXy-hn-izm-kn-bmb A\-kvXm-kyqkv

c≠m-a≥ ^nen-∏q-kns\ ]cm-P-b-s∏-SpØn NI-h¿Øn-bm-bn (713). -D-S-

s\ tPm¨ Xs‚ Bi-b-ßƒ am‰n GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Z-Øn\v FXn-cmb \ne-

]m-sS-Sp-Øp.- N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS \n¿_-‘-Øm-emWv Xm≥ GI-Nn-Ø-hm-

Z-sØ- A-\p-Iq-en-®-sX∂v ]n∂o-Sp≈ Fgp-Øp-IpØpI-fn¬ tdman-s\

A-dn-bn-®p. acn-°p-∂-Xp-hsc (715)- k-Xy-hn-izm-kn-b-mbn k`sb \bn-®p.

Ko°p-k` At±-lsØ hnip-≤-\mbn Icp-Xp-∂p.

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse P¿am-\pkv (715- 730)

tPmWns‚ ]n≥KmanbmbXv knkn-°pkv saXm-\m-bn-cp∂ P¿am-\p-km-

Wv. Abmƒ -H-cp-∂-tXm-tZym-K-ÿs‚ aI-\m-bn-cp-∂p. Xs‚ ]nXm-hns‚

acW-tijw lmKnbm tkm^n-bm-bn-se- ssh-Zn-I-K-W-Øn¬ tN¿∂p.

PÃn≥ c≠m-a≥ N-I-h¿Øn (705) Abmsf knkn-°p-knse saXm-\m-

°n.- ^n-en-∏n-°pkv NI-h¿Øn-bpsS kn\-Un¬ ]s¶-SpØv 680/1˛se Xocp-

am-\-ßƒ d-±m-°p-Ibpw GI-Nn-Ø-hm-ZsØ A\p-Iq-en-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

^nen-∏n-°p-kns‚ ac-W-tijw kXy-hn-izm-k-Øn-te-°p -Xn-cn-™p. 715- ¬

]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn.- setbm aq∂m-as\ 717- ¬ NI-h¿Øn-bmbn hmgn-®p.-

A-°m-e-Øp-S-se-SpØ sF°-tWm-¢mkw F∂ ]mj-WvU-Xsb Aa¿®

sN-øm≥- A-t±-l-Øn-\v I-gn-™-n-√.- Ombm-Nn-X-ßƒ XI¿°-en-s\ A-t±lw

FXn¿Øp. -cq-]-ßƒ XI¿°p∂ UnIn-bn¬ H∏p-h-bv°m≥ NI-h¿Øn

\n¿_-‘n-®-t∏mƒ (730) At±-lw -cm-Pn-h®v hni-a-Po-hnXw \bn®p. 733- ¬

a-cn-®p.- A-t±-l-Øn-t‚-Xmbn c≠v IrXn-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

Io‰nse A¥-tbmkv (660- 740)

A°m-esØ Hcp ]i-kvX-I-hnbpw ]kw-K-I-\p-am-bn-cp∂p A¥-tbm-

kv.- U-am-kvI-kn-se -H-cp-∂X ssIkvX-h-Ip-Spw-_-Øn¬ 660-˛¬ P\n-®



A-¥-tbmk,v Pdp-k-te-an¬ Xncp-°-√-d -ssZ-hm-e-bmia-Ønse k\ym-

kn-bm-bn. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te°v 685-˛¬ Ue-tK-j-\mbn t]mb

At±lw XpS¿∂v Ahn-sS- Xm-a-kn-®p. Ahn-sS- h-®v- Uo-°-\mbn, hr≤-cp-

sSbpw A\m-Y-cp-sS-bpw kwc-£-W-®p-a-Xe Gs‰-Sp-Øp. NI-h¿Øn 700-

˛m-am-t≠m-Sp-IqSn A¥-tbm-kns\ Io‰n-se -sKm¿Xo\m saXm-\mbn \nb-

an-®p. ^nen-∏n-°p-kns‚ -Im-e-Øv -G-I-Nn-Ø-hmZw AwKo-I-cn-s®-¶n-epw,

]n∂oSv kXy-hn-izmkw G‰p-]-d-™p. tIm¨Ãm‚nt\m-∏n-fn¬ \n∂p≈

Hcp aS-°-bm-X-bn¬ sekvt_mkv Zzo]n¬ h-®v a-cn-®p. ]Xn-am-`-RvP-\-

e-l-f-bpsS BZy-L´w A°m-eØv XpS-ßn-bn-cp-s∂-¶n-epw At±lw X¿°-

ß-fn¬ CS-s]-ń-√. A°m-esØ Adn-b-∏-´ ]kw-KI\m-bn-cp-∂p

At±lw. Aº-Xn-e-[nIw ]kw-K-ß-fn¬ Fs´Æw adn-b-sØ-∏-‰n-bm-Wv.

Bcm-[-\-I-a-h¿j-Ønse ][m-\-s∏-´ I¿Xr-kw-`-h-ß-sf-∏‰n At±lw

]kw-K-ßƒ \S-Øn. AXp-t]mse ]e KoX-ßfpw -c-Nn-®p.

tImkvamkv shkvXn-tXm¿ (730- 850)

Hcp Cºo-cn-b¬ tPmen-°m-c-\m-bn-cp-∂ -tIm-kvam-kns‚ t]cn¬ Nne IrXn-

Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. tPm¨ I-nskm-kvtXm-ans‚ Xncp-ti-jn-∏v Xn-cnsI

sIm≠p-h-∂-Xn-s\-∏‰n A©v ]kw-K-ßƒ, tPmWns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw,- k-

°-dn-bm-kv,- _m¿_-dm, sbmhm-°nw, l∂ F∂n-h-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈ kvXpXn-

]-`m-jWw F∂n-h-bm-W-h.

Gkyqkv s]kv_n-‰¿

tIm¨kv‰m‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Hcp s]kv_n-‰-dmb Gkyqkv kv\m]-I-tbm-

l-∂m-s\-∏‰n Hcp- kvXp-Xn-]-`m-jWw \S-Øn.

tPm¿Pv KΩm-Øn-°pkv

hn.- _¿W-_m-kn-s\-°p-dn-®v -c-≠v kvXp-Xn-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ tPm¿Pns‚ -

t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

tPm¨ I¿]m-Xn-b≥

I¿]m-tXmkv Zzo]n¬ \n-∂p≈ tPmWns‚ -t]-cn¬ c-≠p Ir-Xn-Iƒ Adn-

b-s∏-Sp-∂p. t^mkn-bkv Xs‚ IrXn-bn¬ tPmWn-s\- ]-cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.

C≥Uy-bnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ sk©z-dn, -c≠mw sk©zdn F∂n-h-

bmWv Abm-fp-sS- Ir-Xn-Iƒ. Abm-fp-sS -t]-cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ -a-‰p- Nne-

Ir-Xn-Iƒ -A-bm-fptSX√.



7. aq∂v kam-lm-c-ßƒ

]mkvI¬ tImWn-°nƒ (630)

Db¿∏p-Xn-cp-\mƒ IrXy-ambn IW-°p -Iq-´p-∂-Xn-\p≈ kwcw-`-amWv

CXn¬ Im-Wp-∂-Xv. -krjvSn apX¬ 629 hsc-bp≈ kwK-Xn-Iƒ CXn¬

hnh-cn-°p-∂p.- tk¿Pn-bpkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kns‚ (610-˛638) kl-]-h¿Ø-

I-\mb sshZn-I-ÿm-\n-bm-bn-cn°mw CXn-\p -cq-]w- \¬In-b-Xv.

t^mtfm-dn-te-Pnbm

InkvXp-im-kvX -X¿°-ßƒ DS-se-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ Hmtcm hn`m-Khpw Xß-

fpsS \ne-]mSv \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥ Xß-fpsS ap≥Km-an-I-fpsS IrXn-I-fn¬

\n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ kam-l-cn-°m≥ XpS-ßn.- Ah ""tUm‹m-‰nIv vtfmdn-

tePv'' F∂v Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ae-Ivkm≠n-bm-bn-se -kn-dn¬ s\kvtXm-

dn-b≥ X¿°-Øn\n-S-bn¬ C-Xp-t]mse As©-Æw kam-l-cn-®p. \mse-

Æw -e-`y-am-Wv. s\kvtXm-dn-b-kns‚ ]t_m-[\coXn ]nXm-°-∑m-csS

]t_m-[-\ -co-Xn-bp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip-∂-X-s√∂p ImWn-°m≥ Ft^-

tkmkv kn\-Un¬- A-t±lw Hcp- k-am-lmcw ka¿∏n®p. GI-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-

I-fp-sS- ]n¬°me kam-lm-c-ß-fp-sS-sb-√mw- A-Sn-ÿm\anXm-Wv. Ah-bn¬

XntamXn sFeqtdmkn-t‚-Xm-Wv (458- 77) G-‰hpw hep-Xv. kndn-ens‚ FXn-

cm-fn-Ifpw Cu coXn- X-s∂ -kzo-I-cn-®p. Xnb-sUm-sd‰v Xs‚ s]‚m-tem-

tKm-kv, F-cm-\n-kvsXkv F∂o IrXn-I-fn¬ C]-Im-c-ap-≈- k-am-lm-c-ßƒ

tN¿Øv At¥ym-Iy≥ InkvXp-im-kvX -t^m¿ap-e-Isf \ym-bo-I-cn-®p.

kma-tkm- -b-n-se- A-¥-tbmkpw AXp-t]m-se -H-∂v X--bm-dm-°n. At¥ym-

Iy≥ Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cp-sS- vtfm-dn-te-Pp-I-fpsS ASn-ÿm-\w- Xn-b-sUm-sd-

‰ns‚ tiJ-c-am-Wv. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ setbm-bpsS vtfmdn-

te-Pn-t\m-sSm-∏w -CXpw Ah-X-cn-∏n®p. CXv ]n¬°m-e-Øv Im¬kn-U-

Iu¨kn-ens\- ]n≥Xmßn-s°m--≠p≈ tcJ-bm-bnØo¿∂p. AXp-t]mse

kndn-ens‚ kam-lm-c-Øn¬ \n∂pw FSp-Øv -]-kn-≤o-I-cn-®p. Im¬kn-U¨

Iu¨kn-ens\- \ym-bo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v ]-kn-≤o-I-cn®hbv°v FXncmbn

At¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv Fgp-Xp-I-bp-≠m-bn.

tkt\m NI-h¿Øn-bpsS slt\m-ń-t°m≥ F∂ -tc-Jbv°v tijw Ccp-

]-£°mcpw Xß-fpsS \ne-]mSv \ymbo-I-cn°m≥ Cu coXn Ah-ew-

_n®p. _nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨jyqkpw PÃo-\n-b\pw 520-˛-\p

tijw Xß-fp-sS- kz-¥-am-b -k-am-lm-c-ßƒ D≠m-°n. ""s\kvtXm-dn-

b¿°pw Fhp-Xo-°n-b¿°p-sa-Xnsc'' F∂ Xs‚ IrXn-bpsS aq∂p

-`m-KØpw setbm¨jyqkv CØcw kam-lm-cßƒ tN¿Øn-´p-≠v.

skth-cq-kns‚ kam-l-c-amWv Im¬kn--U¨ hn-cp-≤-tN-cn-bnse ][m-\-



s∏-´- ^vtfm-dn-tePv. AXv kp-dn-bm-\n-bn-em-Wv e-`n-®n-cn-°p-∂Xv. ""]nXm-

°-∑m-cpsS D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ'' F∂p -]-d-™v- Hmtcm kam-lm-c-I\pw D≤-cn®

sSIvÃp-Iƒ hna-¿i-\-_p≤ym ]cn-tim-[n-°p∂ ]h-WX ]n∂oSv DS-se-

Sp-Øp. XZvê-am-bn,- ]e D≤-c-Wn-Ifpw hkvXp-\n-jvT-a-s√∂v Is≠-

Øm≥ Xp--Sßn.

GI-Nn-Ø-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xn-sc- G-gmw- \q-‰m-≠n¬ ]p-Xnb kam-lm-c-ßƒ

DS-se-Sp-Øp. -am-Ivkn-ap-kn-t‚-Xm-Wv (646)- C-h-bn¬ G‰-hpw- h-ep-Xv.- k`m-

t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ em-X-d≥ kn\-Unepw (646) -tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ kn-\-

Un-epw (680/1) CØcw kam-l-c-ßƒ D]-tbm-K-s∏-Sp-Øn. ]Xn-am-`-RvP-

\-X¿°w -D-S-se-Sp-Ø-t∏mƒ cq]-ßsf hW-ßp-∂Xv \ymbo-I-cn®p- sIm-

≠p≈ kam-lm-c-ß-fp-≠m-bn. hn. -tPm¨ U-a-jo≥ Xs‚ IrXn-I-fn¬

h-W-°sØ \ymbo-I-cn®p-sIm≠v ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-I-

fp-sS -k-am-lm-cw- \¬In. F√m hnizm-k-k-Xy-ßfp-sS-bpw -sX-fn-hn-\mbn

^vtfmdn-te-Pp-Iƒ D≠m-°p∂ ]h-WX Ggmw \q‰m≠p ap-X¬ D≠mbn.-

""tUm-IvXo-\m- ]m-Xpw'' -F-∂- k-am-lmcw 660-˛\pw 685-˛\pw CSbv°v C]-

Imcw D≠m-b-Xm-Wv. amIvkn-ap-kns‚ k¿°n-fn-emWv AXp-≠m-b-Xv.-

A-Xp-]-tbm-Kn-®m-Wv tPm¨ Ua-jo≥ Xs‚- k-am-lmcw tamSn-]n-Sn-∏n-®Xv.

a‰p -X-c-Øn-ep≈ - vtfm-dn-te-Pp-Iƒ F´mw \q‰m-≠n-\p-tijw DS-se-Sp-Øp.

Ko°v mjy-I-tØ-\-Iƒ

ItØ-\m- -I-tØt\ F∂Xv Hcp- e-Øo≥ hm°mWv. irwJ-e, Nß-e,

XpS¬.- X-Øp-ey-amb Ko°p-hm°v skbvdm F∂m-Wv. thZ-]p-kvX-I- m-jy-

ßƒ°v A©mw -\q-‰m-≠p- ap-X¬ Cu ]Zw D]-tbm-Kn-®p-h-cp-∂p. thZ-]p-

kvXIw hmIym-\p-hm-Iy-sa-SpØv ap≥Ime mjy-Im-c-∑m-cpsS hymJym-\-ßƒ

tN¿Øp-tN¿Øp -h®v hni-Zo-I-cn-°p-I-bmWv coXn. Nne-t∏m-sgms° aqe-

Øn¬ \n∂v Npcp°n \¬Im-dp-≠v. Fhn-sS -\n∂p≤-cn-°ps∂∂v Np-cp-°n-

s°m-Sp-Øn-cp-∂p. ]I¿Øn-sb-gp-Øn¬ h∂- ]n-i-Ip-sIm≠pw a‰pw ]e-t∏mgpw

t]cp-Iƒ amdn-t∏m-Im-dp-≠v. kºq¿W- m-jyw- e- y-amb kml-N-cy-ß-fn-

sems° sX‰p-Xn-cp-Øm≥ km-[n-°pw. ItØt\ F∂ ]Zw B[p-\n-I-am-

Wv. -]m-No-\¿ hnfn-®n-cp-∂Xv ""FIvtk-tK-Xn-Imbv FIvtfm-Km-bv ''F∂m-Wv.

-s]m-t°m-∏n-b-kn-s‚ -I-tØ\bpw (kyp-\-tKmtK tXm¨ FIvtk-tK-Xn-

tIm¨ FIvtfm-tKm¨) ]e-kvXo-\-bn¬ \n∂p≈ k¶o¿Ø-\ -I-tØ-\-

bpw (kyp-\-tKmtK FIvtk-tK-sk-tbm≥) C]-Im-c-amWv Adn-b-s∏- n-cp-∂Xv.

ss__n-fnse an° -K-Ÿ-ßƒ°pw ItØ-\-Iƒ D≠m-bn- -≠v.- C∂v \jvS-

s∏´ ]e KŸ-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-ßƒ Cu ItØ-\-I-fn¬ ImWmw. Nne

kam-lm-c-ß-fn¬ ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS hmN-I-ß-fn¬ am‰w hcp-Øn-bn- p-≠v.- Nne-

t∏m-sgms° t]-cp-Iƒ am‰n ]d-™n- p-ap-≠v.

aq∂v kam-lm-c-ßƒ


VCuPn-]vXnse

k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw IrXn-Ifpw

BapJw

CuPn-]vXnse k` Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ k`sb∂pw tIm]vXn°v k`-

sb-∂pw -A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- tdma≥ km-am-Py-Ønse c≠m-asØ ]ap-J-

\-K-c-am-bn-cp∂p tdma≥ CuPn-]vXns‚ Xe-ÿm-\-amb Ae-Ivkm-≠nb.-

F-∂m¬ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ ]uc-kvXy -tdm-am-kmam-Py-Øns‚ Xe-

ÿm-\-am-b-tXmsS Ae-Ivkm-≠nbm aq∂mw-ÿm-\-tØ°v ]n≥X-≈-s∏-

´p. Ad-_n-Iƒ sIbvtdm Ah-cpsS Xe-ÿ-m-\-am-°p∂-Xp-hsc Ae-Ivkm-

≠n-bmbv°v ]ap-J-ÿm\w D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ sa-Xm\pw

k`-bn¬ c≠mw ÿm\-am-bn-cp-∂p.- tX-_m-bnkv c≠v t]m-hn≥kp-Iƒ,

CuPn]vXv c≠v t]mhn≥kp-Iƒ,- A¿t°-Un-bm, AKp-kvXmw-\n-°m,

en_n-bm-bnse c≠p -t]m-hn≥kp-Iƒ F∂o ]tZ-i-ß-fn-t∑¬ Ae-

Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm\v A[n-Im-c-ap-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ-

sa-Xms‚ Db¿® Ae-Ivkm≠n-b≥ saXms\ aq∂mw ÿm\-Øm°n.

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-en¬ (451) Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]mXn--b¿°okv

Znb-kvtIm-tdmkns\ apS°n ÿm-\-`-jvS-\m-°n-bXv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-

bpsS hne-bn-Sn®p.- AXv CuPn-]vXp-Im-sc -sNm-Sn-∏n-®p. Im¬kn-U¨ Ign-

™-t∏mƒ CuPn-]vXnse alm-`q-cn-]£w P\-ß-fpw- Im¬kn-U¨ hn-

cp-≤-tN-cn-bn-te°v \oßn. Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-Iq-en-Iƒ cmP-]-£-°m¿

F∂-dn-b-s∏- p.- -A-h¿ Hcp \yq\-]-£-am-bn-Øo¿∂p. A∂p-ap-X¬ Ad_n

BI-a-Ww-hsc CuPn-]vXnse k`m-¥-co£w Ipg-™p-a-dn-™-Xm--b-ncp∂p.

Ad_n BI-aWw hntam-N-\-ambn I≠-h-cp≠v Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬.

CuPn-]vjy≥ k`-bnse Nne Fgp-Øp-Im¿ Ko°nepw k\ymk-n-Ifpw


a‰pw tIm]vXn-°n-ep-amWv IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn-b-Xv.- Ad_n BI-a-W-Øn-\p-

ti-jhpw Ko°n¬ Fgp-Xnb-h-cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

1. Ko°n-se-gp-Xnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿

Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb otem

ko\m-bnse A\-kvXm-kyq-kns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ ""ssZh-Zq-j-

W-sØ-∏‰n'' F∂ -Ir-Xn-bnepw ""]utcm-ln-Xy-Øns‚ al-\o-b-X-sb-∏‰n''

F∂ -Ir-Xn-bnepw k`m-N-cn-X-Im-c\pw XmXzn-I-\p-amb Hcp ôtem-sb-

∏‰n ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂-Xmbn tcJm-i-I-e-ß-fn¬ Im-Wp-∂p. \memw \q‰m-

≠n\pw Ggmw \q‰m-≠n\pw CS-bv°m-bn-cn°mw Abmƒ Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv.

a¿t°mkv Znb-tZm-°pkv

""Bcn-b¿s°-Xn-sc-bp≈ ]kwKw'' F∂ At∏m-f-sP-‰n-°¬ IrXn

a¿t°m-kn¬ \n∂v e`n-®n-´-p≠v. ]nXmhpw ]pX\pw Htc kØ-bm-sW-

∂v- B-cn-b¿s°-Xnsc Abmƒ hmZn-°p-∂p.

]s\m-tZm-dpkv (4/5˛mw \q.)

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Imem-\p-I-a-WnI kvIqfns‚ ]nXm-hmWt±-lw. B^n-

°m-\p-kn-s‚bpw Fhp-tk-_n-b-kn-s‚bpw ]mX-bn-eq-sS-bmWv Imem-\p-I-

a-WnI Xbm-dm-°n-b-Xv. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnse sXtbm-^n-e-kn-s‚bpw

(+412) A¿t°-Un-bkv NI-h¿Øn-bp-sSbpw Ime-ØmWv k\ym-kn-bmb

At±lw Pohn-®n-cp-∂-Xv. A∂n-bm-\pkv F∂ -k-\ymkn ]s\m-tZm-dp-kns‚

XpS¿®-bmbn 412 hsc-bp-≈Xv cNn-®p. Cu Imem-\p-I-a-WnI C∂p e`y-

a-√.- F-∂m¬ CXp-]-tbm-Kn®v tPm¿Pv kn≥sN-√pkv F∂- _n-k-ss‚≥Im-

c≥ (9- mw \q.) Hcp KŸw X-bm-dm-°n.- Cu-Pn-]vjy≥ Ncn-X-kw-K-Xn-I-fn-

emWv ]s\m-tZm-dpkv IqSp-X¬ i≤n-®-Xv. CuPn-]vXnse s\tbm- -π-t‰m-

WnIv ]›m-Øew At±-lsØ Ipsd-sbms° kzm[o-\n-®n- p-≠v. ]-s\m-

tZm-dp-kv 5493-˛¬ InkvXp-hns‚ P\-\hpw 5526-˛¬ Iqim-tcm-l-Whpw

IW-°m-°n. Abmƒ BZw apXemWv IW°p IqńbXv.

A∂n-bm-\pkv

]s\m-tZm-dp-kns‚ ka-Im-eo-\-\m-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. -]-s\m-tZm-dp-kns‚

tImWn-°n-fns‚ XpS¿® 412 hsc ]q¿Øn-bm-°n-sb-¶nepw \jvS-s∏-´p-

t]m-bn. tPm¿Pv kn≥sN-√pkv CXpw D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v. Abm-fp-sS-

I-W-°p-Iq-´¬ A\p-k-cn®v 5501 am¿®v 25-˛-\mWv a\pjym-h-Xmcw \S-∂-

Xv.- ]oUm-\p-`hw 5534 am¿®v 23-˛\pw D∞m\w am¿®v 25-˛\pw AtX.

Ko°n-se-gp-Xnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿


X¿tkm-kn-se -sk-hp-tUm- A-K-tXm-Wn-°pkv

Ko°n¬ \n∂v tIm]vXnIv `mj-bn-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-cn-°p∂

Iptd sSIvÃp-Iƒ Hcp AK-tØm-Wn-°p-kn¬ Btcm-]n-®n-cn-°p∂p:

""hnizm-k-sØ-∏-‰n'', ""D∞-m-\-sØ-∏‰n PÃ-n\p-am-bp≈ N¿®'', ""kvXtXm-

Wn-°p-kp-am-bp≈ kw`m-j-Ww'',- ""hn-izm-k-cm-ln-Xy-sØ-∏‰n'' F∂n-h-

bm-Wv- B -tc-J-Iƒ. ""Im¬kn-U-sW-Xnsc'' F∂ -tcJ ]n¬°m-eØv

Btcm -Iq- n-t®¿Ø-Xm-Imw. CuPn-]vXnse Hcn-P-\n-Ãv- -F-hm-Kn-b≥ k\ym-

kn-I-fpsS CS-bn-em-bn-cn°mw CXns‚ cq]o-I-c-Ww.

sl¿tam-sK-s\kv (5˛mw \q.)

dnt\m-sIm-dqdm (^m¿a) saXm-\m-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ. Ing-°≥ CuPn-]vXn¬

]e-kvXo\m aq∂ns‚ AXn¿Øn-bn¬ AKp-kvXmw-\n°m H∂nse Hcp

]´-W-am-bn-cp∂p dnt\m-sIm-dq-dm. sl¿tam-sK-s\kv Ft^-tkmkv kn\-

Un¬ (431) kndn-ens‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp-∂p. Iu¨kn-en-\p-ti-jw -ew-t]-

kyq-kn-t\m-sSm∏w tdman¬ ske-Ãn≥ ]m∏m-bpsS ]°-te°v kndn-√y≥

sa-Xm-∑m¿ Abmsf Ab-®p.- sk-e-Ãns‚ ac-W-ti-j-amWv (432 Pqsse

27) Ah¿ tdm-an-se-Øn-b-Xv. ASp-Ø -]m-∏m-bmb knIvÃ-kns‚ A`n-

tj-I-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw Xßƒ°-\p-Iq-e-amb IØp-Iƒ kºm-Zn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.- sl¿tam-sK-s\-kns‚ Hcp- IØv e`n-®n-´p-≠v. s]eq-

kn-b-Ønse C-kn-tZm¿ At±-l-Øn\v ]e IØp-Ifpw Ab-®n-´p-≠v.

F∏n- m-\n-bkv B¿®p-Uo-°≥ (5- mw \q.)

kndn-ens‚ kn≥sN-√pkpw B¿®p-Uo-°-\p-amb F∏n- m-\n-b-kv, kndnepw

s\kvtXm-dn-bpkpw XΩn-ep≈ X¿°w kw_-‘n®v tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-

∏nƒ ]mXn-b¿°okv amIvkn-an-b\v (431-˛4) Hcp- I-Ø-b-®p. kndn-en-s\-

Xnsc NI-h¿Øn ]pd-s∏-Sp-hn® UnIn-I-fpsS ImTn-\yw -Ip-d-bv°m≥

NI-h¿Øn-bpsS Ac-a-\-bn-te°v kndn¬ kΩm-\-ßƒ sImSp-Ø-b-®-

Xmbn Cbmƒ Hcp- tc-J-bn¬ ]d-bp-∂p.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv (5/6˛mw \q.)

Cbm-fpsS t]cn¬ 22 tlman-en-Iƒ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ah-bpsS eØo≥

hn-h¿Ø\-Øn\v ]m›m-Xy-tem-I-Øv \√ ]N-cWw e`n-®p. ""Fhp-tk-

_n-bkv K≈n-°m-\pkv'' F∂v CX-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. F∂m¬ skhptUm˛

Fhp-tk-_n-bkv F∂p -]-d-bp-∂-XmIpw icn.- CXv ]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-fnepw

hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.-

CuPn-]vXnse k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw IrXn-Ifpw


A-e-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Znb-kvtIm-tdmkv (444- 451)

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ kndn-ens‚ ]n≥Km-an-bm-bXv Cbm-fm-Wv. kndn¬

433-˛se sFIy-t^m¿ape-bn¬ ImWn-® -hn-´p-ho-gvN-Iƒ IW-°n-se-Sp-

°msX 431-˛se Ft^-tkmkv Iu¨kn-ens\ hf-sc -Ir-Xy-ambn

]n≥sN∂ Bfm-bn-cp∂p Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kv. kz`m-hw,- lyp-t∏m-Ãn-kn-kv,

t]m-skm-t∏m¨ F∂n-h-sb√mw Htc- A¿Y-Øn¬ I≠ ]mc-ºcyw apdp-

sI-∏n-Sn-®v, A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ mjyw amX-amWv kXy-hn-izm-k-t^m¿ape

F∂p- I-cp-Xnb At±lw, 433-˛¬ D≠m-°nb tbmPn∏v XI¿Øp-I-f-™p.

At¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥m-coXn A¬]w-t]mepw a\- n-em-°m-\p≈ k∑-\ v

Imń-bn-s√∂p amX-a-√, AI¬®bv°v B°w -Iq-´p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp.

