Syllabus BSc MSc

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PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH- 160 014 (INDIA) (Estted. under the Panjab Univerasity Act VII of 1947-enacted by the Govt. of India)

FACULTY OF SCIENCE

SYLLABI

FOR

B.Sc. (HONOUR SCHOOL) BIOCHEMISTRY

1ST TO 6TH SEMESTER

&

M.Sc. (HONOUR SCHOOL) BIOCHEMISTRY

1ST TO 4TH SEMESTER

EXAMINATIONS 2013 - 2014

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PANJAB UNIVERSITY CHANDIGARH

Outlines of tests, syllabi and courses of reading for B.Sc. (Honours School) in

Biochemistry, 1st year for the session 2013-14.

Courses for B.Sc. (HS) 1st year (Major)

1st Semester Marks Credits

1. BC-1101: Introductory Biochemistry 75 3+0+0

2. BC-1102: Cell Biology 75 3+0+0

3. BC-1151: Practical 50 0+1+1

2nd

Semester Marks Credits

1. BC-1201: Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and porphyrins 75 3+0+0

2. BC-1202: Various types of cells. Cell division and cell cycle 75 3+0+0

3. BC-1251: Practical 50 0+1+1

Courses for B.Sc. (HS) 1st year (Subsidiary)

(For the students of Botany and Anthropology Department)

1st Semester Marks Credits

1. BCS-1171: Biomolecules-I 75 3+0+0

2. BCS-1172: Practical 25 0+0+1

2nd

Semester Marks Credits

1. BC-1271: Biomolecules-II 75 3+0+0

2. BC-1272: Practical 25 0+0+1

Courses for B.Sc.(H.S.) 2nd year (Semester System) (Major/Subsidiary) MAJOR (BIOCHEMISTRY)

3rd Semester Marks Credits

1. BC-2101: Enzymes 75 3+0+0

2. BC-2102: Carbohydrate Metabolism 75 3+0+0

3. BC-2103: Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds 75 3+0+0

4. BC-2151: Practical 75 1+1+1

TOTAL 300 10+1+1

4th Semester

1. BC-2201: Bioenergetics & Enzymes Kinetics 75 3+0+0

2. BC-2202: Lipid Metabolism 75 3+0+0

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3. BC-2203: Biochemical Techniques 75 3+0+0

4. BC-2251: Practical 75 1+1+1

TOTAL 300 10+1+1

Biochemistry (SUBSIDIARY)

3rd Semester

Botany/Anthropology (2 years Course)

1. BCS-2171: Intermediary Metabolism 75 3+0+0

2. BCS-2152: Practical 25 0+0+1

TOTAL 100 3+0+1

4th Semester

Botany/Anthropology (2 years Course)

1. BCS- 2271: Molecular Biology 75 3+0+0

2. BCS- 2252: Practical 25 0+0+1

TOTAL 100 3+0+1

3rd Semester

Microbiology/Bio-Physics/Zoology (1 year Course)

1. BCS- 2172: Biomolecules and their metabolism 75 3+0+0

2. BCS- 2153: Practical 25 0+0+1

TOTAL 100 3+0+1

4th Semester

Microbiology/Bio-Physics/Zoology (1 year Course)

1. BCS- 2272: Enzymology and molecular biology 75 3+0+0

2. BCS-2253: Practical 25 0+0+1

TOTAL 100 3+0+1

Courses for B.Sc.(H.S.) IIIrd year (Semester System) 5th Semester Marks Credits 1. BC-3101: Fundamentals of Molecular Biology-1 75 3+0+0

2. BC-3102: Plant Biochemistry-I 50 2+0+0

3. BC-3103: Endocrinology 75 3+0+0

4. BC-3104: Immunology-I 50 2+0+0

5. BC-3105: Nutritional Biochemistry: Basic Concepts 75 3+0+0

6. BC-3106: Techniques in Biochemistry-I 50 2+0+0

7. BC-3107: Practical-I 75 0+2+1

8. BC-3108: Practical-II 50 0+1+1

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TOTAL 500 15+3+2

6th Semester 2. BC-3201: Fundamentals of Molecular Biology-II 50 2+0+0

2. BC-3202: Plant Biochemistry-II 75 3+0+0

3. BC-3203: Neurobiology 50 2+0+0

4. BC-3204: Immunology-II 75 3+0+0

5. BC-3205: Nutritional Biochemistry: Applied Aspects 50 2+0+0

6. BC-3206: Techniques in Biochemistry-II 75 3+0+0

7. BC-3207: Practical-I 50 0+1+1

8. BC-3208: Practical-II 75 0+2+1

TOTAL 500 15+3+2

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ENVIRONMENT AND ROAD SAFETY EDUCATION

(25 hr. course)

UNIT I (ENVIRONMENT) 1. Environment Concept :

Introduction, concept of biosphere—lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere; Natural resources—

their need and types; principles and scope of Ecology; concepts of ecosystem, population,

community, biotic interactions, biomes, ecological succession.

2. Atmosphere :

Parts of atmosphere, components of air; pollution, pollutants, their sources, permissible limits, risks

and possible control measures.

3. Hydrosphere :

Types of aquatic systems. Major sources (including ground water) and uses of water, problems of

the hydrosphere, fresh water shortage; pollution and pollutants of water, permissible limits, risks

and possible control measures.

4. Lithosphere :

Earth crust, Soil—a life support system, its texture, types, components, pollution and pollutants,

reasons of soil erosion and possible control measures.

5. Forests :

Concept of forests and plantations, types of vegetation and forests, factors governing vegetation,

role of trees and forests in environment, various forestry programmes of the Govt. of India, Urban

forests, Chipko Andolan.

6. Conservation of Environment :

The concepts of conservation and sustainable development, why to conserve, aims and objectives of

conservation, policies of conservation; conservation of life support systems—soil, water, air,

wildlife, forests.

7. Management of Solid Waste :

Merits and demerits of different ways of solid waste management—open, dumping, landfill,

incineration, resource reduction, recycling and reuse, vermicomposting and vermiculture, organic

farming.

8. Indoor Environment :

Pollutants and contaminants of the in-house environment; problems of the environment linked to

urban and rural lifestyles; possible adulterants of the food; uses and harms of plastics and

polythene; hazardous chemicals, solvents and cosmetics.

9. Global Environmental Issues :

Global concern, creation of UNEP; Conventions on climate change, Convention on biodiversity;

Stratospheric ozone depletion, dangers associated and possible solutions.

10. Indian Laws on Environment :

Indian laws pertaining to Environmental protection : Environment (Protection) Act, 1986; General

information about Laws relating to control of air, water and noise pollution. What to do to seek

redressal.

11. Biodiversity :

What is biodiversity, levels and types of biodiversity, importance of biodiversity, causes of its

loss, how to check its loss; Hotspot zones of the world and India, Biodiversity Act, 2002.

12. Noise and Microbial Pollution :

Pollution due to noise and microbes and their effects.

13. Human Population and Environment :

Population growth and family welfare programme, Human Health, HIV/AIDS, Human rights.

14. Social Issues :

Environmental Ethics : Issues and possible solutions, problems related to lifestyle, sustainable

development; Consumerisms and waste generation.

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15. Local Environmental Issues : Environmental problems in rural and urban areas, Problem of Congress grass & other weeds, problems arising from the use of pesticides and weedicides, smoking etc. Practicals : Depending on the available facility in the college, a visit to Vermicomposting units or any other

such non-polluting eco-friendly site or planting/caring of vegetation/trees could be taken.

Note : Above 15 topics to be covered in 25 hour lectures in total, with 2 lectures in each

topics from 2 to 11 and one each for the topics 1 and 12 to 15.

UNIT II (ROAD SAFETY)

1. Concept and Significance of Road Safety.

2. Role of Traffic Police in Road Safety.

3. Traffic Rules.

4. Traffic Signs.

5. How to obtain Driving License.

6. Traffic Offences, Penalties and Procedures.

7. Common Driving mistakes.

8. Significance of First-aid in Road Safety.

9. Role of Civil Society in Road Safety.

10. Traffic Police-Public Relationship. Examination Pattern :

• Seventy multiple choice questions (with one correct and three incorrect alternatives and no

deduction for wrong or un-attempted question).

• The paper shall have two units: Unit I (Environment) and Unit II (Road Safety).

• Unit I shall comprise of 50 questions with minimum of 2 questions from each topics 1, and

12 to 15 and minimum of 4 questions from topics 2 to 11.

• Unit II shall comprise of 20 questions with minimum of 1 question from each topics 1 to 10.

• The entire syllabus of Unit I is to be covered in 25 hours and that of Unit II is to be covered

in 10 hours.

• All questions are to be attempted.

• Qualifying Marks 33 per cent i.e. 23 marks out of 70.

• Duration of examination : 90 minutes. • The paper setters are requested to set the questions strictly according to the syllabus.

Suggested Readings

1. The Motor Vehicle Act, 1988 (2010), Universal Law Publishing Co. Pvt. Ltd., New Delhi.

2. Road Safety Signage and Signs (2011), Ministry of Road Transport and Highways, Government

of India.

Websites:

(a) www.chandigarhpolice.nic.in

(b) www.punjabpolice.gov.in

(c) www.haryanapolice.gov.in

(d) www.hppolice.nic.in

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Syllabus and Courses of Reading for B.Sc. (Hons. School) ( courses where English is taught as

a subsidiary subject) for the session 2013-2014.

FIRST SEMESTER

Objectives: The objective of teaching English to the science students is to create general awareness among them

about literature and its impact on their lives. At the same time, it is expected that the students, on

reading this course, shall develop proficiency in reading and writing skills, while acquiring a

sensitive and analytical attitude towards literature in particular, and life in general. It is with this aim

in mind that the new text has been selected and it is hoped that the objectives of the course will not

only be reflected but also realized through necessary shift in the teaching practices, design of the

question paper and mode of evaluation.

Note:

(i) There will be one paper of 80 marks, 10 marks are reserved for the Internal Assessment

and 10 for the Practical Work. Total is 100.

(ii) The paper shall consist of Two Units. Unit I will be text specific and Unit II shall deal

with different aspects of communications and language learning skills.

(iii) For Unit I, the prescribed text is Varieties of Expression, Ed. A. H. Tak, Foundation

Books, which shall replace the existing text Patterns in Prose by Jagdish Chander, P.U.,

Chandigarh. It may be pointed out here that only certain sections of this text i.e prose

and drama are prescribed. Poetry has been deleted completely. Only five prose and five

plays have been recommended for the study. The relevant sections, however, are as

follows:

Prose:

I. The Judgement Seat of Vikramaditya, Sister Nivedita

II Engine Trouble, R. K. Narayan

III The Conjurer’s Revenge, Stephen Leacock

Drama:

I The Rising of the Moon, Lady Gregory

II Waterloo, Arthur Conan Doyle

(iv) No text book is recommended for Unit II, but a few books that may be used for this Unit

are listed towards the end Unit II shall consist of the following:

Communication: It shall focus on different aspects of communication, types of communication , and

significance of positive attitude in improving communication.

Writing Skills: This section shall focus on précis-writing, letters of all kinds; curriculum vitae, short,

formal reports (no exceeding 200 words); public notices and advertisements relating to product

promotion etc.,

Modern Forms of Communication: Here special emphasis shall be given to teaching the format of e-

mails, fax messages, telegrams, audio-visual aids and power-point presentations. Apart from this, the

students shall also be given basic lessons in effective listening, non-verbal communication, how to

prepare for an interview and group discussion etc.,

Practical work:- Teacher should assign some project or practical work to the students. This should be in the nature of

guided activity, which the students shall have to complete under the direct supervision of the teacher.

