Sylabica Marcin Qrczak Kowalczyk

September 5, 2007

Contents

1 Introduction 2

2 Standalone vowels and consonants 2

3 Special orthographic rules 3

4 Forming syllables 6

5 Lexicographic order 8

6 Letter names 8

7 Unicode registration 8

8 Open issues 9

9 Design rationale 10

10 Text size statistics 10

11 History 11

12 Examples 1112.1 Gospel of John . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1112.2 Polish Anthem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1612.3 Pan Tadeusz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1812.4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

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1 Introduction

Sylabica /slabia/ is an alphabet for Polish. Each character denotes a consonant, avowel, or a syllable consisting of a consonant followed by a vowel.

Like in the standard Polish orthography, spelling is not strictly phonetic, but re-tains some underlying structure which has been obscured by later phonetic changesof the language. This principle goes sometimes further than in the standard ortho-graphy.

The abstract spelling for Polish (ortografia abstrakcyjna) is a sylabica transliterationscheme which uses a modified Latin alphabet. It can be easily and unambiguouslyconverted to and from sylabica, whereas conversion between any of them and thestandard orthography cannot be fully automated. The abstract spelling can be usedas an alternative Polish orthography.

There is no case distinction in sylabica, but a larger size of a character can playthe role of a capital letter.

2 Standalone vowels and consonants

In the following table the 1st row shows a sylabica letter, 2nd its abstract Polishspelling, 3rd its standard Polish spelling (where e.g. p(i)means p before i or pi beforea vowel), and 4th its pronunciation in the regular case (where // may be treatedeither as a separate phoneme which is omitted when it would be followed by /i/ or/j/, or as a mark at the previous consonant indicating that its palatal, depending onhow the Polish language is modeled).

Y E A O Ui, y y e e a o u

/i/, // // // // // // /a/ // /u/ /u/

P PI B BIp p(i), p b b(i), b

/p/ /p/, /p/ /b/ /b/, /b/

F FI V VIf f(i), f w w(i), w

/f/ /f/, /f/ /v/ /v/, /v/

T TI D DI Dt t(i) , c(i) d d(i) d, dz(i)

/t/ /t/ // /d/ /d/ //

S SI Z ZI s s(i) , s(i) z z(i) , z(i)

/s/ /s/ // /z/ /z/ //

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K KI C CI G GI DZ DZI

k, k(i) k(i) c c(i) g, g(i) g(i) dz dz(i)/k/, /c/ /c/ // // /g/, // // // //

CH CHI I H HI Ich ch(i) sz sz(i) h h(i) (i)/x/ // // // /x/ // / / //

I D DIcz cz(i) d d(i)/t/ // /d / //

M MI N NIm m(i), m n , n(i)

/m/ /m/, /m/ /n/ //

R RI I I L LI Jr r(i) rz rz(i) (i) l, l(i) l(i) j, i,

/r/ /r/ / / // /w/ /w/ /l/, // // /j/, //,

3 Special orthographic rules

A softened consonant (zmikczona spgoska) is a consonant with I.A soft consonant (mikka spgoska) is a softened consonant or one of: , D, , , J.A hard consonant (twarda spgoska) is a consonant which is not soft.

1. Y means y // when preceded by a hard consonant except K, G, L, otherwise itmeans i /i/.

2. K, G usually mean k /k/, g /g/, but before Y, E, J they mean k(i) /c/, g(i) //, e.g.KYVA kiwa, JAKE jakie, DUGY dugi, GEDA gieda,MAGJA magia.

3. L usually means l /l/, but before Y, J it means l(i) //, e.g. LYST list, TALJA talia.

4. alwaysmeans y //, and is used onlywhere Ywouldmean i /i/, which happensonly in words of foreign origin, e.g. STATU statuy, KDRYNISKY Kydryski.

5. means e // like E, and is used only after K, G to let them mean k /k/, g /g/instead of k(i) /c/, g(i) //, which happens only in words of foreign origin, e.g.KMPIYNG kemping, SK skecz, GOGRAFIJA geografia, SUGROVA sugerowa.

6. Historically soft labial consonants PI, BI, FI, VI, MI are pronounced as soft onlybefore vowels or J. The standard orthography follows the phonetics here anddoesnt distinguish them from the corresponding hard consonants when not

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followed by a vowel. Whether a labial consonant not followed by a vowel iswritten as soft in sylabica, must be deduced from inflection, from history, or bycomparison with other Slavic languages. In particular the consonant is soft innominative of masculine nouns where in all other cases when the stem is fol-lowed by a vowel, it ends with a soft consonant: KARPI karp, GOBI gob, PAVIpaw, VROCAVI Wrocaw, BYTOMI Bytom; in feminine nouns which end with aconsonant, e.g. KREVI krew, MARCHEVIKA marchewka; when a floating e (e ru-chome) after a soft consonant disappears: PISY psy, JAOVICA jaowca; in nu-merals: EDEMI siedem, OEMI osiem; in the imperative mood of verbs: API ap,MVI mw, POSTAVI postaw, POAMI poam.

7. TI, DI, SI, ZI, KI, CI, GI, DZI, CHI, I, HI, I, I, DI, RI, I, I, LI are used in somespecial cases. KI, GI are never written before Y, E, and LI is never written beforeY, because regular K, G, L are pronounced as soft in these cases. Most of theseletters are used before Y to let it mean i /i/ instead of y //, which happensmostly in words of foreign origin, e.g. PLASTIYK plastik, DIYNOZAUR dinozaur,MAKSIYMUM maksimum, ZANZIYBAR Zanzibar, ACHIYSTA szachista, HIYSTO-RJA historia, RIYNG ring, but CHI also occurs in some native words, e.g. POD-SUCHIYVA podsuchiwa, CHIYCHOT chichot. GI is used in the word GI giand its derivatives, e.g. GITY gity. These letters are used to transcribe wordsfrom Russian and other Slavic languages, e.g. KATIUA katiusza, EREMIETIEVSzeremietiew, VOODIAWoodia, ARIYK Szarik. Some of themmight never occurin practice but are provided for completeness.

8. J generally means j /j/, but the standard orthography writes i instead of j be-tween a consonant other than s, z, c and a vowel, except at a native prefix bound-ary. This standard spelling is indistinguishable from the spelling of a soft con-sonant followed directly by a vowel, and the pronunciation may differ from itor not depending on the speaker. The presence of such J must be deduced fromvarious clues. Such J is written:

(a) When the consonant is other than p, b, f, w, m, n, except most occurrencesof kie, gie, and except transcriptions of soft consonants from Russian andother Slavic languages.