Xnb-sUm-sd‰v BZn-bmb sa-Xm-∑msc \nb-¥n-°-W-sa∂v At¥ym-Iy≥

sa-Xm≥ tZmav\q-kns\ \n¿_-‘n-®p. Ft^-tkm-knse XkvI-c-kw-L-

Øn¬ (449)- A-[y-£-\m-bn-cp-∂p-sIm-≠v,- ^vfm-hn-bs‚ kn\-Uns‚ (448)

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ XIn-Sw- a-dn-®p.- vfm-hn-b-≥, tZmav\p-kv II,- Xn-b-sUm-sd‰v F∂n-

h-sc- ÿm-\-`-jvS-cm-°n. Fhp-Xo-s°-kns\ ]p\x-]-Xnjvv-Tn-®p.- Im¬kn-

U¨ kn\-Un¬ (451) CXn-s\√mw Xncn-®Sn D≠m-bn. ]^ve-tKm-Wn-bm-

bnse KmwKm-bn-te°v Abmƒ \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏-´p.- A-hn-sS-h®v 454-˛¬ acn-

®p. Hcn-P-\nÃv ]mc-º-cy-ß-fp-ambn Abmƒ aaX ]pe¿Øn-sb∂v hnizm-

k-km-£n-bmb sXtbm-^m-s\-kns‚ tImtWm-K^n kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kns‚ Nne IØp-Ifpw IØp-I-fp-s-S- `m-K-ßfpw am-X--ta-

e- n-®n- p-≈p.- Xs‚ \ne-]mSv \ymbo-I-cn-®p-sIm-≠v hn-]-hm-k-Øn¬ \n∂v

At±-lw IØp-I-sf-gp-Xn.- sk-°p≥Zo-\p-kn-\p≈ IØv, F∂m-t‰m-Wnse

k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ IØv F∂n-h- A-Ø-c-Øn¬ s]´-h-bm-Wv.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse s]mtX-cn-bpkv (+457)

Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kns‚ ]n≥Km-an-b-mbn Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-

kmbn (451).- N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS ]n¥pW D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw P\-ßfpw

sshZn-Icpw k\ym-kn-Ifpw \nb-a-\-sØ- F-Xn¿Øp.- am¿ky≥ NI-

h¿Øn acn-®-t∏mƒ (457) GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ XntamXn sFeq-tdm-kv

F∂-bmsf _Z¬ saXm-\-mbn hmgn-°p-Ibpw s]mtX-cn-bp-kns\ IS-

∂m-I-an-®v -\n-jvTqcw sIme-s∏-Sp-Øp-Ibpw sNbvXp (457). CuÃ¿ XobXn

kw_-‘n-®p≈ Hcp- IØv s]mtX-cn-bp-kns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

XntamXn sFeq-tdmkv

]q® AYhm Iocn F∂mWv sFeq-tdmkv F∂- hm-°ns‚ A¿Yw. F¥p-

sIm≠v Aßs\ Hcn-c-´-t∏cv e`n®p F∂-dn-hn-√. s]mtØ-cn-bpkv Pohn-

®n-cn-°p-tºmƒ Xs∂ (457) GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ°mbn _Z¬ saXm-



\mbn Abmƒ hmgn-°-s∏-´p.- A-bmƒ Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kns‚ Nn¥m-co-Xn-

Ifpw ho£-W-ßfpw ]pe¿Øn. Ft -tkm-knse (431) -kn-dn-ens‚ IrXy-

]n≥Km-an-bmbn -cw-K-]-th-i\w \S-Øn.- s]m-tØ-cn-bp-kns‚ sIme-bn-

ep≈ ]¶v Bkv]-Z-am-°nbpw a‰pw sesbm H∂m-a≥ NI-h¿Øn (457-

˛474) saXm-∑m-tcm-Sm-tem-Nn®v Abmsf KmwK-bn-te°pw (460)- ]n-∂oSv

Ioan-bm-bn-te°pw (464) \mSp-I-S-Øn.- _-kn-en-kvIkv A[n-Im-c-Øn¬

h∂-t∏mƒ (475) Abm-sf -Xn-c-sI -hn-fn-®p. B Ah-kcw D]-tbm-Kn-®-v

Im¬kn-U¨ h-n-cp-≤-]-N-cWw i‡-am-°n.- Xp-S¿∂v A[n-Imcw ]nSn-

s®-Sp-Ø -tkt\m NI-h¿Øn Abmsf \mSp-I-S-Øn-bn-√.- A-[nIw Xma-

kn-bmsX (477) -a-cn-®p. _nk-ss‚≥ Cºo-cn-b¬ k`-bn¬ \n∂vv CuPn-

]vXnse k`sb AI‰n, th¿s]´ lb-cm¿°n D≠m-°p-∂-Xn¬ XntamXn

Xs‚ -]-¶p -h-ln-®p. hn]-hm-k-Øn¬ Ccp-∂p-sIm≠v Im¬kn-U¨

hn-cp-≤ -Ir-Xn-I-sf-gpXn GI-kz-`m-h-Nn-¥m-coXn ]N-cn-∏n-®p-sIm-≠n-cp∂p.

Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k-\n¿h-N-\-Øn\pw setbm-bpsS teJ-\-Øn\pw adp-

]-Sn-sb-gpXn kndn-ens‚ (431)- b-Ym¿Y A\p-bmbn Bbn ]Xy-£-s∏-

Sm≥- A-bm-ƒ°p- I-gn-™p. kndn¬ 433- ¬ ImWn® hn´p-ho-gvNbpw hnime

-a-t\m- m-hhpw XntamXn Imń-bn-√. InkvXp -F-∂ -a-lm-c-l-kysØ CuPn-

]vjy≥ Nn¥m-co-Xn-bn¬ IqSn amXw ImW-W-sa∂pw as‰√m Nn¥m-co-

Xn-Ifpw sX‰m-sW∂pw sXfn-bn-°m-≥ Abmƒ Atlm-cmXw A[zm-\n-

®p. AXn-\p- ]-‰nb sXfn-hp-Iƒ ]nXm-°-∑m-cn¬ \n∂v kam-l-cn-°p-Ibpw

sNbvXp.""Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens‚ JWvU\w''(In-kvXp-hn-ep-≈

sF-Iy-sØ-∏-‰n), ""Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens‚ \n¿h-N-\-Øn-s\-Xnsc''

F∂n-h-bmWv Abm-fpsS c≠v Xm¿°n-I- Ir-Xn-Iƒ.- A-bmƒ Fhp-Xo-

s°-kn-s\- F-Xn¿Øn-cp-∂p.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn-te-°-b-®- I-Øv,

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-°m¿°p-≈ -I-Øv, û-kvXo-\p-kn-\p≈ IØv F∂nh

Cu K-W-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂p.

]o‰¿ tamMvKpkv

tamMvKpkv F∂m¬ ]cp-°≥ F∂¿Yw. Xntam-Xn-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-bmbn

]o‰¿ aq∂m-a≥ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ sa-Xm-\m-bn (477-˛490). Ft^-tkm-

kn-se- kn-dn-ens‚ (431) ]Z-]-tbm-K-ßƒ°pw s\kvtXm-dn-b-≥ hncp-≤-

Xbv°pw th≠n \ne-sIm-≠p. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn-ens‚ FXn¿tN-

cn-bn¬ \n∂p-sIm-≠v- A-t¥ym-Iy≥ Nn¥m-co-Xn-Isf FXn¿Øp.- tk-

t\m- N-I-h¿Øn-bpsS slt\m-ń-t°m≥ (482) AwKo-I-cn-®p. F∂m¬

t -enIvkv aq∂m-a≥ ]m∏m slt\m- n-t°m≥ \ncm-I-cn-°p-Ibpw AXns‚

]n∂n¬ ]h¿Øn® AIm--Nn-bpkns\ 484-˛¬ apS-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp.

Aßs\ AIm-Nn-b≥ ioiva DS-se-Sp-Øp. At∏mƒ ]o‰¿, AIm-Nn-bp-



kns‚ ]£-Øm-bn-cp∂p.- ]o-‰¿ A¬]w anX-hmZn Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬

dmUn-°¬ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t\XrXzw AwKo-I-cn-

°msX hnL-Sn-®p-\n-∂p. Ah¿ ""Ask-^-tembv'' (X-e-h-\n-√m-Ø-h¿)

F∂-dn-b-s∏-´p. ]o‰-dns‚ c≠v IØp-Iƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. AIm-Nn-b-kn-\p-

≈Xv H∂v, Xs‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmb ^hn-Xm-bv°p-≈Xv as‰m-∂v.

s\^m-en-bpkv (6- mw \q.)

GI-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc ]e-kvXo-\m-bn¬ Bdmw \q‰m-≠n¬ i‡n-

bmbn ]h¿Øn® \q_n-bm-°m-c-\m-b- Hcp CuPn-]vjy≥ k-\ym-kn-bmWv

s\^m-en-bp-kv.- sl-t\m-ń-t°m≥ IqSp-X¬ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-co-Xn-

bn¬ ]o‰¿ tam≥Kpkv ]c-ky-ambn hymJym-\n-®-Xn-\m¬ Abmƒs°-

Xnsc P\sØ Cf°n hnSm≥ s\^m-en-bpkv CuPn-]vXn-em-bn-cn-°p-

tºmƒ ]cn-i-an-®p.- A-bmƒ Xs‚ Bi-b-ßƒ tkt\m NI-h¿Øn-

bpsS apºn¬ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. -Km- m -]-tZ-iØv Ah-ti-jn® GI-kz-

`mhhm-Zn-Iƒs°-Xnsc Gen-bmkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kn-s‚bpw (494-˛516)

sshZn-I-cp-sSbpw klm-b--tØmsS i‡-amb ]N-cWw \S-Øm≥

Abmƒ°p Ign-™p.- sk-th-cq-kp-am-bn -]-c-ky-N¿® \S-Øn.- Im¬kn-

U¨ kn\-Un\p th-≠n \ymbo-I-c-W-sa-gp-Xn.- s\-tbm-˛-Im¬kn-U-Wn-

kw -B-Zy-am-bn- Im-W-s∏Sp∂Xv- Cu -tc-J-bn-em-Wv. s\^m-en-bp-kn-s\-

Xnsc skth-cq-sk-gp-Xn-b- c≠v ]kw-K-ß-fn-eqsS CXv e`n-®n-´-≠v.

Im¬kn-U¨ A\p- m-h-Iƒ°pw FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ°pw kzoIm-cy-amb ssZh-

im-kvX-]-c-am-b -a-[y-am¿K-amWv s\^m-en-bpkv Ah-X-cn∏n®Xv.

Hfnw-]n-sbm-tZm-dpkv Uo°≥

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm≥ tPm¨ c≠m-a≥ \nkn-tbm-´m-bp-sS- Im-eØv

(505-˛515/6) CuPn-]vjy≥ k-`-bnse Hcp Uo°-\m-bn-cp∂p Hfnw-]n-sbm-

tZm-dp-kv. Hcp- Xm-Xzn-I-\m-b -A-bmƒ ]e ss__nƒ KŸ-ßƒ°pw mjy-

sa-gp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ Adn-b-s∏-´- B-fm-bn-cp∂p F∂v

ko\m-bnse A\-kvXm-kyqkv ]d-bp-∂p. ItØ-\-I-fn¬ -A-bm-fpsS

`mjy-ß-fp-sS -i-I-e-ßƒ [mcm-f-ambn ImWm-\p-≠v. tPm_v, k`m-

]-kw-K-I≥, hnem-]-ßƒ, Pd-anbm, _mdq-Iv, k¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ F∂n-

hbv°v `mjy-ßƒ cNn-®p.- A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cq-kn-s\-Xnsc Hcp

KŸw cNn-s®∂v A\-kvXm-kyqkv kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse XntamXn IV (517- 535)

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS -sa-Xm-\m-bn-cp-∂ -Xn-tamXn (517) Im¬kn-U¨

hnizm-k-\n¿h-N-\hpw setbm-bpsS teJ-\-hpw- -]-c-ky-ambn X≈n-°-f-

™p. Cbm-fp-sS -Im-e-ØmWv skth-cqkpw len-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-



b\pw XΩn¬ InkvXp-hns‚ ico-cwkw-_-‘n®v X¿°-ap-≠m-b-Xv.-

Xn-tamXn CXn¬ amdn-amdn I£n-tN¿s∂∂v ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. A°m-eØpw

InkvXp-aXw FØn-t®-cm-Xn-cp∂ CuPn-]vjy≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fn¬ kphn-

tijw ]N-cn-∏n-°m≥ \S-]-Sn-I-sf-Sp-Øp. -Xn-b-tUm¿- F-∂- sa-Xm-s\-

ô-te-bn¬ 526-˛¬ hmgn-®p. Cu Xnb-tUm¿ Xntam-Xn-bpsS ]n≥Km-an-

bmbnØo¿∂p. AXn-s\- F-Xn¿Ø-h¿ Hcp Køm-\p-kns‚ t\XrXzw kzoI-

cn®v ]nf¿∂p-am-dn. CuPn-]vXn-se -G-I-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Zo¿L-

\m-ƒ Cu ]nf¿∏v \ne-\n-∂p. Xntam-Xn-bpsS t]cn¬ Nne tlman-en-Iƒ

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn-sem∂v tbml. 4,6-˛s\ Bkv]-Z-am-°n-bm-Wv.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse sXan-kvXn-bpkv Uo°≥

len-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-bs‚ FXn-cm-fnbpw skth-cq -kns‚

A\p-bm-bn-bp-amb Hcp- G-Ikz-`m-hhm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p sXan-kvXn-bp-kv.

tbip-hns‚ icocw Agnhn\v hnt[-b-am-sW-¶n¬, Nne kwK-Xn-Isf∏‰n

Ahn-Sp∂v A⁄-\m-bn-cps∂∂v ]d-tb-≠n-h-cp-sa∂v Xntam-Xn-bp-sS-

Im-eØv (517-˛535) Cbmƒ ]d-™-Xmbn ens_-cm-Øpkv tcJ-s∏-Sp-Øp-

∂p.- Xn-tamXn CXn-s\ -F-Xn¿Ø-t∏mƒ Abmƒ amdn Hcp -io-iva-k-aqlw

cq]o-I-cn-®p. At·-Xm-bv F∂v -A-h¿ hnfn-°-s∏-Sp-∂p. ""Adn-bm≥ ]m-Sn-

√m-Ø-h¿''- F-∂¿Yw. sXan-kvXn-bp-kn-s\-Xnsc Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse

Xnb-tUm-jykv 536- ¬ Xnb-tUmdm cm⁄n°v Hcp ]cmXn \¬In. AXn\v

sXan-kvXn-bpkv c≠v adp-]-Sn-Iƒ \¬In.- A-t·-‰nIv ]mj-WvUX kw_-

‘n-®- a‰p aq∂p IrXn-I-sf-∏‰n 649-˛se kn\Uv ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p. ]e-

bm-fp-I-fpw Cbm-fpsS sX‰n-s\-Xnsc Fgp-Xn. Abmƒ Ah-bvs°ms°

adp-]-Sn-I-fp-sa-gp-Xn.- G-I-kz-`m-h-Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°mcpw Im¬kn-U¨ Nn-¥m-

K-Xn-°mcpamb saXm-∑m¿ Cbmƒs°-Xnsc P\-ßsf t_m[-hm-∑m-cm-

°n. c≠p-hn-`m-K-Ønepw Cbmƒ°v -Iptd A\p-bm-bn-I-fp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.

Abm-fp-sS -Nne teJ-\-ßƒ Adn-b--s∏-Sp-∂p.

k\ym-kn-bmb Xnb-tUm¿ (6- mw \q.)

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-°m-c-\mb Cu k\ymkn sXan-kvXn-bp-kp-ambn X¿°-

Øn-te¿s∏-´p. Ccp-hcpw GI-kz-`m-h-hn-`m-K-Øn¬ s]´-h-cm-bn-cp-∂p. Cu

X¿°-Øns‚ hnh-cWw `mKn-I-am-bn- e- y-am-Wv. Ch¿ \S-Ønb Fgp-Øp-

Ip-ØpIƒ sXsa-kvXn-bp-kns‚ Bi-b-ßƒ Adn-bm≥ klm-b-I-am-Wv.-

""Np-cp-ßnb JWvU-\w'' -F-∂ -Ir-Xn-bn¬ Xnb-tUm¿ Cu Bi-b-ßƒ

sImSp-°p-∂p. CXns‚ Nne `m-K-ßƒ Inń-bn- p-≠v.- C-bmƒ a-cn-®Xv 566- -

em-bn-cn-°mw.



sIm≈p-Øpkv

""Xnb-tUm-jy-kn\p th≠n-bp≈ At∏m-fPn'' F∂ t]cn¬ sXan-kvXn-

bp-kn-s\-Xnsc sIm≈p-Øpkv Fgp-Xnb tcJ-bp-sS Nne `mK-ßƒ e`n-

®n-´p-≠v. emX-d≥ kn-\Upw ""tUmIvXo\m ]mXpw'' F∂ -Ir-Xnbpw

CXv D≤-cn-°p-∂p. ""sIm≈p-Øp-kn-s\Xnsc'' F∂ -tc-J-bn-eqsS sXan-

kvXn-bpkv CXn\v adp-]Sn \¬In. AXns‚ A©v tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ e`n-

®n- p-≠v.

tPm¨ nsem-t∏m-Wpkv (5/6 \q.)

tPmWns‚ P∑-tZ-i-sØ-∏-‰-n-tbm,- P-\n® Ime-sØ-∏-‰n-tbm,- Po-hn-X-sØ-

∏-‰ntbm \ap-°-dn-hn-√. Abmƒ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ XmXzn-I-]-T-\w

\-S-Øn. GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-bm-bn-cp-∂p. CØ-c-°m-cmb a‰p-≈-h-cp-am-bn

_‘w ]pe¿Øn. skth-cqkv FXn¿Ø tPm¨ KΩm-Xn-°pkv (Cw-]n-

bpkv KΩm-Xn-°pkv) Cbm-f√ F∂mWv Hc- n-]m-bw. B tPm¨ Im¬kn-

U¨ ]-£-]mXn Bbn-cp-∂p. skth-cqkpw ^nsem-t∏m-Wpkpw XΩn¬

X¿°w D≠m-bn-cp-s∂-∂ -A-`n-]mbw \ne-\n¬°p-∂n√ F∂p- I-cp-Xp-∂-

h-cp-≠v. Abmƒ Hcp XnsX-bnÃv hnizmkn Bbn-cp-s∂∂v IrXn-Iƒ

shfn-s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p.

IrXn-Iƒ

tPm¨ samØw 44 IrXn-Iƒ cNn®p:

Acn-tÃm-´¬, s]m¿ô-cn, tπt‰m F∂n-h-cpsS ]e IrXn-Iƒ°pambn 11

`mjyIrXn-Iƒ F-gp-Xn.

saUn-°¬, -am-sX-am-‰n-°¬,- A-kvS-tWm-an-°¬ IrXn-Iƒ As©Æw

cNn-®p.

hymI-c-W-kw-_-‘-ambn 3 ]pkvX-I-ßƒ,.

tIm-kvtam-fPn A©v.

XmXzn-I-Ir-Xn-Iƒ c≠v.

GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Z -ssZ-h-im-kvX-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Ggv.

-Xn-sX-bnÃv IrXn-Iƒ \mev.

D∞m-\-sØ-∏‰n c≠v.

B-cn-b≥hn-cp-≤- Ir-Xn-Iƒ c≠v.

a-‰v ssZ-h-i-mkvX -Ir-Xn-Iƒ A©v.



Nne IrXn-I-fpsS tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. sshhn-

[y-am¿∂ -X-e-ß-fn-¬ Xm¬]-cy-ap-≈- Hcp XmXznI\mbn-cp∂p Abmƒ.

B[p-\nI Ime-Øv- A-bm-fp-sS- Ir-Xn-I-sf-∏‰n hf-sc-b-[nIw ]T-\-ßƒ

\S-∂n-´p-≠v. ]e Imcy-ß-fnepw Acn-tÃm-´-en¬ \n∂v Abmƒ hyXy-

kvX-ho-£-W-ßƒ ]pe¿Øn. InkvXp-im-kvX-Øn¬ ^yqknkpw

lypt∏m-Ã-knkpw t]mskm-t∏mWpw XmZm-fly-s∏-Sp-Øn. -A-°m-c-W-

Øm¬ Im¬kn-U¨ hnizm-k-\n¿h-N-\w A-bmƒ ]mtS Xnc-kvI-cn-®p.

InkvXp-hns‚ GI-kz-`mhw kwbp-‡-kz-`m-hw -B-Wv. ""c≠p -kz-`m-h-

ß-fn¬'' F∂-Xn\p -]-Icw ""c≠p -kz-`m-h-ß-fn¬ \n∂v'' F∂ ]tbmKw

Abmƒ \ymbo-I-cn-°p-∂p.""Ah-X-cn-®- h-N-\-am-b- ssZ-h-Øns‚ GI-kz-

`mhw'' F∂ -]-tbmKw kzoI-cn-°p-∂p. Bflm-hpw -i-co-c-hpw- X-Ωn-ep≈

sFIy-amWv hN-\hpw amwk-hpw -X-Ωn-ep≈ sFIy-Øn\v ZrjvSm-¥-ambn

\¬Ip-∂-Xv.- F-∂m¬ ssZ-h-kz-`m-h-Øn-\v am‰w IqSm-sX-bmWv Cu sF-

Iyw. Fhp-Xo-s°-kn-s\-b-pw- A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kn-s\bpw Abmƒ FXn¿°p-

∂p. kndn-ens‚ t^m¿ap-e-Iƒ°v s]m¿ô-cn-bn¬ \n∂pw a‰pw XmXzn-

Im-Sn-Ød \¬Ip-∂p. Abmƒ Dkn-bmbpw lypt∏m-Ã-knkpw XmZm-fly-

s∏-Sp-Øn. I∏-tUm-jy≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ Ch c≠pw c≠m-bn- I-≠p. Ah-

cn¬ \n∂v hfsc hyXy-kvX-amb \ne-]m-SmWv Cbm-sf-Sp-Ø-Xv. s\tbm-

-π-t‰m-Wn-Ãv-˛-sπm-Xo-\n-b≥ Nn¥-bp-sS shfn-®-Øn-em-Wv Abmƒ XnsX-

bnkw hnI-kn-∏n-s®-Sp-Ø-Xv.

Ão^≥ tKm_m¿

tPm¨ ^nsem-t∏m-Wpkv ]N-cn-∏n-®- Hcp ^vtfmdn-tePv Xbm-dm-°n-bXv

Ão^≥ tKm_m-dm-sW∂v t^mkn-bpkv ]d-bp-∂p. CXn-\v 54 A[ym-b-

ßfpw Hc-\p-_-‘-hp-ap-≠v. Abmƒ P-Ãn≥ c≠m-as‚ ImeØv (565-

˛578) CuPn-]vXn-tem,- kn-dn-bm-bntem Pohn-®n-cp∂p.

tImkvamkv C≥Un-s°m-sπ-hp-sÃkv

tImkvam-kv 547-˛¬ ""InkvXob tSmt∏m-K^n'' F∂ KŸw cNn-®p.

C≥Uy-sb-∏-‰nbpw Xs]m-t_-s\-sb-∏‰nbpw (-kn-tem¨) Ahn-sS-bp≈

InkvXym-\n-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw AXn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. Abm-fpsS a‰p- Nne

IrXn-I-fp-sSbpw t]cp-Iƒ \ap-°-dn-bmw. tImkvam-kns‚ IrXnsb tPm¨

^nsem-t∏m-Wpkv hna¿in-®n-´p-≠v. ]mNo-\-cp-sS- ]-]-©-Z¿i-\-amWv

tImkvamkv Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-∂-Xv.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bmbnse Xnb-tUm-jykv I (535- 566)Xntam-Xn-bpsS (519-˛535) ]n≥Km-an-bmbn Xnb-tUm-jykv Ae-Ivkm-≠n-

bm-bnse GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS saXm-\m-bn.- km-am-Py-Øns‚ a‰n-S-



ß-fn¬ ]oUn-∏n-°-s∏´ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ CuPn-]vXn¬ A`-bw- tX-

Sn-bn-cp-∂p. F∂m¬ Ah-cpsS CS-bn¬ ]e Ie-l-ßfpw DS-se-Sp-Øp.-

l-en-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-b\pw skth-cqkpw XΩn-ep≈ Ielw Ah-

bn-sem-∂m-Wv.- sk-th-cq-kns‚ kvt\ln-X-\m-b- Xn--b--tUm-jykv 535-˛¬

saXm-\m-b-t∏mƒ, Pqen-bs‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ Køm-\pkv Fs∂m-cmsf

Xß-fpsS saXm-\m-°n. Køm-\o-Ø¿ -F-∂ -hn-`mKw Cßs\ DS-se-Sp-

Øp. F∂m¬- C-ºo-cn-b¬ CS-s]-S¬aqew Køm-\p-kv \mSp-IS-Ø-s∏-Sp-

Ibpw Xnb-tUm-jykv AwKo-I-cn°s∏Sp-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. Xn-b-tUm-dm-bpsS-

]n≥Xp-W-bm-emWv CXv \S-∂-Xv. B ]n≥_-e-Øn¬ skth-cq-kn-s‚

kvt\ln-X-\m-b -A-¥o-ap-kns\ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ saXm-\m-°n.

F∂m¬ Im¬kn-U¨ hn`m-K-Øn-s‚ FXn¿∏p-aqew 536-˛¬ skth-cq-

kns\ tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nfn¬ \n∂v ]pd-Øm-°n,- A-¥o-ap-kn-s\- ÿm-

\- -jvS-\m-°n, Xnb-tUm-jy-kns\ tIm¨Ãm‚-n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ hcpØn ho´p-

X-S-¶-en¬ ]m¿∏n-®p. GXm-≠v ap∏-Xp-h¿jw Ahn-sS- Xm-a-kn-®p-sIm≠v

GI-kz-`mh kaq-l-ßƒ cq]o-I-cn-°m≥ Abmƒ A[zm-\n-®p.- A-bmƒ

bmt°m_v _p¿Zm-\msb 542/3˛¬ Ahn-sS -h®v saXm-\m-°n. Xnb-tUmjy-

kns‚ aq∂p tlman-en-I-fn¬ \n∂p≈ D≤-c-Wn-Iƒ tImkvam-kn¬ Im-

Wmw. kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ Nne IØp-I-fp-sSbpw ]kw-K-ß-fp-sSbpw `mK-

ßƒ e`n-®n-´p≠v.

CuPn-]vXp-Im-c≥ tPm¨ (6- mw \q.)

Km m-bn¬ \n∂p≈ tPm¨, ]o‰¿ Ct_-cn-bs‚ Bi-a-Øn¬ Iptd-

\mƒ ]m¿Øp.- Cu-Pn-]vXn¬ slss^-kvtXm-kns‚ saXm-\mbn 534/

6˛¬ hmgn-°-s∏-´p.- sk-th-cq-kn-s‚bpw Xnb-tUm-jy-kn-s‚bpw kvt\ln-

X-\m-b-n-cp-∂p. Ah-tcm-sSm∏w 536- ¬ \mSp-I-S-Ø-s∏- p. thj-]-—-∂-\mbn

Gjym-ssa-\-dn¬ DS-\ofw k©-cn®v GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf kwL-Sn-∏n-

®p. tdmZ-kn¬h®v Ft -tkm-knse tbml-∂m-s\- I-≠p-ap- n. tPmWns‚

kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ Hcp- I-Øp -am-Xta Ah-ti-jn-®n-´p-≈p.

sN≈n-bm-bnse tPm¨

bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\m hmgn® BZy-sa-Xm-∑m-cn¬ -H-cm-fmWv tPm¨.

tjXnkn-\-Sp-Øp≈ sN≈n-bm-bpsS saXm-\m-bn-´mWv hmgn-°-s∏-´-Xv. -

tPm-¨ ^nsem-t∏m-Wp-kns‚ XnsX-bn-k-Øn-s\-Xnsc Cbmƒ \S-Ønb

im]-ßfpw s\m_msU saXm-\mb sem≥Ko-\p-kn-\p≈ Hcp- I-Øns‚

`mK-ßfpw kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Abmsf F√m Imcy-ß-fnepw

]n≥Xp-W-bv°m-sa∂v 569-˛¬ Cu I-Øn¬ kqNn-∏n-°p-∂p. F∂m¬ 575-

˛¬ Cu kulr-Z-Øn\p aß-te-‰-p. Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬ Xnb-tUm¿



F∂- kn-dn-b≥ B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰-ns\ saXm-\m-°m≥ ]u-temkv Zvt_Xv

Du°mam C´- ]-≤-Xn-sb sem≥Ko-\pkv ]n≥Xm-ßn-b-Xm-bn-cp∂p Imc-

Ww. tPmWns‚ ÿm\m¿Yn Hcp ]o‰-dm-bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ Xnb-tUm-jy-

kns‚ kvt\ln-X\pw CuPn-]vXp-Im-c-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. FXn-cm-fn-Isf

Aa¿®-sN-bvXp-sIm≠v tPm¨ Xs‚ ]≤Xn hnP-bn-∏n-®p. CXns‚

t]cnepw GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ Ie-lhpw ]nf¿∏p-ap-≠m-bn.

\q_n-bm-bnse sem≥Ko-\pkv (+580)

\q_n-bm-bnse s\m_mtU h¿K-°m¿ 536-˛\pw 545-˛\pw CSbv°v

InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn. GIkz-`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fmWv Ahsc am\- m-¥-c-s∏-Sp-

Øn-b-Xv. ôte Zzo]nse saXm≥ Xn-b-tUm-dmWv BZyw Ah-cp-sS- B-

flo-b-Im-cy-ßƒ°v t\XrXzw sImSp-Ø-Xv. ]n∂oSv Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚

A\p -bmbnbmb Ae-Ivkm - ≠n -bm -°m -c≥ sem≥Ko -\p -kns\

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ h®v Ah¿°p-th≠n 566-˛¬ saXm-\m°n Ab-

®p. Abmƒ \q_n-bm-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-®p-sIm-≠n-cp-∂-t∏mƒ, 575-˛¬ Xnb-

tUm¿ F∂-bmsf Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm-\mbn asc-tbm-ń-kn¬h®v

hmgn-®p. F∂m¬ Abmƒ°v tPm¨ hm-gn-®- ]o-‰-¿ \mem-a\pam-bn- G-‰p-

ap-t´-≠n-h-∂p. -G-I-kz`mhhm-Zn-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ el-fbpw ]nf¿∏pw-

D-≠m-°m≥ Cu hmgn-°¬ hgn-sX-fn-®p. Pqen-bs‚ ""^‚m-kn-bm-knÃv

]mj-WvUX'' Aa¿®- sN-øm≥ sem≥Ko-\pkv Pohn-Xm-h-km\w ITn-\m-

-[zm-\w sNbvsX∂v Ft^-tkm-knse tbml-∂m≥ ]d-bp-∂p. sem≥Ko-

\p-kns‚ Nne tcJ-Iƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

Ae-Ivkm≠n-b-bnse Xnb-tUm-jykv (6- mw \q.)

Xnb-tUm-dns\ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm-\m-°m≥ 575-˛¬ sem≥Ko-\p-

kns\ t]cn-∏n® Hcm-fmWv Xnb-tUmjykv s]kv_n-‰¿ F∂v- F-t^-

tkm-knse tbml-∂m≥ -]-d-bp-∂p. ""sem≥Ko-\p-kn-\p-≈ -IØv'' F∂ -

C-bm-fpsS HcptcJ- kp-dnbm-\n-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

sIm]o-knse Xnb-tUm¿ (6- mw \q.)

Xnb-tUm-dns\ saXm-\m-°m≥ t]cn-∏n® as‰m-cm-fmWv sIm]o-knse

B¿®p-Uo-°-\m-bn-cp∂ Xnb-tUm¿. ta¬∏-d™ Xnb-tUm-jy-kns‚

A\-¥n-c-h-\m-bn-cp-∂p- A-bmƒ F∂pw ]d-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- sem≥Ko-\p-kn-\p≈

IØns‚ kpdn-bm-\n-bn-ep≈ Nne `mK-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

ôte-bnse Xnb-tUm¿ (6- mw \q.)