The students may be given projects on a variety of subjects relating to their discipline i.e. science in

general or a specific area of science they are specializing in. Preferably, they should be given minor

projects (to be completed within less than two weeks, and length not exceeding 20 pages) in

consultation with teachers of science. However, the evaluation of the projects should be done only by

the Language Teachers, who must keep all the basic criteria of good writing in mind while doing so.

7

Note: In case of private candidates and students of School of Open Learning, the marks

obtained by them out of 80 will be proportionately increased out of 100).

Testing Scheme:

The examination paper shall be divided into two sections, corresponding to two units already

proposed in the syllabus. The distribution of questions and marks in Section I shall be as follows:

Section I (It is text-based and corresponds to unit I in the syllabus)

Q1. It shall consist of five short questions (not exceeding 100-120 words) out of which a student will

be expected to attempt any three. This question shall be based upon the prescribed text Varieties of

Expression and cover a wide range of issues, topics and problems. It shall consist of 12 marks.

Q2. It shall consist of two long questions (not exceeding 300-350 words) out of which a student will

be expected to attempt only one. This question shall have internal choice, be based upon the

prescribed text Varieties of Expression. This shall carry 10 marks.

Note: The question 1 & 2 should be so designed as to cover all the chapters prescribed, as

well as the major issues and problems listed therein.

Q3. It shall consist of an Unseen Passage for Comprehension (not more than 800 words), with

minimum six questions at the end. These questions should be designed in such a way that we are

able to test a student’s comprehension ability, language/presentation skills and vocabulary etc. This

question shall be of 12 marks.

Q.4. It shall exclusively be a test of vocabulary, but designed strictly on the lines of various exercises

given at the end of each chapter in the prescribed text. The candidate shall be given six words in one

column and asked to match them with words/meanings in the next column, This shall carry 6 marks.

Section II (Based upon Unit II)

Q.5 (a) The students shall be asked to write a short survey report on a situation, incident, problem of

science or the possibility of starting a new scientific venture (in about 150-200 words). The students

shall be given an internal choice in this question. This question shall carry 8 marks.

Q.5 (b) This question shall be on notices/advertisements of various types (as mentioned in the

syllabus). It’ll carry 4 marks.

Q.6. This question shall test a student’s ability to write letters of various kinds (in nor more than 250

words). Again, there will be internal choice here and the question will be of 8 marks

Q.7 There will test a student’s ability to write a Précis, A passage of about 200 words shall be given

and the students shall have to write a précis of about 70 words (including the title). This question

shall carry 10 marks.

Q.8 This question shall test a student’s understanding of various aspects of communication and

modern forms of communication. It shall be divided into two parts:

(a) Two short questions to be attempted (in not more than 100-120 words each) on

different aspects of communication. It’ll carry 6 marks.

(b) Definitions/format of modern forms of communication to be tested. This shall again

carry 4 marks.

Suggested Reading:

1. Business Communication, Ed. Om. P. Juneja & Aarti Mujumdar, Hyderabad: Orient

Blackswan, 2010.

2. Textbook of Business Communication, Anjali Kalkasr, R.B. Suryawanshi, Amlanjyoti

Sengupta, Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2010.

SECOND SEMESTER

Objectives: The objective of teaching English to the science students is to create general awareness among them

about literature and its impact on their lives. At the same time, it is expected that the students, on

reading this course, shall develop proficiency in reading and writing skills, while acquiring a

sensitive and analytical attitude towards literature in particular, and life in general. It is with this aim

8

in mind that the new text has been selected and it is hoped that the objectives of the course will not

only be reflected but also realized through necessary shift in the teaching practices, design of the

question paper and mode of evaluation.

Note:

(i) There will be one paper of 80 marks, 10 marks are reserved for the Internal

Assessment and 10 for the Practical Work. Total is 100.

(ii) The paper shall consist of Two Units. Unit I will be text specific and Unit II shall

deal with different aspects of communications and language learning skills.

(iii) For Unit I, the prescribed text is Varieties of Expression, Ed. A. H. Tak,

Foundation Books, which shall replace the existing text Patterns in Prose by

Jagdish Chander, P.U., Chandigarh. It may be pointed out here that only certain

sections of this text i.e prose and drama are prescribed. Poetry has been deleted

completely. Only five prose and five plays have been recommended for the study.

The relevant sections, however, are as follows:

Prose: I J. C. Bose, Aldous Huxley

II The Position of Women in Ancient India, Padmini Sen Gupta

Drama: I The Proposal, Anton Chekhov

II Riders to the Sea, J. M. Synge

III Lithuania, Rupert Brooke

(iv) No text book is recommended for Unit II, but a few books that may be used

for this Unit are listed towards the end Unit II shall consist of the following:

Communication: It shall focus on different aspects of communication, types of communication, and

significance of positive attitude in improving communication.

Writing Skills: This section shall focus on précis-writing, letters of all kinds; curriculum vitae, short,

formal reports (no exceeding 200 words); public notices and advertisements relating to product

promotion etc.,

Modern Forms of Communication: Here special emphasis shall be given to teaching the format of e-

mails, fax messages, telegrams, audio-visual aids and power-point presentations. Apart from this, the

students shall also be given basic lessons in effective listening, non-verbal communication, how to

prepare for an interview and group discussion etc.

Practical work:- Teacher should assign some project or practical work to the students. This should be in the nature of

guided activity, which the students shall have to complete under the direct supervision of the teacher.

The students may be given projects on a variety of subjects relating to their discipline i.e. science in

general or a specific area of science they are specializing in. Preferably, they should be given minor

projects (to be completed within less than two weeks, and length not exceeding 20 pages) in

consultation with teachers of science. However, the evaluation of the projects should be done only

by the Language Teachers, who must keep all the basic criteria of good writing in mind while doing

so.

Note: In case of private candidates and students of School of Open Learning, the marks

obtained by them out of 80 will be proportionately increased out of 100).

Testing Scheme:

The examination paper shall be divided into two sections, corresponding to two units already

proposed in the syllabus. The distribution of questions and marks in Section I shall be as follows:

Section I (It is text-based and corresponds to unit I in the syllabus)

Q1. It shall consist of five short questions (not exceeding 100-120 words) out of which a student will

be expected to attempt any three. This question shall be based upon the prescribed text Varieties of

Expression and cover a wide range of issues, topics and problems. It shall consist of 12 marks.

9

Q2. It shall consist of two long questions (not exceeding 300-350 words) out of which a student will

be expected to attempt only one. This question shall have internal choice, be based upon the

prescribed text Varieties of Expression. This shall carry 10 marks.

Note: The question 1 & 2 should be so designed as to cover all the chapters prescribed, as

well as the major issues and problems listed therein.

Q3. It shall consist of an Unseen Passage for Comprehension (not more than 800 words), with

minimum six questions at the end. These questions should be designed in such a way that we are

able to test a student’s comprehension ability, language/presentation skills and vocabulary etc. This

question shall be of 12 marks.

Q.4. It shall exclusively be a test of vocabulary, but designed strictly on the lines of various exercises

given at the end of each chapter in the prescribed text. The candidate shall be given six words in one

column and asked to match them with words/meanings in the next column, This shall carry 6 marks.

Section II (Based upon Unit II)

Q.5 (a) The students shall be asked to write a short survey report on a situation, incident, problem of

science or the possibility of starting a new scientific venture (in about 150-200 words). The students

shall be given an internal choice in this question. This question shall carry 8 marks.

Q.5 (b) This question shall be on notices/advertisements of various types (as mentioned in the

syllabus). It’ll carry 4 marks.

Q.6. This question shall test a student’s ability to write letters of various kinds (in nor more than 250

words). Again, there will be internal choice here and the question will be of 8 marks

Q.7 There will test a student’s ability to write a Précis, A passage of about 200 words shall be given

and the students shall have to write a précis of about 70 words (including the title). This question

shall carry 10 marks.

Q.8 This question shall test a student’s understanding of various aspects of communication and

modern forms of communication. It shall be divided into two parts:

(a) Two short questions to be attempted (in not more than 100-120 words each) on different aspects

of communication. It’ll carry 6 marks.

(b) Definitions/format of modern forms of communication to be tested. This shall again carry 4

marks.

Suggested Reading:

1. Business Communication, Ed. Om. P. Juneja & Aarti Mujumdar, Hyderabad: Orient

Blackswan, 2010.

2. Textbook of Business Communication, Anjali Kalkasr, R.B. Suryawanshi, Amlanjyoti

Sengupta, Hyderabad: Orient Blackswan, 2010.

10

B.Sc. (H.S.) 1st Year (1

st Semester) Biochemistry (Major), 2013-14

Instructions for paper-setter

Question paper will have four sections. Examiner will set a total of nine questions comprising two

questions from each unit, and one compulsory question of short answer type covering the whole

syllabus. Students will attempt one question from each unit and the compulsory question. All

questions will carry equal marks.

BC-1101: Introductory Biochemistry Credit: 3+0+0

Objective: To familiarize the students with properties of water, Bio-energetics and various

techniques employed in biochemistry.

UNIT-I

Introduction: Scope of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. Molecular logic of living systems.

Water: Physical properties and structure of water. Acids and bases. Henderson – Hasselbalch

equation. Buffers. Physiologically important buffers. Acid base indicators. Dialysis and Donnan

membrane equilibrium.

UNIT-II

Carbohydrates: Definition and classification of carbohydrates. Fischer and Haworth structure of

carbohydrates. Stereoisomerism and mutarotaton. Anomeric forms of monosachharides. Reactions of

carbohydrates: formation of glycosides, acylation and methylation of sugars. Derivatives of

monosachharides (glycosides, deoxy sugars, amino-sugars alcohol & sugar acids). Glycosidic bonds,

disaccharides, trisaccharides and polysaccharides. Homo and hetero-polysaccharides. Structural and

storage polysaccharide. Structure of polysaccharides (Amylose, amylopectin, starch, inulin, pectins,

glycogen, cellulose, chitins). Glycosaminoglycans and proteglycans as components of connective

tissue. Blood group substances. Glycoproteins, membrane glycoproteins and their biological

functions.

UNIT-III

Bio-energetics: First and second laws of thermodynamics. High energy compounds. Redox

potential and Nernst equation.

Chromatographic Techniques: Paper, thin layer, gas - liquid, ion-exchange, affinity, gel filtration,

HPLC.

UNIT-IV

Centrifugation; Electrophoresis; Radio-isotopic techniques, Spectrophotometry.

Books Suggested:

1. Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM. Lehninger: Principles of biochemistry. (5th Ed.) WH

Freeman & Co. New York; 2008.

2. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. (6th Ed.) WH Freeman & Co. New York;

2006.

3. Conn EE, Stumpf PK, Bruening G, Doi RH, Outlines of Biochemistry. (5th

Ed.) John Wiley &

Sons Inc., Singapore; 1987.

4. Voet D & Voet JG, Biochemistry. (3rd

Ed.) John Wiley & Sons Inc., Singapore; 2004.

5. Botham K, Mayes P, Murray RK, Granner DK. Harper's illustrated biochemistry. (27th Ed.)

McGraw-Hill Companies New York; 2006.