(b) At the end of the stem of a noun when its genitive ends with -ii instead of-i.

(c) In the ending, when a relatedword endswith -icki, -ycki, -iczny, -yczny, -ijski,-yjski, -ijka, -yjka, -yjko.

(d) Often in words of foreign origin.(e) When /j/ is pronounced instead of // (not all speakers make this distinc-

tion).(f) When this form used to be spelled with j, ij, yj, or vocalic i, y.(g) Often where other Slavic languages write i, j, ij, or Cyrillic , , .(h) When French u or German is borrowed as JU.

The consonant before such J is written with I when its one of PI, BI, FI, VI,CHI, HI, MI, NI, except at a prefix boundary. Examples: ENTROPIJA entropia, KO-PIJA kopia, ETJOPIJA Etiopia, OLYMPIJADA olimpiada, SKORPIJON skorpion, FORTE-PIJAN fortepian, PIJONEK pionek, BIJOLOGJA biologia, FOBIJA fobia, SERBIJA Serbia,

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BIJURO biuro, BIJULETYN biuletyn, DEBIJUT debiut, OBJEKT obiekt, SUBJEKTYV-NY subiektywny, ORTOGRAFIJA ortografia, MAFIJA mafia, FIJOLETOVY fioletowy,FIJASKO fiasko, FIJORD fiord, JUGOSAVIJA Jugosawia, SYLVIJA Sylwia, TRYVIJAL-NY trywialny, KLAVIJATURA klawiatura, VIJETNAM Wietnam, VIJADUKT wiadukt,VIJOLYNOVYwiolinowy, DYNASTJA dynastia, KOSTJUM kostium, TJARA tiara, DJA-BE diabe, DJALOG dialog, RADJO radio, FIYNLANDJA Finlandia, TRAGDJA tra-gedia, IDJOTA idiota, ADJUTANT adiutant (the standard spelling allows to breaksuch words after the foreign prefix as ad-iutant, thus admitting that the i reallymeans j), ROZ-GAR-DJA rozgardiasz, ZAVADJAKA zawadiaka, PIYNOKJO Pinokio,MANIYKJURmanikiur, ANALOGJA analogia,MAGJAmagia, CHIYRURGJA chirurgia,LEGJON legion, HIYGJENA higiena, PSYCHIJATRJA psychiatria, YSCHIJAS ischias,HIJERARCHIJA hierarchia,HIJENA hiena,HIJOBHiob, ARMIJA armia, CHEMIJA che-mia, AKADEMIJA akademia, EKONOMIJA ekonomia, GREMIJUM gremium,VARMIJAWarmia, DAMIJAN Damian, PREMIJER premier, LYNIJA linia, SYMFONIJA symfo-nia, KOLONIJA kolonia, HIYPANIJA Hiszpania, CEREMONIJA ceremonia, ANIJOanio, KANIJON kanion, DANIJA Dania (Denmark), MANIJAmania (mania), KOMU-NIJE komunie (plural of komunia), KONJUGACJA koniugacja,YNJEKCJA iniekcja,G-NIJU geniusz, DEFIYNIJOVA definiowa, MIYNIJATURA miniatura, SENIJOR se-nior, ALUMIYNIJUM aluminium, NIJUANS niuans, BOMBONIJERKA bombonierka,HIYSTORJA historia, SERJA seria,MARJA Maria,MATERJA materia, BARJERA ba-riera, YMPERJUM imperium, TRJUMF triumf, KOMIYSARJAT komisariat, TALJA ta-lia, ANGLJA Anglia, BIYBLJOTEKA biblioteka, MIYLJON milion, LJANA liana, FE-LJETON felieton, JULJA Julia. But: SKYNIA skrzynia, DYNIA dynia, DANIA dania(plural of danie), MANIA Mania (a proper name), KOMUNIE komunie (dative orlocative of komuna), BOSKVIYNIA brzoskwinia, DRUKARNIA drukarnia, PIYSOV-NIA pisownia, CVANIAK cwaniak, BONIA Bonia, OFIARA ofiara, LAGER szlagier.Observe also KLYENT klient /kint/ as opposed to TALJE talie /taj/, and DIY-ELEKTRYK dielektryk /dilktrk/ as opposed to DJETA dieta /djta/.

9. J is written where the standard orthography omits an etymologic j between avowel and i, or when it omits j before i at the beginning of a word. Some otherSlavic languages write ji or in such cases. Examples: MOJY moi, ALEJY alei,NADEJY nadziei, MIYJY mii, YJY szyi, BOJY boi, STOJY stoisz, PYZVYAJYprzyzwyczai, SOJYK soik, POKOJYK pokoik, UKRAJYNA Ukraina, YJYCH czyich,JYCH ich, JYM im. But: YDEY idei, KOREY Korei, ATEYZM ateizm, ARCHAYNYarchaiczny, YNTUYCJA intuicja, ZAYMEK zaimek. Observe the difference betweenCHEMIJY chemii /xmji/ and MIYJY mii /miji/.

10. An apostrophe () in the abstract spelling, called a separator (rozdzielacz), marksa prefix boundary when it falls between a consonant and a following vowel,unless a historic prefix is no longer recognized as a prefix. Context-sensitivepronunciation rules dont apply across a separator, and a glottal stop may bepronounced. A line breakmay occur in such place; when it does, the apostropheis not written explicitly. Examples: ODUY oduczy, BEZOVOCNY bezowocny,ZYY zici,DEZYNTEGRACJA dezintegracja, TRANSAKCJA transakcja,VOBECwobec, VVAS wwczas, ZOVD zowd. But: DEZYNFEKCJA dezynfekcja, wherethe y // and line breaking rules signify that the Latin prefix is no longer rec-ognized.

11. An apostrophe in the abstract spelling also serves to distinguish digraphs CH,DZ, D, D from the corresponding pairs of independent letters, e.g. NADZR

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nadzr, PODEMNY podziemny, ODYVIA odywia.

12. The infinitive of verbs is written with -C or -DZ according to the origin andconjugation, while the standard orthography uses only -c, e.g. MDZ mc (MO-G mog) BIEDZ biec (BIEGN biegn), OSTEDZ ostrzec (OSTEG ostrzeg), butPIEC piec (PIEK piek), VLEC wlec (VLOK wlok), UEC uciec (UEKN uciekn).