\q_n-bm-bpsS AXn¿Øn-bn¬ sX°≥ CuPn-]vXn¬ ss\¬ \Zn-bnse

Hcp Zzo]mWv ôte. \memw \q‰m-≠p -ap-X¬ -A-hnsS saXm-∑m-cp-≠m-



bn-cp-∂p. AhnsS 536 hsc CuPn-]vjy≥ tZhn-bmb Cukn-kns‚ Hc-

ºew D≠m-bn-cp-∂p. Np‰p-ap≈ \nc-h[n AssI-kvX-h¿ Ahn-sS -X--Sn-®p-

IqSnbncp-∂p. \¿skkv F∂ _nk-ss‚≥ ssk-\ym-[n-]≥ AXv

X-I¿Øv AhnsS Hcp ]≈n-ÿm-]n-®p. Cukn-kns‚ cq]w tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏nƒ ayqkn-b-Øn-te-°v -am-‰n. Ahn-sSbpw Np‰p-ap≈ ÿe-ß-fn-ep-

ap≈ a\p-jysc InkvXym-\n-I-fm-°m≥ Xnb-tUm¿ ]cn-i-an-®p. Ahcpw

\q_n-bm-bnse s\m_mtU ]`p-°-∑mcpw InkvXym-\n-I-fm-bn. Ah-cp-

sS -C-S-bn¬ ]h¿Øn-®-h¿ GI-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ Bbn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬, Ah-

sc√mw GI-kz`mhhmZn-I-fmbn. sem≥Ko-\pkv, \q_n-b≥ saXm-\m-b-

t∏mƒ (569), Xnb-tUm-dn-t\mSv kl-I-cn-®v -]-h¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Xnb-tUm¿

-F-∂ as‰m-cmsf Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm-\m-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. F∂m¬

B saXm-`n-tj-I-Øn-¬ ôte-bnse Xnb-tUm¿ ]-s¶-Sp-Øn-√.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm¿

CuPn-]vXnse Xnb-tUm-jykv ]mXn-b¿°okv acn-®p-I-gn™v (566) GI-

kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Iƒ°v Xe-h-\n-√mØ Ahÿbmbn. At¥ym-Iy≥ GIkz-

`m-h -]m-Xn-b¿°okv ]utemkv Zvt_Xv Du°mam (+582) CuPn-]vXn-

te°v \mSp- I-S-Ø-s∏-´-t∏mƒ (575),- Xn-b-tUm-dns‚bpw Xnb-tUm-jy-kn-

s‚bpw ]n≥Xp-W-tbm-Sp-IqSn sem≥Ko-\p-kp-ambn _‘-s∏-Sp-Ibpw Xnb-

tUm¿- F-∂- kndn-b≥ k\ym-knsb Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ ]mXn-b¿°o-

km-°p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. F∂m¬ bmt°m_v _p¿Zm-\mbpw a‰v GI-kz-

`m-h-hm-Zn-I-fpw IqSn ]tXmkv \mem-a≥ F∂bmsf ]mXn-b¿°o-km-

°n. sN≈n-b-m-bnse tPm¨ AXn\v t\XrXzw \¬In. XpS¿∂p≠mb -

X¿°w \nanØw Xnb-tUm¿ k-`m-Im-cyßfn¬ CS-s]-Sm-sX -k-\ym-kn-

bm-bn -I-gn™p.- A-Xp-sIm≠v A-bmƒ°v im¥-am-bn- B-i-a-Øn¬

]m¿°m≥ I-gn-™p. Ab-mƒ ]n≥Km-an-sb -hm-gn-®n-√. ]o‰¿ a-cn-®t∏mƒ

(578) Uman-b≥ ]m-Xn-b¿°o-km-Ip-I-bpw- Xs‚ A[n-Imcw F√m-h-sc-

bpw- sIm-≠v- Aw-Ko-I-cn-∏n-°p-I-bpw -sNbvXp. ]utemkv Zv t_Xv Du°m-

am-bv°v- Xnb-tUm¿ A-b® knt\m-Un°m kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ e`y-am-Wv.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ]-tXmkv IV (575- 577)

sN≈n-bm-bnse tPmWns‚ ]cn-i-a-Øm¬ ]o-‰¿ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bn¬

575- ¬ ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bn.- A-t∏mƒ CuPn-]vXn¬ \mev GI-kz- m-hhmZn-

I-fmb saXm-∑m-tc- D-≠m-bn-cp-∂p-≈-p. Ah-cp-sS -ÿ-m-\Øv CuPn]vXn-

ep-S-\ofw Fgp-]-tXmfw saXm-∑msc hmgn-®v,- Abmƒ G-Ikz-`m-h -l-b-

cm¿°n -ÿm-]n-®p- F∂v Ft^-tkm-kn-setbm-l-∂m≥ ]-d-bp-∂p.

]utemkv Zv t_Xv Du°m-am-bp-am-bn 576-˛¬ \S∂ IqSn-°mgvN ]c-kv]c



-ap-S-°n¬ Iem-in-®p.- bm-t°m_v _p¿Zm\m ]o‰-dns\ ]n¥m-ßn. F∂m¬

Abmƒ°v Ft -tkm-kn-se- tPm-Wns‚ ]n¥p-W -e- n-®n-√.- ]o‰¿ Nne

kpdn-bm\n Bi-a-ß-fn-te°pw Xs‚ kzm[o\w hym]n-∏n-®p. Abmƒ 577-

˛¬ acn-®p.-]n≥Km-an-bmb Uman-b≥ hmgn-°-s∏- Xv Hcp h¿jw Ign-™m-

Wv. ]o‰-dn¬ \n∂v bmt°m_v _p¿Zm\msb A`n-\-µn-®p- sIm-≠p≈ Hcp

-tcJbpsS Nne `mK-ßƒ kpdn-bm-\n-bn¬ e`n-®n- p-≠v.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Uman-b≥ (578- 606/7)

CuPn-]vXnse Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-]m-Xn-b¿°o-kv Uman-b≥, Hjvtd-

\n¬ \n∂p≈ Hcp- kp-dn-bm-\n-°m-c≥ Bbn-cp-∂p. tjXn-ep≈ Hcm-i-a-

Ønepw (17 h¿jw) F∂m-t‰m≥ Bi-a-Øn-epw Zo¿L-Imew sNeh-gn-

®p. ]n∂oSv ]o‰-¿ \mem-as‚ skI-´-dnbpw ]n≥Km-an-bp-ambn. ]tXmkv

I√n-\n-°-kns‚ ]´-Øn-\p- apºv ]utemkv Zvt_Xv Du°m-amsb (579/

80) apS-°m≥ Abmƒ Hcp-iaw \S-Øn. AXp ]cm-P-b-s∏-´-t∏mƒ

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ t]mbn hnhn[ GI-kz-`m-h-hm-Zn-Isf sFIy-

s∏-Sp-Øm-\p≈ tbmK-Øn¬ (580) ]s¶-Sp-°p-Ibpw saXm-∑msc hmgn-

°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. Ahn-sS- h®v At¥ym-Iy-°m-cp-ambn [mc-W-bn¬

FØn-sb-¶nepw \mń¬ Xncn-s®-Øn-b-t∏mƒ AXv \ncm-I-cn-®p. ]utem-

kv Zv t_Xv Du°m-amsb -ap-S-°n-s°m≠v CuPn-]vXnepw ]uc-kvXy-\m-Sp-

I-fnepw IØp-I-f-b-®p.- ]n∂oSv ]o‰¿ I√n-\n-°-kns\ 581-˛¬ saXm-\m-

°p-∂-Xn\v A\p-`mhw ]I-Sn-∏n-®p. BZysØ \mep-h¿jw -Um-an-b\pw

]o‰dpw [mc-W-bn¬ aptºm-´p-t]m-bn. AXp -I-gn™v XnsX-bnkw kw_-

‘n-®p≈ X¿°Øn¬ Ah¿ ]n-W-ßn. ]c-kv]-cw -Ip-‰m-tcm-]Ww \S-

Øn-s°m-≠p≈ IrXn-I-sf-gp-Xn. 588-˛¬ ]c-kv]-c- Iq-´m-bvabpw -hn-t—-

Zn®p. Cu ioiva 616-˛emWv Ah-km-\n-®-Xv. A∂sØ At¥ym-Iym

]m-Xn-b¿°okv AØ\m-tkym-kv H∂ma\pw (594-˛631) Ae-Ivkm-≠n-

bm- ]m-Xn-b¿°okv A\-kvXmkyqkpw (606/7˛618/9) [mc-W-bn-em-bn.

Uman-bs‚ ]e IØp-Ifpw tlman-en-I-fpw `mKn-I-amtbm ]q¿Wamtbm

e`n-®n-´p-≠v. Xn-sX-bn-Ãp-Im¿s°-Xn-sc-bp-≈ -IrXn \jvS-s∏-´p-t]m-bn.

F∂m¬ ]o‰-¿ I√n-\n°kns‚ JWvU-\-Ir-Xn-I-fn¬ \n∂v ]eXpw

hos≠-Sp°m-\m-Ipw. Xs‚ sa-Xm-`n-tj-I-Øn-\p-tijw (578) bmt°m_v

_p¿Zm-\bv°pw ]uc-kvXy-k\ymkn-Iƒ°pw sshZn-I¿°pw Hcp kn\Un-

°¬ teJ-\w- A-b-®p. bmt°m_v acn®t∏mƒ Bizm-k-h-N-\-ß-fp-ambn

Hcp teJ-\sa-gp -Xn(578). Im¬kn-U¨,- se-tbm-bpsS teJ-\w

F∂nhtbbpw- Pq-en-b≥, -Xn-sX-bn-kvX¿,- A-t·-Xmbv F∂n-htcbpw

CXnepw kn\-Un-°¬ -te-J-\-Ønepw \ncm-I-cn-°p-∂p. ]o‰¿ I√n-\n-°-

kn\v aq∂p -IØp-I-f-b-®p. AXp-t]mse a‰p- ]-e¿°pw Ab-® -teJ-\-



ß-fp-sS `mK-ßƒ am-Xta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. ]e hnh-c-ßfpw ]o‰-dns‚ adp-

]-Sn-bn¬ \n∂mWv \mw Kln-°p-I. ]o‰-dns‚ ]£-°m¿ Uman-bs‚

]£-°msc ""ks_-√n-b¿'' F∂pw ""sSSm-Un-s‰kv'' F∂pw hnfn-®p. Uman-

bs‚ ]£-°m¿ FXn-cm-fn-Isf ""XnsX-bn-Ãp-Iƒ'' F∂pw hnfn-®p.

tPm¨ nsem-t∏m-Wp-kv,- l-en-I¿Wm-kp-kn-se- Pq-en-b≥, Køm-\o-Ø¿,

At·-Xm-bv, tkm^nÃv Ão^s‚ A\p-bm-bn-Iƒ, tkm^nÃv t]m_m

F∂n-h-cm-bn-cp∂p GI-kz- m-h-hm-Zn-I-fp-sS CS-bnse FXn-cm-fn-Iƒ. Uman-

bs‚ A\pbm-bn-Isf a‰p-≈-h¿ ""G≥P-eo-Ø¿''- F∂p hnfn-®p. Im¬kn-

U¨ ]mXn-b¿°okv Fhp-tfm-Kn-b-kn-\p -tijw (580-˛607) Uman-bs‚

]£-°m¿ H∂n-®p-Iq-Sn-bn-cp-∂Xv Ah-cpsS GI-]-≈n-bmb A≥sP-en-

t°m-Wn¬ Bbn-cp-∂p.- A-Xp-sIm-≠mWv Ah¿°v B t]cv e`n-®-Xv. ˛

C°m-eØv Db¿∂p- h-∂ -tIm-]vXnIv Fgp-Øp-Im-cmWv Akyq-Xnse

tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥, Ajvap-ss\-\nse tPm¨, tjms´-∏nse dq^p-kv,- ]-

cm-tfm-knse tPm¨ F∂n-h¿.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Fhp-tfm-Kn-bpkv (580- 608)

Im¬kn-U¨ A\p- m-hn-I-fpsS ]m-Xn-b¿°o-km-bn-cp∂p Fhp-tfm-Kn-bpkv.

Ko°p- kw-km-cn-® Hcp- kpdn-bm-\n°m-c-\m-bn-cp∂ At±lw Iptd\mƒ

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fn¬ Xma-kn-®p. ]e ]pXnb ]≈n-Ifpw sa¬°o-

Ø¿°p-th≠n ]Wn-bn-®p. km[m-c-W-°mcpw k\ym-kn-Ifpw GI-kz-

`m-h -Nn-¥m-K-Xn-°m-cm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ At±-l-Øns‚ A[n-Imcw hfsc

]cn-an-X-am-bn-cp-∂p. -F-∂m¬ Uman-bs‚ A\p-bm-bn-Isf Ae-Ivkm-≠n-

bm-bn¬ Hscm-‰- ]-≈n-bn¬ HXp-°n. Abmƒ [mcmfw IrXn-Iƒ Fgp-Xn-

sb-¶nepw Nne tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ amXta Ah-ti-jn-°p∂p-≈p.

Zm\-io-e-\m-b- -tPm¨ (610- 620)

ssk]-knse Aam-Xp-kn¬ [\nI IpSpw-_-Øn¬ P\n® tPm¨ BZyw

IpSpw-_-Po-hn-Xw -\-bn-®p. `mcybpw a°fpw acn-®-tijw kzØv Zm\w-

sN-bvXn´v k`m-tk-h-\-Øn-\v- C-d-ßn-Øn-cn-®p. slcm-¢n-bkv NI-h¿Øn

Abmsf 610-˛¬ CuPn-]vXnse Im¬kn-U¨ A\p-`m-hn-I-fpsS ]mXn-

b¿°o-km-°n. Im¬kn-U¨ A\p- m-hn-Iƒ \yq\-]-£-am-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬,-

A-hn-SpsØ PohnXw Ffp-∏-am-bn-cp-∂n-√.- A-t±lw CuPn-]vXnepw a‰nS-

ß-fnepw [mcmfw Poh-Im-cp-Wy-]-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ \S-Øn. AXp-hgn Zm\-

io-e≥ AYhm [¿an-jvT≥ F∂p -t]-cm-bn. -tPm¨ tam-kvIp-kv,- skm-

t^m-Wn-bpkv F∂n-h¿ At±-l-sØ- k-lm-bn-®p. A°m-e-Øv -Im¬kn-

U¨ -A-\p-bm-bn-I-fpsS ]≈n-Iƒ Fgp-]-Xmbn h¿≤n-®p.- tIm¨Ãm‚n-

t\m-∏n-fn-te°v t]mIp-∂ -hgn Aam-Xp-kn¬ h-®-v a-cn-®p. At±lw

hn. Xnt°m¨ -F-∂ Aam-Xpkv saXms‚ Poh-N-cnXw cNn-®n-´p-≠v.



Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse tPm¿Pv

tPmWns‚ ]n≥Km-an-bmbn ]mXn-b¿°o-km-bXv tPm¿Pm-Wv (620).- ]√m-

Un-bp-kns\ B[m-c-am°n Abmƒ tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ Hcp Poh-

N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn. AXv ssIh-∂n-´p-≠v.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse sskdkv

sskdkv BZyw ^mkn-knse (sk-s_-kvtXm-s∏m-fo-kn-se) saXm-\m-

bn-cp-∂p. Abmƒ tIm¨Ã-m‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tk¿Pn-bp-kns‚ (610-˛628)

Inkv-Xp-imkvXw 626-˛¬ kzoI-cn-®p. NI-h¿Øn Abmsf ]n∂o-Sv- A-

e-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnse ]mXn-b¿°o-kmbn \nb-an-®p.- A-tXm-sSm∏w CuPn-

]vXns‚ ]osÎvSpw anen-‰dn Kh¿W--dp-am-°n. -A-bmƒ 633-˛¬ Ae-Ivkm-

≠n-bm-bn¬ Hcp kn\Uv hnfn-®p-Iq-ń.- tamtWmF-\¿Pn-k-Øns‚ ASn-

ÿm-\-Øn¬ H≥]Xv JWvUn-I-I-fn-embn hnhn-[-hn-`m-K-°msc tbmPn-

∏n-°m≥ Hssc-Iy-t^m¿ape D≠m-°n. Im¬kn-Us‚ ""c≠p -kz-`m-h-ß-

fn¬'' F∂Xpw kndn-ens‚ ""GI-kz-`m-h-hpw (-an-bm -^yq-kn-kv)'' AYhm

skhp-tUm˛Ub-\o-jy-kns‚ ""Fs\¿sKbvbm sXbm-≥Un-t°bpw''

Fß-s\ -tN-¿∂p-t]m-Ip-sa-∂v G-gm-asØ JWvUnI hy‡-am-°n.- cm-P-

Io-b- ]n-¥p-W -D-≠m-bn-cp-s∂-¶nepw GIkz- m-h-hm-Zn-I-fp-am-bn- D-≠m°nb

Cu sFIyw \ne-\n-∂n-√. -A-d-_n -ap-t∂-‰-Im-e-Øv (640) sskd-kv- H-‰n-

s°m-Sp-sØ-∂v- B-tcm-]n°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw ÿm-\-`-jvS-\m-°-s∏-Sp-Ibpw

sNbvXp. F-∂m¬ 614-˛¬ XncnsI h∂p. Cu Ime-Øm-Wv- A-d-_n-Iƒ

Ae-Ivkm-≠nbm Iog-S-°n-b-Xv. 642-˛¬ acn-®p. sskd-kns‚ aq∂p IrXn-

Iƒ Ah-ti-jn-°p-∂p.

lns∏-sd-°n-bpkv

""k\ym-kn-Iƒ°p≈ D]-tZiw'' F∂ sNdn-sbmcp ]kw-K-Øns‚

I¿Øm-hm-W-bmƒ. -""]n-Xr-kq-‡-ß-fn¬'' lns∏-sd-°n-b-p-kns‚ t]cn-

ep≈ samgn-I-fpsS Dd-hnSw CXm-Wv.

tjXnse Zm\n-tb¬

k\ym-kn-I-sfbpw Xm]-k-scbpw Ipdn-®p≈ ]e IY-I-fnepw ]nXr-kq-

‡-ß-fnse IY-I-fnepw tjXnse k\ym-kn-bmb Zm\n-tb¬ ]Xy-£-

s∏-Sp-∂p. P\-]oXn t\Snb IY-I-fm-bn-cp-∂-Xn-\m¬ Ah ]e ]uc-kvXy-

`m-j-I-fn-te°pw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn- p-≠v.

\n°n-bp-hnse tPm¨ (7- mw \q.)

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bv°-SpØp≈ \n°n-bp-hnse tIm]vXnIv saXm-\m-bn-

cp∂ tPm¨, AXn-\p-apºv k\ym-kn-I-fpsS AUvan-\n-kvtS-‰¿ XpSßn



k -b-n¬ D∂-X-ÿm-\-ßƒ hln-®n-cp-∂p. A[n-Im-c-]-a-ØX Imń-sb∂

Btcm-]-W-Øm¬ ]n∂oSv ÿm-\- -jvS-\m-°-s∏- p.- A-bmƒ Hcp tImWn-

°nƒ Fgp-Xn-bn-´p-≠v (690). AXn¬ BZw apX¬ 644 hsc-bp≈ Imcy-

ßƒ sImSp-Øn-cn°p∂p. 122 -A-[ym-b-ß-fm-bn-´mWv aqe-Ir-Xn-sb-¶nepw

]eXpw \jvS-s∏-´- co-Xn-bn¬ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-eqsS amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p.

tIm]vXn-°n¬ \n∂v Ad-_n-bn-te°pw Ad-_n-bn¬\n∂v FtXym-]y-\n-

te°pw hnh¿Ø\w \S-∂p. Ct∏m-gp-≈-Xv- FtXym-]y≥ ]-Zm-\p-]-Z- X¿P-

a-bm-Wv. -]e `mK-ßfpw \jvS-s∏-´- co-Xn-bn-emWv Ct∏mƒ e`n-®n-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. skmIm-´-kv, tPm¨ aem-em-kv,- ]m-kvI¬ tImWn-°nƒ F∂n-h-

sb -tPm¨ -B-[m-c-am-°n-bn-´p--≠v. -A-bmƒ Im¬kn-U¨hn-cp-≤ -tN-cn--

bnembn-cp-∂p. InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn-se -hn-`-P-\-amWv ap…ow apt∂-

‰sØ klm-bn-®-sX-∂v- A-t±lw ]d-bp-∂p.

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse AtΩm-Wn-bpkv

Hcp hymJym-Xm-hm-bn-cp∂p Abmƒ.- ko-\m-bnse A\-kvXm-kyqkv

tlmsU-tKm-kn¬ ]cm-a¿in-°p∂ AtΩm-Wn--bpkv Cbm-f-√- F-∂m-Wv

]-WvUn-X-a-Xw.- ""F-hp-Xo-s°-kn-s‚bpw Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kn-s‚bpw ]mj-

WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ IrXn-bn¬'' \n∂v A\-kvXm-kyqkv D≤-cn-

°p-∂p.

as‰mcp AtΩm-Wn-bp-kv, Zm\n-tb¬, -tbm-l-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jw-

F-∂n-hbv°v `mjysa-gp-Xn.- C-bmƒ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ k`-bnse sshZn-

I-\pw- C-t°m-W-ap-kp-am-bn-cp-∂p.- Xn-tamXn sFeq-tdm-kn-s\-Xnsc Im¬kn-

U¨ Iu¨kn-ens\ \ymbo-I-cn-®p- sIm≠p≈ setbm NIh¿Øn

bpsS IØv Abmƒ AwKo-I-cn-®p. ItØ-\-I-fn¬ -C-bm-fp-sS- hym-Jym-\-

ßƒ ImWmw.- k-¶o¿Ø-\-ßƒ,- eq-°m, \S]Sn-Iƒ, 1-sIm-dn., 1]-tXm.

F∂n-h-bpsS `mjy-i-I-e-ßƒ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

_m¿_m-cp-kv kvI-en-tK-dnbpw A⁄m-X- Im-em-\p-I-a-Wn-Ibpw (tIm-tWm-Km- pkv At\m-Wn-ap-kv)

Hc-e-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ Ko°v Imem-\p-I-a-Wn-I-bpsS t]cmWv _m¿_m-cpkv

kvI-en-tK-dn.- CXv 700- m-am-t≠m-Sp-IqSn eØo-\n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

tPmk^v bpkvXpkv kvIen-tK¿ (1540-˛1609) F∂-bm-fmWv CXv eØo-

\n¬ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®Xv. ""tIm-tWm-Km- pkv At\m-an-apkv'' F∂-Xp-ambn

(5˛mw \q.) -C-Xn\v _‘-ap-≠v. BZw apX-ep≈ Imem-\p-I-a-WnI _m¿_m-

cpkv \¬Ip-∂p.- C-Xn\v aq∂p- `m-K-ß-fp≠v: 1. BZn-ap-X¬ t¢tbm-]mSm

hsc (31- _n.-kn). 2.- t]¿jy≥, A- o-dn-b≥ cmPm-°-∑m-cp-sS- `m-Kn-I-]- nI

-Iƒ,- Pq-en-bkv kok¿ apX¬ he‚o-\n-b≥ c≠m-a≥ h-sc-bp-≈- ]-ńI



(387). 3.- A-\-kvXm-kyqkv c≠m-a≥ hsc-bp≈ ]ńI (512).- B-^n-°m-

\p-kv, lnt∏m-fn-‰-kv,- F-hp-tk-_n-b-kv F∂n-hsc B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv CXv

Xbm-dm-°n-b-n-cn°p-∂-Xv.

2.- tIm-]v-XnIv mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb IrXn-Iƒ

]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vXnse `mj-bm-Wv tIm-]vXn-Iv. InkvXym-\n-Iƒ

3˛9 \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ Cu mj -D-]-tbm-Kn-®n-cp-∂p. Ggmw \q‰m-≠p-hsc CuPn-

]vXn¬ Ko°pw \ne-\n-∂p. Ad_n B[n-]-Xy-tØm-SpIqSn Ad-_n-`m-j-

km¿h-XnI-am-bn. sUtam-ńIv F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ CuPn-]vjy≥ `mj

A©mw \q‰m≠p -hsc \ne-\n-∂p. bqZ-∑m¿- A-d-amb `mjbpw D]-tbm-

Kn-®p. ]pcm-X\ CuPn-]vjy≥ `mj-bpsS A£-c-am-e-tbm-Sp-IqsS Ko°v

A£-c-ßƒ Iqń-t®¿ØmWv tIm]vXnIv A£-c-ame D≠m-°n-bn-cn-°p-

∂-Xv. tIm]vXn-°n¬ kln-Zn-Iv, -s_m-ssl-dn-Iv,- A-Ivan-an-Iv,- k_v AIvan-

an-Iv, -Hm-Ivkn-dn-ss¶‰v F∂o Ahm-¥c-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-≠v. F∂m¬ F´mw

\q‰m-≠p-h-sc- km-ln-Xy- m-j- k-ln-Zn-°m-bn-cp-∂p;- s_m-ssl-dnIv H≥]Xmw

\q‰m-≠p- ap-X-epw. CuPn-]vXnse tIm]vXnIv InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bnse

sSIvÃp-I-sf√mw tIm]vXnIv `mjbn-em-Wv. tate-°n-S-bn-ep-≈hcm-I-s´

Ko-°n-se-gp-Xn. k\ym-k-Ir-Xn-Iƒ an-°-hbpw tIm]vXn-°n-em-Wv. Ko°n¬

\n∂p≈ [mcmfw hnh¿Ø\-ßfpw tIm]vXnIv `mj-bn-ep-≠m-bn.

Im¬kn-U¨ kn-\-Uphsc (451) CuPn-]vXn-se -k` tKt°m-˛-tdm-

a≥ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse k`-bpsS apJy-[m-c-bn¬ Cgp-In-t®¿∂v ItØm-en-

°m-k-`-bmbn Ign-™p. Im¬kn-U-Wn-\p-tijw tIm]vXnIv InkvXym-

\n-Iƒ Im¬kn-U¨hn-cp-≤ -tN-cn-bn-te-°p -Xn-cn-™v, Im-tXm-en-I-Iq- mbva

\jvS-s∏-Sp-Øn.- tIm-]vXnIv InkvXp-aXw AXn-\p-tijw AXn-t‚-Xmb

coXn-bn¬ hf-cm≥ Xp-S-ßn.

BZy-Im-e- IrXn-Iƒ

ss__nƒ K-Ÿ-ßƒ°p- ]p-dta At∏m-In-^¬ IrXn-Iƒ tIm]vXnIv

`mj-bn¬ hym]-I-ambn ]N-cn-®ncp-∂p. Gen-bm-hns‚ shfn-]m-Sv,- G-im-

bm-bpsS Z¿i\w F∂o -c-≠v ]-g-b-\n-ba At∏m-Io-^m-I-fmWv BZyw

(3/4˛-\q.) -tIm-]vXn-°n-te°v hnh¿Ø-\w -sN-ø-s∏-´-Xv. skmt^m-Wn-bm-

bpsS shfn-]mSv F∂- A-t∏m-In-^¬ K-Ÿ-Øns‚ Nne `mK-ßtf e`n-

®n- p-≈p. ]utem-kns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, «ol-∑m-cpsS teJ-\w,- ]-tXm-kns‚

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ F∂o ]pXnb\nba At∏m-Io- m-I-fp-sSbpw tIm]vXnIv ]Xn-

∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn. saen-t‰m-bpsS s]cn-]m-kvI,- B-flm-hn-s\bpw ico-c-

sØbpw Ipdn®v F∂o -tlm-an-en-Ifpw t_kn-ens‚ t]cn¬ A-dn-b-s∏-



ń-cp∂ ""tkmf-as‚ Be-b-sØ-°p-dn®v'' F∂- tlm-an-enbpw tIm]vXn-

°n¬ 3/4 \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ ]Xy-£-s∏-´p.

k\ym-k-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

CuPn-]vXnse At¥m-Wn-tbm-kn-s‚bpw ]t°m-an-tbm-kn-s‚bpw t]cn¬

Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂ tcJ-Iƒ BZyw tIm]vXn-°n-em-bn-cn-°mw ]-Xy-£-s∏-

´Xv. At¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ IØp-Iƒ tIm]vXn-°n¬ ]N-cn-®n-cp-∂p.

]t°m-an-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw,- k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ, IØp-Iƒ F∂nh

\memw \q‰m-≠n¬ tIm]vXn-°n¬ Fgp-X-s∏-´p. ]t°m-an-tbm-kns‚

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Hcp \o≠ D]-tZiw At±-l-Øn-t‚-X√. k\ym-

k-Øns‚ hnhn[ hi-ßsf ]cm-a¿in-®p-sIm≠v Hcp- k-\ym-kn°v

\¬Ip∂ \o≠ D]-tZ-i-amWv D≈-S-°w. ]t°m-an-tbm-kns‚ t]cn¬

Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]e samgn-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw CtX A`n-]m-b-am-Wp-≈-Xv. Xnb-

tUm-dns‚ t]cn-ep≈ Hcp- I-Øv At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv. F∂m¬- A-t±-

l-Øns‚ t]cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ]kw-K-ß-fpsS `mK-ßƒ At±--l-Øn-

t‚-X-√. -tlm-¿kn-sb-kn-bp-sS c≠p -I-Øp-Ifpw Nne -I-Øp-I-fpsS `mK-

ßfpw At±-l-Øn-t‚-Xm-Wv.- F-∂m¬ At±-l-Øn-s‚- t]-cn¬ Adn-b-

s∏-Sp∂ \nb-a-ßfpw ]kw-Khpw a‰p Nne IrXn-IfpsS `m-K-ßfpw At±-

l-Øn-t‚-X-√.

t·mÃnIv kmlnXyw

tIm]vXnIv `mj-bn¬ [mcmfw t·mÃnIv IrXn-Iƒ D≠m-bn. Ko°n¬

\n∂p≈ tIm]vXnIv ]cn-`mj Nne ]t°m-an-b-≥ k-\ym-k- k-aq-l-ß-fn-

emtWm D≠m-b-sX∂v kwi-bn-°p-∂-h-cp-≠v. \mKv lΩ-Zn-bn¬ \n∂v

1945-˛¬ tIm]vXnIv `mj-bn-ep≈ ]Xn-aq∂v t·mÃnIv hmey-ßƒ e`n®p.