11

BC-1102: Cell Biology Credit: 3+0+0

Objective: To learn cell biology and techniques employed in cell biology. Composition of blood and

cell membranes. Idea of origin and evolution of life.

UNIT-I

History of Cell Biology, Evolution and its theories, Molecular Basis of the Origin and Evolution &

Life. Morphology of the cell: Differences in Prokaryotic and eukaryotic Cell, plant and animal cells,

cell types including cellular specialization and differentiation.

UNIT-II Structure and Function of cell Organelles: Detailed description of mitochondria, chloroplast,

nucleus, smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes,

cytoskeletal elements and extracellular matrix components.

UNIT-III

Cell fractionation, marker enzymes. Microscopy: light, phase contrast, fluorescence, electron. Auto

radiography. Cell culture.

UNIT-IV

Cell Membrane: Chemical composition of bio membranes and its functions, cell junctions,

organization of proteins and lipids in membranes, protein-lipid interactions, different models of

membrane structure, asymmetry in biomembranes, structure of RBC membrane .

Membrane Transport: Passive and active transport, facilitated diffusion, ionophores and

siderophores, exocytosis, endocytosis, pinocytosis and phagocytosis.

Books Suggested: 1. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Matsudaira P.

Cell Biology. (6th

Ed.) WH Freeman & Co. New York; 2008.

2. Sadava DE. Cell Biology: Organelle Structure and Function. Jones & Bartlett Publishers,

Boston; 1993.

3. DeRobertis EDP, DeRobertis EMF. Cell and Molecular Biology. (8th

Ed.) BI Waverly Pvt.,

Ltd. New Delhi; 1998.

4. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P, Bray D, Watson JD. Molecular

Biology of the Cell. (5th

Ed.) Garland Science Publishing Inc., New York; 2008.

5. Kleinsmith LJ, Kish VM. Principles of cell biology. Harper & Row Publishers, New York;

1988.

BC-1151: Practical Credit: 0+1+1

Preparation of buffers. Determination of pKa, TLC, Column chromatography, Electrophoresis,

Verification of Beer Lambert’s Law. Qualitative tests of carbohydrates.

12

B.Sc. 1st year (2

nd Semester)






BC-1201: Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and porphyrins. Credits: 3+0+0

Objective: To learn structures and functions of Lipids, proteins, nucleic acids and porphyrins.

UNIT-I

Lipids: Definition and classification. Fatty acids (structures and nomenclature). Essential fatty

acids. Important reactions of functional groups present in fatty acids. Characteristics of fatty acids

and fats (saponification, iodine, acid, acetyl and peroxide values). Rancidity of fats, refractive index,

melting point and boiling point of fats and their physical properties. Waxes.

Structure, Properties and Functions of phospholipids: Sn-glycerol, Glycerophospholipids

(Lecithin, Lysolecithin, cephalin, phosphatidylserine, phophatidylinositol, plasmalogens,

cardiolipins). Sphingomyelins.Glycolipids – Cerebrosides, Gangliosides.

Lipoproteins: Composition and biological functions. Terpenes and steroids. Basic structure of

steroids, Colour reactions of sterols, Steroidal hormones, Bile acids. Prostaglandins, Prostacyclins,

Thromboxanes, Leukotrienes, Lipoxins. Fat soluble vitamins – an introductory account.

UNIT-II

Amino Acids: Common structural features: Classification based on the nature of ‘R’ groups. Special

amino acids present in proteins. Non-protein amino acids. Physical and chemical properties of amino

acids. Titration of amino acids. Separation of amino acids.

Peptide Bonds: Rigid and planar nature of the peptide bond. ß- turns in polypeptides, Structure and

function of some naturally occurring peptides. Chemical synthesis of polypeptide, oligo and

polypeptides of Biological Importance.

UNIT-III

Proteins: Levels of proteins structure. Determination of primary structure of proteins, Protein

folding and misfolding, super secondary structure (motifs) of proteins. Non-covalent interactions

stabilizing protein structure. Native proteins and their conformation. Behaviour of proteins in

solutions. Salting in & salting out of proteins. Denaturation of proteins. Purification of proteins and

criteria of protein purity. Structure and biological functions of fibrous proteins, and globular proteins

(hemoglobin, myoglobin), sickle cell hemoglobin. Conjugated proteins. Lectins and their biological

functions.

UNIT-IV Nucleic Acids: Structure and properties of purine and pyrimidine bases. Nucleosides and

nucleotides and their structural analogs. Biologically important nucleotides. Different forms of

DNA. Ribozymes. Denaturation of DNA. Physical and chemical properties of nucleic acids.

Methods for isolation, purification and characterization of nucleic acids. Chemical and enzymatic

hydrolysis of nucleic acids. DNA, as genetic material, experimental evidence.

Porphyrins: Porphyrin nucleus and classification of porphyrins. Important porphyrins occurring in

nature. Detection of porphyrins spectrophotometrically. Bile pigments – chemical nature and their

physiological significance.

Books suggested:







13

BC-1202: Various types of cells. Cell division and cell cycle Credit: 3+0+0

Objective: To learn various types of cells. Cell division and cell cycle

UNIT-I

Blood: Various cell types in blood and their functions, Defense mechanism and basic concept of

immunology. An introductory account of Stem Cell Biology.

UNIT-II Structure of striated, smooth and cardiac muscle. Muscle proteins. Molecular organization of

contractile system and Sliding filament mechanism of muscle contraction.

Cells of nervous system, neurons. Neuro transmission. Axonal transport.

UNIT-III

Connective and bone tissue. Adipose and epithelial tissue. Kidney and Liver cells

Unit-IV Cell division, cell cycle, Mendeliam laws of inheritance, chromosomal changes, cytogenetics

Books Suggested 1. Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM. Lehninger: Principles of biochemistry. (5th Ed.) WH



2006.

3. Conn EE, Stumpf PK, Bruening G, Doi RH, Outlines of Biochemistry. (5th

Ed.) John Wiley

& Sons Inc., Singapore; 1987.





6. Zubay GL, Parson WW, Vance DE. Principles of biochemistry. Wm. C. Brown Publisher,

Dubuque, Iowa; 1995.

BC-1251: Practical Credit: 0+1+1

Qualitative tests for amino acids and proteins. Separation of amino acids by paper chromatography.

Estimation of protein (Biuret), glucose (Folin-Wu, Anthrone), DNA. RNA. Saponification and

Iodine value of fat/oil.

14

BIOCHEMISTRY (SUBSIDIARY) TWO YEAR COURSE

(For the students of Botany and Anthropology Departments)

B.Sc. (H.S.) 1st Year (1

st Semester)






BCS-1171: Biomolecules-I Credit: 3+0+0

Objectives: To learn structure and properties of Water, Carbohydrates, Lipids and Nucleic Acids

UNIT-I Water: Physical properties and hydrogen bonding of water, structure of liquid water, other

properties of hydrogen bonding, solvent properties of water, ionization of water, ion product of

water: The pH scale, Acids and Bases, Acid-Base indicators, Buffers.

UNIT-II

Carbohydrates: Definition and classification, Families of monosaccharides, Stereoisomerism of

monosaccharides, Mutarotation and the anomeric forms of D-glucose. Action of acids and bases on

monosaccharides. Structure and functions of important derivatives of monosaccharides,

disaccharides, polysaccharides (Glycans); storage polysaccharides, structural polysaccharides.

UNIT-III

Lipids: Definition and classification of lipids, fatty acids, triacylglycerols, phosphoglycerides,

sphingolipids, waxes, prostaglandins, sterols, liposomes, their structure and functions.

UNIT-IV

Nucleic Acids: General structure of the pyrimidines and purines, nucleosides, nucleotides, nucleic

acids, types of nucleic acids, hydrolysis of nucleic acids by acids and bases, enzymatic hydrolysis of

nucleic acids, analysis of nucleotide sequence in nucleic acids, Nucleic acids – Protein

supramolecular complexes. Structure and role of Cyclic nucleotides.

Books Suggested: 1. Nelson DL, Lehninger AL, Cox MM. Lehninger: Principles of biochemistry. (5th Ed.) WH



2006.





BCS: 1172: Practical: Based On Theory Credit: 0+0+1

15

B.Sc.(H.S.) 1st year (2nd Semester)

BCS-1271: Biomolecules - II Credit: 3+0+0

Objectives: To learn structure of Amino Acids and Proteins. Techniques of Protein Purification and

Properties of Enzymes

UNIT-I

Amino Acids: The common amino acids of proteins. Non protein amino acids. Acid base properties

of amino acids, stereochemistry of amino acids. Absorption spectra. The chemical reactions of

amino acids. Analysis of amino acid mixtures by paper and ion exchange chromatography.

UNIT-II

Proteins: Amino acids as structural components of proteins, Classifications of proteins,

Functions of proteins. The Primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structure of proteins.

Conjugated proteins, Immunoglobulins.

UNIT-III

Techniques in Protein Purification: Protein purification; Need for purification, Preliminary

purification, precipitation techniques, Adsorption and ion-exchange chromatography, Gel filtration,

affinity chromatography, Electrophoresis. Criteria of purity.

UNIT-IV

Enzymes: Introduction of enzymes, General characteristics of enzymes, apo-enzyme, co-enzyme

and cofactors. Units of enzyme activity. Enzyme classification and nomenclature, Enzyme

kinetics, Factors affecting enzyme kinetics, Effect of substrate concentration and Michaelis-Menten

equation, Methods of Km determination, Effect of pH and temperature, enzyme inhibitions,

identification of active sites of the enzymes, Allosteric enzymes and enzyme regulation, zymogens,

Isoenzymes.

Books Suggested:







BCS-1272 : Practical Credit: 0+0+1

Qualitative tests of amino acids and proteins, Paper chromatography of amino acid, Beer-Lambert’s

law verification, Estimation of proteins by Biuret method, Preparation of milk casein, Achromatic

point of salivary amylase, Alkaline phosphatase activity, Km determination.

16

B.Sc. (HS) 3rd Semester

BIOCHEMISTRY (MAJOR) BC-2101: Enzymes 3+0+0 Instructions for paper-setter





Objective: Introduction to enzymes, co-enzymes and mechanism of catalysis.

UNIT –I Introduction to enzymes, nomenclature & classification of enzymes. Properties: nature of active site, units of enzyme activity, turnover number, apoenzyme-cofactor association, isozymes, zymogens. Comparison of RNA & protein enzymes. Purification of enzymes: strategy & criteria of enzyme purity, judging the success of purification procedure.

UNIT-II Role of coenzymes (NAD/NADP,FMN/FAD, coenzyme A, biocytin, lipoamide, TPP, pyridoxal phosphate, tetrahydrofolate, cobamide) and metal cofactors in enzyme catalysis.

UNIT-III Mechanism of catalysis, transition state theory, covalent catalysis, acid- base catalysis, metal ion catalysis, proximity and orientation effects, strain and distortion theory.

UNIT-IV Monomeric enzymes, oligomeric enzymes & multienzyme complexes. Mechanism of action of chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase, ribonuclease, carbonic anhydrase, triose phosphate isomerase, pyruvate dehydrogenase.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W. H. Freeman and

Co., 2007. 2. Whitaker JR. Principles of Enzymology for the Food Sciences. 2nd edition,

Marcel Dekker Inc., 1994. 3. Price NC and Stevens L. Fundamentals of Enzymology.3rd edition, Oxford

University Press, 2000. 4. Fersht A. Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman and

Co., 1985. 5. Palmer T. Enzymes. Horwood Publishing, 2001.