13. Words of foreign origin are adapted to Polish phonology even if the standardorthography retains a foreign spelling, e.g. PIYCCA pizza, UYKEND weekend,BEJZBOL baseball, IYLE Chile, HEPIY-END happy end, MUZIYKAL musical, DA-BIYNG dubbing, JURIY jury, IYZBURGER cheeseburger.

The core of the Polish language consists of 8 vowels, including 2 pairs of a histor-ically short and a historically long vowel: Y; E; , ; A; O, ; U; and 35 consonants,which form pairs of a historically hard and a historically soft consonant except for 3soft consonants with no hard counterpart: P, PI; B, BI; F, FI; V, VI; T, ; D, D; S, ; Z,; K, C; G, DZ; CH, ; H, ; ; D; M, MI; N, NI; R, ; , L; J.

Other letters: , , and softened consonants other than PI, BI, FI, VI, MI, NI, arefound mainly (but not only) in words of foreign origin, and can be thought of as com-plementary or auxiliary.

4 Forming syllables

A consonant must be joined with a directly following vowel. A standalone consonanthas a vertical stem at the bottom, and a vowel has a similar stem at the top. Whena consonant is joined with a vowel, these stems determine the place of the joint andthey are removed, e.g. += VA, += C, += E, += DE.

Separators are not marked explicitly. A consonant before a separator is not con-sidered to be directly followed by a vowel after it, and thus they are not joined. Ex-amples: ODUY, BEZOVOCNY, ZYY, DEZ-YNTEGRACJA, TRANSAKCJA, VOBEC, VVAS, ZO-VD.

Rounded corners are equivalent to square corners. There is a canonical rule ofrounding: a corner where exactly two lines meet is normally rounded when at leastone of these lines, after being followed as far straight as possible, has a turn or joint atthe right angle in the same direction as the corner under investigation. For example, , , , , all include the same consonant. The italic stylemay choose to roundall corners, e.g. , , , , , .

The following syllables are orthographically sensible:

before Y any consonant except KI, GI, LIbefore K, G, L, or any soft consonantbefore E any consonant except KI, GIbefore K, G

before other vowels any consonant

Syllables are shown on figure 1.

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y e a o u i iy i ie i i ia io i iu

p b f v t d d s z k c g dz ch h

d m n r l j

Figure 1: All syllables

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5 Lexicographic order

The order of syllables is based on the order of vowels and consonants. First comethe vowels; then, for each consonant, the consonant alone and all syllables with thatconsonant. The vowels and the consonants are ordered as in the table on page 2.

When the abstract spelling is treated as an independent orthography, it has itsown Latin-based order:

A B C D DZ D D E F G H CH I JK L M N O P R S T U V Y Z

6 Letter names

The following names of the abstract letters are proposed, based on names of lettersof the standard orthography:

A, , Be, Ce, e, e, De, DZe, De, De, E, tvarde1 , , eF, Ge, Ha,aCH, zmika2 (I), Jot, Ka, eL, e, eM, eN, O, duge3 , Pe, eR,y, eS, e, e, Te, U, Ve, Y, tvarde1 , Zet, et, et, rozdela4 ()

(1 hard, 2 softener, 3 long, 4 separator)

7 Unicode registration

Sylabica is tentatively encoded in Private Use Area and will be submitted to the Con-Script Registry.

Letters are encoded in the range U+E650U+E677. Vowels, non-softened conso-nants, and the softener are encoded separately (40 characters):

Y U+E650 SYLABICA LETTER Y U+E651 SYLABICA LETTER YQ E U+E652 SYLABICA LETTER E U+E653 SYLABICA LETTER EQ U+E654 SYLABICA LETTER EX U+E655 SYLABICA LETTER AX A U+E656 SYLABICA LETTER A O U+E657 SYLABICA LETTER O U+E658 SYLABICA LETTER OX U U+E659 SYLABICA LETTER U P U+E65A SYLABICA LETTER P B U+E65B SYLABICA LETTER B F U+E65C SYLABICA LETTER F V U+E65D SYLABICA LETTER V T U+E65E SYLABICA LETTER T U+E65F SYLABICA LETTER CX D U+E660 SYLABICA LETTER D D U+E661 SYLABICA LETTER DZX S U+E662 SYLABICA LETTER S U+E663 SYLABICA LETTER SX

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Z U+E664 SYLABICA LETTER Z U+E665 SYLABICA LETTER ZX K U+E666 SYLABICA LETTER K C U+E667 SYLABICA LETTER C G U+E668 SYLABICA LETTER G DZ U+E669 SYLABICA LETTER DZ CH U+E66A SYLABICA LETTER CH U+E66B SYLABICA LETTER SQ H U+E66C SYLABICA LETTER H U+E66D SYLABICA LETTER ZQ U+E66E SYLABICA LETTER CQ D U+E66F SYLABICA LETTER DZQ M U+E670 SYLABICA LETTER M N U+E671 SYLABICA LETTER N R U+E672 SYLABICA LETTER R U+E673 SYLABICA LETTER RQ U+E674 SYLABICA LETTER LX L U+E675 SYLABICA LETTER L J U+E676 SYLABICA LETTER J I U+E677 SYLABICA LETTER I

Softened consonants are treated as ligatures. A ligature ismandatory for any hardconsonant followed by I.

Syllables also are treated as ligatures. Ligatures aremandatory for all orthograph-ically sensible combinations of a consonant followed by a vowel. Forming of a syllablecan be suppressed with U+200C ZERO WIDTH NON-JOINER between a consonant anda vowel.

In order to make sylabica usable with software which doesnt support ligatures,precomposed syllables are encoded too, in the range U+F16B0U+F1943. Any char-acter in this range has the code computed as 0xF16B0 + 22 c + 11 i + v, where c isthe index of the non-softened consonant (0 = none, 1 = P, . . . , 29 = J), i is 0 whenI is absent and 1 when I is present, and v is the index of the vowel (0 = none, 1 =Y, . . . , 10 = U).

Only standalone vowels, standalone consonants (possibly softened), and ortho-graphically sensible syllables are filled. Character names are SYLABICA SYLLABLEfollowed by the ASCII-encoded letter or syllable as one word, e.g. E U+F183F SY-LABICA SYLLABLE SQE.

Standalone consonants and vowels from this range dont form ligatures, unlikeidentically looking characters from the range of letters.

The range of syllables includes 516 characters within a range of size 660.