Ahsb-∏-‰n ]Tn-®-h¿ Cu t·mÃnIv IrXn-Isf ]e hn`m-K-ß-fmbn

Xncn-®n-´p≠v:

(1)- h-e‚o-\n-b≥ t·mkv‰nIv IrXn-Iƒ: kXy-kp-hn-ti-jw, -^n-en-

∏ns‚ kphn-ti-jw, D∞-m-\-sØ-∏-‰n, X‡m-Xpkv Xn]m¿Xn-Xpkv F∂o

-Ir-Xn-Iƒ Cu KW-Øn¬ s]-Sp-∂p. Ah-km\w ]d-™Xv t·mÃ-nIv

ssZh-im-kvX -kw-K-l-am-Wv. CXn\v aq∂p- m-K-ß-fp≈-Xn-\m-emWv ta¬

∏d-™ -X-e-s°-´v. he‚o-\n -b≥ t·mÃn-kn-k-Øns‚ ][m-\m

-i-b-ßƒ CXn¬ ImWmw. D∂-X-tem-Iw, ùan-I- tem-I-Øn-s‚bpw

a\p-jy-s‚bpw krjvSn,- a-\p-jy-N-cn-Xhpw c£bpw F∂n-ß-s\-bmWv

Xn-hn[ hn`-P-\w. ico-cw, -B-flm-hv,- A-cq]n F∂nßs\ a\p-jys\

aq∂mbn -Xn-cn-°p-∂p.

tIm-]v-XnIv `mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb IrXn-Iƒ


(2) tiXn-b≥ t·mÃnIv IrXn-Iƒ: t·mÃn-kn-k-Øn¬ tiXv Hcp

][m-\- I-Ym-]m-X-am-Wv. tbml-∂ms‚ At∏m-Io^m (tbip tbml-

∂m\p \¬Inb shfn-]m-Sp-I-fm-Wv- D-≈-S-°w),- Cu-Pn-]vXp-Im-cp-sS- kp-hn-

ti-jw, tiXns‚ inem-^-eIw (tiXv Fgp-Xnb aq∂p KoX-ßƒ),- ""t]m-

tX-s∂mbvbm Xntam¿t^m-kv,''- ""lyp-t∏m-Ã-knkv B¿t°m≥tXm≥'',

temtIm¬∏-Øn-sb-∏-‰n,- B-Z-Øns‚ shfn-]m-Sv, a¬°o-k-tZ-°v, alm-

\m-b- ti-Xns‚ IrXn, t\msdbm F∂o IrXn-Iƒ Cu hn`m-K-Øn¬

s]Sp-∂p.

(3) Ctd-\n-b≥ t·mÃnIv IrXn-Iƒ: skmkvXn-bm-t\m-kv,- A-t√m-

sK-s\kv F∂o- c-s≠Æw CXn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-∂p.- -\mKv lΩ-Zn-bnse tcJ-

I-fn¬ G‰hpw hep-Xm-Wm-Zy-tØ-Xv.

(4) Gjym-‰nIv t·mÃnIv IrXn-Iƒ: tXma-kns‚ kphn-ti-jw: tb-

ip-hns‚ hm°p-I-fpsS kam-lm-c-am-Wn-Xv (temKnbm); kwkm-c -ssi-en-

bm-Wv- C-Xn\v. \mKv lΩZn tcJ-I-fn¬ CXmWv G‰hpw IqSp-X¬ ]T-\-

hn-j-b-am-b-Xv. a‰-p-≈h: eo_¿ tXmta AXvte-tX, ]tXm-kn-s‚bpw 12

«ol-∑m-cp-sSbpw \S-]-Sn-Iƒ,- bm-t°m-_ns‚ teJ-\w, bmt°m-_ns‚

c≠p shfn-]m-Sp-Iƒ,- a-dn-b-Øns‚ kphn-ti-jw, ]utem-kns‚ shfn-

]m-Sv,- ]-tXm-kns‚ shfn-]m-Sv,- ^n-en-∏n\v ]tXm-kns‚ teJ-\w,- c-£-

Is‚ Ub-tem-Kv.

(5)- sl¿sa-‰nIv IrXn-Iƒ: CuPn-]vjy≥ kw-kvIm-chpw sls√-\n-

k-hpw- Iq-Sn-t®¿∂-t∏mƒ DS-se-SpØ Hcp aXm-flI ]ÿm-\-amWv sl¿sa-

‰n-kw. ""FIvkvtN¿]vXpw At∏m-I-en-]vXn°pw FIvkv Akvt¢-∏ntbm'',

""H-Kv-sZm-B-Zn-s\bpw Fs∂-b-Un-s\bpw ]‰n sl¿sakpw tXm‰pw XΩnep≈

kw`m-j-Ww'',- tπ-t‰m-bpwS dn∏-ªn-°n¬ \n∂p≈ `mK-ßƒ.

(6) [m¿an-I -sS-IvÃp-Iƒ: skIvÃ-kns‚ samgn-Iƒ,- kn¬hm-\p-kv-

F-∂- Ir-Xn.

(7) XmXzn-Ihpw Xm¿°n-I-hp-amb sSIvÃ-p-Iƒ: ""HsX‚n-t°mkv

temtKm-kv,'' ""s\mtbam amt·'', ""s]msX≥tky t_m≥tX'', Bflm-

hn-s\- Ip-dn-®p≈ `mjyw, Fhp-t·m-Ã-kns‚ teJ-\w, tbip-In-kvXp-

hns‚ hn⁄m-\w.

(8) ]e-hI sSIvÃp-Iƒ: ""]mc-^m-knkv tiw'',- a¿km-s\-kv. ˛

Cu IrXn-I-sf-∏-‰n-sbms° hf-sc-b-[nIw ]T-\-ßƒ \S-∂n-´p-≠v. k`m-

]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ t]mepw I≠n-ń-√mØ ]e t·mÃnIv IrXn-Ifpw \mKv

lΩ-Zn-bn¬ \∂p e`n-®p. tbip-hns‚ kphn-tijw hf-s®m-Sn®v Xß-

fpsS t·mÃnIv Bi-b-ß-fp-ambn tN¿∂p-t]m-Ip-∂- H-cp-Xcw InkvXp-



aXw C°q-´¿ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®p. Xß-fmWv bYm¿Y InkvXym-\n-Iƒ F∂v

]N-cn-∏n-°p-Ibpw sNbvXp. A∂-sØ- k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ CØ-c-°m-cpsS

I]-S- ssI-kvX-h-kz-`mhw Xpd-∂p-Im-ń, -ss«-ln-I-]-t_m-[\w Dd-∏n-®p.

a\n-t°-b≥ sSIvÃp-Iƒ

tIm]v‰nIv `mj-bn-ep≈ Iptd a\n-s°-b≥ sSIvÃp-Iƒ 1929-˛30

Ifn¬ CuPn-]vXn¬ \n∂v Is≠-Sp-Øp. ]eXpw s]mń-s∏m-fn™v hmbn-

°m≥ ]‰mØ coXn-bn-em-Wv. Ah-bn¬ hfsc Ipd®p amXta ]kn-≤o-

I-cn-®n- p-≈p.- U-ªn≥, _¿en≥, hnb∂m, sImtfm¨ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn-embn

Cu Isø-gp-Øp -]-Xn-Iƒ kq£n-°p-∂p. a\n-t°-b≥ k¶o¿Ø\-ßƒ

Dƒs°m-≈-p∂ tcJbv°v 500- -Hmfw t]PpIƒ -h-cpw. AXv Uªn-\n-em-Wv.-

am\n Xs‚ injy¿°p \¬Ip∂ D]-tZ-i-ßƒ sI^m-e-bm- F-∂-t]-cn¬

c≠v hmey-ß-fp-≠v. Ah _¿en\nepw hnb-∂m-bn-ep-am-Wv. InkvXo-b-

k- bv°v kam-¥-c-ambn hf¿∂ Hcp ]ÿm-\-am-bn-cp∂p a\n-s°-bn-kw.

Xß-fp-tS-XmWv bYm¿Y -In-kvXp-a-X-sa∂p sXfn-bn-°m≥ C°q- ¿ hfsc

]mSp-s]- p.- sa-Xm-∑mcpw sshZn-Icpw Uo°-∑mcpw Dƒs∏´ Hcp lb-cm¿°n

Xs∂ Ah¿°p-≠m-bn-cp-∂p.- Cu-Pn-]vXnepw hS-°≥ B^n-°-bnepw ]›n-

ta-jy-bnepw Ah¿°v Ip-sd-sbms° ]N-c-Ww- e- n-®p.

Hcn-P-\nkw

Nne ]t°m-an-b≥ Bi-a-ßƒ Hcn-P-\nÃv Nmbvhp≈h Bbn-cp∂p.

F∂m¬ Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse hn. sXtbm-^n-ekv (+412)- H-cn-P≥

hn-cp≤ tNcn-bn-te°v \oßp-Ibpw ""B≥X-s∏m-tam¿^nIv'' Bi-b-ßƒ

]pe¿Øp-Ibpw sNbvX-t∏mƒ,- k-\ym-kn-I-fp-ambn kwL-´-\-ap-≠m-bn.

Cu kml-N-cyw- hy-‡-am-°p-∂-XmWv tlm¿kn-sb-kn-bpsS Poh-N-cn-Xw.-

tIm-]vXn-Iv km-lnXyw Hcn-P-\nÃv X¿°-ß-fn-te°vv IS∂p-h-∂-Xn-te°v

shfn®w hoip-∂XmWv X¿tkmkv saXm≥ AK-tXm-Wn-°q-kp-ambn

_‘-s∏´ \mep IrXn-Iƒ. AK-tXmWn-°q-kv- F-∂Xv Hcp kmln-Xy-

kr-jvSn-bm-sW-∂v I-cp-Xp-∂h-cp-≠v. Fhm-Kn-b≥ k¿°n-fp-Iƒ Hcn-P-\n-

k-Øn-te°v Nmbvhp≈-hbpw sj\q-Zm-bpsS k¿°n-fp-Iƒ B‚n Hcn-P-

\n-Ãp-am-bn-cp-∂p. CuPn-]vjy≥ k`m-t\-Xr-Xzhpw k\ym-kn-Ifpw XΩn¬

Hcn-P-\n-k-Øns‚ t]cn¬ A`n-]m-b-`n-∂X D≠mbn-cp-∂p. k\ym-kn-I-

fpsS ho£Ww hni-Z-am-°p-∂ KŸ-amWv A^p-hns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw.-

A^p (4/5 \q.) HmIvkn-¶p-dn-kn¬ saXm-\m-bn-cp-∂p. ""XΩm-bnse

]utemkv k\ym-kn-bp-sS -Po-h-N-cn-X-Ønepw'' A^p-hn-s\-∏‰n ]cm-a¿i-

ap-≠v. ISp-Ø- Xm-]k- -\m-bn-cp-∂ -A-^p-hns\ hn. sXtbm-^n-ekv,

saXm-\m-°n.-



Hcp ]u-tem-kns‚ Hcp sNdn-b -IØpw k\ym-k-sØ-∏‰n Hcp

Ir-Xnbpw a‰v Nne IrXn-I-fpsS iI-e-ßfpw tIm]vXn-°n¬ e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

as‰mcp Xm]k-\mb ""_mhn-Xns‚ (A-t∏m-f-bp-sS) Poh-N-cnXw''

]mt∏mlv F∂- k-\ymkn Fgp-Xn. ""k\ym-kn-I-fpsS NcnXw'' F∂-

t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ Nne IrXn-Iƒ tIm]v‰nIv `mj-bn-ep-≠v. ss\¬

Xm-gvh-c-bn-ep≈ k\ym-k-`-h-\-ßƒ kµ¿in®v Fgp-XnbhbmWh.

""Atdm-\o-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw'', ""HtWm-^n-bp-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw''

F∂nh (4-˛mw \q.) CØ-c-Øn¬ s]-´-h-bm-Wv.

\nJym-bp-sS -t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Nne Imt\m-\m-Iƒ tIm]vXn-

°n-ep-≠v. AXp-t]mse \nJym-bnse ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS ]t_m-[\w

(Un-U-kvIm-en-b) F∂- Ir-Xn-bpsS Ko°n¬ \n∂p≈ tIm]vXnIv

hnh¿Ø-\-hp-ap-≠v.

sj\qZmbpsS IrXnIƒ

DØ-c -Cu-Pn-]vXn¬ tkmlm-Kn¬ AXnt∏ Bi-am-[y-£-\m-bn-

cp∂p sj\q-Zm (+466).- ""A∏ sj\q-Zm-bpsS Biaw'' F∂pw ""shfpØ

Biaw'' F∂pw AXv hnfn-°-s∏-ń-cp-∂p.- ""Z-b¿ F¬ A_n-bZv''F∂v

C∂-Xv- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. apsºm-cn-°¬ sj\q-Zm-sb-∏‰n Npcp°n Hcn-SØv

]d-™n- p≠v (Pn.-tN-Sn-b-Øv,- ]-tSm-f-Pn˛2,- tIm- -bw, 2006,- t].245). sj\qZm

Ft^-tkmkv kn\-Un¬ (431) hn.-kn-dn-en-t\m-sSm∏w kw_-‘n-®p. kn\-

Uns‚ GtXm Hcp- sk-j-\n¬ Hcp ]kwKw ]d-™p. At±lw hfsc

]i-kvX-\pw- A-dn-b-s∏-´-h-\p-am-bn-cp-∂p. At\Iw hnin-jvS -hy-‡n-Iƒ

At±-l-hp-ambn _‘w ]pe¿Øn. At±lw hfsc Zo\m-\pIºbp≈

Bfm-bn-cp-∂p. Np‰p-ap≈ Zcn-Z-scbpw \n -lm-b-scbpw hnhn[ coXn-I-

fn¬ klm-bn-®p. At±-l-Øn-s‚ -in-jy-cmbn \nc-h[n kvXo]p-cp-j-∑m-

cp-≠m-bn-cp-∂p. tIm]vXnIv `mj-bn¬ Hdn-Pn-\¬ Ir-Xn-I-sfgp-Xn-b-h-cn¬

At±lw ap≥]-¥n-b-n¬ \n¬°p-∂p. At±lw Ko°n¬ \n∂v ]e-Xpw-

F-Sp-Øn´p≠v. ]e sSIvÃ-p-Ifpw Ct∏mgpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-ń-√. Xmsg

]d-bp∂ IrXn-Iƒ At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂p:

1. -In-sÃm-tfm-Pn-°¬ Im‰-s°-kn-kv.

2.- H-cn-P-\n-kvXy-¿s°-Xnsc

3.- sa-eo-jy¿s°-Xn-sc.

4.- a-\n-t°-b¿s°-Xn-sc.

5. Ko°p-Im¿°pw ]mj-Wv-Un-Iƒ°p-sa-Xnsc.



k-\ym-kn-Iƒ°v D]-tZiw \¬IpI Bbn-cp∂p At±-lØns‚

][m\ tPmen. t_im F∂ -in-jy≥ sj\q-Zm-bpsS Poh-N-cnXw Fgp-

Xn-bn-´p-≠v. Xmsg-∏-d-bp-∂hbmWv At±-l-Øns‚ ]kw-K-hn-j-b-ß-fn¬

Nn-eXv: ]nim-Nn-s\-Xn-sc,- ip-≤-X--sb-∏-‰n,- P-\-\-Øn-cp-\m-fn-s\-∏‰n, A\p-

k-c-W-t°-Sn-s\-∏-‰n ˛- D]-tZiw kzo-I-cn-°m≥ \ymbm-[n-]-∑m¿ t]mepw

A-t±-l-sØ -k-ao-]n-®n-cp-∂p. CuPn-]vXnse B ]-tZ-i-ß-fn¬ At∏m-

gpw Ah-ti-jn-®n-cp-∂ -hn-Pm-Xn-bsc am\- m-¥-cs-∏-Sp-Øm≥ At±lw

Fgp-Xp-Ibpw ]kw-Kn-°p-I-bpw -sN-bvXp. Ah-cp-sS -hn-K-lm-cm-[-\-bp-

sS- s]m-≈-Øcw shfn-®Øp sIm≠p-h-∂p. At±lw Hcn-P-\nÃv hncp-≤-

Nn-¥-Iƒ ]p-e¿Øn.

tlman-en -hn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ

tIm]vXnIv mj-bn-te°v Ko°p-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]e tlman-en-Ifpw

hnhn[ Ime-L-´-ß-fn¬ hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXn-´p-≠v. XmXznI IrXn-I-tf-

°mƒ ]mtbm-Kn-I- Ir-Xn-I-fmb tlman-en- k-am-lm-c-ß-fn-emWv hnh¿Ø-

I¿ Xm¬]cyw ImWn-®-Xv. ]e-t∏mgpw ]e `mK-ßfpw hn´p-I-f-™pw

t]cp am‰n-bp-sam-s°-b-mWv Ah tIm]vXn-°n¬ ]N-cn-®-Xv. hnh¿Ø-I-

cpsS t]cp-Iƒ sImSp-°p∂ coXn C√m-bn-cp-∂p.- C-ß-s\-bp≈ tlman-

en-I-fpsS ssIsb-gp-Øp-]-Xn-Iƒ sj\q-Zm-bpsS Bi-a-Øn-em-Wv ImW-

s∏-´Xv. kzX-¥-ambn FgpXs∏´ tlman-en-Iƒ Nne-t∏mƒ ]i-kvX-

cmb ]nXm-°-∑m-cpsS t]cn¬ ]N-cn-∏n-®n-´p≠v. hn. -A-Ø-\m-tkym-kv,-

kn-dn¬,- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, t_kn¬, KnKdn \kym≥k≥,

-Kn-Kdn \o m F∂nh-cpsS t]cn-em-Wv tIm-]vXn-°nse tlman-en- k-am-

lm-c-ßƒ. AØ-\m-tkym-kv- F-gp-Xnb hn. At¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-

N-cn-Xw, -k-¶o¿Ø-\-`mjyw F∂nh tIm]vXn-°n-te°v hnh¿Ø\w

sNbvXn-´p-≠v. At±-l-Øns‚ tlman-en-I-fmbn tIm]vXn-°n¬ ]N-cn-®

]-eXpw Ko°v sS-IvÃp-ambn HØp-t]m-Ip∂-h-b-√.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-

an-s‚- Nne Ko°v tlman-en-Iƒ tIm]vXn-°n¬ Ir--Xy-ambn hnh¿Ø-\w

sN-bvXn-´p-≠v. a‰p-Nn-e-Xv- A-t±-l-Øn-t‚-X-√. t_kn-ens‚ Nne tlman-

en-Iƒ a‰p-Nn-e-cp-sS- t]-cn-em-Wv. -Kn-Kdn \kym≥k-s‚- aq∂v tlman-en-

Iƒ tIm]vXn-°n-ep-≠v. -Nn-e- hn-h¿Ø-\-ß-fpsS `mK-ßƒ amXta e`n-

®n-´p-≈p. Cu hnh¿Ø-\-ß-sf√mw ]T-\-hn-t[-b-am-°n-bn-ń-√.

tπtdm-t^m-dntb

GsX-¶nepw hn`m-K-Øn-s‚ -Xm-Xzn-I-ho-£-W-Øn\v sXfn-hmbn

A¤p-X-ßfpw AS-bm-f-ßfpw \nc-Øn-h®v Fgp-Xp∂ ssien-°m-Wv

tπtdm-t^m-dnb F∂p ]d-bp-∂-Xv. Im¬kn-U¨ kn-\-Un-\p-ti-jw (451)-



Cu-Pn-]vXnse- k` c≠mbn ]nf¿∂p. tIm]vXnIv kwkm-cn-°p-∂-hcpw

Kma-hm-kn-Ifpw k\ym-kn-I-fpw Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-cm-bn. Ah-cpsS

CS-bn¬ Xs∂ ]e Ahm-¥-c-hn-`m-K-ß-fp-≠mbn (A-sk-^-tem-bv,-

sk-th-cy¿, Pqen-b-\o-Ø¿,- Xn-sX-bn-Ãp-Iƒ, Køm-\o-Ø¿). Im¬kn-U-

¨ Aw-Ko-I-cn-°p∂ Cºo-cn-b¬ k`-bn¬ \n∂-I-∂p-amdn CuPn-]vXn¬-

H-cp kam-¥c lb-cm¿°n sIń-∏-Sp-°m≥ Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤¿ ]cn-

i-an-®p. AXn-\p -k-lm-b-I-ambn tIm]vXn-°n-ep≈ IrXn-Ifpw ]-Xy-

£-∏-Sm≥ Xp-S-ßn. AØ-c-Øn¬ s]´-h-bmWv Xmsg-∏-d-bp∂ IrXn-Iƒ:

1. -k-`m-N-cn-Xw: tIm]n-‰nIv k`-bpsS Im¬kn-U¨ hn-cp-≤-]-›m-

Ø-e-Øn¬ Fgp-Xn-b -N-cn-X-am-Wn-Xv.- Ah-cp-sS- Hu-tZym-Kn-I -k-`m-N-

cnXKŸ-am-Wn-Xv.- ]n¬°me-N-cn-Xßfp-sS-sb√mw tkmX- pw CXm-

Wv.- C-Xns\ B[m-c-am-°n-bmWv ""]mXn-b¿°o-kp-am-cp-sS -N-cn-Xw'' F∂

Ad-_n-bn-ep-≈ -N-cnXw Fgp-Xnbncn-°p∂-Xv. CXn\v c≠p `mK-ß-fp-≠v.-

B-Zy-`mKw Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚ k`m-N-cn-X-Øn-s‚- B-ZysØ Ggv

]pkvX-I-ß-fpsS hnh¿Ø-\-am-Wv. A¬]-kz¬]w hyXym-k-ßƒ hcp-

Øn-bn- p-s≠-∂p -am-Xw. am\n-sb-∏-‰n-bp≈ Nne -kw-K-Xn-Iƒ Iqń-t®¿Øn-

´p-≠v.- c-≠mw-`m-K-Øn\v A©v ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-≠v. Fhp-tk-_n-b-kns‚

XpS¿®-bmbn Xntam-Xn- sFeq-tdmkv (477)h-sc-bp≈ kw`-h-hn-Im-k-ßƒ

hnh-cn-°p-∂p. kndn-e-ns\bpw Ft^-tkm-kn-s\bpw kw_-‘n®pw

Im¬kn-U¨ kn-\-Un-s\bpw Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kn-s\bpw kw_-‘n®pw

tIm]vXnIv `mjy-amWv \¬In-bn-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

2. XvIp saXm≥ a°m-cn-tbm-kns‚ Ncn-Xw: Znb-kvtIm-tdmkv Fgp-

Xn-b-Xm-bn- Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p. t\csØ D≠m-bn-cp∂ IrXn-Iƒ- D-]-

tbm-Kn®v IY-Ifpw A¤p-X-ßfpw tN¿Øvv- F-gp-Xn-bn-cn-°p-∂p.

3.- A-e-Ivkm-≠n-b≥ saXm≥ Znb-kvtIm-tdm-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw.-

Uo-°≥ sXtbm-]n-kvXp-km-Wv- CsX-gp-Xn-bXvv.

4.- A-Ø-\m-tkym-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw. tIm]vXnIv k`m-ÿm-]-I-\mbn-

A-Ø-\m-tkym-kns\ Ah-X-cn-∏n-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- I-Ybpw Imcyhpw Iqń-bn-

W°n cNn-®n-cn-°p-∂p.- N-cn-X-h-kvXp-X-Iƒ Xs∂ hf-s®m-Sn®v Ah-X-cn-

∏n-®n- p-≠v.

5.- A-e-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm-jy-kn-s‚- Ir-Xn-Iƒ: ]e

tkmX- p-Iƒ Xnb-tUm-jy-kn-s\-∏‰n kwkm-cn-°p∂p.- G-I-kz- m-h- hmZn-

Iƒ°v hfsc ][m-\-s∏´ BfmWv Abmƒ. -A-bm-fpsS aq∂mev IrXn-

I-sf-∏‰n a‰p-≈-h¿ ]cm-a¿in-°p-∂p.



a‰v tIm]vXnIv tπtdm-t^m-dn°v sSIvÃp-Iƒ:

6. t_im -c-Nn-®, sj\q-Zm-bp-sS- Po-hNcn-Xw.

7.- Ão-^≥ c-Nn-®, As∏mtfm B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰ns\∏-‰n-bp-≈

kvXp-Xn-]-`m-j-Ww.

8.- A_lmw B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰ns‚ Poh-N-cnXw.

9.- sem≥Ko-\p-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw.

10. -Z-cn-Z-\m-b- a-Øm-bn-bp-sS- Po-h-N-cnXw.

11.- tami B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰ns‚ Poh-N-cnXw.

12.- en-t°m-s∏m-fo-knse tbml-∂ms‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw.

13.- Zm-\n-tb¬ B¿°n-a¨ssU-‰ns‚ Poh-N-cnXw.

14.- tj-Xnse ]mwt_m cNn® lne-cn-bpsS Poh-N-cn-Xw.

IY-Ifpw sFXnly-ßfpw tN¿Øv tIm]vXnIv k\ym-k-t\-Xm-°-

∑msc ]Io¿Øn-°p-Ibpw Ah-cpsS A¤p-X-ßƒ h¿Wn-°p-Ibpw sN-

øp∂ kmlnXy-co-Xn-bmWv Cu Ir-Xn-Iƒ Ah-ew-_n®n´p≈-Xv.- H-cp- tIm-

]vXnIv kwkv°m-cw -sI-ń-∏-Sp-°m-\p≈ ]cn-i-a-amWv CØcw IrXn-I-

fn¬ ImWp-I. Chbn¬ Hcp-]t£ kXy-Øns‚ Awiw- I-t≠-°mw.



VI A¿ta-\n-b≥

]Sn-ÃnIv sSIvÃp-Iƒ

BapJw

hn.- sa-kvtdm∏v (+439) A¿ta-\n-b≥ `mjbv°v A£-c-ame D≠m-

°n. A©mw \q‰m-≠p-hsc A¿ta-\n-bm-bpsS HutZym-Kn-I-`mj kpdn-bm-

\nbpw Ko°p-am-bn-cp-∂p. Bcw-`-Im-eØv A¿ta-\n-b≥ kmlnXyw apgp-

h≥ ssIkvX-h-am-bn-cp-∂p. Aßs\ hn.- K-Ÿw, Ko°v- -kp-dn-bm\n ]nXm-

°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ F∂nh A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`-bn-ep-≠m-bn. FtU- -

bnse Al-Ø-≈,- A-^m-Xv,- A-s∏m-≈n-\m-cn-kv,- A-Ø-\m-tkym-kv,-

t_kn¬,- A-e-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse kndn¬, skhptUm Ub-\o-jy-kv,

am¿ -A-t]w, F∏n-^m-\n-b-kv, A-e-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse skhp-tUm˛Fhp-

tk-_n-b-kv, tIk-dn-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, Fta-kmbnse Fhptk-

_n-bkv, Fhp-Xm-en-bpkv Uo°≥, tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Fhp-Xo-°n-

bpkv ]mXn-b¿°o-kv, Fhm-Kn-b-kv, -Kn-Kdn \kym≥k≥, KnKdn \o m,

Pdp-k-te-anse slko-°-n-bp-kv, lnt∏m-fn-‰-kv, At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ct·-

jy-kv, eb¨kn-se- sF-td-\n-b-kv, tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, Pdp-k-te-

anse tPm¨, Fta-km-bnse s\ta-kn-bp-kv, A≥ko-dm-bnse \oep-kv,

ôtem, ^nkn-sbm-tfm-Kp-kv, t]m¢p-kv, Km_m-em-bnse skth-cn-b≥,

skIvÃ-kv, skmIm- -kv,- Xn-b-sUm-sd-‰v, Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse sXtbm-

^n-e-kv, XntamXn sFeq-tdmkv F∂o Fgp-Øp-Im-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ hnhn[

Ime-L- -ß-fn-embn A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-Øn-ep-≠mbn. AXp-t]mse

]nXr-kq-‡-ßfpw sl¿sa-‰nIv kmln-Xyhpw At∏m-In- ¬ KŸ-ßfpw

Poh-N-cn-X- K-Ÿ-ßfpw a‰v k\ym-k-Ir-Xn-Ifpw A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-


\-Øn-eqsS ]Nm-c-Øn-em-bn. aqe-KŸw \jvS-s∏- - Nne IrXn-I-fpsS A¿ta-

\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø\w amX-amWv Ah-ti-jn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv.

1. A¿ta-\n-b≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿

sakvtdm∏v (361/2˛439/40): k\ym-kn-bm-b -sa-kvtdm-]v A¿ta-\n-

b≥ A£-c-ame I≠p-]n-Sn-®p. A°meØv ss__nfpw Bcm-[-\-I-

ahpw kpdn-bm-\n-bn-embn--cp-∂p. ImtXm-en-t°mkv Ck-lm-°ns‚ ]n≥Xp-

W-tbmsS A¿ta-\n-b≥ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ°v At±lw t\-XrXzw \¬In.

kp`m-jn-X-ßƒ amXta At±lw hnh¿Ø\w sNbvXp-≈p. t]m¢p-kn-

\p≈ IØv- At±lw cNn-®-Xm-Wv. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-

∂ -a-‰p -Ir-Xn-Iƒ At±-l-Øn-t‚-X-√.

F-kv\nIv (5-˛mw \q.): sakvtdm-∏ns‚ injy\pw hnh¿Ø-I-\p-am-

bn-cp∂p Fkv\n-Iv. ""]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xnsc'' F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ hnPm-

Xn-b-scbpw Ko°p XmXzn-I-scbpw akvsZ-bn-kw, am¿kn-b-\nkw F∂n-

h-sbbpw At±lw FXn¿°p-∂p. Acn-kvXn-sZ-kv, t_kn¬, F∏n-^m-\n-

b-kv, lnt∏m-fn-‰-kv, satXm-Un-b-kv XpS-ßnb Ko°p-]n-Xm-°-∑msc Bi-

bn-®mWv At±lw CsX-gp-Xn-b-Xv. AXp-t]mse am¿ At]w Dƒs∏sS-

bp≈ Nne kpdn-bm\n Fgp-Øp-Im-scbpw Bi-bn-®n-´p-≠v.

Ck-lm°v ImtXm-en°m (+438): Ct±lw sakvtdm-∏ns‚

hnh¿Ø\ ]cn-]m-Snsb t]m’m-ln-∏n-®p. Ck-lm-°ns‚ c≠p IØp-

Iƒ \ap°v e`n-®n-´p-≠v. t]m¢p-kn-\p≈ H∂v, saen-‰o-\nse AIm-Nn-b-

kn-\p≈ as‰m∂v.

sImdn-bq≥ (+447): sakvtdm-∏ns‚ Hcp hnh¿Ø\ -k-lmbn Bbn-

cp∂ Abmƒ sakvtdm-∏ns‚ Poh-N-cn-X-sa-gp-Xn.

tPm¨ a≠-°pWn ImtXm-en°m (484/5˛499): hnip≤ KŸ-hn-

h¿ØI-\mbpw Bcm-[-\-Ia ]cn-jvI¿Øm-hmbpw ]mc-ºcyw At±-

lsØ ]cn-K-Wn-°p-∂p. At±-l-Øns‚ t]cn¬ ]e IrXn-Ifpw Adn-b-

s∏-Sp-s∂-¶nepw Ah At±-l-Øn-t‚-X-√.

tPm¨ ImtXm-en°m (578-˛9): ""IØp-I-fpsS kam-lmcw'' F∂

KŸ-Ønse Hcp IØv tPmWns‚ t]cn¬ ]N-cn-®p.