17

BC-2102: Carbohydrate Metabolism 3+0+0 Instructions for paper-setter





Objective: Study of major metabolic pathways of carbohydrates.

UNIT-I Introduction to metabolism. Important metabolic principles. Methods used for studying metabolism. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates in human body.

UNIT-II Metabolic pathways for the degradation of carbohydrates: glycolysis, fermentation, tricarboxylic acid cycle, phosphogluconate pathway, glycogenolysis, glucuronate pathway and glyoxylate cycle. Catabolism of fructose and galactose. Regulation of glycolysis, TCA cycle and HMP pathway.

UNIT-III

Major pathways for biosynthesis of carbohydrates: gluconeogenesis and glycogenesis. Biosynthesis of disaccharides, cell wall polymers and mucopolysaccharides. Regulation of glycogen metabolism.

UNIT-IV Various mechanisms of metabolic regulations. Kinetic factors. Feed back

inhibition and feed forward stimulation. Reversible and irreversible covalent modification of regulatory enzymes. Monocyclic cascade systems. Cyclic AMP (cAMP) and Ca2+ ions as bioregulators.

SUGGESTED BOOKS 1. Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th edition, W.

H. Freeman and Co., 2008. 2. Conn EE, Stumpf PK, Bruening G and Doi RH. Outlines of Biochemistry. 5th

edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1987. 3. Voet D and Voet JG. Biochemistry.3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2004.

18

BC-2103: Metabolism of Nitrogenous Compounds 3+0+0






Objective: Pathways of amino acid, nucleotide and heme catabolism.

UNIT-I Digestion & absorption of proteins. General reactions of amino acids: transamination, deamination and decarboxylation. Urea cycle.

UNIT-II Catabolism of carbon skeleton of amino acids. Glucogenic and ketogenic amino acids.

UNIT-III Synthesis of glutathione, polyamines, catecholamines, melanin, melatonin. Biosynthesis of nutritionally non- essential amino acids . Metabolism of heme.

UNIT-IV Metabolism of purines and pyrimidine nucleotides, biosynthesis of deoxy ribonucleotides, salvage pathways.

BOOKS SUGGESTED 1. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W. H. Freeman and

Co., 2007.

2. Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th edition, W.

H. Freeman and Co., 2008.

3. Conn EE, Stumpf PK, Bruening G and Doi RH. Outlines of Biochemistry. 5th

edition, John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1987.

4. Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 27th

edition, McGraw Hill, 2006.

5. Smith EL, Hill RL, Lehman IR, Lefkowitz RJ, Handler P and White A. Principles

of Biochemistry.7th edition, McGraw Hill, 1987.

BC-2151: Practical 1+1+1

19

B.Sc.(HS) 4th Semester BC-2201: Bioenergetics and Enzyme Kinetics 3+0+0






Objective: To learn principles of themodynamics & enzyme Kinetics.

UNIT-I Concepts of bioenergetics, principles of thermodynamics & their application in Biochemistry, concept of free energy, relation between equilibrium constant & standard free energy change, biological standard state and standard free energy change in coupled reactions, biological redox reactions, redox potential, its relation with the free energy change (including derivation & numericals). High energy phosphate compounds: introduction, phosphate group transfer potential.

UNIT-II Mitochondrial electron transport chain components and biochemical basis for their arrangement. Substrate level and mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibitors and uncouplers of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Critical evaluation of various hypotheses of mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation.

UNIT-III

Enzyme kinetics, order of reaction, effect of substrate concentration on enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Michaelis Menten equation for single substrate & steady-state kinetics. Allosteric enzymes. An introduction to multisubstrate reactions. Effect of enzyme concentration, pH & temperature on enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Transport of metabolites through mitochondrial membrane.

UNIT-IV Enzyme inhibition. Reversible enzyme inhibition: competitive, non-competitive and uncompetitive enzyme inhibition, change in kinetic parameters by various types of inhibitors. Irreversible inhibition. Specific enzyme inhibitors and their mode of action: suicide inhibitors, side chain specific reagents, affinity reagents. SUGGESTED BOOKS 1. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W. H. Freeman and

Co., 2007.

2. Whitaker JR. Principles of Enzymology for the Food Sciences. 2nd edition,

Marcel Dekker Inc., 1994.

3. Price NC and Stevens L. Fundamentals of Enzymology.3rd edition, Oxford

University Press, 2000.

4. Fersht A. Enzyme Structure and Mechanism. 2nd edition, W.H. Freeman and

Co., 1985.

5. Palmer T. Enzymes. Horwood Publishing, 2001.

20

BC-2202: Lipid Metabolism 3+0+0 Instructions for paper-setter





Objective: To learn pathways of lipid metabolism, electron transport chain and oxidative Phosphoryation.

UNIT-I Digestion and absorption of lipids. Catabolism of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. Ketone body formation and their utilization. Degradation of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Regulation of fatty acid oxidation and triacylglycerol

hydrolysis.

UNIT-II Biosynthesis of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids. their elongation and regulation. Biosynthesis & functions of triglycerides, phospholipids and complex lipids. disorders in metabolism of complex lipids.

UNIT-III Metabolism of eicosanoids (synthesis, inactivation and biological importance). biosynthesis of cholesterol, cholesterol transport, biosynthesis of bile acids and salts, steroid hormones synthesis of vitamin D from cholesterol, relationship between cholesterol and atherosclerosis.

UNIT-IV Structure metabolism and functions of lipoproteins. Lipid transport, structure and applications of liposomes. biomedical consequences of lipid metabolism. Integration of metabolic pathways.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th edition, W. H.

Freeman and Co., 2008.



3. Voet D and Voet JG. Biochemistry.3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2004.

21

BC-2203: Biochemical Techniques-I 3+0+0






Objective: The aim of the courses to provide knowledge of various experimental/Instrumentation techniques in biochemistry

UNIT-I General Laboratory Techniques: Membrane/Ultra filtration, dialysis, diffusion, surface tension, viscosity and their applications to biological systems. Cell Biology techniques: Microbial, animal and plant cell/tissue culture, cell disruption/homogenization/sonication, cell sorting, cell counting, crypreservation.

UNIT-II Absorption spectroscopy: Principle, factors affecting absorption properties. UV-visible spectroscopy infrared spectroscopy.

UNIT-III Chromatography: General principles, distribution coefficient, Partition chromatography-normal phase and reverse phase liquid chromatography. Modes of chromatography-column, thin layer and paper chromatography. Principles, matrices and applications of gel permeation, adsorption, ion exchange and affinity chromatography. TLC, GLC, HPLC.

UNIT-IV Electrophoresis: General principle, support media, types of electrophoresis. Electrophoresis of proteins: Native and SDS-PAGE. Gradient gels, Iso electric focusing, 2D-PAGE, detection and recovery of proteins. Molecular weight determination. Preparative and immuno electrophoresis.

Electrophoresis of nucleic acid: Agarose-gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, pulsed-field gel electrophoresis, northern and southern transfer procedure.

SUGGESTED BOOKS

1. Biochemical Techniques: Theory and practice by Robyt, J.F. and White, B.J,

1987, Brooke/Cole Publishing Company, California.

2. Principles and techniques of Biochemistry & Molecular biology by K Wilson

& J Walker 6th Ed.Cambridge University press

3. Fundamentals of analytical chemistry by skoog /west/Holter/Crouch

Thompson/Brooks/Cole

BC-2251: Practical 1+1+1

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

22

Biochemistry (SUBSIDIARY) 3rd Semester

Botany/Anthropology (2 year course) BCS-2171: Intermediary Metabolism 3+0+0






Objective:

UNIT-I Introduction to intermediary metabolism, methods to study intermediary metabolism.Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates. Pathways of carbohydrate catabolism: glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation, TCA cycle, phosphogluconate pathway, glyoxylate cycle. Catabolism of galactose and fructose. Glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, glycogenesis, photosynthetic reduction of carbon dioxide. Regulation of glycogen metabolism.

UNIT-II Digestion, absorption and transport of lipids. Beta-oxidation of fatty acids. Oxidation of odd-carbon fatty acids. Alfa and Omega oxidation of fatty acids.

Formation and utilization of ketone bodies. Biosynthesis of saturated fatty acids, elongation of fatty acids in mitochondria and microsomes, biosynthesis of triacylglycerols and phospholipids. Cholesterol biosynthesis. Biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.

UNIT-III General pathways of amino acid metabolism: Transamination, decarboxylation, deamination and urea cycle. Catabolism of carbon skeletons of amino acids. Biosynthesis of non-essential and essential amino acids.

UNIT-IV Degradation and biosynthesis of purine and pyrimidine nucleotides. Formation of deoxyribonucleotides. Biosynthesis and degradation of porphyrins. Integration of

intermediary metabolism.

SUGGESTED BOOKS 1. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W. H. Freeman and

Co., 2007.







BCS-2152 :Practical 0+0+1

23

Biochemistry (SUBSIDIARY) 4th Semester Botany/Anthropology (2 year course)

BCS-2271: Molecular Biology 3+0+0 Instructions for paper-setter





Objective:

UNIT-I Biochemical evidence of DNA as a genetic material. DNA: structure and replication,Watson-Crick model of DNA structure (B-DNA), A-DNA & Z-DNA. Properties of DNA molecules in solution. Semi-conservative replication of DNA. Enzymes and proteins involved in DNA replication. Viral DNA. Molecular basis of mutations and their repair. Mitochondria and chloroplasts as semi—autonomic genetic systems. RNA structure and transcription, flow of genetic information. Structures of tRNA, mRNA & rRNA. RNA polymerases and their role in transcription. RNA processing. RNA as a biocatalyst. Hammer head RNA.

UNIT-II Genetic code: general features of genetic code, deciphering genetic code. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic ribosomes, self-assembly of ribosomes. Translation: activation of amino acids, initiation, elongation and termination of polypeptides. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis. Signal hypothesis and transport of protein across membranes.

UNIT-III

Control of Gene Expression. Lac operon. Attenuation in trp and his operons. Lytic and lysogenic modes of bacteriophage replication. Viruses. Structure and self-assembly of TMV. Viroids. RNA & DNA Viruses.

UNIT-IV Gene cloning: restriction endonucleases, vectors used in gene cloning, construction, cloning and expression of new genomes. Use of Ti plasmids for introduction of new genes into plant cells. Applications of recombinant DNA technology. Biological membranes; molecular components of membranes, fluid mosaic model of membrane structure, membrane fluidity, transport through cell membranes.

SUGGESTED BOOKS 1. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W. H. Freeman and

Co., 2007.







BCS-2252: Practical 0+0+1

24

B.Sc.(HS) Biochemistry (Subsidiary) 3rd Semester For Microbiology/Biophysics/Zoology (1 year course)

BCS-2174: Biomolecules and their Metabolism 3+0+0 Instructions for paper-setter





Objective: To learn structure and function of various biomolecules, structure, function and their metabolism.