8 Open issues

How to form abbreviations in sylabica? It makes no sense to translate them literallyfrom the standard orthography. Either full initial syllables could be retained, or onlytheir initial consonants. For example Polsky ervony Ky PolskiCzerwony Krzy, abbreviated as PCK in the standard orthography, could be abbreviatedin sylabica either as PoeK, or as PK. If only initial consonants are re-tained, its not clear whether they should include a following I. The nature of sylabica

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suggests keeping the whole syllable, while in the abstract spelling keeping just theconsonant (without any I) is more conventional.

9 Design rationale

About special orthographic rules: Distinghishing abstract J between a consonant and a vowel fromplain softeningof the consonant was necessary in order to derive a self-consistent view of Pol-ishwords as sequences of consonants and vowels. The standard Polish languageis not clear about the nature of the -ii ending in the genitive case of many for-eignwords, which is clearly different from the -i ending inmany other words inboth pronunciation and spelling, despite the nominative of both groups beingspelled with the same -ia (skrzynia skrzyni, but linia linii).Historically there used to be an extra i or y vowel there, which later got short-ened to j. In 1936 the spelling unfortunately settled on i instead of j (exceptafter s, z, c), with a hard to explain -ii ending in genitive. Sylabica understandsthe -ii as -ji, and for consistency J is reconstructed in other cases.

Generally sylabica tries to undo those phonetic simplificationswhich canbeun-done without compromising the ability to translate between the modern spo-ken language and a written language, i.e. when a more etymologic spelling iseither easy to reconstruct for a Polish speaker (e.g. inserting J between a voweland Y when needed), or necessary for obtaining a consistent system (e.g. J af-ter a consonant), or already present in the standard spelling (e.g. keeping thedistinctions U/, CH/H, /).

About letter shapes: Historically long vowels are mirror images of the corresponding historicallyshort vowels. Vowels with no historic long/short counterparts are symmetricto themselves.

Voiced consonants are mirror images of the corresponding unvoiced conso-nants ( H is only historically voiced). Consonants with no unvoiced counter-parts are symmetric to themselves.

Since , , , , , (P, B, F, V, M, N) are the only consonants whose softenedcounterparts belong to the core, their shape ensures plenty of space for thesoftening dot.

The series , , (S, , ) is analogous to , , (C, , ), and same for , , (Z, , ) vs. , , (DZ, D, D).

There are similarities inside some historic but not phonetic hard/soft pairs:/, /, /, / (T/, D/D, R/, /L).

10 Text size statistics

The number of letters needed for a given text in the abstract spelling is about 96% ofthe number of letters in the standard spelling (not counting spaces or punctuation).

The number of sylabica characters is about 57% of the number of letters of thestandard spelling, or 59% of the abstract spelling.

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11 History

This is the fourth major revision of sylabica. Each major revision included severalminor revisions with varying shapes of some letters.

The first revision (1990) was already very similar in spirit. It covered only the coreof the Polish language, together with complementary variants of Y, K, G with invertedsoftness and a consonantal U for foreignwords. The pattern of hard-soft relationshipsfollowed the historic rules of the core, and the corresponding abstract spelling usedthe acute accent () for logical softening of consonants.

The second revision (1995) simplified letter shapes by not using a vertical stem ineach syllable, and changed the softener from a short horizontal bar across the stemto a dot inside the consonant.

The third revision (1996) changed the design of letter shapes such that it was pos-sible to stack several consonants in one syllable, or even join arbitrary combinationsof syllables into larger characters. The softener was incorporated into the consonant,usually as a horizontal bar at the top. Letters used only horizontal and vertical lines,with systematic rounding of some corners, and with a dot sometimes needed to markthe division of components of large characters. Soft Y and complementary variantsof hard K, G were written as regular Y, K, G not joined with the adjacent consonant orvowel, and had its own special syllable.

The fourth revision (2007) changed letter shapes to be similar to the second revi-sion, limiting a syllable to one consonant again. It introduced complementary soft-ened consonants and , and an which forms syllables like a regular vowel, so thateven non-standard combinations of a consonant and a vowel could form syllables,and a consonant is not joined with the following vowel only at morphem boundaries.The pattern of hard-soft relationships is more phonetic and less historic, the abstractspelling uses some traditional Slavic conventions, and letter ordering is based on thephonetics rather than the Latin order. This revision also introduced the sylabica andabstract spelling names, and was the first with a Unicode encoding.

The script was designed for no particular purpose, or just because it looks pretty.It was inspired by Japanese hiragana and katakana, although its actuallymore similarto Korean hangul.

12 Examples

Each example is shown in sylabica, in abstract Polish spelling, in standard Polishspelling, and in English translation.

12.1 Gospel of John

, 1

1 , , . 2 .3 , , . 4 ,

, 5 .6 . 7 ,

, . 8 , [],

. 9 , ,

. 10 [], , .

11

11 , . 12 ,

, , , , 13

, , , . 14

. , , ,

. 15 : ,

: , , , .16 . 17

, . 18 ,

, , [ ] . 19 .

: ?, 20

, , : . 21 : ?

? : . ? : ! 22

: , , ? ?23 : : ,

. 24 . 25 , :

, , , ? 26

: . , , 27 ,

. 28 ,

, . 29 , ,

: , . 30 , :

, , . 31

, , . 32

: , . 33

, , , , : ,

, ,

. 34 , . 35

36 ,

: . 37 , , . 38

, , : ? :

! : ? 39 : , .

, , . . 40

, , , . 41

: : . 42

. : , ,

: . 43 [] .

. : ! 44 ,

. 45 : ,

, . 46 :

? : . 47 ,

, : , ,

. 48 : ? : ,

, . 49 : ,

, ! 50 : ,

: ? . 51

: , , :

.