Fen-hm¿Unse tami saXm≥ (6-˛mw \q.): InkvXp-im-kvX-

kw-_-‘-amb Hcp IØns‚ I¿Ømhv tami-bm-Wv. ta¬∏-d™ kam-

lm-c-Øn¬ AXv sJmtd-s\-bnse tami-bpsS t]cn-em-Wv.

h¿Xm-s\kv KΩm-Xn-°pk v (550-˛617): Cbmƒ Im¬kn-U¨ kn\-

A¿ta-\n-b≥ ]Sn-ÃnIv sSIvÃp-Iƒ


Un-s\-Xn-cmbpw cq]-ßƒ XI¿°p-∂-h¿s°-Xn-cmbpw c≠v sN-dnb IrXn-

I-sf-gp-Xn.

sIman-Xmkv ImtXm-en°m (611-˛628): ta¬∏-d™ IØp-I-fpsS

kam-lm-c-Øn¬ Hcp KoXhpw Hcp hnizm-k-]-Jym-]-\hpw Ct±-l-Øn¬

\n∂v e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

AP-ø-\mb ZmhoZv (7-˛mw \q.): Cbm-fp-sS- t]-cn¬ ]e XmXzn-I-

Ir-Xn-Ifpw `mjy-Ir-Xn-Ifpw Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. Ch-sb√mw Hcm-fn¬

\n∂mtWm CtX t]cp≈ ]e-cn¬ \n∂m-tWm- F-∂p -hy-‡-a-√.

tPm¨ abvcmKw (7-˛mw \q.): ""hnizm-k-Øns‚ apZ'' F∂ KŸ-

Ønse Nne D≤-c-Wn-I-f-\p-k-cn®v Cbmƒ len-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-

bs‚ GI-kz-`m-h-hmZw ]Tn-∏n®p F∂v I-cp-Xp-∂-h-cp-≠v.

A\-\n-bmkv kndmIv (+685): \nc-h[n sNdnb KŸ-ßƒ Cbm-

fpsS t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.

amwt_ sh¿Im-t\m¬ hmb-\-°m-c≥ (7-˛mw \q.): Cbm-fp-sS-

t]cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂- Ir-Xn-Iƒ Cbm-fp-tS-X√ F∂v -]-ecpw Icp-Xp-∂p.

2. A¿ta-\n-b≥ N-cn-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ

AK-Xm≥sP-tem-kns‚ -N-cnXw (460): Xncn-Zm-sXkv aq∂m-a≥ cmPm-

hn-s‚bpw P\-ß-fp-sSbpw am\- m-¥-c-N-cnXw hnh-cn-°p-∂p.- A-¤p-X-

]-h¿Ø-I-\mb KnKdn Chsc 320-˛-t\m-S-SpØv InkvXym-\n-I-fm-°nb

Ncn-X-am-Wn-Xn¬.

A¿ta-\n-bm-bp-sS -N-cnXw: sJmtd-s\-bnse tami-bm-Wv- C-sX-gp-

Xn-b-Xv. BZw apX¬ sakvtdm-∏ns‚ ac-Ww -h-scbp≈ (5-˛mw \q.) Imcy-

ßƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°p-\-\p.

""F∏nIv Ncn-X-ßƒ'' F∂ -KŸw Hcp ûkvXp-kns‚ t]cn¬

(470) Adn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p. AXn¬ 330-˛387 ImesØ NcnXw Dƒs°m-≈p-

∂p. CXv `mKn-I-amtb ssIh-∂n-´p-≈p.

""A¿ta-\n-bm-bp-sS -N-cnXw'' F∂ -t]-cn¬ ]m¿∏nse emk¿

(5-˛mw \q.) 385-˛485 Ime-L-´-Ønse Ncn-X-sa-gp-Xn. At±lw CXns‚

cN-\-bn¬ ap≥Im-e-N-cn-X-ßƒ D]-tbm-Kn-®n-´p-≠v.

A¿ta-\n-b≥ bp≤-N-cnXw Hcp Fen-tk-hpkv (660) Fgp-Xn.



t]¿jym-°m¿s°-Xnsc 451-˛¬ h¿Zm≥ aan-s°m-Wn-bm≥ \S-Øn-b -t]m-

cm-´-Øns‚ N-cn-X-am-Wn-Xv.

skmIm- -kns‚ k`m-N-cnXw tXkp-Im-c≥ Hcp - otem (7- mw \q.)

-hn-h¿Ø\w sNbvXp.

A¿ta-\n-b-cp-sS- N-cnXw Hcp- se-tbm¨jyq-kv (8-˛mw \q.) Fgp-Xn.

Ad-_n-Iƒ 635-˛789 Ime-L-´-Øn¬ A¿ta-\nbm Itø-dn-bXv hnh-cn-

°p-∂p.

A¿ta-\n-b≥ Imcy-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw : Im¬kn-U¨ ho£-W-

Øn¬ \n∂p-sIm≠v KnK-dnbpsS Imew apX¬ 690 hsc-bp≈ A¿ta-\n-

b≥ N-cn-Xw- hn-h-cn-°p-∂p. A¿ta-\n-b-\n¬ CXv `mKn-I-ambpw Ko°n¬

]q¿W-ambpw e`n-®n-´p-≠v.

3. A¿ta-\n-b≥ vtfmdn-te-Pnbm

hnizm-k-Øns‚ apZ,- hn-izm-k-Øns‚ thcv, -K-emXm ^vtfmdn-te-

Pn-bpw, -I-Øp-I-fp-sS -k-am-lmcw F∂n-h-bmWv A¿ta-\n-b-\n-ep≈

^vtfmdn-te-Pn-bm. en‰¿Pn,- \nbaw F∂n-h-bn¬ kndn-b≥-˛-Ko°v k`-

Iƒ A¿ta-\n-b≥ k`-sb KWy-ambn kzm[o-\n-®n-´p-≠v.



ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]Sn-ÃnIv sSIvÃp-Iƒ

UnUms°

tdmanse hn.-s¢-sa‚,v tImdn-t¥m-kp-Im¿s°-gp-Xnb teJ\w

At¥ym-Iy-bnse hn.- C-t·-jy-kns‚ Ggp teJ-\-ßƒ

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse ]∏n-bm-kn-s‚ -tc-Jm-i-I-e-ßƒ

hn. -t]m-fn-°m¿∏v ^nen-∏n-b¿s°-gp-Xnb seJ\w

hn.- t]m-fn-°m¿∏ns‚ c‡-km-£nXzw

_¿W-_m-kn-s‚- te-J\w

Ub-t·-‰-kn-\p≈ teJ\w

sl¿am-kns‚ CS-b≥

tdmanse hn.- s¢-sa‚n-s‚ -t]-cn¬ Adn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ""c≠mw teJ\w''

s¢sa‚ns‚ t]cn¬- A-dn-b-s∏-Sp∂ ""I\y-I-Iƒ°p≈ c≠p IØp-Iƒ''

UnU-kvIm-enbm

km¿Zn-knse saen-t‰m-bpsS s]k-lm-]-kwKw

hn. KnKdn \kym≥k≥,- s]-k-lm-]-kwKw

hn. kn]n-bm≥,- I-tØm-en-°m k`-bpsS sFIyw

hn.- kn-]n-bms‚ t]mtIm¨kp-fm¿ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

hn.- kn-]n-bm≥, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

tkmf-as‚ KoX-I-ßƒ

lnt∏m-fn-‰-kv, A∏-kvtXm-en-I-]m-c-ºcyw

Fhm-Kn-b-kv, ]m‡n-t°mkv

Fhm-Kn-b-kv, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

Fhm-Kn-b-kv,- ]m¿Yn-°m-\p≈ D]-tZiw

BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[\w

skdm-]n-tbm≥, ]m¿Y-\-Iaw (F-hp-s°m-tem-Kn-tbm≥)

a¿t°m-kns‚ A\m-^d

sZ¿ _eosk ]∏o-dkv

Cu_mkv amcn-°-b-®-IØv (Cw-•o-jn¬)

sFtd-\n-b-kv, -A-∏-kvtXm-enI ]t_m-[-\-Øns‚ sXfnhv

am¿ tXmam-bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

s]t‡m-dn-bp-kns‚ inem-en-JnXw


At_¿Nn-bp-kns‚ inem-en-JnXw

hn. -P-Ãns‚ c‡-km-£nXzw

jn√n-bnse c‡-km-£n-I-fpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ

sX¿Øp-ey≥, -]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

Hcn-P≥, -]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

Hcn-P≥, DØ-a-Ko-X-`mjyw

Hcn-P≥, eq°m-`mjyw

tbml∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jw, Hcn-Ps‚ `mjyw

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-b-bnse s¢sa‚ v, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

Pdp-k-te-an-se hn. -kn-dn¬, aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ

hn. -tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

hn. -tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, InkvXp-im-kvXw

hn. -tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, _m_n-em-kns‚ NcnXw

hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, aXm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ

hn.- Kn-K-dn- \o- m, I¿-Xr-]m¿Y\

hn.- Kn-K-dn- \o- m, Kncn-]-`m-jWw

hn-. A-K-Ãn≥, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

hn.- A-K-Ãn≥,- In-kva-kv-˛-Z-\lm ]kw-K-ßƒ

hn. -t_-kn¬, -]m¿Y-\-sb-∏-‰n

hn.- P-tdmw, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

hn.-P-tdmw, al-Zvhy-‡n-Iƒ

P∂m-Un-bp-kv, al-Zvhy‡n-Iƒ

hn-. -tPm¨ Ua-jo≥, kXy-hn-izmkw

_¿ F_m-bm, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏-‰n-

_¿ F_m-bm,- k- m-N-cn-Xw c≠mw - mKw (]u-c-kvXy- a-^n-bm-∑m-sc-∏-‰n)

am¿ A-^m-Xv, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

am¿ -A-t]w, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

am¿ At]w, ]dp-Zokm KoX-ßƒ

am¿ At]w, DXv]-Øn-`mjyw

am¿ At]w, a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Ko-X-ßƒ

am¿ At]w, I\ym-Xz-Ko-X-ßƒ

am¿ A-t]w, hnizm-k-Ko-X-ßƒ

am¿ At]w, kphn-ti-j-`m-jyw (-Zn-bm-sX- m-tdm¨ `mjyw)


tkm]m-\-KŸw (eo-_¿ KmZqw), ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n

A∏-sa-bm-bnse tbml-∂m≥,- ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏-‰n sl-ko-°n-b-kn-\p≈

IØv

-am-¿- ô-sem-Ivko-\p-kv, ]cn-ip-≤m-flm-hns‚ Bhm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®v,-

am-¿- ô-sem-Ivko-\p-kv, ]m¿Y-\sb Ipdn®v aq∂p- tc-J-Iƒ

am¿ _m_m-bv, ]m¿Y-\-sb-°p-dn-®v Ipdn-bm-t°m-kn-\p≈ IØv

A⁄m-X-K-Ÿ-Im-c≥, ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n (c≠p tcJ-Iƒ 6/7\q.)

\Yv^m-dnse A_-lmw,- ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n c≠p -tc-J-Iƒ

butk-∏v -l- m-bm, -]m¿Y-\-sb∏‰n c≠p -tc-J-Iƒ

tbml-∂m≥ Zevbm-Xm,- ]m¿Y-\-sb-∏‰n c-≠p -tc-J-Iƒ

\n\-th-bnse C-k-lm-°v, ]m¿Y\-sb-∏-‰n \mev tcJ-Iƒ

klvtZm-Wm, ]m¿Y-\-sb-°p-dn®v

aqd-tØm-dn-b≥ tcJm-i-Iew

Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, k`m-N-cnXw

skmIm-´-kv, k`m-N-cnXw

sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse Xnb-tUm¿,- a-Xm-[ym-]-\ -]-kw-K-ßƒ

Xnb-tUm¿, tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-tijØns‚ `mjyw

sskd-kn-se- Xn-b-sUm-td‰v, InkvXp-imkvXw (F-cm-\n-kvsX-kv)

hn.- A-Ø-t\-jy-kv, hn.-A-t¥m-Wn-tbm-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw

hn.- se-tbm, ^vfmhn-b\v Ab-® -IØv

A≥ko-dm, s\tbm sNkm-dn-bm, KmwK kn\-Up-Iƒ

am¿ amdq-Ym-bpsS Imt\m-\-Iƒ

knt\m-Un-t°m≥ Hmdn-sb-¥mse

BZysØ Ggv FIy-p-ta-\n-°¬ kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ

Cutim-Zm-Zv, ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-`mjyw

Cutim-Zm-Zv, kphn-ti-j-`mjyw

]mNo-\-k-\ym-k-N-cnXw (]-√m-Un-bp-kns‚ eukn-bm-Iv N-cn-Xw)

jntXm-s]m-fo-knse kndn¬, hn.-F-hp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ Poh-N-cnXw

jntXm-s]m-fo-knse kndn¬, ]e-kvXo-\-bnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ

am¿ _m-_m-bv, -In-kvXp-imkvXw (eo_¿ sZ bqWntbmsW)

Ad-_n-I-fpsS saXm-\mb Koh¿Ko-kv, -Iq-Zm-im-`mjyw

tami-_¿tI-^m, IqZm-im-`mjyw

Ub-\o-jykv _¿ keo-_n, IqZm-im-`mjyw


skhptUm Ub-\o-jy-kv, IqZm-im-`mjyw

K_n-tb¬ J-Xm-bm, IqZm-im-`mjyw

am¿- A-_vZo-tim, IqZm-im-`mjyw

am¿ A_v-Zo-tim, Im‰-temKv

am¿ tbip-Zv\m-lv,- k-\ym-k-N-cnXw

am¿ XntamXn c≠m-a≥,- Iq-Zm-im-`mjyw

A¿t_-ense tPm¿Pv (Koh¿Kokv), Iq-Zm-im-`mjyw

A_lmw _¿eo-t^,- Iq-Zm-i-m-`mjyw

A∏-kvtXm-en-I-Im-t\m-\-Iƒ

am¿ ZmZo-tim- J-Xm-bm,- G-Im-¥-Po-hn-X-sØ-∏‰n (A-©p -`m-K-ßƒ)

am¿ dm_q-f-bpsS k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

am¿ A_-lm-ans‚ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

am¿ Zm-Zo-tim-bpsS k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

am¿ _m_m-bn-bpsS k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

am¿ ôsem-Ivko-\q-kns‚ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

-am¿ bm-t°m-_ns‚ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ß-ƒ

-am¿ Ip-dn-bmt°mkns‚ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

am¿ At]-ans‚ k\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ

hn.- A-K-Ãn≥, Kncn-]-`m-j-Ww (Kn-cn-]-`m-j-Ww, BK-kvXo-t\m-kns‚

`mjyw)

hn.- A-K-Ãn≥, tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-`m-jyw (--hn. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-

tijw BK-kvXo-t\m-kns‚ `mjyw).

hn. tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw,- «o-l-∑m-cpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ («o-l-∑m-cpsS

\S-]-Sn-Iƒ,- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚ `mjyw)


^mZ¿ Koh¿Kokv tNSn-bØv

ae¶c ItØm-en-°m-k-`-bn-se -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]-pcw AXn-cq-]-X-bn¬

AXn-cp¶¬ CS-h-I-bn¬ s]´ Hcp sshZn-I-\mWv Koh¿Kokv tNSn-bØv

A®≥ (P-\\w 1945). kn.-Pn.-Zm-\n-tbepw(+2004) kmdm-Ω-bp-amWv amXm-

]n-Xm-°ƒ. amXm-]n-Xm-°-fpsS ]Øp a°-fn¬ aqØ-bm-fmWv A®≥.

Cfb Hcp ktlm-Z-c\mb ^mZ¿ tXmakv tNSn-bØv IqSn sshZn-I-\m-

Wv. hShm-Xq¿ skan-\-cn-bnse ]cn-io-e-\Øn\p -tijw 1969 Unkw-

_¿ 20˛\v A`n-hµy KntKmdn-tbmkv ]nXm-hn¬ \n∂v ]´w IØo-U¬

ssZhm-e-b-Øn¬ h®v _.- amXyp Iøm-e-bv°¬ A®--t\m-sSm∏w sshZn-

I-]´w kzoI-cn-®p.- Ip-td-\mƒ A`n-hµy- ]n-Xm-hns‚ skI-´-dn-bm-bn-cp-

∂p.- ]n-∂oSv ]´-Øp≈ sk‚ v Atem-jykv ssa\¿ skan-\-cn-bn¬ _.-

tPmk^v Rm-b-√q¿ A-®-t\m-sSm∏w sshkv d-IvS-dmbn tPmen- sNbvXp

(1970-˛1973). XpS¿∂v D]cn]T-\-Øn\v tdman¬ t]mbn. AhnsS AK-Ão-

\n-b≥ ]Sn-ÃnIv C≥Ãn-‰yq-ń¬ ]Tn®p (1973-˛1978). 1978-˛¬ tUmIvS-td‰v

FSp-Øp. am¿ _m_mbv (+628) F∂ t]¿jy≥ k\ym-km-[y-£s‚

InkvXp--imkvXw F∂ hnj-b-sØ-°p-dn-®m-bn-cp∂p ]_-‘w. XncnsI

FØn-b-tijw Iptd-\mƒ A`n-h-µy- ]n-Xm-hns‚ skI-´-dn-bmbncp∂p.

]n∂oSv Zo¿L-Imew h-S-hm-Xq¿ skan-\m-cn-bn¬ ]Tn-∏n-®p(1978-˛1993). 1993-

˛¬ \mem-©nd skan-\-cn-bn-te°pw AtX-h¿jw ]´-Øp≈ ssa\¿ sk-

an-\-cn-bn-te°pw \nb-a\w Inń. ]´Øv aq∂p- h¿jw sdIvS-dm-bncp-∂p(1993-

˛1996). 1996-˛¬ A`n-h-µy- kndn¬ am¿ _-tk-en-tbmkv ]nXmhv B¿-®p-

_n-j-∏m-b-t∏mƒ ho≠pw \mem-©n-d-bn-ep≈ taP¿ skan-\cnbnte°p

am‰n. Ct∏mƒ AhnsS ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p. hS-hm-Xq¿ s]m¥n-^n-°¬ C≥-

Ãn-‰yq-ńepw ]Tn-∏n-°p-∂p-. InkvXp-im-kvX-ØnemWv ]mhoWyw kºm-

Zn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. ]tSm-f-Pn, Inkvt‰m-f-Pn, FIyq-sa-\n-kw,- k-`m-N-cnXw

F∂o- hn-j-b-ßƒ ssIIm-cyw- sN-øp-∂p-. ]utemkv Bdm-a≥ am¿]m-

∏m, tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏m, _-\-UnIvSv 16-˛m-a≥ am¿]m∏m


F∂n-hsc kµ¿in-®v A\p-Klw ]m-]n-°m≥ A®\v Ah-kcw e`n-®p.

\nc-h[n hntZ-i-cm-Py-ßƒ kµ¿in-°m\pw km[n-®n-´p-≠v.

HmIvkvt^m¿Uv, epshbv≥ F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬ h®p \S∂ A¥¿tZ-

iob tbmK-ß-fn¬ t]∏-dp-Iƒ ka¿∏n-®n-´p-≠v. hnb∂m tIµ-am-°n-

bp≈ t]m Hm-dn-sbt¥ kndn-bIv IΩo-j-\n¬ 1994 apX-¬ ae-¶c ItØm-

en-°m -k-`sb ]Xn-\n-[o-I-cn-°p-∂p. t]m Hmdn-sbs¥bpsS t^mdpw

kndn-bIpw F∂ IΩo-j-\nepw A®≥ AwK-am-Wv. an°-hmdpw F√m

h¿jhpw Cu ktΩ-f-\-Øn¬ ]s¶-Sp-°p-∂p. ItØm-en-°m-k-`bpw

A o-dn-b≥ k`bpw XΩn-ep-≠m-°nb InkvXp-im-kvX -kw-_-‘-amb

kwbp-‡-]-kvXm-h-\bv°v A®s‚ ]T\w hfsc klm-b-I-am-bn-cp-∂p.

t]m Hm-dn-sbt¥ tbmK-ß-fn¬ H∂n-tesd t]∏-dp-Iƒ Ah-X-cn-∏n-°m≥

A®\v Ah-kcw e`n-®p. Ct∏m-gsØ A o-dn-b≥ (t]¿jy≥) k`-

bn¬ s\kvtXm-dn-b≥ ]mj-WvUX C√ F∂ Is≠-Ø-en\v _m_m-

bn-bpsS InkvXp-im-kv-XsØ kw_-‘n-®p≈ -]-T\w hfsc klm-bn®p.

\q‰m-≠p-I-fmbn ]mj-WvU¿ F∂v apZ Ip-Ø-s∏-´p -In-S∂ A o-dn-b≥

k`-°msc Ip‰-hn-ap-‡-cm-°p-∂-Xn\pw Ah-scbpw kss`-Iy-N¿®-I-fn¬

]s¶-Sp-∏n-°p-∂Xn\pw A®≥ Xs‚ Xokn-kn¬ sNbvX Blzm\w ê-

a-Wn-™p ImWp-∂-Xn¬ A®\v A`n-am-\n-°m≥ hI-bp≠v.

AXp-t]mse tIc-f-Ønse ImØ-en-Iv-˛-a-e-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUm-Ivkv

Utbm-tem-Kn-epw ImX-en-Iv-˛-bm-t°m-_mbm Ub-tem-Knepw 1989 apX¬

ASp-Ø-Imew hscbpw A®≥ ]s¶-Sp-Øp-.- A®≥ sXmÆq-tdmfw ]pkvX-

I-ßfpw \q-‰-º-tXmfw teJ-\-ßfpw cNn-®n-´p-≠v. -Nn--e-sXms° P¿a≥,

^-©v,- U®v `mj-I-fnepw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. InkvXy≥ Hmdn-b‚ v

F∂ ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øns‚ FIyq-sa-\nkw skIvj≥ ssIImcyw

sNøp-∂p. kvXqZnbm FIyq-sa-\n-°m (t]m-f-≠v),- In-kvXy≥ Hmdn-b‚ v

(tIm-´-bw), sFIy-k-ao-£ (Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw), F∂o ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-ß-

fn¬ teJ-\-ßƒ hcm-dp-≠v. hShmXq¿ skan-\-cn-bnse ]kn-≤o-I-c-W

-hn-`m-K-Øn-em-Wv an° -K-Ÿ-ßfpw ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-cn-°p-∂-Xv. kocn -]-

kn-≤o-I-c-Ww (tIm-´-bw), _Y-\n- kn-tÃgvkv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww (tIm-´-

bw), ae-¶c skan-\cnbnse Fw.-F-kv. -]-kn-≤o-I-cWw (Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-

cw), F∂n-h-bnepw KŸ-ßƒ ]kn-≤o-I-cn-®n-´p-≠v. ]e ]pkvX-I-ß-fp-

tSbpw H∂n-tesd ]Xn-∏p-Iƒ D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. hS-hm-Xq¿ -sk-an-\-cn, Ct·-

jykv sk‚¿ (]-´w), \mem-©nd taP¿ skan-\cn F∂n-hn-S-ß-fn¬

A®s‚ ]pkvX-I-ßƒ e`n-°p-∂-Xm-Wv.


ae-bmfw ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

1. ss]-Xr-I-]-t_m-[-\w,- A-©¬, 1973.

2. s]-cp-∂m-fp-Ifpw thZ-hm-b-\-°p-dn-∏pw,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1973.

3. Iq-tZm-iotØm Rmb¿, Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1973.

4. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿, tIm-´-bw, 1980.

5. ae-¶-c-Ko-X-ßƒ, tIm-´-bw, 1981.

6. ssIkvX-h-Ko-X-ßƒ, tIm-´-bw, 1982.

7. kpdn-bm-\n- k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿, tIm-´-bw,1982.

8. hn.-Kn-Kdn \o m, Kncn-]-`m-j-Ww,-(F-Un.), Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1982.

-9. KnKdn \o m, I¿Xr-]m¿Y\ (F-Un‰Uv),-tIm-´-bw,1982.

10. tamsi _¿ tI-^m-bpsS IqZm-im-`m-jyw,- tIm-´-bw, 1982.

11. ss__nƒ KoX-ßƒ,tIm-´-bw,1983.

12. am¿ tXmam-bpsS ZpIvdm-\m, -tIm-´-bw,1984.

13. -am¿ tXm-am-bpsS C≥Uy≥ A\m-^-dm,-tIm-´-bw,1984.

14. Xnb-tUm¿, a-Xm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ,- tIm-´-bw, 1986.

15. At¥ym-Iy≥k-`-˛-D-¤-hhpw hf¿®-bpw,- tIm-´-bw, 1986.

16. Hcn-P≥,- D-Ø-a-Ko-X-`m-jyw,-tIm-´-bw,1986.

17.- k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿˛1, -tIm-´-bw,1987.

18. Un-U-kvIm-en-b, tIm´-bw,1987.

19. amXr-Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ,1988.

20. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿,˛2,- tIm-´-bw,1988.

21. am¿ amcq-Ym˛Im-t\m-\-Iƒ,- tIm-´-bw,1989.

22. skmIm-´-kv,- k-`m-N-cn-Xw,-tIm-´-bw, 1990.

23. _¿ F_m-bm,-k-`m-N-cn-Xw,-tIm-´-bw,1990.

24. C≥Uy-bpsS sa-Xm-t∏m-eoØm am¿ A_-lmw,-tIm-´-bw, 1990.

25. k\ym-k-Øns‚ A¥¿[m-c,- tIm-´bw,1992.

26. eØo≥ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿, tIm´-bw,1992.

27. Ptdmw-˛-P-∂m-Un-b-kv, -a-l-Zvhy-‡n-Iƒ, tIm´-bw,1992.

28. sl¿am-kns‚ CS-b≥, -tIm-´-bw,1992.

29. ]m¿Y\ k`-bn¬,- tIm-´bw 1993.

30. ]m¿Y\ kpdn-bm-\n-k-`-bn¬, -tIm-´-bw, 1993.

31. b-tlm-hm-km-£n-Iƒ,1993 (5-˛mw ]Xn-∏v).

32. ]mNo\ k\ym-k-N-cn-Xw,- tIm-´-bw, 1993.


33. BZn-a-k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿,- tIm-´-bw, 1993.

34. Xntb-I-ssZ-hw, tIm-´-bw, 1993.

35. BZn-a-k-`-bpsS ktµ-iw, -tIm-´-bw, 1994.

36. ]e-kvXo-\-bnse k\ym-kn-Iƒ,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1994.

37. hnip≤ Fhp-Xo-an-b-kns‚ Poh-N-cn-Xw,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1994.

38. kXy--ssZ-hhpw kXym-cm-[-\-bpw, tIm-´-bw, 1995.

39. A∏-kvtXm-enI ]nXm-°-∑m¿,- tIm-´-bw, 1996 (2-˛mw ]Xn-∏v).

40. k`m-N-cn-X-]-T-\-ßƒ,- tIm-´-bw,1996 (3-˛mw ]Xn-∏v).

41. kq\-l-tZm-kp-Iƒ, tIm´-bw, 1996.

42. knt\mUn-t°m¨ Hmdn-sb-¥m-se, -tIm´bw, 1996.

43. am¿ Cutim-Zm-Zv, kphn-ti-j-`m-jyw, tIm´-bw,1997.

44. am¿ tXmam-bpsS \S-]-Sn-Iƒ, tIm´-bw,1998 (2˛mw ]Xn-∏v).

45. ae-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-Xw-˛1,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1998 (2-˛mw ]Xn-∏v)

46. Fhp-tk-_n-b-kv, -Xn-cp-k-`m-N-cn-Xw, -tIm-´-bw,1998 (2-˛mw ]Xn-∏v).

47. FIyq-sa-\n-kw, tIm-´-bw, 1998.

48. tIc-f-Øn-se- ssI-kvX-h-k-`-Iƒ, -tIm-´-bw,1998 (4-˛mw ]Xn-∏v).

-49. in-ip-kv\m\w thZm-\p-kr-Xw,-tIm-´-bw,.1998.

50. ]uc-kvXy-Im-tXm-en-t°m-kv, tIm´-bw,1999.

51. k-`m-N-cn-Xw-˛-a-e-¶-c-k-`, (B-fl-t_m-[-\w-˛6)-Xn-cp-h-√, 2000

52. k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿-˛3, -tIm-´-bw, 2000.

53. Pdp-k-te-anse kndn¬,- a-Xm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ, -tIm-´-bw, 2000.

54. Ip¿_m-\-bpsS hymJym-\-ßƒ, tIm´-bw, 2000.

55. am¿ _m_mbv, InkvXp-im-kvXw,- tIm-´-bw, 2000.

56. a[y-Im-e-k-`m-N-cn-Xw, -tIm-´-bw, 2000.

57. ]Sn-ÃnIv Iznkv,- tIm-´-bw, 2001.

58. am¿tXm-am-«o-lm-bpsS C≥Uy≥k-`, -tIm-´-bw, 2001 (3˛mw ]Xn-∏v).

59.- am¿ At]w,- D¬]-Øn-`m-jyw, -tIm-´-bw, 2001.

60. - am¿ At]w, ]dp-Zo-km-Ko-X-ßƒ, tIm´-bw, 2001.

61. am¿ At]w, I\ym-Xz-Ko-X-ßƒ, tIm´-bw, 2001.

62. am¿ At]w, a\pjym-h-Xm-c-Ko-X-ßƒ, tIm´-bw, 2001.

63. am¿ At]w, kphn-ti-j-`m-jyw,- tIm-´-bw, 2002.

64. am¿ Cutim-Zm-Zv, ]pXn-b-\n-b-a-`m-jyw,-tIm-´-bw, 2002.

65. amXyqkv am¿- A-Ø-\m-tkym-kns‚ Imt\m-\m-Iƒ, tIm-´-bw, 2002.


66. hnip≤ tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw, a-Xm-[ym-]-\-]-kw-K-ßƒ,-

tIm-´bw, 2003.