UNIT-I Water and its properties, ionization of water, pH scale, buffer solutions, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation. Carbohydrates: definiton and classification, monosaccharides and their properties, isomerism in sugars, disaccharides of biological importance, oligosaccharides, storage and structural polysaccharides, mucopolysaccharides. Lipids: definition and classification, fatty acids and their properties, structure and properties of neutral fats, phospholipids and sterols, lipoproteins, fat soluble vitamins, gas liquid chromatography.

UNIT-II Amino acids: structure, classification, properties, chemical reactions and titration curve. The peptide bond, polypeptides and proteins, structural level of proteins, primary structure determination. Nucleic acids: purine and pyrimidine bases, nucleosides, nucleotides and their biological functions, polynucleotides. Structure of DNA and RNA, denaturation of DNA, determination of DNA sequence.

UNIT-III Introduction to metabolism, methods to study metabolism, bioenergetics, ATP-ADP cycle, electron transport chain and oxidative phosphorylation. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates, glycolysis and alcoholic fermentation, gluconeogenesis, TCA cycle and glyoxylate pathway, glycogenolysis and glycogenesis, glycogen storage diseases, HMP pathway and its significance, metabolism of galactose and fructose, regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. Diabetes mellitus.

UNIT-IV Digestion and absorption of dietary lipids. Beta – oxidation of saturated and unsaturated fatty acids, alpha and omega- oxidation, ketone body synthesis and utilization. Biosynthesis of fatty acids and its regulation. Elongation & unsaturation of fatty acids, phospholipid biosynthesis, cholesterol biosynthesis and regulation. Digestion and absorption of proteins, General reactions of amino acids , urea cycle, glucogenic & ketogenic amino acids. Conversion of amino acids to specialized products, biosynthesis of non-essential amino acids. Biosynthesis of nucleotides and salvage pathway of purines and pyrimidine bases. Formation of deoxyribonucleotides.

SUGGESTED BOOKS 1. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Co.,

2007.



25

3. Conn EE, Stumpf PK, Bruening G and Doi RH. Outlines of Biochemistry. 5th edition,

John Wiley & Sons Inc, 1987.

4. Murray RK, Granner DK, Rodwell VW. Harper’s Illustrated Biochemistry. 27th edition,

McGraw Hill, 2006.


B.Sc.(HS) Biochemistry (Subsidiary) 4th Semester For Microbiology/Biophysics/Zoology (1 year course)

BCS-2274: Enzymology and molecular biology 4+0+0 Instructions for paper-setter





Objective: To learn elementary enzyme kinetics, Nature of genetic material and its expression.

Unit-I Structure & function of enzymes, Historical background of enzyme research. General properties – chemical nature, specificity, activity. Classification of enzymes. Purification using gel chromatography, ion exchange chromatography, affinity chromatography, electrophoresis. Mechanisms of enzyme catalysed reactions, catalysis, active site, activation energy & reaction kinetics, effects of pH, temperature, concentration of enzyme & substrate on enzyme

activity. Michaelis Menten equation. Unit-II

Enzyme inhibition: different types of inhibition-competitive, un-competitive, non-competitive, irreversible. Significance of inhibition. Chemical nature & theories of enzyme catalysis: general metal ion, proximity & orientation, transition state. acid-base, covalent, coenzymes & metal cofactors in

enzyme catalysed reactions.Regulation of enzyme activity, allosteric enzymes: mechanism and function.Ribozymes. Applications of enzymes in industry (Food, textile, paper & pulp, detergent industry) & diagnostics, immobilised enzymes.

UNIT-III Evidence of DNA as genetic material. DNA: chemistry & structure, proteins & enzymes involved in DNA replication. DNA replication & repair. RNA structure & classes. Transcription: RNA synthesis, post transcriptional processing. Genetic code, ribosome structure, protein biosynthesis, post translational modification & inhibitors of protein synthesis.

UNIT-IV Regulation of gene expression (lac operon & trp operon). Recombinant DNA

technology. Molecular components of membranes, models of membranes, membrane transport.

SUGGESTED BOOKS 1. Nelson DL and Cox MM. Lehninger Principles of Biochemistry. 5th edition, W.

H. Freeman and Co., 2008.

26



3. Voet D and Voet JG. Biochemistry.3rd edition, John Wiley and Sons Inc, 2004.



5. Berg JM, Tymoczko JL, Stryer L. Biochemistry. 6th Edition, W. H. Freeman and Co., 2007.


27

B.Sc. (HONS.SCHOOL) IN BIOCHEMISTRY THIRD YEAR (SEMESTER SYSTEM)

EXAMINATION, 2014-15

Semester V






BC-3101: FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-1

Objective: Introduction to nature of genetic material, replication and transcription.

Unit-I The History and Birth of Molecular Biology. Systems and analytical Approaches to Molecular

Biology.

DNA, Genes and Genomes: The genetic significance of nucleic acids. Structure and Structural

properties of DNA. Topology of DNA. Topoisomerases. Types of DNA. Chromosome structure.

Molecular definition of Gene. Organization of Genes on chromosomes. Repetitive DNA. Simple

sequence DNA. Immediate-Repeat DNA and mobile DNA elements. Functional Rearrangements in

chromosomal DNA.

Unit-II

Nucleosomes. Organization of DNA into Chromosomes. Numerical and structural changes in

chromosomes. Morphology and functional characteristics of eukaryotic chromosomes sex

determination and sex-linked inheritance. Molecular maps of the genome. Extra-nuclear Genomes.

Types and biochemical basis of mutations in DNA.

Unit-III

DNA Replication and Mutations: Semiconservative replication. Replication in viruses, bacteria and

eukaryotic cells. Reversions. RFLP. Mechanisms of DNA repair and recombination. RNA –

Directed DNA polymerases (reverse transcriptase and telomerase). Inhibitors of replication.

Unit-IV

RNA and Transcription: Types of RNA. Details of RNA structure. Molecular apparatus and events

during prokaryotic and eukaryotic RNA synthesis. Transcription of extra nuclear genes. RNA –

containing viruses and their multiplication. Post—transcriptional modifications of transcripts.

Processing of different types of RNA. RNA editing. Inhibitors of RNA metabolism and their

mechanism of action.

Degradation and modifications of DNA and RNA by enzymes (nucleases, methylases, kinases and

phosphatases etc.)

Suggested Books

1. Freifelder D. Essentials of Molecular Biology. (3rd Ed.) Jones and Bartlett Publishers,

Boston; 1998.

2. Lewin B. Genes X. Oxford University Press New York; 2009.

3. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Matsudaira P.

Cell Biology. (6th


4. Dale J, Von Schantz M. From genes to genomes. Wiley Online Library; 2002.

28

5. Voet D & Voet JG, Biochemistry. (3rd Ed.) John Wiley & Sons Inc., Singapore; 2004.

BC-3102: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY-I

Objective: To study fundamental processes of life in plants, plant lipids and phytohormones.

Unit I

Photosynthesis: Photosynthetic pigments. Pigment systems I and II. Mechanism of pigment system

function. Generation of NADPH and ATP by non-cyclic electron flow, cyclic electron flow.

Reagents which effect photosynthetic electron flow. Dark phase of photosynthesis - Calvin cycle,

regulation of Calvin cycle. Photorespiration, C4 pathway of CO2 fixation, Regulation of gas

exchange by stomata. Crassulacean acid metabolism.

Electron transport and energy coupling in plant mitochondria. Cyanide resistant respiration.

Unit II

Nitrogen and Sulfur cycles: Nitrogen fixation, molecular biology of nitrogen fixation. Nitrate

reduction. Assimilation of NH3. Sulfate reduction. Incorporation of sulfur into organic compounds.

Biosynthesis of glutathione, an agent for detoxification of pollutants.

Unit III Plant lipids: Chemistry of plant lipids, Metabolism of lipids – fatty acid biosynthesis, fatty acid

desaturation systems, fatty acid hydroxylation. Lipid catabolism, glyoxylate cycle. Plant

lipoxygenases. Cutins, suberins and waxes.

Unit IV

Signals regulating the growth and development of plant organs: phytohormones - auxins,

gibberellins, cytokines, abscisic acid and ethylene. Steroid and peptide hormones in plants.

Phytochromes, G-proteins and signal transduction chains in plants.

Suggested Books

1. Goodwin TW, Mercer E. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry. (2nd

Ed.) Pergamon Press;

1983.

2. Heldt HW, Heldt F. Plant biochemistry and molecular biology. (3rd

Ed) Oxford University

Press; 1997.

3. Dey PM, Bonner JF. Plant biochemistry. Academic Press; 1997.

BC-3103: ENDOCRINOLOGY

Objective: Introduction to hormones, their mechanism of action and role in physiology and

pathophysiology.

Unit I

Functional organization and general characteristics of endocrine system, target gland concept,

Negative and positive feedback control, Assay and measurement of hormones.

Unit II Mechanism of hormone action: role of receptors, cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP, phosphoinositides,

calcium, diacylglycerol and nitric oxide.

29

Unit III Structure, biosynthesis and release of hormones, biochemical and physiological role, and

pathophysiolgy of the following endocrine systems: Hypothalamus; Pituitary;Thyroid; Parathyroid,

Calcitonin acid Vitamin D3;Adrenals; Pancreas; Gonads; G.I.T. tract; Heart (Endothelins).

Unit IV Growth factors: Chemistry, Biological functions and mechanism of action of Epidermal growth

factor; Hemopioetic cell growth factor; Fibroblast growth factor and Interleukins; Insulin like-growth

factors, Nerve growth factors.

Suggested Books



2. Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P, Bray D, Watson JD. Molecular

Biology of the Cell. (5th

Ed.) Garland Science Publishing Inc., New York; 2008.

BC-3104: Immunology –I

Objective: To understand general aspects of immune system like different components of the

immune system, Generation and functions of these components, Knowledge of some techniques.

Unit-I Historical background, overview of the immune system; Structures and functions of cells, tissues and

organs of immune system;Innate and adaptive immunity, inflammation; Toll/NOD/RIG like

receptors; cytokines and chemokines.

Unit-II Antigens, hapten, epitopes;Antibody structure, function and properties, generation of diversity.

Antigen-antibody interactions as tools for research: precipitation and agglutination reactions,

immunodiffusion, immunoelectrophoresis, immunoassays.

Unit-III

Major Histocompatibility Complex: organization, structure of genes and proteins, polymorphism,

antigen processing. T cell receptor: organization of genes and proteins, generation of diversity.

Complement system- types, biological consequences of activation and deficiencies.

Unit-IV Development, activation and differentiation of T and B cells

Cell mediated effector responses (T, NK, macrophage, etc.), regulation of immune responses,

Evolution of the immune system

Suggested Books

1. Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA, Kuby J. Immunology. (6th

Ed.) WH Freeman &

Co. New York; 2006.

2. Delves PJ, Martin SJ, Burton DR, Roitt IM. Roitt's essential immunology. Wiley-

Blackwell; 2011

3. Peakman M, Vergani D, Pyne DJ, Woodward M. Basic and clinical immunology. (1st

Ed.) Churchill Livingstone; 1997.

4. Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D. Immunology. (6th Ed.) Harcourt Health Sciences, 2001.

30

BC-3105: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY: BASIC CONCEPTS

Objective: To provide comprehensive knowledge of different types of dietary components ,their

nutritional importance and biochemistry

Unit I Energy metabolism, Physiological forms of energy, Caloric value

& energy content of various foods.

Measurement of energy expenditure: Direct and indirect Calorimetery. Respiratory quotient (RQ),

Protein and non-protein RQ and its calculations.