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Evanglja vedug v. Jana, Rozda 11 Na potku byo Sovo, a Sovo byo u Boga, y Bogem byo Sovo. 2 Ono byo napotku u Boga. 3 Vystko pez Nie stao, a bez Niego niyc nie stao, co sta-o. 4 V Niym byo ye, a ye byo viato ludy, 5 a viato v emnoy vieyy emno jej nie ogarna. 6 Pojaviy oviek posany pez Boga Jan mu byona ymi. 7 Pyed on na viadectvo, aby zaviady o viatoy, by vyscy uvieylypez niego. 8 Nie by on viato, le [posanym], aby zaviady o viatoy. 9 Byaviato pravdyva, ktra ovieca kadego ovieka, gdy na viat pychody. 10 Naviee byo [Sovo], a viat sta pez Nie, le viat Go nie pozna. 11 Pyo do svojejvasnoy, a svojy Go nie pyjly. 12 Vystkym tym jednak, kty Je pyjly, dao moc,aby staly demiy Boymiy, tym, kty vie v ymi Jego 13 kty aniy z krviy,aniy z dzy aa, aniy z voly ma, ale z Boga narodyly. 14 A Sovo stao a-em y zamiekao vrd nas. Y ogldalymy Jego chva, chva, jak Jednorodzonyotymuje od Ojca, peen asky y pravdy. 15 Jan daje o Niym viadectvo y gono voav sovach: Ten by, o ktrym poviedaem: Ten, ktry po mnie yde, pevyy mniegodno, gdy by veniej ode mnie. 16 Z Jego penoy vyscymy otymaly as-k po asce. 17 Podas gdy Pravo zostao nadane pez Mojea, aska y pravda pyypez Jezusa Chrystusa. 18 Boga niykt niygdy nie viyda, Ten Jednorodzony Bg, kt-ry jest v onie Ojca, [o Niym] pouy. 19 Take jest viadectvo Jana. Gdy ydy vysalydo niego z Jerozolymy kapanv y leviytv z zapytaniem: Kto ty jeste?, 20 on vyzna,a nie zapey, oviadajc: Ja nie jestem Mesjaem. 21 Zapytaly go: C zatem? yjeste Eljaem? Odek: Nie jestem. y ty jeste prorokem? Odpar: Nie! 22 Povie-dely mu vic: Kym jeste, abymy mogly da odpovied tym, kty nas vysaly? Comviy sam o sobie? 23 Odpovieda: Jam gos voajcego na pustyniy: Prostuje dro-g Panisk, jak povieda prorok Yzaja. 24 A vysanniycy byly spord faryzeuv.25 Y zadavaly mu pytania, mvic do niego: emu zatem chy, skoro nie jeste aniyMesjaem, aniy Eljaem, aniy prorokem? 26 Jan jym tak odpovieda: Ja ch vod.Pord vas stojy Ten, ktrego vy nie znae, 27 ktry po mnie yde, a ktremu ja niejestem goden odviza emyka u Jego sandaa. 28 Dao to v Betanijy, po drugejstronie Jordanu, gde Jan udela chtu. 29 Nazajut zobay Jezusa, nadchodzcegoku niemu, y ek: Oto Baranek Boy, ktry gady gech viata. 30 To jest Ten, o ktrympoviedaem: Pomnie pyjdeM, ktrymnie pevyy godno, gdy by veniejode mnie. 31 Ja Go pedtem nie znaem, ale pyedem chy vod v tym celu, aby On objaviy Yzraeloviy. 32 Jan da take viadectvo: Ujaem Ducha, ktry jak gobiycazstpova z nieba y spo na Niym. 33 Ja Go pedtem nie znaem, ale Ten, ktry mnieposa, abym chy vod, povieda do mnie: Ten, nad ktrym ujy Ducha zstpu-jcego y spoyvajcego nad Niym, jest Tym, ktry chy Duchem vitym. 34 Ja toujaem y daj viadectvo, e On jest Synem Boym. 35 Nazajut Jan znovu sta v tymmiejscu vraz z dvoma svojymiy uniamiy 36 y gdy zobay pechodzcego Jezusa, ek:Oto Baranek Boy. 37 Dvaj uniovie usyely, jak mviy, y poly za Jezusem. 38 Jezusza odvryvy y ujavy, e oniy yd za Niym, ek do niych: ego ukae? Oniypoviedely do Niego: Rabbiy! to znay: Nauyelu gde mieka? 39 Odpoviedajym: Chode, a zobaye. Poly vic y zobayly, gde mieka, y tego dnia pozostalyu Niego. Byo to okoo godyny detej. 40 Jednym z dvch, kty to usyely od Janay poly za Niym, by Andej, brat ymona Piotra. 41 Ten spotka najpierv svego bratay ek do niego: Znalelymy Mesjaa to znay: Chrystusa. 42 Y pyprovady go doJezusa. A Jezus vejavy na niego ek: Ty jeste ymon, syn Jana, ty bde nazyva Kfas to znay: Piotr. 43 Nazajut [Jezus] postanoviy uda do Galyley. Y spotkaFiylypa. Jezus povieda do niego: Pjd za Mn! 44 Fiylyp za pochody z Betsaydy,

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z miasta Andeja y Piotra. 45 Fiylyp spotka Natanaela y povieda do niego: Znalely-my Tego, o ktrym piysa Moje v Pravie y Prorocy Jezusa, syna Jzefa z Nazaretu.46 ek do niego Natanael: y moe by co dobrego z Nazaretu? Odpovieda mu Fiy-lyp: Chod y zoba. 47 Jezus uja, jak Natanael zblya doNiego, y povieda o niym:Pat, to pravdyvy Yzraelyta, v ktrym nie ma podstpu. 48 Povieda do Niego Nata-nael: Skd mnie zna? Odek mu Jezus: Viydaem , zaniym zavoa Fiylyp, gdybye pod devem fiygovym. 49 OdpoviedaMuNatanael: Rabbiy, Ty jeste SynemBo-ym, Ty jeste Krlem Yzraela! 50 Odpar mu Jezus: y dlatego viey, e poviedaemy: Viydaem pod devem fiygovym? Zobay jee vicej niy to. 51 Potem povie-da do niego: Zapravd, zapravd, poviadam vam: Ujye niebiosa otvarte y anijovBoych vstpujcych y zstpujcych na Syna ovieego.