67. hnip≤ sF-td-\n-b-kv,- A-∏-kvtXm-enI ]t_m-[-\-Øns‚ sXfn-

hv,- tIm-´-bw,2003.

68. hnip≤ tPm¨ Ua-jo≥, -k-Xy-hn-izm-kw, -tIm-´-bw, 2003.

69. hnip≤ AK-Ãn≥, Inkva-kv-˛-Z-\lm ]kw-K-ßƒ, -tIm-´-bw,2003.

70. Hcn-P≥, -eq-°m-`m-jyw, tIm´-bw, 2005.

71. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jw-˛-H-cn-Ps‚ `mjyw, -tIm-´-bw, 2005.

72. ItØm-en-°m-hn-izm-khpw s]¥-t°mkvXv ho£-W-ß-fpw, -tIm- bw,

2005 (5˛mw- ]-Xn-∏v).

73. tbml-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-jw- -Xn-b-tUm-dns‚ mjyw, Xncp-h-\-¥-]pcw,

2006.

74. ]mNo-\- k-\ym-k-\n-b-a-ßƒ,- tIm-´-bw, 2006.

75. hn.- tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw-˛-In-kvXp-im-kvXw, _m_nem-kns‚

Ncn-Xw, -tIm-´-bw, 2006.

76.- ]-tSm-f-Pn,- hm-eyw,1, tIm-´-bw, 2006.

77.- ]-tSm-f-Pn,- hm-eyw˛2, tIm´-bw, 2006. .

78.- ta-P¿ B¿®p-_n-j-∏v-˛-Im-tXm-en-t°m-kv,-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,2006.

79.- ssk-d-knse Xnb-sUm-sd‰v,- InkvXp-im-kvXw (F-cm-\n-kvsX-kv),-

tIm-´-bw, 2007.

80.- I-Ωq-Wntbm C≥ InkvtXm ˛ \nb-am-h-en, -Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2007.

81.- ]tSm-f-Pn, hmeyw˛3,- tIm-´-bw, 2008.

82.- am¿ At]w,- hn-izmk-Ko-X-ßƒ, tIm´bw, 2008.

Cw•ojv ]pkvX-I-ßƒ

83. The Christology of Mar Babai the Great, 1982.84. Bibliographical Survey (co-ed.), 1983.85. Ecumenism in Danger (co-ed.), 1986.86. St.Thomas the Apostle of India, by +Martin Gielen, (ed.), 1991.87. Mar Babai, Some Useful Counsels on the Ascetical Life,

Kottayam, 2001 .88. Christology, 2002.


89. The Malankara Catholic Church, Kottayam, 2003.90. Archbishop Mar Ivanios in his Thoughts,(ed. with alii) Trivandrum

2004.91. The Catholicos of the East,(tr by A .J. Joy Angemadathil)

Trivandrum, 2005.

teJ-\-ßƒ19701. ""ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS ]m¿Y-\-I-aw'', in ssIkvX-h-Im-l-fw, 29/

1(1970)15-˛18-; 29-/5(1970)129-˛131.

19762. ""C∂-esb ]ncn-bpI'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw, 35/1 (1976)17 apX¬

3. ""ae-¶-c-k-`-b-psS c£'', in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw, 35/3(1976)27-˛29.

19794. ""ae-¶-c-I-tØm-en°m k`m-kq-\-l-tZm-kv,'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-l-fw,

38/8 (1979) t]. 25˛-28; 38/9,t]..31˛-33; 38/10,t]..43-46; 38/12,t].25-˛28.

19805. ""ae-¶-c-k` ]Xn-\mdmw \q‰m≠p-hsc'' in ae-¶-c-k`m ]p\-ssc-

Iy kp-h¿W-Pq-_n-en- kp-h-\o¿,1980,-t]Pv 23-˛25.

6. ""ae-¶c Ip¿_m\ Bcw-`n-°p-tºmƒ ad-bn-Sp-∂Xv F¥n\v?'' inssIkvX-h-Im-lfw 39-/3 (1980)19-˛21.

7. ""I¬Zm-b -k- -bpsS Ncn-X- -k- m-hn-⁄m-\o-b-ß-fp-sS hnImkw'' inPoh-[mc 10/58 (1980 Pqsse-˛-B-K-Ãv) 274-˛294.

8. “A Historico-Ecclesiological Development of the Chaldean Church”: in Jeevadhara 10/58 (1980)269-285.

19819. “Unity versus Uniformity: An Ecumenical Question”: in Christian

Orient 2/4(1981)141-164.10. “Unity versus Uniformity: An Ecumenical Question” also in

Ecumenism in Danger, Kottayam, 1986,17-40; See the Germantranslation in 1982.

11. ""k-`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS ]k‡n'' in aX-hpw Nn¥bpw 61-/6 (1981)

525-˛534.

12. ""ae-¶c ItØm-en°m k`m-kq-\-l-tZmkpw ae-¶-c-k-`-bvs°mcp


]mXn-b¿°okpw'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw 40/2 (1981) 3˛5.

13. ""ho≠pw GI-do-Øp-hmZw'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw 40/2 (1981) 9-˛10.

14. ""ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse Ip¿_m-\-I-aw-˛-am¿ bmt°m-_ns‚ A\m-^-d-˛-

]p-cm-X-\-amb Hcp Ip¿_m-\-I-a-Øns‚ khn-ti-j-X-Iƒ'' inZpIvdm\ 1/2 (1981) 10-˛15.

15. ""A≥]-Xp-t\mºv ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬'' in ZpIvdm\ 1/4 (1981) 30-˛33.

16. ""]Xn-\-©p-t\mºv kotdm-˛-a-e-¶-c-k-`-bn¬'' in ZpIvdm\ 1/8 (1981)

117.

17. ""Ipcn-i-S-bmfw'' in ZpIvdm\ 1/9 (1981) 11-˛14.-

18. ""F-´mw-Znhkw ˛ H∂mw-Zn-hkw'' in ZpIvdm\ 1/12 (1981) 11-˛15.

19. Book Review: J.Madey, Der von dir Vater und von deinem Sohnenimmt, Paderborn,1980, in Christian Orient, 2/2 (1981)

198220. ""ae-¶-c-k-`-bnse hen-bmgvN BN-cWw'' in ZpIvdm\ 2/4(1982)19-

˛23.

21. ""D∞m-\-Øns‚ ktµiw'' in ae¶-c-hn-f-°v(-X-an-gv) G]n¬, 1982.

22. ""]mXmfw am¿ At]-ans‚ Z¿i-\-Øn¬'' in bph-tN-X\ 1982.

23. ""ItØm-en-°m-k` k -I-fpsS Iq´mbva˛ ae-¶-c- I-tØm-en-°m-k`'',

-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw, 1982 (e-Lp-te-J).

24. ""Ing-°ns‚ ImtXm-en-t°mkv'' in IXn-scmfn 21/7 (1982) 227-˛230.

25. ""FIyq-sa-\nkw C∂v'' in kn¬h¿ Pq-_nen kph-\o¿,- sk‚ v

sk_m-Ãy≥kv N¿®v, s\√n-°p-∂v, 1982,-t].127-˛130.-

26. ""sFIyw C∂ns‚ Bhiyw'' in Zo]nI sk]vXw-_¿ 11-˛13,1982.

27. “Einheit im Wiederspruch zur Einfoermigkeit-Ein oekumenischesProblem aus indisch-orientalischer Sicht”, in Der Christliche Osten,37/3-4 (1982) 93-103; also in Ut Omnes Unum 45 (1982 March-April ) 60-64; May - June 1982 p.89-96, July - August,p.120-127.

28. “Communion of Churches is no riddle in the Catholic Church” inSaar News 2/40(1982 Sept.18)10-11.

29. Book Review: Francis Acharya, Prayer with the Harp of the Spirit,II, : in Christian Orient, 3/4(1982).

198330. ""alm-\mb am¿ Cuhm-\n-tbmkv'' in ae-¶-c-_m-e≥ G]n¬ 1983,-

t]. 51-˛52.-


31. ""a-X-t_m-[\w ae-¶-c- I-tØm-en-°m-k-`-bn¬'' in aX-t_m-[-\- Un-

d-IvS-dn, -N-ß-\m-t»-cn, 1983,- t]. 3˛4.

32. ""]uc-kvXy-k-`-I-sf-∏‰n c≠mw-h-Øn-°m≥ Iu¨kn-ens‚ ]am-

W-tcJ'' in Poh-[mc 13/76(1983)234-˛244

33. ""Z\lm ae-¶-c-k-`-bn¬'' in Zp-Ivdm\ 3/2(1983)17-˛18.

34. ""k`-bn¬ sFIytam sFI-cq-]ytam th≠Xv?'' in IXn-scmfn \hw-

_¿ 1983, t]. 325 -ap-X¬.

35. “One Territory one bishop, one jurisdiction-Solution to the Problem?”in Christian Orient, 4/1(1983)14-30 (With T.Vellilamthadom);alsoin Ecumenism in Danger, p.41-70.

36. “A Time to Act” in Christian Orient, 4/2(1983)100-102 (withVellilamthadom).

37. “Problems and Prospects of Evangelisation in India-An EcumenicalPerspective”: in Jeevadhara 13/76 (1983) 253-265 (withVellilamthadom).

38. Book Review: X.Koodapuzha, Faith and Communion of the IndianChurch of the St.Thomas Christians, Kottayam,1982 : in ChristianOrient 4/1(1983)

39. Book Review: T.Vellilamthadom,The Spectre of Being-A Short Noteon the Planetarian Domination, Kottayam,1982: in Christian Orient4/2 (1983)

198540. “The List of Bishops of the Thomas Christians”, in Christian

Orient, 6/1(1985)1-4; 6/2(1985)68-71; 6/3(1985)131-134; 6/4(1985)180-183. 8/1(1987)47-48; 9/1(1988)39-44;10/4(1989)165-169.

198641. ""ImtXm-en-t°m-kv,'' in am¿]m∏m kµ¿i\ kvac-Wn-I,- tIm-´-

bw,1986,-t]. 173-˛181 (-I-tØm-en-°m- tIm¨Kkv ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww).

42. ""tdmam-km-am-Pyhpw sXt° C≥Uybpw'' in am¿]m-∏m-bpsS Xncp-

h-\-¥-]pcw kµ¿i-\-kva-c-Wn-I,-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1986,-t].24.

43. “The Anomalous Situation in the Indian Church”: in The FreedomFighters of the Thomas Christians, ed. T.Vellilamthadom-Kurianal,Kottayam 1986,p.75-82.


44. Editorial: “Ecumenical Scandal” in Christian Orient, 7/4(1986)153-155.Section Editor of Christian Orient: Ecumenism (1986-1990)

198745. Editorial: “Ecumenism in Practice” in Christian Orient 8/

4(1987)151-152.46. “The Thomas Christians - Judaeo Budhist Hindu Christians?”: in

Christian Orient 8/4(1987)189-190198847. Editorial: Christian Orient/Ecumenism 9/4(1988) 153-154.198948. “Fr.Placid and the Malankara Catholic Church'' in Christian

Orient,10/4(1989)141-142.199049. “The Syriac Manuscripts burned by the order of the Synod of

Diamper(1599)'' in Orientalia Christiana Analecta, 236, Rome,1990.p.409-422 (Paper read at the 6th Symposium Syriacum atLouvain on 29-31, August 1988).

50. Editorial Christian Orient/Ecumenism, 11/4 (1990)149-150.199251. ""Fs‚ [ym\m-\p-`hw'' in hN-t\m-’hw 6/9 (1992 Pqsse)21-˛22.

199352. ""tIc-f-Ønse ssIkvX-h-k- -Iƒ'' in ssIkvX-h-tI-cfw, (FUn.)

t]mfn IÆq-°m-S≥,- B-fq¿, 1993, t].9-˛18

1993-˛1996˛ssa\¿ sk-an-\cn sdIvS¿.

53. ""Ms.Vat.Syr. 592,fol.8v-26v: Some Useful Counsels on the AsceticalLife by Mar Babai the Great-An Introduction: in Studia Patristica25/1993,p.253-257 (Paper presented at the 11th InternationalConference on Patristic Studies,held at Oxford,1990).

199454. “A\p-]-a-amb B[ym-fln-I-t\-XrXzw'' in [\y-Po-hnXw (FUn.) -

tXm-akv h´-∏-d-ºn¬, 1994,-t]. 127-˛130 (-am¿ KntKm-dn-tbmkv ]nXm-

hn-s\-∏-‰n).

""_Y\n k\ym-k-k-aqlw'': in kvac-Wn-I- -_-Y\n k\ym-k-k-aqlw


πm‰n\w Pq_nen (1919-˛1994), Xncp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 1994.

55. ""The Theological Contribution of Mar Babai the Great” in SyriacDialgoue I,Vienna 1994,p.155-167: See the French translation in1995 (Paper read at the Syriac Consultation on 24-29 June 1994 inVienna)

199556. ""kap-Zm-b-t°-kp-Iƒ°p hnS'' in sFIy-Zo]w 20/12 (1995)40-˛41 (-

Xr-iqsc kqdm-bn-I-fpsS sFIy-sØ-∏-‰n).-

57. ""I-tØm-en-°m-k-`bpw A o-dn-b≥ k`bpw kºq¿W sFIy-Øn-

te°v'' in sFIy-Zo]w 20/10(1995) 25-˛26.30.

58. ""hnf-hns‚ \mY-t\mSp ]m¿Yn-°pI'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw 9/

5 (sabv 1995)5-˛7.13 (-ssZ-h-hn-fn-∏-Xn-∏v).

59. ""FIyq-sa-\nkw'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw 9/9˛10 (1995- sk-]vXw-_¿-

˛HIvt‰m-_¿) 27-˛29. 9/11 (1995 \hw-_¿) 8-˛10 (-DXv DuWpw kn¥v

F∂- tcJ-sb∏-‰n).

60. “La Contribution theologique de Mar Babai le Grand", in LaTradition Syriaque I , Paris, 1995,p.83-94; also in Istina,40(1995)83-94.

199661. ""FIyq-sa-\nkw'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw 9/12 (1996)16-˛18.

62. ""The Ecumenical Dimension of the Malankara Seminary” in TheConsecration-Ordination Souvenir Trivandrum,1996, p.39-40 (APublication of the Malankara Major Seminary).

63. “The Three Chapters Controversy” in Syriac Dialgoue II,Vienna1996,p.113-125; also French tr. in 1998 (Paper read at the ProOriente Syriac Consultation,Feb. 1996 at Vienna).

64. “The Theological Contribution of Mar Babai the Great” in ChristianOrient, 17/1(1996)30-41.

199765. ""a-e-¶-c-k-`m-N-cn-Xw'' in am¿Øm-WvUw cq]-Xm-ÿm-]-\w-˛-_n-j∏v

temd≥kv am¿ At]w ÿm\m-tcm-lW kπn-sa‚ v (-tI-c-fm-ssSw-

kv 1997 P\p-hcn 23,-hymgw) t]. 3˛4.10.

66. ""ae-¶-c- I-tØm-en°m k -bpsS FIyp-ta-\n-°¬ ZuXyw''˛in saXm-

`n-tjI kvac-WnI 1997, _tØcn 1997,-t].19-˛20.

67. ""bmt°m-_m-bm,- Hm¿ØtUmIvkv, ae-¶c ItØm-en°m k`m-k-


aq-l-ßƒ°v Hcp Xpd-∂- I-Øv,'' in sFIy-Zo-]w, 23/9 (1997 sk]vXw-

_¿)17-˛20.

68. ""kss`-Iy--Øns‚ ]mX-bn¬ Xpd∂ a\-t msS'' in ssIkvX-h-

Im-lfw 10/1(1997 P\p-h-cn)25-˛28.

""t]m Hmdn-sbs¥ kpdn-bm\n IΩo-j\pw ]uckvXy A o-dn-b≥

k`-bp-am-bp≈ kssÌy kwhm-Z-hpw'', in ZpIvdm\ 17/10(1997

HIvtSm-_¿)29-˛38.

69. “The Pro-Oriente Syriac Commission and Ecumenical Dialogue withthe Assyrian Church of the East”, in Christian Orient, 18/4(1997)175-184.

199870. ""_Y-\nbpw ae-¶-c-k-`bpw'' in sFIy-Zo]w 24/3(1998 G]n¬)8-

˛9.

71. ""ItØm-en°m k`-bpsS FIyp-ta-\n-°¬ ]h¿Ø-\-ßƒ'' insFIy-Zo]w 25/8(1998 sk]vXw-_¿)38-˛40.-

72. ""a-dnbw c≠m-asØ l∆m'' in Poh-c£m\yqkv 1/9(1998) 24-˛25.

73. ""s]-‰-Ωsb ad-∂mepw At¥ym-Iysb ad-°qe'' in ae-¶-c-k-`m-

Zo]w 4/14(1998 sabv 16-˛31)5-˛6.

74. ""Hmdn-b‚¬ Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv k`-Iƒ'' in ZpIvdm\ 18/2(1998

s^_p-h-cn)14-˛16.

75. ""A Voice in the Wilderness”, in Christian Orient, 19/1(1998)13-25; See also the Dutch translation in 1999.

76. “La Controverse des Trois Chapitre-Histoire de la controverse”in La Tradition Syriaque- II,Paris,1998; also Istina 43(1998) 75-110, Paris 1998.

77. “The Catholic-Malankara Orthodox Dialogue” in Christian Orient,19/4(1998)153-159.

78. “Syriac Churches in Dialogue” in Harp XI-XII(1998-9) 87-98,Kottayam,1999.

199979. ""ssIkvX-h-k-`-Iƒ'' in ]≈n-ho-ń¬ ]d-ºn¬ Nm≠n-sa-Xm≥

(1663-˛1687)-kva-c-Wn-I, Ipd-hn-e-ßm-Sv, 1999,-t].58-˛96.

80. ""B kvXo Bcm-Wv?'' in Poh-c-£m-\yqkv 2/6(1999)19-˛20.-

81. ""Im-X-en-Iv- -a-e-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssZh-im-kvX-N¿®'' in sFIy-

Zo]w 23/1(1999)23-25.


82. ""FIyp-ta-\nkw Ing-°≥ bqtdm-∏n¬'' in sFIy-Zo]w 23/7(1999

sk]vXw-_¿) 30-˛31.

83. ""ImX-en-Iv-˛-a-e-¶c Hm¿Ø-tUmIvkv ssZh-im-kvX-N¿®'' inssIkvX-h-Im-lfw (1999 sabv)21-˛24.

AtX-te-J\w in ZpIvdm\ 19/6(1999 Pq¨)21-˛27.-

84. ""ssZhw a\p-jy-\m-bXv Inkv-Xym-\n°p th≠n amXtam?'' in ]hm-

kn(-B-KÃv 1999)13-˛15.

85. “The Church as the Communion of Churches: Inter EcclesialExistence in India” in Syro-Malabar Catholic Covention of NorthAmerica, 1999 Souvenir, p.109.

86. “Ein Stem in de Woestijn..De Situatie van de Oosters-katholiekeKerken in India”, in Het Christelijk Oosten 51/1-2(1999)83-98.

87. Editorial Christian Orient/Ecumenism, 20/4(1999)184.Section Editor of Ecumenism/Christian Orient, 1999-2007.

200088. ""k-`-bpsS hf¿® \q‰m-≠p-I-fn-eqsS'' in alm-Pq-_nen ]p\-ssc-

Iy-k-]vXXn kvac-Wn-I, ae-¶c ItØm-en-°m-k-`, 2000, -t].58-˛62.

89. ""Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠nse sFIy-kw-cw-`-ßfpw ]nf¿∏p-Ifpw'' inssIkvX-h-Im-lfw, P\p-hcn 2000,-t].16-˛18.

90. ""At¥ym-Iy≥ ]m-Xn-bm¿t°-‰p-Iƒ'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw, P\p-

hcn 2000,-t].22-˛24.

91. ""amtam-Zokm BZn-a-k- -bn¬'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-l-fw, (-B-KÃv 2000)

10- 12.-

92. ""Eastern Christian Churches” in Indian Christian Directory,Kottayam 2000,p.51-53. (Deepika Publication).

93. “The Catholic - Malankara Orthodox Dialogue” in Het ChristelijkOosten, 52,1-2 (2000)145-152.

94. “Some Reflections on the Mystery of Incarnation” in ChristianOrient, 21/4(2000)153-163.

95. Editorial Christian Orient/Ecumenism) 21/4 (2000)151.200196. ""kss -Iy-ho-£Ww'' in sshZn-I-cpsS sshZn-I≥ (FUn.) -C.-sP.-

h¿Ko-kv,- tIm-∂n, 2001,- t].60- 62 (-hn.-kn.-km-aph¬ A®-t\-°p-dn-®v).


97. ""Ae-Ivkm-WvUn-bm-bnse am¿ ¢oaokv'' in ssIkvX-h-Im-lfw

60/8(2001 BK-Ãv-˛-sk-]vXw.)56-˛59.

98. ""Ecumenism in India” in Studia Oecumenica I, Opole,2001, p.143-152 (on the Reunion Movement of 1930).

99. Dominus Deus” in Christian Orient, 22/1(2001)37-41.2002100. ""ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS At¥ym-Iy≥ _-‘hpw k`-bnep≠mb ]nf¿∏p-

Ifpw'' in sFIy-Zo]w 30/8 (2002 \hw.-) t]. 27-˛30.

101. ""hnhmlw'' in en‰¿Pn ]kw-K-th-Zn-bn¬ (FUn.) -^n-en∏v sNº-I-

t»-cn,-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]pcw 2002,-t].152-˛15.

102. ""Pro Oriente Syriac Dialogue” in Studia Oecumenica II (2002)27-42.

103. “The Week of Prayer for Christian Unity” in Mother Calls,1/3(2002 January)14-16.

104. “Archbishop Mar Ivanios and Ecumenism” in Studia OecumenicaII (2002) 243-258.

105. “Crisis in a Sister Church: Painful Story of an Apostolic Church”in Christian Orient, 23/4(2002) 151-173.

106. Editorial Christian Orient/Ecumenism, 23/4,(2002) p.150.107. “The Three Crucial Terms in Syriac Theology: Kyana,Qnoma and

Parsopa”, in Harp 15 (2002) 59-65 ( Festschrift Mar Aprem).2003108. Ipcn-i-S-bmfw'' in Bcm-[-\-I-a- hn⁄m\-tImiw ,(F-Un.-)tP-°_v

sh≈n-bm≥,- tIm-´-bw, 2003, -t]. 268-˛269.

109. ""Rmb-dm-gvN- -F- mw-Zn-h-kw,- H∂mwZnh-kw'',- in Bcm-[-\-I-a -hn-⁄m-

\-tIm-iw,- (F-Un.-) sh-≈n-bm≥ -t].371-˛373.

110. “Ecumenism and Reunion;Two Basic Issues” in Malankara Voice3/4 (2003) 6-7.29

111. “Fiftieth Death Anniversary of Archbishop Mar Ivanios (1882-1953)”: Editorial Christian Orient, 24/4 (2003)142-144.

112. “Fiftieth Anniversary of the visit of Cardinal Eugene Tisserant (1953-2003)” in Christian Orient, 24/4 (2003)144-146.

113. Editorial: “Forty Years after the Vatican Council”: in ChristianOrient, 24/4(2003)146-148.


114. Editorial: “Identity and Communion” in Christian Orient, 24/4(2003)148-150.

115. “Reflections on the Ecumenical Movement: The EcumenicalVocation of the Malankara Catholic Church in the New Millennium”,in Christian Orient, 24/4 (2003)185-195.

116. “Common Christological Declaration between the Catholic Churchand the Assyrian Church of the East-An Evaluation”, in Harp16(2003), p.271-278 (Festschrift Fr.Geevarghese Panicker).

2004117. ""am¿ _tk-en-tbmkv ]nXmhv sFIy-Øns‚ ]hm-N-I≥'' in

]Wmaw (F-Un.-) hn¬k¨ X´m-cp-Xp-≠n¬,- Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw, 2004,-

t].107- 111.

118. ""hnip-≤-cpsS am[y-ÿ-yk-lmbw'' in sFIy-Zo]w 32/6(2004

Pqsse) 15-˛16.

119. ""FIyq-sa-\n-khpw ae-¶-c-k-`-I-fpsS sFIyhpw'' in sk‚ v

tkthygvkv ae-¶-c-I-tØm-en-°m-k-`,- Iq-S¬ kph¿W-Pq-_n-en-

kva-c-Wn-I,2004, IqS¬, t].100-˛102.

120. ""Mar Ivanios and the Background of the Reunion Movement” inArchbishop Mar Ivanios in his Thoughts, Trivandrum, 2004.

121. “The Ecumenical Vision of Mar Ivanios”: in Archbishop MarIvanios in his Thoughts, p.63-75.

122. “Syriac Churches in Dialogue” in Christian Orient, 25/4(2004)2005123. ""ImtXm-en-t°‰pw ImtXm-en-t°mkpw Hcp Ncn-Xmh-temI\w'' in

ae-¶-c-_m-e≥ ]pkvXIw 77 (2005 am¿®v) 11-˛15

124. “The Malankara Catholic Catholicate and the Catholicos” in AikyaSamiksha 2/2(2005)21-30.

125. On the Catholicate: in Malankara Voice 5/2 (2005 March-April)23-25

126. A Review of my Book: The Malankara Catholic Church byRajmund Poroda,Opole in Studia Oecumenica, 4 (2005) 251-155(in Polish)

127. “The Churches of the Syriac Tradition in Dialogue”, in StudiaOecumenica,5 (2005)271-290.


128. “The Malankara Catholic Catholicos and the Catholicate” in StudiaOecumenica 5 (2005)87-96.

129. “Syriac Dialogue 4-5” in Harp 18 (2005)83-89.130. “Preface” to Moran Etho -27: Bestellung eines Bischofssitzen

Sede Vacante..by Prof.J.Madey.131. “The Malankara Catholic Church and its new Status in the Catholic

Communion” in Christian Orient, 26/4(2005)5-13.132. Editorial Christian Orient/Ecumenism,26/4(2005), p.2-4.133. “The Malankara Catholic Catholicos and the Catholicate”, in

Ostkirchlilchen Studien Band 54.Heft 3-4, 20052006134. ""am¿ At]w'', in ZpIvdm\ 25/10 (2006) 5-7.

135. ""\ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns‚ Ipcn-iv-˛-hn.-tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXm-ans‚

ho£-W-Øn¬'', in ZpIvdm\ 26/11 (2006 Pqsse) 30-˛33.

136. tIc-f-k-`m-]-Xn-`-Iƒ H∂mw`mKw F∂ KŸ-Øn¬ (-F-Un.-)

tPm¨ I®n-d-a-‰w, ""dh.-tUm.-Ko-h¿Kokv tNSn-bØv'' F∂ teJ\w,

]ng-Iv/tIm-´-bw,- t].1218-˛1222 (-Fs‚ Poh-N-cn-Xhpw KŸ-ß-fpsS

t]cp-Ifpw sImSp-Øn-´p-≠v.

137. ""InkvXp-aXw tIc-f-Øn¬'' in tIc-f-hn--⁄m-\-Zo-]nI, Xn-cp-h-\-

¥-]p-cw, 2006, t].73-˛78.

138. “Ecumenism in India in the 20th Century”, in MalankaraCatholic Convention Souvenir, New York, 2006, p.74-76.

139. Book Review : Metropolitan Bishop of Damiette, A Documentaryon the Nestorian Assyrian Church of the East, Its History, PresentCondition and Doctrines in Studia Oecumenica 5 (2005) 404-408.

140. A book review by George Nedungatt of my book, The MalankaraCatholic Church in Orientalia Christiana Periodica, 71/1(2005)222.

141. “The Malankara Catholic Church and Ecumenism” in Harp19(2006)137-148 (Festschrift Prof. Madey)

142. “The Malankara Catholic Catholicos and the Catholicate”, in Harp20 (2006) 195-208 (Festschrift Thekkeparambil)

143. “Syriac Dialogue-6”: in Harp 21(2006) 337-342. (FestschriftEmmanuel Telly)


144. “Commitment to Visible Communion”: Editorial in ChristianOrient/Ecumenism, 27/4(2006)130-131.

145. “Pulikkottil Joseph Mar Dionysius (1865-1909) and Ecumenism”in Christian Orient, 27/4(2006)147-152.

146. “The Pro Oriente Forum Syriacum” in Christian Orient, 27/4(2006)178-180; also in Studia Oecumenica 6( 2006).

2007147. “The Christology of Mar Babai the Great” in Inculturation des

Christentum im Sassanidenreich ed.by Arafa Mustafa etalii,Wiesbaden 2007, p.205-214.

148. “ItØm-en-°m-k` hnhn[ k`-I-fpsS Iq´bva'' in ssZhm-e-b-Iq-

Zmi kvac-Wn-I,- sk‚ v tPm¿Pv ae-¶c ItØm-en°m Xo¿Ym-S\

ssZhm-e-bw.- ssI-Ãv\-K¿, Nmtcm- p-tIm-Ww,-Ip-f-Øq¿, 2007, t]Pv.63-

˛64.

149. ""ae-¶-c-k-`-bpsS FIyp-sa-\nk Nn¥-Iƒ'' in sFIy-Zo-]w,34/

9,sk]vXw-_¿ 2007,-t].32-˛34.

150. “The Ecumenical Vision of Moran Mor Baselios Cyril Catholicos”in kvarXn]Yw, _tØcn, 2008, t].123˛126.

ssIkvX-h-k-aq-l-Ønse Fgp-Øp-Im¿: ae-bm-f-Ønse ssIkvXh

kmln-Xy--Im-c-∑m-cpsS Und-IvS-dn,- ]n.-Hm.kn ]kn-≤o-I-c-Ww, ]mem-cn-h-

´w,-1989, -t].397-˛398.

]mNo-\-k-\ym-k- \n-b-a-ßƒ (a-Zvtdm-tim-˛6)-kocn ]kn-≤o-Ic-Ww,-

t]. 240-˛244.

tPm¨ I®n-d-a-‰w, tIc-f-k`m]Xn-`-Iƒ, ]ngIv/-tIm-´bw,2006,-t].1218-

˛1222.