Basal metabolic rate (BMR: Factors affecting BMR, calculation of BMR.

Specific dynamic of food, Energy requirement in various physiological and pathological conditions.

Thermogenesis and the effect in various physiological process.

Unit II Theory of satiety and hunger. Calorie malnutrition and overnutrition. Starvation-history,morbid

Anatomy, changes in its body composition, metabolic , stores of energy and survival. Obesity-

aeriology, assessment of clinical features, treatment, diet, effect of exercise.

Proteins:- Sources and chemical nature, Digestibility of proteins, protein as a source of energy,

protein reserves.

Nitrogen balance and various factors affecting Nitrogen balance. Endogenous and exogenous fecal

and urinary nitrogen and their importance. Methods of estimating endogenous nitrogen. Dynamic

state of Nitrogen metabolism.

Biological value of protein (B.V), protein efficiency ratio (PER), protein quality and its amino acid

make up. Chemical score as a measure of protein quality. Nitrogen balance, index and other

methods for assessing protein quality. Essential amino acids. Protein requirements for various age

groups. Individual amino acid deficiency. Amino acid imbalance, anatgoism and toxicity. Role of

dipeptides in clinical nutrition.

Unit III

Carbohydrates: Dietary sources of carbohydrates, disposal of available carbohydrates. Dietary

fibres, various types of dietary fibres, chemistry of fibres, physical properties, dietary source,

physiological action. Role of Dietary Fibres in preventing cancer, diabetes, coronary heart disease.

Possible adverse effects.

Unit IV Fats:- Chemical composition and distribution. Essential fatty acids. Role of n-3 acids in various

diseases; composition, dietary lipids and lipoproteins, n-3 PUFA and plasma lipids. Effects of n-3

PUFA on liproproteins, thrmoboxane, prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

Vitamins: Sources, functions, and deficiency diseases of Vitamins A,D,E,K and vitamin B complex.

Functions of choline, carnitine, inositol and taurine, carotenoids, glutamine and arginine.

Suggested Books

1. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M. Modern nutrition in health and disease. (9th

Ed.) Lea &

Febiger Philadelphia, PA; 1994.

2. Davidson S, Passmore R. Human nutrition and dietetics. Human nutrition and

dietetics. (8th

Ed.) Longman Group Ltd., Hong Kong; 1986

3. Gropper SS, Smith JL, Groff JL. Advanced nutrition and human metabolism. (5th

Ed)

Wadsworth Pub Co. USA; 2008.

4. Mann J, Truswell AS. Essentials of human nutrition. (3rd

Ed.) Oxford University

Press, UK; 2007.

31

BC-3106: TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY-I

Objective: The aim of the courses to provide in depth knowledge of various

experimental/Instrumentation techniques in biochemistry

Unit I

General Laboratory Techniques: Membrane/Ultra filtration, dialysis, diffusion, surface tension,

viscosity and their applications to biological systems.

Cell Biology techniques: Microbial, animal and plant cell/tissue culture, cell

disruption/homogenization/sonication, cell sorting, cell counting, crypreservation.

Unit-II

Centrifugation techniques: Basic principle of sedimentation, sedimentation coefficient, factors

affecting sedimentation and sedimentation coeff. Centrifuges and their use, preparative and

analytical ultra centrifuges, types of rotors: swing bucket and fixed angle rotors, separation by

differential and density gradient centrifugation. Determination of homogeneity and relative

molecular mass. Density gradient centrifugation and isolation, characterization of cell membranes.

Unit III

Radioisotopic techniques: Isotopes and nature of radioactivity, radioactivity units, types of

radioactive decay, rate of radioactive decay, half-life, specific activity. Detection and measurement

of radioactivity, counters, autoradiography, radiodating. Applications of radioactivity in biological

sciences, safety aspects.

Unit-IV Chromatography: General principles, distribution coefficient, Partition chromatography-normal

phase and reverse phase liquid chromatography. Modes of chromatography-column, thin layer and

paper chromatography. Principles, matrices and applications of gel permeation, adsorption, ion

exchange and affinity chromatography. TLC, GLC,HPLC.

Suggested Books

1. David F. Physical biochemistry: applications to biochemistry and molecular biology.

(2nd

Ed.) WH Freeman; 1982.

2. Robyt JF, White BJ. Biochemical techniques: theory and practice. Waveland Press

Chicago USA; 1990.

3. Heffron JJA. Biochemical Research Techniques: a Practical Introduction. John Wiley

and Sons; 1983.

4. Potter GWH. Analysis of biological molecules: an introduction to principles,

instrumentation and techniques. Kluwer Academic Publishers; 1995.

5. Wilson K, Walker J. Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology.

(6th

Ed.) Cambridge University Press, UK; 2010.

BC-3107: Practical-I

BC-3108: Practical-II

Semester VI

BC-3201: FUNDAMENTALS OF MOLECULAR BIOLOGY-II

32

Objective: to familiarize the students with nature and discovery of Genetic code, protein

biosynthesis and targeting, regulation of gene expression and gene cloning.

Unit-I Genetic Code, Translation and Protein Targeting: Cellular machinery of protein synthesis (mRNA,

tRNA and ribosomes). Structure of ribosomes –their dissembly and assembly. Genetic Code—its

deciphering, degeneracy and general features. Codon—anticodon pairing (Wobble Hypothesis).

Protein synthesis-Molecular details of activation, editing, initiation, elongation and termination

processes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

Biochemical roles of ribosomes and chaperones. Targeting and post translational modifications of

proteins. Signal Hypothesis. Inhibitors of protein biosynthesis and their mode of action.

Unit-II

Regulation of Gene Expression in Prokaryotes: Control at initiation of transcription. Lac Operon

(Genetical and Biochemical aspects.), trp and his Operons. Regulation of genes for ribosomes and

bacterial viruses(Lytic and Lysogenic modes). Interactions between DNA and Proteins (Helix-turn-

helix and β-Sheet Motifs). Locating the position of DNA binding sights in the genome. Co-crystal

studies. Role of small molecules and RNA in gene control.

Unit-III

Regulation of Gene Expression in Eukaryotes: Gene regulation in Yeast(Galactose metabolism, Gal

4 protein, Mating Type). Gene regulation in Eukaryotes (including roles of Histones and

Enhancers). DNA – Binding Proteins (Homeodomain, zinc fingers, leucinezippers, Helix-loop-

helix). Post transcriptional regulation. Controls at translational levels. Details of molecular events

in the development of Drosophila(Cascade of regulatory events) and similarities to vertebrates.

Isolation and characterization of mutants. Gene replacement and transgenic animals.

Unit-IV Gene Cloning: DNA cloning with plasmid vectors. Synthetic DNA – phage cloning vectors and

Genomic library. cDNA library. Identification of clones in libraries. Analysing cloned DNA.

Analysis of nucleic acids in complex mixtures. Designing expression systems to get abundant

specific proteins.

Suggested Books

1. Malacinski GM. Essentials of molecular biology. (4th

Ed.) Jones & Bartlett Learning; 2005.

2. Krebs JE, Goldstein ES, Kilpatrick ST. Lewin’s Genes X. (10th

Ed.) Jones & Bartlett

Publishers, LLC; 2011

3. Lodish H, Berk A, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Bretscher A, Ploegh H, Matsudaira P.

Cell Biology. (6th


4. Dale J, Von Schantz M. From genes to genomes. Wiley Online Library; 2002.

5. Voet D & Voet JG, Biochemistry. (3rd Ed.) John Wiley & Sons Inc., Singapore; 2004.

BC-3202: PLANT BIOCHEMISTRY-II

Objective: To study plant phenolics, plant cell wall and molecular biology of plants.

Unit I Plant phenolics: General phenyl-propanoid metabolism. Introduction to alkaloids, lignins,

flavonoids, tannins and quinones. Biosynthesis of some important alkaloids, lignins and flavonoids.

33

Plant Cell Wall: Structural components of cell walls. Biosynthesis of cell wall polysaccharides.

Formation and growth of cell wall.

Unit II Genome organization, protein synthesis and processing in plants: organization of nuclear genome,

plastid genome and mitochondrial genome. Synthesis of nuclear encoded proteins; chloroplast and

mitochondrial protein synthesis. Protein sorting.

Unit III Genomes of plant cells: Transcription of nuclear genome, DNA polymorphism and its significance as

genetic markers for plant breeding. Techniques to investigate DNA polymorphism.

Genetic engineering of plants: Plant cell and tissue culture. Marker genes: reporter genes and

selectable marker genes used in plant genetic engineering. Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer,

virus mediated gene transfer. DNA transfer without vectors.

Unit IV

Applications of plant genetic engineering: Developing insect resistant, virus resistant, herbicide

resistant plant strains by genetic engineering. Use of genetic engineering for improvement of yield

and quality of crops, protection against environmental stress and to produce raw material for industry

and pharmaceuticals. Genetic manipulation of flower pigmentation.

Suggested Books

1. Goodwin TW, Mercer E. Introduction to Plant Biochemistry. (2nd

Ed.) Pergamon Press;

1983.

2. Glick BR, Pasternak JJ. Principles and applications of recombinant DNA. (3rd

Ed.) ASM

Press, Washington DC. 1998.

3. Lea PJ, Leegood RC. Plant biochemistry and molecular biology. John Wiley & Sons; 1993.

4. Heldt HW, Heldt F. Plant biochemistry and molecular biology. (3rd

Ed) Oxford University

Press; 1997.

5. Dey PM, Bonner JF. Plant biochemistry. Academic Press; 1997.

BC-3203: NEUROBIOLOGY

Objective: Introduction to nervous system, biochemistry and molecular biology of neurological

functions and dysfunctions

Unit I

Cells of the nervous system: Neurons, Glia, Organisation of synapses. Neuron as a Secretory

Cell:Synthesis in the perikaryon, Co-translational synthesis and post—translational modification,

transport along the axon.

Unit II Synaptic transmission: Electrical and Chemical transmission, Electrical propreties of neural

membranes, Resting Potential and Action Potential: Origin and measurement of resting potential;

Voltage clamp analyses, Patch-clamp analyses, generation and propagation of the action potential.

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators: Types of neurotransmitters, synthesis, storage and release

of neurotransmitters, neurotransmitter receptors, postsynaptic signaling, synaptic modulation and

34

mechanism of neural integration. Acetylcholine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid, glycine, GABA,

Serotonin, Biogenic amines, Neuroactive peptides (Substance P and opiods).

Unit III G-coupled Receptors:Messengers and receptors, B-adrenergic receptor (B-AR), muscarinic

acetylcholine receptor (MAChR), substance K. receptor (SKR), rhodopsin, cone opsins.Ligand-gated

channels: The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, GABA receptor, Glycine receptor; receptors for

excitatory amino acids (EAAs). Voltage gated channels: Potassium Channels (Delayed & Fast K+

channels, serotonin-dependent K+ Channel, Ca-dependent K+ channels, Potassium ‘leak’ Channels).

Sodium Channels, Calcium Channels.

Unit IV

Sensory system: Taste, smell, hearing and vision. Learning & Memory: Types of Memory, Amesia,

correlation of behavioral and biochemical events, measurement of learning and memory, molecular

basis of learning and memory. Neurodegenerative disorders: Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS),

Alzheimer’s disease (AD); Huntingdon’s disease, Parkinson’s Disease (PD) and Multiple sclerosis

Suggested Books:

1. Smith CUM. Elements of molecular neurobiology. (3rd

Ed.) John Wiley & Son’s,

New York; 2003

2. Siegel GJ, Albers RW. Basic neurochemistry: molecular, cellular, and medical

aspects. (7th

Ed.) Academic Press, New York; 2007.