Ewangelia wedug w. Jana, Rozdzia 11 Na pocztku byo Sowo, a Sowo byo u Boga, i Bogiem byo Sowo. 2 Ono byo napocztku u Boga. 3 Wszystko przez Nie si stao, a bez Niego nic si nie stao, co sistao. 4 W Nim byo ycie, a ycie byo wiatoci ludzi, 5 a wiato w ciemnociwieci i ciemno jej nie ogarna. 6 Pojawi si czowiek posany przez Boga Janmubyo na imi. 7 Przyszed on na wiadectwo, aby zawiadczy o wiatoci, by wszy-scy uwierzyli przez niego. 8 Nie by on wiatoci, lecz [posanym], aby zawiadczyo wiatoci. 9 Bya wiato prawdziwa, ktra owieca kadego czowieka, gdy nawiat przychodzi. 10 Na wiecie byo [Sowo], a wiat sta si przez Nie, lecz wiat Gonie pozna. 11 Przyszo do swojej wasnoci, a swoi Go nie przyjli. 12 Wszystkim tymjednak, ktrzy Je przyjli, dao moc, aby si stali dziemi Boymi, tym, ktrzy wierzw imi Jego 13 ktrzy ani z krwi, ani z dzy ciaa, ani z woli ma, ale z Boga si na-rodzili. 14 A Sowo stao si ciaem i zamieszkao wrd nas. I ogldalimy Jego chwa,chwa, jak Jednorodzony otrzymuje od Ojca, peen aski i prawdy. 15 Jan daje o Nimwiadectwo i gono woa w sowach: Ten by, o ktrym powiedziaem: Ten, ktry pomnie idzie, przewyszy mnie godnoci, gdy by wczeniej ode mnie. 16 Z Jego pe-noci wszyscymy otrzymali ask po asce. 17 Podczas gdy Prawo zostao nadaneprzezMojesza, aska i prawda przyszy przez Jezusa Chrystusa. 18 Boga nikt nigdy niewidzia, Ten Jednorodzony Bg, ktry jest w onie Ojca, [o Nim] pouczy. 19 Takie jestwiadectwo Jana. Gdy ydzi wysali do niego z Jerozolimy kapanw i lewitw z za-pytaniem: Kto ty jeste?, 20 on wyzna, a nie zaprzeczy, owiadczajc: Ja nie jestemMesjaszem. 21 Zapytali go: C zatem? Czy jeste Eliaszem? Odrzek: Nie jestem. Czyty jeste prorokiem? Odpar: Nie! 22 Powiedzieli mu wic: Kim jeste, abymy moglida odpowied tym, ktrzy nas wysali? Co mwisz sam o sobie? 23 Odpowiedzia:Jam gos woajcego na pustyni: Prostujcie drog Pask, jak powiedzia prorok Iza-jasz. 24 A wysannicy byli spord faryzeuszw. 25 I zadawali mu pytania, mwic doniego: Czemu zatem chrzcisz, skoro nie jeste ani Mesjaszem, ani Eliaszem, ani proro-kiem? 26 Jan im tak odpowiedzia: Ja chrzcz wod. Pord was stoi Ten, ktrego wynie znacie, 27 ktry po mnie idzie, a ktremu ja nie jestem godzien odwiza rzemykau Jego sandaa. 28 Dziao si to w Betanii, po drugiej stronie Jordanu, gdzie Jan udzielachrztu. 29 Nazajutrz zobaczy Jezusa, nadchodzcego ku niemu, i rzek: Oto BaranekBoy, ktry gadzi grzech wiata. 30 To jest Ten, o ktrym powiedziaem: Po mnieprzyjdzie M, ktry mnie przewyszy godnoci, gdy by wczeniej ode mnie. 31 JaGo przedtemnie znaem, ale przyszedem chrzci wodw tym celu, aby On si objawiIzraelowi. 32 Jan da takie wiadectwo: Ujrzaem Ducha, ktry jak gobica zstpowaz nieba i spocz na Nim. 33 Ja Go przedtem nie znaem, ale Ten, ktry mnie posa,abym chrzci wod, powiedzia domnie: Ten, nad ktrym ujrzysz Ducha zstpujcego

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i spoczywajcego nad Nim, jest Tym, ktry chrzci Duchem witym. 34 Ja to ujrzaemi daj wiadectwo, e On jest Synem Boym. 35 Nazajutrz Jan znowu sta w tym miej-scu wraz z dwoma swoimi uczniami 36 i gdy zobaczy przechodzcego Jezusa, rzek:Oto Baranek Boy. 37 Dwaj uczniowie usyszeli, jak mwi, i poszli za Jezusem. 38 Jezusza odwrciwszy si i ujrzawszy, e oni id za Nim, rzek do nich: Czego szukacie?Oni powiedzieli do Niego: Rabbi! to znaczy: Nauczycielu gdzie mieszkasz? 39 Od-powiedzia im: Chodcie, a zobaczycie. Poszli wic i zobaczyli, gdzie mieszka, i tegodnia pozostali u Niego. Byo to okoo godziny dziesitej. 40 Jednym z dwch, ktrzyto usyszeli od Jana i poszli za Nim, by Andrzej, brat Szymona Piotra. 41 Ten spotkanajpierw swego brata i rzek do niego: Znalelimy Mesjasza to znaczy: Chrystusa.42 I przyprowadzi go do Jezusa. A Jezus wejrzawszy na niego rzek: Ty jeste Szymon,syn Jana, ty bdziesz nazywa si Kefas to znaczy: Piotr. 43 Nazajutrz [Jezus] posta-nowi uda si do Galilei. I spotka Filipa. Jezus powiedzia do niego: Pjd za Mn!44 Filip za pochodzi z Betsaidy, z miasta Andrzeja i Piotra. 45 Filip spotka Natanaelai powiedzia do niego: Znalelimy Tego, o ktrym pisa Mojesz w Prawie i Prorocy Jezusa, syna Jzefa z Nazaretu. 46 Rzek do niego Natanael: Czy moe by co do-brego z Nazaretu? Odpowiedziamu Filip: Chod i zobacz. 47 Jezus ujrza, jak Natanaelzblia si do Niego, i powiedzia o nim: Patrz, to prawdziwy Izraelita, w ktrym niema podstpu. 48 Powiedzia do Niego Natanael: Skd mnie znasz? Odrzek mu Jezus:Widziaem ci, zanim ci zawoa Filip, gdy bye pod drzewem figowym. 49 Odpowie-dzia Mu Natanael: Rabbi, Ty jeste Synem Boym, Ty jeste Krlem Izraela! 50 Odparmu Jezus: Czy dlatego wierzysz, e powiedziaem ci: Widziaem ci pod drzewem fi-gowym? Zobaczysz jeszcze wicej ni to. 51 Potem powiedzia do niego: Zaprawd,zaprawd, powiadamwam: Ujrzycie niebiosa otwarte i aniow Boych wstpujcychi zstpujcych na Syna Czowieczego.