Bibliographical Survey, ed.T.Vellillamthadom & G.. Chediath,OIRSI71,Kottayam1983.p.9-13.G.Chediath, Malankara Major Seminary, Nalanchira,Trivandrum,695015.email: [email protected]


INDEX OF NAMESAba Antony 51Aba I Catholicos of Persia 44.48Aba Isaiah 51.130-131.132.134Aba Marcos 51.56.134.175Abas Catholicos of Caucasian Albania 143Abda Martyr 42Abdisho of Nisibis 3.47.55.57.60.61.81.85-86.106Abdisho, brother of Joseph Hazzaya 59Abgar Monk 42Abgar V King of Edessa 38Abgar VIII King of Edessa 40Abimelek of Qardu 52Abraamius hegumen of Kratea 137.143Abraham & Orestes of Edessa 68Abraham bar Dashandad 56.80Abraham bar Liphe 79.84Abraham bin Noha 81Abraham d’Beth Rabban 44.47-48.49.54.55Abraham of Beh Kavad 50Abraham of Nathpar 53-54Abraham of Nisibis 8Abraham Pachomian monk 219Abraham the Great of Kashkar 44.45.51.54.56.61.81Abramios of Sabas’ Laura 58Abramius of Ephesus 177Acacius Catholicos 47Acacius of Constantinople 168-169.170.200Acacius of Melitene 100.102Addai & Mari anaphora 39Addai 38.39Adrian exegete 114Aeneas of Gaza, Sophist 131Aetius presbyter of Constantinople 193Agapetus Deacon 172Agapetus I pope 174Agathonicus of Tarsus, pseudo 198.215Ahudemmeh 73Al Mahdi Caliph 80Al Muthavakil Caliph 82Alexander of Antioch 98Alexander of Apamea 100


Alexander of Cyprus, monk 118Alexander of Hierapolis 99.100.101.163Alypius presbyter 163Antonios of Tagrit 75Antony the Monk 104Aphnimaran 58Aprem Mar 2.8-32.43.45.65.82Arthur Voobus 66Babai of Singar 44Balai 64Bar Sahde of Karka d’Beth Slok 42Bar Sahde, father of Abraham d’Beth Rabban 47Bar Samya 41Bar Sauma of Qardu 44Bauto father of Eudoxia 16Bedjan 66Besa, hegumen of Atripe 217.219Bokthisho physician 82Boniface II Pope 171Caesarius brother of Gregory Nazianzen 175Caesarius, Pseudo 175Calandion of Antioch 66Callinicus, biographer of Hypatius 168Calliopius correspondent of Atticus 162Candida 42Catherine of Alexandria (Sinai) 127.146.148Celestine I pope 128.162.198Chabot J.B. 34Choricius of Gaza, sophist 133Chosroes I, King of Persia 42.44.143Chosroes II, King of Persia 55.143Chronicle of John of Ephesus 32Chronicon Paschale 194Chrysippus of Jerusalem 129Clement of Alexandria 175Cleopatra 211Colluthus 203Conon of Tarsus 179-180Constans II Emperor 190Constantine the deacon 180Constantine I the great, Emperor 150Constantine I, Pope 192Constantine of Assiut 209


Constantine of Laodicea 109Cosmas Indicopleustes 204.205Cosmas Vestitor 193Cyriacus of Tyana 171Cyriacus Palestinian monk 137Cyril of Alexandria 68.98-103.118.121l128.129.140.155-159.162-166.187.194.198-200. 216-218Cyril of Scythopolis 134.136.137-138Cyrillona 45Cyrus of Constantinople 192Cyrus of Edessa 43.46Cyrus of Panopolis 166Cyrus of Phasis, Patriarch of Alexandria 187.210Cyrus of Tyana 170-171Dadisho of Bet Aramaye 45.54.62Dadisho Qatraya 57Dalmatius Archimandrite 164Damascius Neo-Platonist 151Damasus Pope 101Damian of Alexandria 73.112.113.208-209Daniel of Galash 65Daniel of Harran 105Daniel of Salah 72Daniel of Scete 210Daniel the Archimandrite 219Daniel the Indian 37Daniel the Stylite 3.166David the Invincible 222Deacon Elisha 52Denha Maphrian 73Diadochus of Photike 184Diodore of Tarsus 44.46.156.163Diogenes of Edessa 102Dionysius bar Salibi 76-78.82Dionysius d’Tel-Mahre 74Dionysius d’Tel-Mahre, Pseudo 32.33.34.78.131Dionysius the Areopagite, Pseudo 60.69.74.84.107.136.151-154.173.182.183.187.Dioscoros of Alexandria 105.116.151.166.167.196.199.200.218Dioscoros of Gosarta 78Domitian of Ancyra 174-175Domninus historian of Antioch 116Domnus (Domninus) II of Antioch 104-105.199


Domnus (Domninus) III of Antioch 178Dorotheus of Gaza 134Dorotheus of Marcianopolis 163Du Nuwas 43Edmund Beck 10-11.Egeria 127Eliah bar Kanus 82Eliah bar Sinaya 83Eliah III Abu Halim Catholicos 84Eliah Jacobite 74Eliah of Anbar 84Elias Jacobite 72Elias of Jerusalem 134.200Elias of Nisibis, chronicler 34.42.84Eliseus the Armenian 222Elisha bar Qusbaye 47Emmanuel Shahare 51Eobulus of Lystra 189-190Ephrem of Antioch 109.175Epiphanius Archdeacon of Alexandria 198Epiphanius of Constantinople 157.171Erecthius of Antioch in Pisidia 166Eudoxia, Empress 161Eugenius of Seleucia 179-180Eulogius of Alexandria 209Euphemius of Constantinople 154Euphrasius of Antioch 109Eupsychius 162Eusebius of Alexandria, Pseudo 198Eusebius of Caesarea 38.115.129.170.197Eusebius of Doryleum 105.165.166Eusebius of Emesa 115Eusebius of Heraclea 164Eusebius treasurer of Hagia Sophia 175Eustathios monachus 173-174Eustathios of Ancyra 144Eustathios of Berytus 105Eustathios of Epiphania, historian 117Eutherius of Tyana 163Euthymius the Great 102.104.128.129.137Eutropius, prefect 162Eutyches 105.156.164-167.199Eutychius of Constantinople 161.177.178


Evagrius of Pontus 51.57.60.147.182.184Evagrius of Soli, Cypriot bishop 118Evagrius Scholasticus 116-117.133.135Eznik of Kolb 221Faustus monk 226Felix III Pope 168.170.200Firmus of Caesarea in Cappadocia 165-166Flavian of Constantinople 105.166.167.168.199Fravita of Constantinople 170Gabriel of Singar physician 55Gabriel Qatraya 79.84Gaianus Julianist bishop of Alexandria 172.202.205Galen 68.81Geevarghese of Bagash 80Geevarghese Warda 85Gelasius of Cyzicus 169-170Gennandius of Constantinople 168Gennadius of Marseilles 119George (Geevarghese) I of Seleucia Ctesiphon 56-57George Arbel (Pseudo) 82-83George Grammaticus 193George Martyr of Persia 42George of Alexandria 210George of Sykeon 186George of the Arabs 65.70.71George St. Martyr 118.129George Syncellus197George the Chozibite 144George the monk 189Gerasimus hegumen 135.137Germanus I of Constantinople 192Golinduch, St. 113Gregentius, Pseudo 135Gregory (Piragushnasp) Martyr 42Gregory Catholicos 56Gregory Nazianzen 175.182.191.217Gregory Nyssa 72.183.217Gregory of Agrigento 191Gregory of Antioch 117.143Gregory of Cyprus 55Gregory the Great Pope 177.191Gregory the Illuminator 223Gregory the presbyter 191


Guria 41.43Habib 41.43Habib bishop of Edessa 70Habib of Doliche 101Hananisho Catholicos 80Hananisho of Adiabene 56Hanneena 65Helena, Empress 127Helladius of Tarsus 99.163Henana of Adiabene 44.49-50.51.55.Heraclian of Chalcedon 173Heraclides of Nyssa 162Heraclius Emperor 33.118.143.144.186-190.209Hermogenes of Rhinocorura 198Hesychius of Castabala 99Hesychius of Sinai 148Hierocles, Neo - Platonist 131Hilarion of Thavatha, monk 127Himerius bishop of Nicomedia 163Hippolytus of Rome 186Honorius I pope 187Hormisdas pope 155.169.171Horsiesi 213Hunain ibn Isaac 81Hypatius of Ephesus 173Hyperechius 210Ibas of Edessa 43.46.103.105-106.159.Iesudnah 3.54.55.83Innnocent of Maronea 173Irenaeus of Harpasos 171Irenaeus of Lyons 186Irenaeus of Tyre 105Isaac Armenian Catholicos 221Isaac of Antioch 52-53Isaac of Nineveh 53.57-58Isai exegete 44.48Isaiah of Tahal 49Ishobarnun, Catholicos of Persia 56.80.81Ishodad of Merv 37.47.81-82Ishoyahb II Catholicos of Persia 50Ishoyahb III Catholicos of Persia 49.56.79Isidore of Pelusium 198Isobarnun of Ram Hormizd 81


Isosabran, Martyr 79Isoyahb d’Beth Arbaye 48Isoyahb of Arzun 44Jacob Abila 59Jacob Burdana 110-111. 112. 142.179.205.208Jacob Martyr 42Jacob of Beth Abe 49.52Jacob of Edessa 2.33.52.65.69-70.71Jacob of Kaphra Rahima 104Jacob of Nisibis 8Jacob of Sarug 2.65-66.72Jerome St. 127Jerome of Jerusalem 146Job of Edessa 81Jobius monk 108-109John bar Aphthonia 108John bar Phinkaye 33.55-56John bar Sobi 78.84John Barbur 73.113John Carpathian 193John Chrysostom 98.134.162.210.217John Climacus 127.147John d’Beth Rabban 48.54John Dalyata 58John Damascene 119.122-125.195John Diacrinomenus 116John Drungarius, Catenist 115John Egyptian, bishop of Hephaistos 205John Grammaticus of Caesarea 138.203John Hesychast 137John I of Antioch 98-102.164.165John I Pope 171John II of Constantinople 154.171John II Pope 156.157John III of Constantinople 111.177.178.179John IV of Jerusalem 143John IV the Faster, Patriarch of Constantinople 180John Malalas chronicler 116.117.211John Mandukuni, Catholicos of Armenia 221John Moschus 119.145.209John of Apamea 53.59.60.72.173John of Ashmunain 209John of Berytus 107John of Cellia 205-206.207


John of Dara 74John of Ephesus, historian 32.33.109.111.205-208John of Epiphania, historian 117John of Euboia 117John of Gabala 107John of Gaza, recluse 127.133.134John of Hierapolis 105John of Lycopolis 219John of Mayragom 222John of Nikiu chronicler 210-211John of Paralos 209John of Scythopolis 136.151.183John of Sedre 72John of Thessalonica 185John Philoponus 112.142.179.203-204.205.209John Rufus, bishop of Maiuma 131John Scotus Eriugena 136John V Almsgiver, Patriarch of Alexandria 118.145.146.209John VI of Constantinople 192John father of Cyril of Scythopolis 137Joseph Assemanus 10Joseph d’Beth Huzaye 48Joseph Hazzaya 50.53.59-61.151Joshua the Stylite 32Jovian Emperor 8Julian of Halicarnassus 120.121.161.172.201.205.206.209Julian of Sardica 164Julian of Tabia 168Julian Emperor 8.19Julius Africanus 197Julius Caesar 32.211Justin I Emperor 32.111.120.154.155.168.169.171.172Justin II Emperor 32.177-179Justin Martyr 186Justinian I Emperor 32.44.107.109.110.116.120.127.135.137Justinian II Emperor 143.191.192Juvenal of Jerusalem 128.129Kamaluddin Mussa 78Kawad King 47Komitas Catholicos of Armenia 222Koriun 221Lampetius of Cassium 198Lamy 10Lazar of Parp 222


Leo I the Great, Pope 154.156.157.162.167-169.171.200Leo I the Thracian, Emperor 164.200Leo III the Isaurian, Emperor 150.192Leo of Haran 74Leontius hegumen of St. Sabas Rome 191Leontius of Byzantium 136.138.140.174.175.178.194Leontius of Constantinople 178Leontius of Jerusalem 140.178Leontius of Neapolis 118Leontius Presbyter of Jerusalem 147Leontius Scholasticus 140-141Leontius the Armenian 223Liberatus of Carthage 163.202Longinus hegumen of Ennaton 219Longinus of Nubia 205.206Macarius 57Macarius of Antioch 117Macarius of Tkou 218Macedonius I of Constantinople 154Mambre Vercanol 222Mani 13.16.21.214.218Mara bar Sarapion 40-41Marcian Emperor 129.167Marcian heretic 13.16.21Marcianus of Gaza 133Mari bishop of Balad 44Mari the Persian 105.106Mark Diodochus 147Mark the Deacon 130Maro of Edessa 148Maron lector 68Martha 42Martin I Pope 185.191Martyrius of Antioch 107Martyrius of Jerusalem 130Martyrius Sahdona 49.50Martyrius Pseudo 106Martyrius teacher of John Climacus 147Marutha Maphrian 73Marutha of Maipherqat 42Mathew the Pauper 219Maurice emperor 117Maximian (Maximinus) of Anazarbus 99


Maximian of Constantinople 100.162.198Maximus the Confessor 118.145.151.181-184.185.190.191.195Meletius of Antioch 101Meletius of Mopsuestia 100.102Melito of Sardis 212Melito the Philosopher 40Melkite Chronicle 33Memnon of Ephesus 98.164-165Menander 41Menas of Constantinople 158.174.177Mesrop 220.221.222Methodius of Olympus 186Michael Malpana 49Michael the Archangel 129Michael the Syrian 34.77.78.131.161Mihrshabur 42Miles 42Modestus of Jerusalem 143.144Moses bar Kepha 35 75-76Moses of Elivard 221Moses of Khorene 222Mundhir bar Hareth, Ghassanid emir 112Muratori L.A. 166Nadan nephew of Abikar 41Narsai 2.45-47.48Narsai another teacher 48Narsai Martyr 42Necephorus Callistus, historian 117Nephalius, Neo-Chalcedonian 120.201Nestorianus historian 116Nestorius of Constantinople 44.46.48.99-101.103.156.165.194.198Nestorius of Nuhadra 56-57Nicholas of Ancyra 175Nicias 109Nonnus Deacon 75Nonnus of Harran 34Nonnus, Origenist monk 138.141Oecumenius 115Olympias 162.189Olympiodorus the deacon & exegete 201Omar II Caliph 59Origen 115.129.183Overbeck 10Pachomius 213


Palladius 56Pambo of Scete 219Pamphilus Theologus 141Panodorus chronography 197Pantoleon Byzantine Presbyter 186Papa Catholicos 42Parasceve St. 117Parthenius presbyter of Constantinople 163Pathrikios 58Patricius of Edessa 68Paul d’Beth Ukkama 111-112.113.179.206-208Paul II of Constantinople 190-191Paul of Elusa 134.138Paul of Emesa 100Paul of Nisibis 44.109-110Paul of Tabennesi, bishop of Alexandria 158.173Paul of Tamma 215Paul of Tella 35Paul Silentiarius 176Pelagius I Pope 160Peroz Martyr 42Peter Fuller 66.106-107.131.143.168.169Peter I of Alexandria, Jacobite Patriarch 112Peter III Mongus 107.168-170.200-201Peter IV of Alexandria 206-207.Peter Moberek 10Peter of Callinicus, Jacobite Patriarch of Antioch 73.112-113.208.209Peter of Jerusalem 135-136.160.175Peter of Myra 168Peter of Traianopolis 165Peter the Iberian, bishop of Maiuma 129.131.138.205Pethion 42Philip disciple of Bardaisan 40Philippicus Bardanes Emperor 192.193Philo the historian 197Philotheus of Sinai 148Philoxenus of Mabbug 2.37.51.60.61.66-68.69Phocas Emperor 186Phocas of Edessa 69Photinus biographer of John the Faster 180Photius of Constantinople 114.204Polycarp translator 37.67Porphyry Neo-Platonist 68.77


Proba sophist 73.113Proclus of Constantinople 163.166.167.175Proclus Neo-Platonist 151.153.154Procopius of Caesarea, historian 117Procopius of Gaza, catenist 131.132.133.195Proterius of Alexandria 199Pulcheria Empress 161Pusai 42Pyrrhus I of Constantinople 181.182.190Qamish bar Qardahe 51Qasha 50Qiyore teacher 43.46.48.Qumi 37.44Rabbula of Edessa 36.46.101.102-103.105Ramban Shapur 57Ramisho teacher 48Reginus of Constantia 118Romanus Melodus 176Rufinus of Aquileia 170Rufus of Shotep 209Sabas St. 58.122.135.137.139Sargis & Paulose 73Serapion 40Sergia abbes 189Sergius Grammaticus 108.120Sergius I of Constantinople 186-188.189.190.194.210Sergius of Constantia 119Sergius of Reshaina 68-69Sergius of Tella 111Sergius Stylite 74Seridos hegumen of Tavatha 134Severus of Antioch 66.107-109.115.119-121.132.139.151.154-158.172-174.194.201-205Severus of Synnada 164Severus Sebokt 69.78Severus nephew of David of Harran 34Shapur I King of Persia 42Shapur II King of Persia 8Sharbel 41Shenute of Atripe 215.216-217Shubhalamaran 55Simplicius Pope 169Sirin 42


Smone 41.43Socrates historian 170.211.223Solomon of Bostra 84Sophia 179Sophronius of Jerusalem 118.119.145.187.209Sozomen 170Spyridon St. 118.119Stephen Assemanus 10Stephen bar Sudaili 68.69.151Stephen biographer of Apollo 219Stephen Gobar 204Stephen I of Hierapolis 105Stephen II of Hierapolis 113Stephen of Bostra 146Stephen of Cyprus 179Stephen Sophist 113Succensus of Diocaesarea 98-99Symeon bar Saba 42Symeon d’Thaibuthe 58Symeon Kepha 24Symeon of Bet Arsham 43.71Symeon of Gabala 43Symeon Quqoyo 72 72Symeon Stylite I, 3.103-104Symeon Stylite II, 113-114.178Symeon the Fool, St. 119Symmachus 133Symmachus Jew 82Tathak 42Tatian 11.35Thalassius the Libyan 182.191Thalassius accuser of Nestorius 163Themistius of Alexandria, Agnoete 202Theodocian Jew 82Theodora empress 142.155.156.161.179.202.Theodore Abu Qura 75Theodore Ascidas 135.141-142.160.175Theodore bar Koni 50Theodore Deacon 191Theodore I Pope 119.196Theodore Lector 170Theodore monk 202Theodore Monophysites Patriarch of Alexandria 205.207Theodore of Bostra 142


Theodore of Copris 206Theodore of Gangra 184Theodore of Heraclea 115Theodore of Mopsuestia 43-47.65.82.102.106.156.159.163Theodore of Paphos 119Theodore of Petra 138Theodore of Pharan 142.186Theodore of Philae 202.206Theodore of Raithou 142Theodore of Salamis 170Theodore of Scythopolis 136-137.160Theodore of Sykeon 186Theodore of Tremithus 119Theodore Patriarch of Alexandria 112Theodore Spudaeus 185Theodore St. & Martyr 129Theodore Studite 134Theodore Synchellus 189Theodoret of Cyrus 42.98.104.105.115.156.159.170.199.Theodosius Alexandrian Presbyter 206Theodosius Catholicos 82Theodosius I of Alexandria 111.112.158.179.203.206.218Theodosius II Emperor 98.150.161-163.165Theodosius of Jerusalem 128-129.131Theodosius of Scythopolis 136Theodosius the Coenobiarch 137.145Theodotus of Ancyra 165Theodotus of Antioch 98Theodulus exegete 114-115Theognius of Betylios 137.138Theognius presbyter of Jerusalem 134Theonas Tritheist 179-180Theopemptos Scholasticus 182Theophan Russian 58Theophilus of Alexandria 197.215Theotecnus of Livias 146Thomas Aquinas 125Thomas of Edessa 48Thomas of Harqel bishop of Mabbug 37Thomas of Marga 52.75.83.Thomas Presbyter of Thessalonica 173Thomas Christian of Jerusalem 144Tiberius II Emperor 112.117.145Timothy Historian 116


Timothy I Catholicos of Persia 56.59.60.80.151Timothy I of Alexandria 172Timothy II Aelurus, Patriarch of Alexandria 105.194.199-200.204.211.218Timothy II Catholicos 86Timothy IV Patriarch of Alexandria 201-202Timothy of Constantinople 171Timothy presbyter of Constantinople 158Tiridates III King of Armenia 222Trajan Emperor 41Tychon St. Bishop of Amathus 209Vahram V King of Persia 42Valentinian I Emperor 161Valentinian II Emperor 211Vardan Mamikonian 223Victor of Antioch exegete 115Victor St. 129Vigilius Pope 174.186Vologese of Nisibis 8Yazidpaneh Martyr 42Yusodok 59Zacharias Scholasticus 32.107.117.131.132-133.194Zacharias Patriarch of Jerusalem 143.144Zeno of Kurion Cypriot bishop 118Zeno the Isaurian, Emperor 46.66.68.107.118.158.168.169.201Zenobius of Zephyrium 99Zoilus of Alexandria 158Zosimas Palestinian monk 135Zuqnin Chronicle 33

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ

Angelo di Berardino (Editor),Patrologia,Vol.V Dal Concilio diCalcedonia (451) a Giovanni di Damasceno (+750) I PadriOrientali (Institutum Patristicum Augustinianum, Roma, 2000) CasaEditrice Marietti S.p.A.-Genova-Milano. Also the English translationof this Italian edition: Patrology, by Adrian Walford, Cambridge, 2006.S.Brock, A Brief Outline of Syriac Literature, Kottayam,1997(SEERIPublication: Moran Etho-9).


OIRSI PUBLICATIONS - RECENT BOOKS

280. Mar Abraham Mattam, The Church of St. Thomas Christians’Missionary Enterprises before the 16thCentury, 2004, p.98, Rs.35.00.

281. Charles Payngott, \n[o-cn-b-®≥ Ncn-X-tc-J-Ifn¬, 2004, p.160,Rs.80.00

282. T. Mannooramparambil, kotdm- -- a-e-_m¿ k -bpsS Ip¿_m\ Hcp ]T\w

hmeyw 1. 20042, p.514, Rs. 200.00283. T. Mannooramparambil, Theological Dimensions of Christian Orient,

2005, p.256, Rs. 175.00284. Scaria Kanniyakonil, Living Organ Donation and Transplantation:

A Medical, Legal and Moral TheologicalAppraisal, 2005, p. 408, Rs. 250.00

285. Paul Pallath The Provincial Councils of Goa and theChurch of St.Thomas Christians, 2006, p. 206,Rs. 100.00

288. G. Chediath ]tSm-fPn hmeyw 1, 2006, p.308, Rs.150.00289. G. Chediath ]tSm-fPn hmeyw 2, 2006, p.286, Rs.125.00290. G. Chediath tPm¨ Inskm-kvtXmw: InkvXpimkvXw,

_m_n-em-kns‚ NcnXw, 2006 p.124, Rs. 40.00291. S. Kanniyakonil The fundementals of Bio-Ethics, 2007, p.366,

Rs. 250.00292. M.Manakatt - J. Puthenveettil Syro - Malabar Theology in context, 2007,

p.340, Rs. 200.00293. M. Vellanickal ss__nƒ hn⁄m\tImiw, 2007, p.1388

Rs. 1450.00294. P. Vadakeoram Heidegger’s Vision of Human Existence in

the expression and appropriation of Being2007, p.417, Rs.300

295. J. Kattackal Gita - A Christian Commentary, 2008, p.250,Rs.100.00

296. J. Kattackal Three Hundred Verses of Bhartrhari: Text,Translation and Christian Commentary,2008, p.220, Rs.100.

300. G. Chediath ]tSmfPn˛III, 2008, p.276, Rs.80.00Manager, OIRSI Publication, P.B. No.10

Vadavathoor, Kottayam - 686 010





Pn. -tN-Sn-bØv

]tSm-fPn ˛ hmeyw 3Im¬knU¨ Iu¨kn¬ (451)

apXep≈ ]uckvXyk`mt\Xm°∑m¿

OIRSINo. 300

]uc-kvXy-hn-Zym-]o-Tw

-tIm- -bw

2008


G.CHEDIATH, PATROLOGY - III

Eastern Ecclesiastical Writers from the Council of Chalcedon(451).

A Publication of the Oriental Institute of Religious studies, P. B. No.10.Vadavathoor, Kottayam, 686010. Kerala. India.

This is an adapted and abridged version from the Italian edition PatrologiaVol.V: I Padri Orientali secoli V-VIII published by the publishing companyMarietti, Genova-Milano,Italy, 2000.

Published with the permission of the publishing company Marietti and ofRev. Prof. Dr. Angelo di Berardino, the Editor of the book.

c G.Chediath, 2008

Printed at : Bethany Press, Kalathipady, Kottayam - 686010Ph. 0481 - 2571355

Price : 80/-

ISBN : 81 - 88456-37-3


hnj-b-hn-hcwBapJw XV

I. kpdn-bm\n k`m-km-lnXyw 11. -am¿ A^mXv 4

2. -am¿ At]w 8

Ir-Xn-Iƒ 9

1. thZ-]p-kvX-I-hym-Jym-\-ßƒ 11: DXv]-Øn-bp-sSbpw ]pd-∏m-Sn-s‚bpw hymJym-

\-ßƒ 11. Znbm-sX- -tdm¨ mjyw 11. \-S-]Sn ]pkvX-I-Øns‚ hymJym\w

13. hn.-]u-tem-kns‚ teJ-\-ß-fpsS hymJym\w 13.

2.- ]m-j-W-v-U-X-Iƒs°-Xn-sc 13.

3.- K-Zy-]-Zy-an-inXw 13: \ΩpsS I¿Øm-hns\ Ipdn-®p≈ ]Xn-]m-Z\w

13. tbm-l-∂ms‚ kphn-ti-j-Øn-s‚ Bap-J-sØ-∏‰n 14. ]pªn-bp-kn-\p≈

IØv 14. tami -sNbvX AS-bm-f-ßsf Ipdn®v 15.

4.- [m¿an-I-]-`m-j-W-ßƒ 15: hnizm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®p≈ tlman-en-Iƒ (6)

15. \ns°m-ta-Zn-bm-sb-°p-dn-®p≈ tlman-en-Iƒ 15. _¿ssZ-km-s\-Xn-sc-bp≈

tlman-en-Iƒ 15. \mIvSm-tK 16.

5. Io¿Ø-\-ßƒ 16: hnizm-k-Ko-X-ßƒ 16. \n-kn-_n-b≥ Km\-ßƒ

16. ]mj-WvU-X-Iƒs°-Xn-sc-bp≈ Km\-ßƒ 16. I\ym-Xz-KoXßƒ 16. Xncp-

k-`-sb-°p-dn-®v 17. a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-Ko-X-ßƒ 17. s]k-lm-Ko-X-ßƒ 18: ]pfn-

∏n-√mØ A∏-sØ-°p-dn-®v, Iqin-°-en-s\-°p-dn-®v, D∞m-\-sØ-°p-dn-®v 18.