BC-3204: IMMUNOLOGY –II

Objective: This course will provide information on mechanisms and regulation of immune mediators

providing a background on various clinical immunology topics.

Unit-I Dynamics of immune response; Immune response to various infectious agents- virus, bacteria, fungi,

protozoa, worms; associated diagnostics, prevention and therapeutics.

Unit-II

Immunological tolerance, autoimmunity and related disorders, transplantation immunology,

immunodeficiency – associated disorders

Unit-III

Tumor immunology, Hypersensitive reactions, Immunological memory

Unit-IV

Hybridoma technology, abzymes, Magnet/ Fluorescence Activated Cell Sorting and analysis,

Experimental Animal models, Cloning of cells, evaluation of cell proliferation, apoptosis. Vaccine-

types, merits and demerits, development.

Suggested Books

1. Kindt TJ, Goldsby RA, Osborne BA, Kuby J. Immunology. (6th

Ed.) WH Freeman &

Co. New York; 2006.

35

2. Delves PJ, Martin SJ, Burton DR, Roitt IM. Roitt's essential immunology. Wiley-

Blackwell; 2011

3. Peakman M, Vergani D, Pyne DJ, Woodward M. Basic and clinical immunology. (1st

Ed.) Churchill Livingstone; 1997.

4. Roitt I, Brostoff J, Male D. Immunology. (6th Ed.) Harcourt Health Sciences, 2001.

BC-3205: NUTRITIONAL BIOCHEMISTRY: APPLIED ASPECTS

Objective: To provide comprehensive knowledge of important nutritional components and their

importance.

Unit I Trace Elements And Related Diseases: Iron:- Various forms of iron present in food. Iron Exchange

in body, intake, absorption, metabolism and regulation, transport, stores, iron overload and

deficiency and its treatment.

Calcium:- Various forms of calcium present in food. physiological role of calcium in skeleton and

non skeleton tissues. Calcium intake, absorption, role of calcium in lactation and pregnancy and in

various other diseases. Hypocalcemia and hypercalcemia.

Zinc:- Distribution in body and Food. Zn deficiency, toxicity and treatment.

Copper:-Distribution in body. Cu deficiency, toxicity and treatment.

Physiological role of Iodine, Chlorine, Cobalt, Phosphorus, Manganese, Molybdenum.

Unit II Nutrition and Immune system. Nutrition in physiological stress and disease: Pregnancy and lactation,

protein energy malnutrition, obesity,diabetes, coronary heart disease and hypertension. Diet,

nutrition and prevention of cancer

Unit III

Food Toxins: Types of toxins present in food. Lathyrus poisons, seawater fish, scombrotoxic

poisoning; mussel poisoning. Argemone contamination, Ackee fruits, cycads, spices, oestrogens,

carcinogens antivitamins hallucinogenic substance, toxins of fungal origin, pesticides and weed

killers, antibiotics, hormones, fungicides, industrial wastes, chemical adulteration, radioactive fall

out.

Unit IV

Food Additives:- Various types of additives, their chemical composition and physiological effects.

Infective agents in food like bacteria, virus etc. Oxidative stress and oxidant defense Food

processing: Nutrition, safety and quality balances.

Suggested Books:

1. Shils ME, Olson JA, Shike M. Modern nutrition in health and disease. (9th

Ed.) Lea &

Febiger Philadelphia, PA; 1994.

2. Davidson S, Passmore R. Human nutrition and dietetics. Human nutrition and

dietetics. (8th

Ed.) Longman Group Ltd., Hong Kong; 1986

BC-3206: TECHNIQUES IN BIOCHEMISTRY-II

Objective: The aim of the course is to provide fundamental knowledge of various

experimental/Instrumentation techniques in the applied biochemistry, molecular biology, Omics and

system biology.

36

Unit I Electrophoresis: General principle, support media, types of electrophoresis.

Electrophoresis of proteins: Native and SDS-PAGE. Gradient gels, Iso electric focusing, 2D-PAGE,

detection and recovery of proteins. Molecular weight determination. Preparative and immuno

electrophoresis.

Electrophoresis of nucleic acid: Agarose-gel electrophoresis of DNA and RNA, pulsed-field gel

electrophoresis, northern and southern transfer procedure.

Unit-II

Absorption spectroscopy: Principle, factors affecting absorption properties. UV-visible

spectroscopy infrared spectroscopy.

Fluorescence spectroscopy: Principle, applications, Fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS),

fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), fluorescence immunoassay.

Unit III

Optical rotatory dispersion and Circular dichroism: Theory, techniques for measuring ORD and CD.

Interpretation of curves, Applications.

Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and Electron spin resonance (ESR): Theory, applications.

Unit IV Atomic spectrometry, mass-spectrometry: Matrix assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI).

Suggested Books 1. David F. Physical biochemistry: applications to biochemistry and molecular biology. (2

nd

Ed.) WH Freeman; 1982.

2. Robyt JF, White BJ. Biochemical techniques: theory and practice. Waveland Press Chicago

USA; 1990.

3. Heffron JJA. Biochemical Research Techniques: a Practical Introduction. John Wiley and

Sons; 1983.

4. Wilson K, Walker J. Principles and techniques of biochemistry and molecular biology. (6th

Ed.) Cambridge University Press, UK; 2010.

5. Siuzdak G. Mass spectrometry for biotechnology. Academic Press; 1996.

BC-3207: Practical-I

BC-3208: Practical-II

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

DrDeeptiSoodGupta

Highlight

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M.Sc. (Hons School) Biochemistry 1st to 4

th semester

M.Sc 1st Semester

Course

No.

Title of the Paper Total Credit

BC-501 Applications of Biochemistry to Biotechnology 100 4+0+0

BC-502

Clinical Biochemistry

100

4+0+0

BC-503

Biochemical Toxicology

100

4+0+0

BC-504

Molecular Cell Biology

100

4+0+0

BC-551

Practical

100

0+2+2

Total 500 16+2+2

M.Sc. 2nd

Semester

BC-505 Advanced Enzymology 100 4+0+0

BC-506

Medicinal Biochemistry

100

4+0+0

BC-507

Industrial Biochemistry

100

4+0+0

BC-508

Molecular & Cellular Immunology

100

4+0+0

BC-552 Practical 100 0+2+2

Total 500 16+2+2

M.Sc 3rd

Semester

Course No. Title of the Paper Total Credits

BC-601 Genomics and Bioinformatics 100 4+0+0

BC-602 Computational Techniques & Biostatistics 100 4+0+0

BC-603 Comprehensive Examination 100 4+0+0

BC-604 Journal Club 100 0+2+2

BC-651 Practical 100 0+2+2

Total 500 12+4+4

38

M.Sc. 4th

Semester

Course No. Title of the paper

Total Credits

BC-605 Dissertation 300 0+8+4

BC-606 Seminar 100 0+2+2

BC-607 Current Topics in Biochemistry 100 4+0+0

Total 500 12+4+4

39

M.Sc. Biochemistry 1st semester

BC-501: APPLICATION OF BIOCHEMISTRY TO BIOTECHNOLOGY Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: Learning of modern molecular techniques employed in Biotechnology

Unit-I

Micromethods in Protein Chemistry: Analytical Electrophoretic techniques of peptides and

protein separation. Isolation of peptides for Sequence analysis. Peptide mapping, chemical and

enzymatic hydrolysis of proteins, controlled and total hydrolysis, Western blot technique,

Radioactive and nonradioactive procedures for the detection of protein blots, extraction and

fractionation of RNA and DNA, Gel Electrophoresis of Nucleic acids. Pulse Field

Electrophoresis of DNA, Isolation of plasmids, plasmid derived cloning Vectors, and genome

library. Ti plasmid as tool for genetic engineering in plants, N-labelling Random labeling of

nucleic acid probes, Nick translation,

Unit-II

Chromosomal walking, Hybridization and blotting techniques. DNA microarray chip technology,

dot blot, Slot blot, Northern and Southern blot,South-Western blot analysis, use of restriction

enzymes and T4 DNA ligase in molecular cloning, cDNA synthesis. Bacterial transformation

screening of transformants, use of Minicells and Maxicells to detect the expression of DNA.

Auto-radiography and fluorography, finger printing and related techniques to study DNA protein

interactions. In vitro translation, biotin-avidin system applications in detection of bio-molecules.

Enzymes involved in recombinant DNA technology.

Unit-III

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), Basic principle, method, enzymes used, PCR thermo-cyler,

Amplification of specific DNA fragments: Applications in medicine and forensic sciences. DNA

based diagnosis of genetic disorders. Recombinant DNA technology in medicine and industry,

In situ Hybridization with cDNA and with oligonucleotide probe. Generation of transgenic

animals and plants, knockout animals.

Unit-IV

Monoclonal Antibodies and Vaccines: Definition and nature of monoclonal antibodies (MCA);

Antigen preparation for MCA production; Methodology producing MCA; Immunization and

generation of immune response; selection of animal-strain and immunization schedule. Myleoma

cells for hybridization; cell fusion and selection of hybrids using HAT medium. Cloning and

isolation of hybrid cell lines. Screening of specific MCA; Purificatin and labeling of MCA, uses

and applications of MCA. T-cell hybridomas and their applications. Vaccines (subunit, live

recombinant,attenuated and DNA Vaccines).

Book Suggested:

1. Barnard , R.Glick and J.J. Pasternak, Molecular Biotechnology. 4th Ed.ASM Press, 2009

2. L.Davis et al, Basic Methods in Molecular Biology. Appleton & Lange

3. J.M.Walkar and W.Gaastra, Techniques in Molecular Biology, J.M.Wriggleworth

Biochemical research Techniques McMilan Publishing Company, John Wiley & Sons

4. Winfried Hartmeier, Immobilized Biocatalysts, Spring-Verlager, Berlin,Germany

40

5. Sambrook, Friteseh and Maniastis, Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press,

(2001)

BC: 502: CLINICAL BIOCHEMISTRY Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: Learning of various diagnostic tests employed in clinical biochemistry

Unit-I

Diagnostic Enzymology-enzyme assay in serum/plasma, urine and cells. Clinically important

enzymes, use of isoenzymes in diagnosis.

Function tests: Hepatic: Tests based upon the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, protein and

detoxification. Differential diagnosis of jaundice

Renal: GFR and its clinical importance, clearance tests (urea and creatinine)

Intestinal: Malabsorption of fats, carbohydrates and proteins.

Pancreas: amylase, lipase and trypsin assays in serum

Unit-II

Disorders of Metabolism:

Carbohydrates- Glycogen Storage diseases, galactosemia

Amino Acids- Disorders of glycine, sulfur containing amino acids, aromatic amino acids, histidine,

branched chain amino acids and proline, disorders of propionate and methylmalonate metabolism.

Disorders in urea biosynthesis.

Unit-III

Lipids: Hyperlipoproteinemia, Hyperlipidemia, Tay-Sachs Disease (Gangliosidosis), Neimann Pick

Disease, Gaucher’s Disease, Krabb’s Disease, Metachromatic leukodystrophy and Fabry’s Disease,

Wolman’s Disease.