Gospel of John, Chapter 11 In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God.2 The samewas in the beginningwith God. 3 All thingsweremade by him; andwithouthim was not any thing made that was made. 4 In him was life; and the life was thelight of men. 5 And the light shines in darkness; and the darkness comprehended itnot. 6 There was a man sent from God, whose name was John. 7 The same came fora witness, to bear witness of the Light, that all men through him might believe. 8 Hewas not that Light, but was sent to bear witness of that Light. 9 That was the trueLight, which lights every man that comes into the world. 10 He was in the world, andthe world was made by him, and the world knew him not. 11 He came to his own, andhis own received him not. 12 But as many as received him, to them gave he power tobecome the sons of God, even to them that believe on his name: 13 Which were born,not of blood, nor of the will of the flesh, nor of the will of man, but of God. 14 And theWord was made flesh, and dwelled among us, (and we beheld his glory, the glory as ofthe only begotten of the Father,) full of grace and truth. 15 John bore witness of him,and cried, saying, This was he of whom I spoke, He that comes after me is preferredbefore me: for he was before me. 16 And of his fullness have all we received, and gracefor grace. 17 For the lawwas given byMoses, but grace and truth came by Jesus Christ.18 No man has seen God at any time, the only begotten Son, which is in the bosom ofthe Father, he has declared him. 19 And this is the record of John, when the Jews sentpriests and Levites from Jerusalem to ask him, Who are you? 20 And he confessed, anddenied not; but confessed, I am not the Christ. 21 And they asked him, What then?Are you Elias? And he said, I am not. Are you that prophet? And he answered, No.

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22 Then said they to him, Who are you? that we may give an answer to them thatsent us. What say you of yourself? 23 He said, I am the voice of one crying in thewilderness, Make straight the way of the Lord, as said the prophet Esaias. 24 And theywhich were sent were of the Pharisees. 25 And they asked him, and said to him, Whybaptize you then, if you be not that Christ, nor Elias, neither that prophet? 26 Johnanswered them, saying, I baptize with water: but there stands one among you, whomyou know not; 27 He it is, who coming after me is preferred before me, whose shoeslace I am not worthy to unloose. 28 These things were done in Bethabara beyondJordan, where John was baptizing. 29 The next day John sees Jesus coming to him, andsaid, Behold the Lamb of God, which takes away the sin of the world. 30 This is he ofwhom I said, After me comes a man which is preferred before me: for he was beforeme. 31 And I knew him not: but that he should be made manifest to Israel, therefoream I come baptizing with water. 32 And John bore record, saying, I saw the Spiritdescending from heaven like a dove, and it stayed on him. 33 And I knew him not: buthe that sent me to baptize with water, the same said to me, On whom you shall seethe Spirit descending, and remaining on him, the same is he which baptizes with theHoly Ghost. 34 And I saw, and bore record that this is the Son of God. 35 Again the nextday after John stood, and two of his disciples; 36 And looking on Jesus as he walked,he said, Behold the Lamb of God! 37 And the two disciples heard him speak, and theyfollowed Jesus. 38 Then Jesus turned, and saw them following, and said to them, Whatseek you? They said to him, Rabbi, (which is to say, being interpreted, Master,) wheredwell you? 39 He said to them, Come and see. They came and saw where he dwelled,and stayed with him that day: for it was about the tenth hour. 40 One of the twowhichheard John speak, and followed him, was Andrew, Simon Peters brother. 41 He firstfinds his own brother Simon, and said to him, We have found the Messias, which is,being interpreted, the Christ. 42 And he brought him to Jesus. And when Jesus beheldhim, he said, You are Simon the son of Jona: you shall be called Cephas, which is byinterpretation, A stone. 43 The day following Jesus would go forth into Galilee, andfinds Philip, and said to him, Follow me. 44 Now Philip was of Bethsaida, the city ofAndrew and Peter. 45 Philip finds Nathanael, and said to him, We have found him,of whom Moses in the law, and the prophets, did write, Jesus of Nazareth, the son ofJoseph. 46 AndNathanael said to him, Can there any good thing come out of Nazareth?Philip said to him, Come and see. 47 Jesus saw Nathanael coming to him, and said ofhim, Behold an Israelite indeed, in whom is no guile! 48 Nathanael said to him, Fromwhere know you me? Jesus answered and said to him, Before that Philip called you,when you were under the fig tree, I saw you. 49 Nathanael answered and said to him,Rabbi, you are the Son of God; you are the King of Israel. 50 Jesus answered and saidto him, Because I said to you, I saw you under the fig tree, believe you? you shall seegreater things than these. 51 And he said to him, Truly, truly, I say to you, Hereafteryou shall see heaven open, and the angels of God ascending and descending on theSon of man.

12.2 Polish Anthem Mazurek Dbrovskego

, Jee Polska nie zgyna, . Kedy my yjemy. , Co nam obca pemoc va, . abl odbieemy.

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, , Mar, mar Dbrovsky, . Z emiy voskej do Polsky. Za tvojym pevodem . Zym z narodem.

, , Pejdem Viys, pejdem Vart, . Bdem Polakamiy. , Da nam pykad Bonaparte, . Jak zvya mamy.

, Mar, mar

Jak arniecky do Poznania , Po vedzkym zaboe, Dla ojyzny ratovania . Vrym pez moe.

, Mar, mar

Ju tam ojec do svej Bay Mviy zapakany , Suchaj jeno, pono nay . Biyj v tarabany.

, Mar, mar

Mazurek Dbrowskiego Dbrowskis Mazurka

Jeszcze Polska nie zgina, Poland has not yet perished,Kiedy my yjemy. As long as we live.Co nam obca przemoc wzia, Whatever foreign force took from us,Szabl odbierzemy. Well retake by sabre.

Marsz, marsz Dbrowski, March, march Dbrowski,Z ziemi woskiej do Polski. From Italian land to Poland.Za twoim przewodem Under your lead,Zczym si z narodem. Well unite with the nation.

Przejdziem Wis, przejdziem Wart, Well cross Vistula, well cross Warta,Bdziem Polakami. Well be Polish people.Da nam przykad Bonaparte, Bonaparte showed us an exampleJak zwycia mamy. How we should win.

Marsz, marsz March, march

Jak Czarniecki do Poznania Like Czarniecki to PoznaPo szwedzkim zaborze, After Swedish occupation,Dla ojczyzny ratowania To save fatherland,Wrcim si przez morze. Well return across the sea.

Marsz, marsz March, march

Ju tam ojciec do swej Basi And over there, a father tells his Basia,Mwi zapakany Crying:Suchaj jeno, pono nasi Listen, it sounds like oursBij w tarabany. Are drumming the military drums.

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Marsz, marsz March, march

12.3 Pan Tadeusz

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Adam Miyckeviy Pan Tadeu, potek

Lytvo! Ojyzno moja! ty jeste jak zdrovie.Yle teba ceniy, ten tylko dovie,Kto stray. Dy pikno tv v caej ozdobieViydz y opiysuj, bo tskni po tobie.