]dp-Zo-km-Ko-X-ßƒ 18. D]-hm-k-sØ-°p-dn-®v 19. Pqen-b-s\-Xn-sc 19.- Z-\-lm-

sb-°p-dn-®v 19. tkmKn-bm-km 19.

ssZh-imkvXw 20

Xncp-en-Jn-X-hym-Jym-\-ssien 23

a\p-jym-h-Xm-c-ssZ-h-imkvXw 25

kXy-s]-k-lm-°p-™mSv 27

InkvXp-hn-ep≈ \ho-I-cWw 29

3.- kp-dn-bm\n tImWn-°nƒN-cnXw 32

tPmjzm-bpsS tImWn-°nƒ 32

FtU- ≥ tImWn-°nƒ 32


A¿t_¬ tImWn-°nƒ 32

AaoZv tImWn-°nƒ 32

Aao-Znse (F-t -tkm-kn-se) tbml-∂ms‚ tImWn-°nƒ 32

_¿ lmZv_vim_m A¿_m-bm-bpsS k`mNcnXw 33

sa¬ss°‰v tImWn-°nƒ 33

KzoZn tImWn-°nƒ 33

tbm-l-∂m≥ _¿ n≥Im-tb-bpsS temI-N-cn-XkwKlw 33

FtU- -bnse bmt°m-_ns‚ tImWn-°nƒ 33

kpJv\n≥ (sk-hp-tUm- -U-b-\o-jykv Zv sX¬am-td-bpsS) tImWn-°nƒ 33

In.-h. 813- se tImWn-°nƒ 34



\nkn-_n-knse Gen-bm-kns‚ tImtWm-K^n 34

anJm-tb¬ dmt_m-bpsS tImWn-°nƒ 34


_¿ F_m-b-bpsS tImWn-°nƒ 34

4. -ss_-_nƒ hnh¿Ø-\-ßƒ 35

]g-b-\n-b-a -]vioØm 35

]g-b-\n-ba At∏m-Io^m 35

Znbm-sX- -tdm¨ 35

]pcm-X-\- kp-dn-bm-\n-kp-hn-ti-j-ßƒ (-th-Xqkv kodm) 36

]pXn-b-\n-ba ]vioØm 36

ôsem-Ivko-\n-b≥ ]Xn∏v 37

lm¿s¢-b≥ hnh¿Ø\w 37

]e-kvXo-\n-b≥ kpdn-bm\n ]Xn∏v 37

5.- BZy-Ime IrXn-Iƒ 38tkmf-as‚ KoX-I-ßƒ 38

bqZm-tXm-a-kns‚ \S-]-Sn-Iƒ 38

BZm-bn-bpsS ]t_m-[\w 38

tkm]m-\-K-Ÿw (-eo-_¿ KmZqw) 39

\nt£]-ß-fpsS Kpl 39

cmPy-\n-b-a-ß-fpsS KŸw 40

saen-t‰m-bpsS At∏m-fPn 40

sa\m≥U-dpsS samgn-Iƒ 41

amdm-bp-sS IØv 41

Alo-°m-dns‚ NcnXw 41

6. kpdn-bm\n c‡-km-£n-hn-h-c-W-ßƒ 41

7. Iem-e-bm-[ym-]-I¿ 43

IV


kndn-t√mWm 45

am¿ \¿ssk 45

Geoim _¿ Jpkv_mtb 47

A_lmw Zvt_Xv d∫m≥ 47

FtU- -bnse tXmakv 48

Cuimbv 48

FtU- --bnse Iotbm-td (-ssk-d-kv) 48

a¿Xo-c-n-bp-kv (-k-lvtZm-Wm) 49

sl\m\m 49

_¿lm-Zv_vim_m A¿_mbm 50

Cutimbm_v II Im-tXm-en°m 50

Xnb-tUm¿ _¿ tImWn 50

FΩm-\p-th¬ jlmtd 51

Imaoiv _¿I¿Zmtl 51

8. k\ym-k-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ 51

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ck-lm°v 52

tbml-∂m≥ A∏-tab 53

\Yv m-dnse A_lmw 53

IivIm-dnse A_lmw 54

ZmZotim 54

_m_mbv _¿ \n-kn-_v\mbm 55

ssk]-knse KnKdn 55

ip_vlm-e-am-d≥ 55

tbml-∂m≥ _¿ n≥Imtb 55

AZn-b-t_-t\-bnse l\m-\otim 56

A_lmw _¿ Zm-si≥ZmZv 56

\ql-Zm-bnse s\kvtXm-dn-bpkv 56

ZmZotim JXmbm 57

\n\-sh-bnse Ck-lm°v 57

sia-tbm≥ ZvssX-_qtk 58

tbml-∂m≥ Z-enbmXm 58

butk-∏v l- mbm 59

9. -a-lm-\m-b -am¿ _m_mbv 61

10. -]m-›m-Xy-kp-dn-bm\n Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 64

am¿ _membv tImsd-∏n-kvtIm∏m 64

tkmKnse am¿ bm-t°m_v 65

am_p-Knse am¿ osem-Ivko-\qkv 66

tdssi\m-bnse tk¿Pn-b-pkv 68

Ão^≥ _¿kp-ssZen 69

V


FtU- nse am¿ bm-t°m_v 69

Ad-_n-I-fpsS saXm-\m-b- am¿ Koh¿Kokv 71

sia-tbm≥ Zvt_Xv A¿imw 71

tbml-∂m≥ ZvskZvtd 72

sia-tbm≥ Iqt°mtbm 72

kem-lnse Zm\n-tb¬ 72

Gen-bmkv 72

Blq-sZtΩ 73

am¿ amcqYm 73

XqWn-t∑¬ tk¿Pn-bpkv 74

Genbm 74

Zmdm-bn-se -tPm¨ 74

t\mÆpkv 75

XKo-Xnse At¥m-Wn-tbmkv 75

tami _¿ tI^m 75

Ub-\o-jykv _¿ keo_n 76

anJm-tb¬ dmt_m ]mXn-b¿°okv 78

tKmk¿Xm-bnse Znsbm-kvtIm-tdmkv 78

bmt°m_v skth-cqkv skt_m‡v 78

11.- ]n¬°me kpdn-bm\n Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 79

K_n-tb¬ JXmbm 79

A_lmw _¿eot^ 79

Cutim-bm_v III ImtXm-en°m 79

A_lmw _¿ Zm-si≥ZmZv 80

XntamXn I ImtXm-en°m 80

Cutim- _¿\q≥ ImtXm-en°m 81

FtU- -bnse tPm_v 81

ta¿hnse Cutim-ZmZv 81

skhptUm tPm¿Pv A¿t_¬ 82

am¿Km -sa-Xm≥ tXmakv 83

tbip- Zv\mlv 83

A≥_m-dnse Genbm 84

\nkn-_n-knse Genbm 84

Genbm III A_q leow ImtXm-en°m 84

tbml-∂m≥ _¿ tkm_n 84

t_mkm-bnse tkmf-a≥ 84

Koh¿Kokv h¿Zm 85

A_vZotim _¿ _ot°m 85

XntamXn II ImtXm-en°m 86

VI


12.- _¿ F_m-bm 86

13. A⁄m-X-I¿Xr-I-tc-JIƒ 94

KoX-ßƒ 94

Poh-N-cn-X-ßƒ 94

hnh-c-W-ßƒ 96

II. kndn-b-m-bn¬ \n∂p≈ Ko°v InkvXo-b-km-ln-Xyw 97BapJw 97

1.- A©pw Bdpw \q‰m-≠p-I-fnse Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 98

At¥ym-Iy-bnse sX-b-tUm- kv 98

At¥ymIybnse tbml-∂m≥ 98

Zntbm-sN-km-dn-bm-bnse kpIvsk≥kpkv 98

X¿tkm-knse sl√m-Un-bpkv 99

skô-dn-bp-anse skt\m-_n-bpkv 99

IkvX-_m-em-bnse slko-°n-bpkv 99

A\-k¿_-knse amIvkn-an≥ 99

sam]vkp-sh-kvXym-bnse sate-jykv 100

A∏-sa-bm-bnse Ae-Ivkm-WvU¿ 100

Fta-km-bnse ]utemkv 100

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse Ae-IvkmWvvU¿ 100

tZmfn-°n-bnse l_o_v 101

kma-tkm- -bnse A¥-tbmkv 101

saen-‰o-\nse AIm-Nn-bkv 102

FtU- -bnse dm_pf 102

XqWn-t∑¬ siatbm≥ 103

-A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse tZmav\pkv 104

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse Ão^≥ I 105

s_do-Øq-knse Fhp-kvXm-tXymkv 105

FtU- -bnse Cu_mkv 105

skhptUm a¿Xo-cn-bpkv 106

]o‰¿ ^p≈¿ 106

s_do-Øq-knse tbml-∂m≥ 107

Km_m-em-bnse tbml-∂m≥ 107

tbml-∂m≥ _¿ A vtXm-Wnbm 108

tk¿Pn-bpkv KΩm-Xn-°pkv 108

tPm_n-bpkv k\ymkn 108

At¥ym-Iy-bnse Ft^w 109

eh-Zo-Iy-bnse tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ 109

\nkn-_n-knse ]utemkv 109

VII


bmt°m_v _p¿Zm-\m- 110

]u-temkv Zvt_Xv Du°mam 111

I√n-\n-°-knse ]tXmkv 112

lnsb-cm-s∏m-fo-knse Ão^≥ II 113

XqWn-t∑¬ sia-tbm≥ II 113

At¥ym-Iy-bnse A\-kvXm-tkym-kv 114

l-Un-bm≥ hymJym-Xmhv 114

sXtbm-Zp-fpkv hymJym-Xmhv 114

At¥ym-Iy-bnse hnIvS¿ s]kv_n-‰¿ 115

F°p-ta-\n-bpkv 115

tPm¨ Up≥Km-cn-bpkv ItØ-\nÃv 115

tPm¨ Zntbm-In-t\m-sa-\pkv 116

tPm¨ amem-em-kv- 116

F-hm-Kn-b-pkv kvsImfm-kvXn-°pkv 116

At¥ym-Iy-bnse a°m-cn-bpkv 117

Fhp-t_m-bm-bnse tPm¨ 117

kem-an-knse sdPo-\pkv 118

ssk]-knse Ae-Ivkm-≠¿ 118

ssk]-knse A¿t°-Un-b-kv 118

s\bm-s∏m-fo-knse setbm¨jyqkv 118

]mt^m-knse Xnb-tUm¿ 119

ssk]-knse tk¿Pn-bpkv 119

sXan-Øq-kn-se Xnb-tUm¿ 119

2.- A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse skth-cqkv 119

3.- hn. tPm¨ Ua-jo≥ 122

III.- ]-e-kvXo-\n-b≥ Ko°v Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 126BapJw 126

AtΩm-Wn-bpkv k\ymkn 128

Pdp-k-te-anse bpsh-\m¬ 128

Pdp-k-te-anse Xnb-tUm-jykv 128

t_mkvXm-bnse A¥n-]m-X¿ 129

Pdp-k-te-anse Inkn-∏pkv 129

Pdp-k-te-anse a¿Xo-cn-bpkv 130

a¿t°mkv Uo°≥ 130

B_m -G-imbm 130

tPm¨ dq^pkv 131

Km m-bnse Gs\-bmkv 131

k°-dn-bmkv kvtImfm-kvXn-°pkv 132

VIII


Km m-bnse s]mt°m-∏n-bpkv 133

knΩm-°pkv 133

Km m-bnse sImdo-Nn-bpkv 133

_¿k-\q- n-bpkpw tPmWpw 133

Km m-bnse sZmtdm-tX-hqkv 134

Pdp-k-te-anse sX-tbm-·nbpkv s]kv_n-‰¿ 134

skhptUm sKsP≥kyqkv 135

tkmkn-akv 135

Pdp-k-te-anse ]-tXmkv 135

jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse tbml-∂m≥ 136

jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse Xnb-tUm¿ 136

jntXm-s∏m-fo-knse kndn¬ 137

s]-Xm-bn-se -Xn-b-tUm¿ 138

Feq-km-bnse ]utemkv 138

tIk-dn-bm-bnse tbml-∂m≥ 138

_nkm≥ky-Ønse setbm¨jyqkv 138

Pdp-k-te-anse setbm¨jyqkv 140

setbm¨jyqkv kvsImfm-Ãn-°p-kv 140

]w- o-ekv ssZh-im-kvX-⁄≥ 141

Xnb-tUm¿- A-kvIo-Zm-kv 141

t_m-kvXm-bnse Xnb-tUm¿ 142

ssdXp-hnse Xnb-tUm¿ 142

At¥ym-Iy-bnse KnKdn 143

Pdp-k-te-anse tbml-∂m≥ IV 143

P-dp-k-te-anse k°-dn-bmkv 143

Pdp-k-te-anse samsZ-kvXpkv 144

kvXtX-Pn-bpkv 144

k\ym-kn-bmb At¥ym°pkv 144

sImko-_m-bnse B‚Wn 144

tPm¨ tamkvIpkv 145

Pdp-k-te-anse skmt^m-Wn-bpkv 145

eohn-bmkv saXm≥ sXtbm-sX-Iv\pkv 146

t_mkvXmbnse Ão^≥ 146

Pdp-ktew s]kv_n-‰¿ Ptdmw 146

Pdp-ktew s]kv_n-‰¿ setbm¨jyqkv 147

_nkss‚≥ s]kv_n‰¿ ]t¥msetbm¨ 147

Pdp-ktew s]kv_n-‰¿ XntamXn 147

tPm¨ ¢n-am-°pkv 147

FtU- -bnse amtdm 148

ko\m-bnse slko-°n-bpkv 148

IX


ko\m-bnse ntem-sX-hpkv 148

ko\m-bnse A\-kvXm-kyqkv 148

A⁄m-X-I¿XrI IrXn-Iƒ 149

IV. tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏nƒ Gjym-ssa-\¿ ]tZ-i-ß-fnse

Ko°v Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 150BapJw 150

1.- sk-hp-tUm-˛-U-b-\o-jykv 151

2. PÃo-\n-b≥ NI-h¿Øn 154

3.- A©mw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°v k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ 161

Fhp-tUmIvkym cm⁄n 161

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse A‰n-°pkv 162

\o m-b-nse slcm-¢n-sZkv 162

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse amIvkn-an-b≥ 162

Aeo-∏n-bpkv s]kv_n-‰¿ 163

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ]¿tX-\n-bpkv 163

am¿kn-bm-t\m-s∏m-fo-knse sZmtdm-sX-hpkv 163

t_kn¬ B¿°n-a¨ssU‰v 163

koZnse Bw^ntem-°n-bpkv 164

Z¬ta-jykv B¿°n-a¨ssU‰v 164

km¿Zn-°m-bnse Pqen-b≥ 164

kn∂m-Zm-bnse skth-cqkv 164

slcm-s¢-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 164

Ft -tkm-knse saavt\m¨ 164

tUmdn-te-hp-anse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 165

A≥ko-dm-bnse sXb-tUm- kv 165

XmPm-\m-s∏m-fo-knse ]o‰¿ 165

tIk-dn-bm-bnse n¿ap-kv- 165

A-t¥ym-Iy-bnse Fsd-‡n-bpkv 166

]t\m-s∏m-fo-knse sskdkv 166

Fhp-Xo-s°kv 166

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse vfmhn-b≥ 167

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse A\m-t‰m-fn-bpkv 167

X_n-bm-bnse Pqen-b≥ 168

aodm-bnse ]o‰¿ 168

I√n-\n-°kv 168

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse AIm-Nn-bkv 168

tkt\m NI-h¿Øn 169

X


_kn-en-kvIkv NI-h¿Øn 169

knkn-°p-knse Pem-kn-bpkv 169

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ^hoX 170

XnbtUm¿ hmb-\-°m-c≥ 170

4. -Bdmw \q‰m-≠nse Ko°v k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑m¿ 170

Xnbm-\m-bnse sskdkv 170

l¿]m-tkm-knse sFtd-\n-bkv 171

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tPm¨ II 171

F∏n- m-\n-bkv ]mXn-b¿°okv 171

len-I¿Wm-kp-knse Pqen-b≥ 172

AKm-]o-‰kv Uo°≥ 172

amtdm-\n-bm-bnse C-∂-sk‚ v 173

Im¬kn-U-Wnse slcm-¢n-b≥ 173

Ft^t-km-knse ln∏m-kyqkv 173

Fhp-kvXm-tXymkv k\ymkn 173

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse A¥o-apkv 174

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse sa∂mkv 174

A≥ko-dm-bnse sUmao-jy≥ 174

A≥ko-dm-bnse \nt°m-fmkv 175

skhp-tUm- -sN-km-cn-bpkv 175

sdmam-\pkv 176

]utemkv knse≥kn-bm-cn-bpkv 176

Ft -tkm-knse A_m-an-bpkv 177

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Fhp-Xo-°n-bpkv 177

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse Fhp-kvXm-Øn-bpkv 178

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse setbm¨jyqkv 178

tPm¨ III kvsImfm-kvXn-°pkv 178

X¿tkm-knse tImt\m≥,- F-hp-tP-\n-b-kv, -sX-tbm-\mkv 179

tPm¨ IV ]mXn-b¿°okv 180

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse s^mXo-\pkv 180

tIm¨Ã≥ssS≥ Uo°≥ 180

5. -hn-izm-k-km£n-bmb amIvkn-apkv 181

6. ]n¬°me Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 184

A\-kvXm-kyqkv 184

A\-kvXm-kyqkv As∏m-In-km-cn-bpkv 184

Xnb-tUm¿ kv]ptZ-hpkv 185

sX -tem-\n-°-bnse tPm¨ 185

tIk-dn-bm-bnse A¥-tbmkv 185

kns°-tbm-\nse tPm¿Pv 186

XI


tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tk¿Pn-bpkv 186

]nko-Zn-bm-bnse tPm¿Pv 188

XntamXn s]kv_n-‰¿ 188

Xnb-tUm¿ kn≥sN-√pkv 189

k\ym-kn-bmb tPm¿Pv 189

tk¿Pnbm 189

enkvXm-bnse Ftbm-_p-fpkv 189

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ]odpkv 190

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse ]utemkv II 190

Xnb-tUm¿ Uo°-≥ 191

Xem-kyqkv Bi-am-[y-£≥ 191

KnKdn s]kv_n-‰¿ 191

KnKdn AKn-sPt¥m 191

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse tPm¨ VI 192

tIm¨Ãm‚n-t\m-∏n-fnse sP¿am-\pkv 192

Io‰nse A¥-tbmkv 192

tImkvamkv thkv-Xn-tXm¿ 193

Gkyqkv s]kv_n-‰¿ 193

tPm¿Pv KΩm-Xn-°pkv 193

tPm¨ I¿]m-Xn-b≥ 193

7. aq∂p- k-am-lm-c-ßƒ 194]mk-vI¬ tImWn-°nƒ 194

vtfmdn-te-Pnbm 194

Ko°v mjy-I-tØ-\-Iƒ 195

V. CuPn-]vXnse k`m-t\-Xm-°-∑mcpw IrXn-Ifpw 196BapJw 196

1. -Ko-°n-se-gp-Xnb Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 197Ncn-X-Im-c-\mb otem 197

a¿t°mkv Znb-tZm-°pkv 197

]s\m-tZm-dpkv 197

A∂n-bm-\pkv 197

X¿tkm-knse skhptUm AK-tXm-Wn-°pkv 198

sl¿tam-sK-s\kv 198

F∏n- m-\n-bkv B¿®p-Uo-°≥ 198

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Fhp-tk-_n-bkv 198

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Znb-kvtIm-tdmkv 199

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse s]mtX-cn-bpkv 199

XntamXn sFeq-tdmkv 199

]o‰¿ tam≥Kpkv 200

XII


s\^m-en-bpkv 201

Hfnw-]n-sbm-tZm-dpkv Uo°≥ 201

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse XntamXn IV 201

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse sXan-kvXn-bpkv Uo°≥ 202

k\ym-kn-bmb Xnb-tUm¿ 202

sIm≈p-Øpkv 203

tPm¨ nsem-t∏m-Wpkv 203

Ão^≥ tKm_m¿ 204

tImkvamkv C≥Un-s°m-sπ-hp-sÃkv 204

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm-jykv I 204

CuPn-]vXp-Im-c≥ tPm¨ 205

sN≈n-bm-bnse tPm¨ 205

\q_n-bm-bnse sem≥Ko-\pkv 206

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm-jykv 206

sIm]o-knse Xnb-tUm¿ 206

ôte-bnse Xnb-tUm¿ 206

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Xnb-tUm¿ 207

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse ]-tXmkv IV 207

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Uman-b≥ 208

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse Fhp-tfm-Kn-bpkv 209

Zm\-io-e-\m-b tPm¨ 209

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse tPm¿Pv 210

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse sskdkv 210

lns∏-sd-°n-bpkv 210

tjXnse Zm\n-tb¬ 210

\n°n-bp-hnse tPm¨ 210

Ae-Ivkm-≠n-bm-bnse AtΩm-Wn-bpkv 211

as‰mcp AtΩm-Wn-bpkv 211

_m¿_m-cpkv kvIen-tK-dnbpw A⁄mX Imem-\p-I-a-Wn-Ibpw 211

2.- tIm-]v-XnIv `mj-bn-se-gp-Xnb IrXn-Iƒ 212

BZy-Im-e-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 212

k\ym-k-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 213

t·mÃnIv kmln-Xyw 213

-a-\n-t°-b≥ sSIvÃp-Iƒ 215

Hcn-P-\nkw 215

sj\qZmbpsS IrXnIƒ 216

tlman-en- hn-h¿Ø-\-ßƒ 217

tπtdm-t^m-dntb 217

a‰v tIm]vXnIv tπtdm-t^m-dnIv sSIvÃp-Iƒ 219

XIII


VI. A¿ta-\n-b≥ ]Sn-ÃnIv sSIvÃp-Iƒ 220

BapJw 220

1.- A¿-ta-\n-b≥ Fgp-Øp-Im¿ 221

sakvtdm]v 221

Fkv\nIv 221

Ck-lm°v ImtXm-en°m 221

sImdn-bq≥ 221

tPm¨ a≠-°pWn ImtXm-en°m 221

tPm¨ ImtXmen°m 221

Fen-hm¿Unse tami-sa-Xm≥ 221

h¿Xm-s\kv KΩm-Xn-°pkv 221

sIman-Xmkv ImtXm-en°m 222

AP-ø-\mb ZmhoZv 222

tPm¨ abvcmKw 222

A\-\n-bmkv kndmIv 222

amwt_ sh¿Im-\m¬ hmb-\-°m-c≥ 222

2.- A¿ta-\n-b≥ Ncn-X-Ir-Xn-Iƒ 222

AK-Xm≥sP-tem-kns‚ NcnXw 222

A¿sa-\n-b-bp-sS-N-cnXw 222

F∏nIv Ncn-X-ßƒ 222

A¿ta-\n-bm-bpsS NcnXw 222

A¿ta-\n-b≥ bp≤-N-cnXw 222

skmIm- -kns‚ k`m-N-cnXw 223

A¿ta-\n-b-cpsS NcnXw 223

A¿ta\n-b-≥ Imcy-ß-fpsS hnh-cWw 223

3.- A¿ta-\n-b≥ ^vtfm-dn-te-Pnbm 223

ae-bm-f-Øn-ep≈ ]Sn-ÃnIv sSIvÃp-Iƒ 224

^mZ¿ Koh¿Kokv tNSn-bØv : Poh-N-cn-Xhpw IrXn-Ifpw 228

klm-b-I-K-Ÿ-ßƒ 258

Index of Names 244

OIRSI Publications Recent Books 259

XIV


BapJw

BZn-a-ssI-kvXh k`-bnse Nn¥-I-sc-∏‰n ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p∂

imkvXw ]tSm-fPn F∂-dn-b-s∏-Sp-∂p.- c-£m-k-tµiw Ahn-I-e-am-b -co-

Xn-bn¬ a\- n-em-°p-Ibpw kzmb-Ø-am-°p-Ibpw ]I¿∂p -sIm-Sp-°p-

Ibpw sNbvX-h-cp≠v A°q-´-Øn¬. `mKn-I-ambn amXw B ktµiw

Kln-®-h-cp-≠v, hnI-e-ambn ]I¿∂p-sIm-Sp-Ø-h-cp-≠v, kXy-Øn¬ ambw

tN¿Ø-h-cp-ap-≠v. -]-tSm-fPn Ch-sc-∏-‰n-sb√mw N¿® sNøp-s∂-¶nepw

H∂m-asØ hn`m-K-Øn¬ s]Sp-∂-h-cmWv ][m-\-ambn ]kvXpX ssZh-

im-kvX-im-J-bpsS Iogn¬ hcp-∂-h¿.

A©mw \q‰m-≠p-h-sc-bp≈ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑msc∏‰nbpw a‰v Fgp-

Øp-Im-sc-∏-‰nbpw CXn-t\m-SIw aq∂p IrXn-Iƒ cNn-®n-´p-≠v (-]-tSm-f-Pn-

˛hmeyw 1˛2,- tIm-´-bw, 2006; eØo≥ k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿,- tIm-´-bw, 1992).

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ (451)- ap-X-ep-≈- kpdn-bm-\n,- Ko-°v,- tIm-]vXn-

Iv,- A¿ta-\n-b≥ mj-I-fnep≈ IrXn-I-fpw KŸ-Im-c-∑m-cp-amWv ChnsS

]cm-a¿in-°-s∏-Sp-I. k- m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Imew F´mw \q‰m-≠p-sIm≠v

Ah-km-\n°p-s∂-¶nepw XpS¿∂p≈ \q‰m-≠p-I-fn¬ kpdn-bm-\n-k- -bn¬

Pohn® Nne ]Xn-`m-im-en-I-sf-∏-‰nbpw CXn¬ ]Xn-]m-Zn-°p-∂p. BZy-

Im-e-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS IrXn-Ifpw ssZh-im-kvXhpw kmam\yw hn]p-e-

ambn ta¬∏-d™ hmey-ß-fn¬ N¿®sNbvXn-´p-≠v. AØ-c-samcp kao-

]\w Cu hmey-Øn¬ \S-∂n-ń-√. Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ apX-ep-≈-

h-cpsS IrXn-Iƒ ]eXpw A®-Sn-®p- h--cp-∂-tX-bp-≈p. Ah-sc-∏-‰n-bp≈

]T-\-ßfpw Imcy-ambn \S-∂n-ń-√. A]q¿hw Nne-scm-gn-®m¬ an°-hcpw

ssa\¿ Fgp-Øp-Im-cm-Wv. ]e-cp-sSbpw IrXn-I-fpsS tcJm-i-I-e-ßƒ

amXta e`n-®n-´p-≈p. kpdn-bm-\n-k-`m-km-ln-Xyw kmam\yw hn]p-e-ambn

N¿® sNbvXn-´p≠v.- tIm]vXn-Iv,- A¿ta-\n-b≥ kmlnXyw hfsc Npcp-

°-ambn \¬In-bn-cn-°p∂p.

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kntem-Sp-IqSn kndn-bm-bn-tebpw CuPn-]vXn-

tebpw InkvXym-\n-I-fpsS CS-bn¬ ]nf¿∏p-≠m-bn. Ah¿ hyXykvX

XV


Iymºp-I-fn-te°p \oßn. Im¬kn-U¨ hncp-≤¿ X-s∂bpw ]e Ahm-

¥-c-hn-`m-K-ß-fmbn Nn∂n-®n-X-dn. Cu ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ Db¿∂p-h∂ ]e

Fgp-Øp-Imcpw Xß-fpsS hn`m-K-Øns‚ \ne-]m-Sp-Iƒ \ymbo-I-cn-°m≥

ian-®-h-cm-Wv. ka-K- ssI-kvX-h-Z¿i\w \jvS-s∏-´v, `mKn-Im-h-X-cWw

amX-amWv ]ecpw ImgvN-h-®n-´p-≈-Xv. Im¬kn-U-¨ Iu¨-kn-en\p -ti-

j-ap≈ ssIkvX-h- I-e-l-]-›mØew C…m-ans‚ IpsØm-gp-°n\m°w

Iqń.- Ggmw \q‰m-≠p-ap-X¬ Ad-_n-Iƒ Cu hn`-PnX ssIkvX-h-tem-

I-tØ°v \S-∂p-I-b-dp-I-bm-bn-cp-∂p. XXvIme Imcy-km-[y-Øn-\p-th≠n

hnhn[ hn`m-K-°m¿ Ad-_n-Isf kzmKXw sNbvXp.- F-∂m¬ Ad-_n-ap-

t∂‰w ]›n-ta-jy≥ k`sb XI¿Øp-I-f-™p.-

Cu hmey-tØm-Sp-IqsS ]tSm-fPn kocokv Ah-km-\n-°p-∂p.

Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨knens\ sNm√n-bp≈ X¿°-ßƒ \q‰m-≠p-Iƒ \ne-

\n-∂p. F∂m¬ Ccp-]Xmw \q‰m-≠ns‚ c≠mw-]-Ip-Xn-bn¬ Im¬kn-U¨

Iu¨-kn-ens\ kw_-‘n-®p \S-∂- F-Iyp-ta-\n-°¬ N¿®-I-fpsS ê-

ambn hnhn-[ -k-`-Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ [mcW D≠m-bn-´p-≠v. ]c-kv]cw AI-

∂p-\n¬°m≥ Im¬kn-U¨ Iu¨kn¬ C∂v ]Xn-_-‘-a-√. C∂v k`-

Iƒ°n-S-bn¬ InkvXp-im-kvXw- kw-_-‘n®v [mc-W-Iƒ Dcp-Øn-cn-™n-

´p-≠v. AXp-sIm≠v hn`m-Ko-b ]›m-Ø-e-Øn¬ DS-se-SpØ IrXn-Iƒ°v

BZn-a-k- m-]n-Xm-°-∑m-cpsS Ime-Øp-≠mb IrXn-I-fp-am-bn Xmc-Xays∏Sp-

Øp-tºmƒ aqeyw Ipd-hm-Wv.

a--cn-tb‰n ]km-[-I¿ ]kn-≤o-I-cn® KŸ-Øns‚ hfsc sN-dnb

hnh¿Ø-\-∏-Xn-∏m-Wn-Xv. CXn\v A\p-hm-Zw -X∂ ]km-[-I-scbpw KŸ-

Øns‚ FUn-‰dpw Fs‚ s]m -k-dp-amb tUm.- B≥sPtem Zn s_-

c¿Zo-t\m-sb-bpw \µn-]q¿hw kvacn-°p-∂p. Cu IrXn°v cq]w \¬Im≥

klm-bn® F√m-h-scbpw \µn-]q¿hw kvacn-°p-∂p. Cu IrXn ]uc-kvXy-

hn-Zym-]oTw ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-Øn¬ Dƒs∏-Sp-Ønb ]kn-≤o-I-c-W-hn- mKw

Ub-d-IvS¿ _.-tXm-akv aÆq-cmw-]-d-ºn-e-®\pw kl-]-h¿Ø-I¿°pw IrX-

⁄-X-bpsS Iq∏p-ssI. CXns‚ teHu v wKn-b-mbn \n¿h-ln® jm\n°pw

_Y-\n-]-knse A[n-Im-cn-Iƒ°pw F√m ]h¿Ø-I¿°pw \µn tcJ-

s∏-Sp-Øp-∂p. kt¥m-j-]q¿hw CXv klr-Z-b-k-a£w ka¿∏n-°p-∂p.

Pn.-tN-Sn-bØv

sk‚ v tacokv ae-¶c taP¿ skan-\-cn,-

\m-em-©n-d,

-Xn-cp-h-\-¥-]p-cw,695015.-

sabv 29, 2008.

XVI


‘k`m-]n-Xm-°-∑m¿ D÷ze]Imiw e`n® ssZh-im-kvX-⁄-∑m-cm-Wv. ItØm-

en°m k -bpsS ]t_m-[-\-ßƒ Db¿Øn-∏n-Sn-°m≥ Ah¿ k¿hm-fl\m

i≤n-®p. P\-ß-tfmSp Ahn-I-e-ambn ssZh-h-N\w ]kw-Kn-°m\pw Ah-

cpsS ssIkvXh Pohn-X-Øn\v Ah D]-bp-‡-am-°m\pw ]cn-i-an® AP-

]m-e-I-cm-W-h¿. A∏-kvtXm-enI ]kw-K-Øn\v \n›nX cq]-`m-h-ßƒ

\¬Im≥ ian® BZy-hy-‡n-I-fm-W-h¿. AP-]m-e-I¿ F∂ \ne-bn¬

kphnti-j-k-tµiw Np‰p-]m-Spap≈ a\p-jy¿°p a\- n-em-I-Ø-° -co-Xn-bn¬

hnh-cn-®p- sIm-Sp-°m≥ ]nXm-°-∑m¿ XXs∏- p. thZ-]mTw, ssZh-imkvXw,

hn. KŸw, en‰¿Pn, AP-]m-e-\-tPm-en-Iƒ F∂n-h-sb√mw H∂n-®p- t]m-Ip-

∂-h-bm-bn-cp-∂p; shdpw _u≤n-I-X-e-Øn¬ amXw HXp-ßp-∂-Xm-bn-cp-∂n√

Ah-cpsS ]h¿Ø\w; ]ns∂-tbm, kºq¿W hy‡nsb D∂w-h-®p-sIm-≠p-

≈-Xm-bn-cp-∂p.’

tPm¨ t]mƒ c≠m-a≥ am¿]m∏m

MS PublicationMalankara Seminary, Nalanchira,

Trivandrum, 695015, Kerala. India.

Documents

Suriyani Sabha sahithyam · 2020. 6. 29. · bm-\n-bn¬ D≈-Xp-amb \nc-h[n {KŸ-ßƒ Cub-SpØ Ime-Øv e-`y-amWv: Patrologia Syriaca (PS), Patrologia Orientalis (PO), Corpus Scriptorum