Panno vita, co jasnej broniy stochovyY v Ostrej viey Bramie! Ty, co grd zamkovyNovogrdzky ochrania z jego viernym ludem!Jak mnie decko do zdrovia povrya cudem(Gdy od pacej matky pod Tvoj opiekOfiarovany, martv podniosem poviekY zaraz mogem pieo do Tvych vityni proguY za vrcone ye podkova Bogu),Tak nas povry cudem na Ojyzny ono.Tymasem peno moj du utsknionDo tych pagrkv lenych, do tych k elonych,eroko nad bkytnym Niemnem rozgnionych;Do tych pl malovanych zboem rozmaytem,Vyzacanych peniyc, posrebanych ytem;Gde burtynovy vieop, gryka jak nieg biaa,Gde panieniskym rumienicem delyna paa,A vystko pepasane, jakby vstg, miedzelon, na niej z adka yche grue edz.

rd takych pl ped laty, nad begem ruaju,Na pagrku nievielkym, ve bozovym gaju,Sta dvr lachecky, z deva, le podmurovany;vieyy z daleka pobielane any,Tym biele, e odbiyte od emnej eleniyTopoly, co go broni od viatrv jeeniy.Dm miekalny nievielky, le zevd chdogy,Y stodo mia vielk, y py niej ty stogyUtku, co pod stech zmiey nie moe;Viyda, e okolyca obfiyta ve zboe,Y viyda z lyby kopiyc, co vzdu y ve smugvviec gsto jak gviazdy, viyda z lyby pugvOcych venie any ogromne ugoru,arnoemne, zapevne nalene do dvoru,Upravne dobe na ktat ogrodovych gdek:e v tym domu dostatek mieka y podek.Brama na v otvarta pechodniom ogaa,e goynna y vystkych v goyn zapraa.

Adam Mickiewicz Pan Tadeusz, pocztek

Litwo! Ojczyzno moja! ty jeste jak zdrowie.Ile ci trzeba ceni, ten tylko si dowie,Kto ci straci. Dzi pikno tw w caej ozdobieWidz i opisuj, bo tskni po tobie.

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Panno wita, co jasnej bronisz CzstochowyI w Ostrej wiecisz Bramie! Ty, co grd zamkowyNowogrdzki ochraniasz z jego wiernym ludem!Jak mnie dziecko do zdrowia powrcia cudem(Gdy od paczcej matki pod Twoj opiekOfiarowany, martw podniosem powiekI zaraz mogem pieszo do Twych wity proguI za wrcone ycie podzikowa Bogu),Tak nas powrcisz cudem na Ojczyzny ono.Tymczasem przeno moj dusz utsknionDo tych pagrkw lenych, do tych k zielonych,Szeroko nad bkitnym Niemnem rozcignionych;Do tych pl malowanych zboem rozmaitem,Wyzacanych pszenic, posrebrzanych ytem;Gdzie bursztynowy wierzop, gryka jak nieg biaa,Gdzie panieskim rumiecem dzicielina paa,A wszystko przepasane, jakby wstg, miedzZielon, na niej z rzadka ciche grusze siedz.

rd takich pl przed laty, nad brzegiem ruczaju,Na pagrku niewielkim, we brzozowym gaju,Sta dwr szlachecki, z drzewa, lecz podmurowany;wieciy si z daleka pobielane ciany,Tym bielsze, e odbite od ciemnej zieleniTopoli, co go broni od wiatrw jesieni.Dm mieszkalny niewielki, lecz zewszd chdogi,I stodo mia wielk, i przy niej trzy stogiUtku, co pod strzech zmieci si nie moe;Wida, e okolica obfita we zboe,I wida z liczby kopic, co wzdu i wszerz smugwwiec gsto jak gwiazdy, wida z liczby pugwOrzcych wczenie any ogromne ugoru,Czarnoziemne, zapewne nalene do dworu,Uprawne dobrze na ksztat ogrodowych grzdek:e w tym domu dostatek mieszka i porzdek.Brama na wci otwarta przechodniom ogasza,e gocinna i wszystkich w gocin zaprasza.

Adam Mickiewicz Pan Tadeusz, the beginning

Translated by Marcel Weyland

Lithuania, my country! You are as good health:How much one should prize you, he only can tellWho has lost you. Your beauty and splendour I viewAnd describe here today, for I long after you.

Holy Virgin who shelters our bright CzstochowaAnd shines in Ostra Brama! You, who yet watch overThe castled Nowogrdeks folk faithful and mild;As You once had returned me to health, a sick child,

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(When by my weeping mother into Your care given,I by miracle opened a dead eye to heaven,And to Your temples threshold could straightaway falterFor a life thus returned to thank God at the altar)Thus to motherlands breast You will bring us again.Meanwhile, bear my soul heavy with yearnings dull pain,To those soft woodland hillocks, those meadows, green, gleaming,Spread wide along each side of the blue-flowing Niemen,To those fields, which by various grain painted, there lieShimmering, with wheat gilded, and silvered with rye;Where grows the amber mustard, buckwheat white as snow,Where, with maidenly blushes, clover flowers glow,And all as if beribboned by green strips of land,The balks, upon which scattered quiet pear trees stand.

Mid such fields years ago, by the edge of a rill,In a grove of white birches, upon a slight hill,Stood a gentlemans manor, of wood, but on stone;The homes whitewashed walls brightly from faraway shoneSeeming whiter in contrast with dusky green trees,The poplars, which stood guarding it from autumns breeze.The dwelling not too large, but well-cared for and neat,With a barn very big, and with three stacks of wheatStanding near, which the thatch could not fully contain;One can see that the country is heavy with grain;And one sees from the sheaves that, in fields near the house,Shine as thickly as stars; from the number of ploughs,Turning up early sods of the black fallow groundOf the fields, stretching far, by the house doubtless owned,Fields tidy and well tilled, like a trim garden border,That one finds in this dwelling both plenty and order.The gate wide open stands, and to strangers attests:Guests are welcome, and all are invited as guests.

12.4 Universal Declaration of Human Rights

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Povechna Deklaracja Prav ovieka, Artyku 1

Vyscy lude rodz volniy y rvniy pod vzgldem svej godnoy y svych prav. Soniy obdaeniy rozumem y sumieniem y poviynniy postpova vobec ynnych v du-chu braterstva.

Powszechna Deklaracja Praw Czowieka, Artyku 1

Wszyscy ludzie rodz si wolni i rwni pod wzgldem swej godnoci i swych praw. Soni obdarzeni rozumem i sumieniem i powinni postpowa wobec innych w duchu

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braterstwa.

Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Article 1

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowedwith reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of broth-erhood.

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