Disorders of porphyrin and heme metabolism

Unit-IV

Myocardial infarction and atherosclerosis

Quality control in Clinical Biochemistry

Water & Electrolyte Balance, Acid-Base Balance

Books Suggested:

1. Dennis L.Kasper,Eugene Braunwal, Stephen Hauser,and Dan Longo Harrison’s Principles of

Internal Medicine 16th

Ed(Two-Volume Set), Becket, G.Walker, S.Rae; P and Ashby,P Clinical

Biochemistry, 7th

Ed, Blackwell Publishing. John B. Stanbury et al, Metabolic Basis of Inherited

Disease, Mcgraw-hill Book Company 5th

Ed.

2. Marshell W.J. and Bangert, S.K. Clinical Chemistry 6th

Ed.(2008) International edition MOSBY,

Elsevier,

3. Burtis, C.A., Awood, E.R. and Bruns, D.E. TIETZ Text book of Clinical Chemistry and

Molecular Diagnosis, 4th

Ed. Elsevier.

4. Bishop, M.L., Fody, E.P and Schoeff, L. Clinical Chemistry- Principles, Procedures,

Correlations. 5th

Ed. Lippincort Willimy & Wilkins.

41

5. Lieberman, M and Marks, A.D. MARK’S Medical Biochemistry, A Clinical Approach, 3rd

Ed.

Lippin Williman wilkins

6. Bhagwan, N.V., Medical Biochemistry 4th

Ed. Academic press.

BC: 503: BIOCHEMICAL TOXICOLOGY Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: Toxins: metabolism and toxicity

Unit-I

Definition, scope and relationship of Toxicology to other sciences. Nature of toxic effects. Acute

and chronic exposure.

Dose: response relationship, Determination of LD-50, no observed effect level (NOEL),

acceptable daily intake, bioavailability, volume of distribution, plasma half life, total body

burden, total body clearane. Synergism and Antagonism

Unit-II

Metabolism of Toxicant- Introduction, absorption and distribution. Cytochorome P-450, MFO

system and their role in xenobiotic metabolism. Non-microsomal oxidation. Phase-I and Phase-II

reactions, conjugations, Glucoronide conjugates, Conjugations catalysed by sulfotransfereases,

methyl transferases and acetyl transferases. Glutathione conjugation and Amino acid

conjugations.

Unit-III

Toxicity Testing- Decision-tree protocol, Ames test, Host mediated assay and dominant lethal

test, Drosophillia sex linked recessive lethal test, micronucleus test.

Unit-IV

Toxicity of Pesticides-Classes of pesticides: Organochlorine, Organophosphates and carbamates.

DDT: Metabolism, toxicity, persistence and bioaccumulation. Organophosphate-Metabolism and

mechanism of insecticidal action.

Metal Toxicity-Toxicity of Lead and its effect on heme synthesis. Toxicology of various forms of

mercury.

Drug Toxicity-Paracetamol, Metabolism and its Toxic effects.

Books Recommended:

1. Frenhe. LY, Lu’s Basic toxicology 4th

Ed. (2002),

2. A.Wallace Hayes, Principle & Methods of Toxicology 5th

Ed. (2008)

3. E. Hude & R.C. Smart, Introduction to Biochemistry Toxicology 3rd

. Ed. 2001.

4. Curtis D. Klassen, Casarett & Poul’s Toxicology, the Basic science of Pusion 7th

Ed.

42

BC: 504: Molecular Cell Biology Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: Introduction to Cell Cycle, Apoptosis and cell proliferation, signal molecules and

Stem cells.

Unit-I

Cell Cycle: Cell cycle control system, cell cycle events in S. pombe, S. cerevisae, and

mammalian system, M phase kinase, protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation, p34 as key

regulator in yeast , CDC 28, Cdk-cyclin complexes, function of Cdc2-cyclin and Cdk-cyclin

dimers. Cdk inhibitors, reorganization of the cell at mitosis.

Unit-II

Apoptosis and cell proliferation: Extrinsic and intrinsic pathways of apoptosis, techniques to

analyze apoptosis, molecular basis of cancer, multistep carcinogenesis, signal transduction and

cancer, tumor suppressor genes and protooncogenes and oncogenes, tumor causing viruses, DNA

viral genes, Retroviral-associated oncogenes in growth regulation, strategies for cancer

prevention and cure.

Unit-III

Signaling molecule and cell surface receptors: Intracellular signal transduction, second

messengers, protein functioning as signal transducers, localization of receptors and signal

transducers, G-protein coupled receptors and downstream signaling, TGF receptors and

activation of SMADS, cytokine receptors and JAK-STAT signaling, receptor tyrosine kinases

and activation of Ras, Raf, MAP kinase signaling, phosphoinositide as signal transducer,

pathways that involve signal induced protein cleavage (NF-KB and NOTCH), Hedge hog and

wnt signaling pathways (classical and nonclassical) down regulation of receptor signaling.

Unit-IV

Specialized tissues and stem cells: Renewal of epidermis, sensory epithelia, airways and the gut,

blood vessels, multipotent stem cells, connective tissue cell family, stem cell engineering

Books Recommended:

1. B.Johnson A & Walter P., Molecular Biology of the cell (Alberts), 5th

Ed. G.S. Garland S.

2. Benjamin Lewins, Genes VIIIth / IXth Ed. Oxford University Press

3. W. H. Freeman and Company, Molecular Cell Biology (Lodish) VIth Ed.

43

M.Sc. Biochemistry 2nd

semester

BC: 505: Advanced Enzymology Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: Kinetics of Multi substrate reactions, measurement of rate constants, study of active

site

and enzyme turn over

Unit-I

Enzyme diversity: concept of convergent and divergent evolution of enzymes, Kinetics of multi

substrate enzyme catalyzed reactions: classification, kinetics of multisubstrate reactions,

derivation of rate of expression for Ordered, ping-pong and Bi-Bi reaction mechanisms,

investigation of reaction mechanism by using initial velocity, inhibition and isotope exchange

studies.

Unit-II

Methods of measuring enzymatic rate constants and their magnitude: Rapid mixing and sampling

techniques, relaxation methods, Absolute concentration of enzymes, Sigmoidal Kinetics:

Cooperativity phenomenon for protein ligand binding, symmetric & sequential models for action

of allosteric enzymes and their significance, Hill and Scatchard plots.

Unit-III

Identification of active site of enzymes: By trapping of enzyme-substrate complex, use of

substrate analogues, enzyme modification by chemical procedures affecting amino acid side

chains, treatment with proteases and site-directed mutagenesis, by studying the effect of changing

pH. A brief account of investigation of three dimensional structure of active site, Structures &

mechanisms of selected enzymes: Dehydrogenases, proteases, ribonuclease and lysozyme.

Unit-IV

Enzyme turnover: Kinetics of turnover, methods for measuring rates of enzymes turnover,

Correlation between rates of turnover and the structure and functions of enzymes, Mechanism of

enzyme degradation, significance of enzyme turnover.

Books Recommended:

1. T. Palmer, Enzymes: Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Clinical Chemistry, Ist Ed.(2004),

Affiliated East-West press Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi

2. Nicholas C., Price and Lewis Stevens, Fundamentals of Enzymology, 3rd

Ed. Oxford Science

publications

3. Alan Fersht., Enzyme Structure and Mechanisms, W. M. Freeman & Company New York

44

BC-506: Medicinal Biochemistry Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: Drug targets, drug discovery and development, antibiotic and herbal drugs

Unit-I

Introduction: Biochemistry in Health & Disease.

Molecular targets of drugs: Enzymes as targets: Medicinal uses of enzyme inhibitors, some

examples of drug action at carrier and structural proteins.

Receptors as targets: Families of Receptors, Agonists/Antagonists and their design.

Nucleic acids and nucleic acid building blocks as targets.

Unit-II

Drug Discovery and drug development: Identifying drug targets, finding and developing a lead

compound, Metabolism of Drugs, Designing Drugs to resist metabolism, Designing pro-drugs,

Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships (QSAR), A Rational Approach to Drug Design.

Unit-III

Antibacterial Agent: β-Lactam Antibiotics: Inhibitors of bacterial cell wall synthesis, Bacterial

Agents which interfere with protein synthesis, Bacterial Agents which act on Nucleic Acid

Transcription. Drug Resistance, Acting at nervous system: Cholinergics, Anticholinergics and

Anticholinesterases

Unit-IV

Biochemistry of Herbal drugs: Risk/Benefits of Dietary supplements, Additives and

Nutraceuticals, Ethanol – Drug Interactions

Books Suggested:

1. Patrick, G.L; An Introduction to Medicinal Chemistry 4

th Ed. Oxford Press

2. Lewke, T.L. Williams, D.A.; Roche, V.F. and Zito, S.W.Foyer’s, Principle of

Medicinal Chemistry 6th

Ed. Wallers Kluwer

3. Thomas, Medicinal Chemistry, latest Ed. Prentice Hall

4. Lippincott Williams & wilkins Kev. A., Medicinal Chemistry 4th

Ed. New Age

International Publishers.

5. King, F.D., Medicinal Chemistry principle and practical, Royal Society of Chemists

BC-507: Industrial Biochemistry Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: Development of industrial fermentation, principles of fermentation process, enzyme

biotechnology and biotreatment of effluents

Unit-I

Introduction: Definition and scope of Industrial Biochemistry, Biochemical Basis and

Development of Industrial Fermentation process: screening and selection of the organisms for the

45

production of biologically important compounds, Strain improvements, Detection and production

of fermentation products, Fermentation media, Scale up of fermentations, Biological reactors,

Continuous and batch type reactors.

Unit-II

Biochemical principles of typical fermentation processes:

Amino Acid: Glutamic Acid, Lysine, Tryptophan,

Vitamins: B12, Riboflavin, β-Carotene, Tocopherol

Industrial Products: Ethanol, Acetone, Glycerol

Organic Acids: Citric Acid, Gluconic Acid

Anibiotics: Beta lactam antibiotics, amino acid and peptide antibiotics, carbohydrate antibiotics,

tetracyclines and anthracyclines, Nucleoside antibiotics, Aromatic antibiotics etc.

Unit-III

Enzyme biotechnology: Isolation, production and immobilization of enzyme and cells in

biochemical reactions, support for immobilization, biofilms and biosensor development, Feature

of enzymes in relation to biotechnology, Enzyme sources, release of enzymes from cells, Enzyme

isolation and purification. Applications of biological catalysts, Immobilization techniques-

enzymes adsorption, covalent coupling to a carrier surface, cross-linking and copolymerization,

entrapment in matrix, Encapsulation, Conformational changes and stability, Steric restrictions

and inactivation of enzymes molecules, Biotransformation by microbes, industrial and

therapeutic uses of immobilized enzymes and their applications in agriculture, Food, Dairy,

Textile, leather industry and in medicine.

Unit-IV

Biotreatment of Industrial effluents: Lipid technology: Natural resources of biologically

important lipids, extraction, fractionation, esterification, and refining process, food emulsion and

their storage, hydrogenation, Non-food uses of lipids.

Books Suggested:

1. Doble Mukesh and Kumar Anil, Biotreatment of industrial effluents

2. Wackett, L.P. and Hershberger, C.D. Biocatalysis and Biodegradation, Microbial

Transformation of Organic Compounds, 2001 P.-171-190. ISBN 1-55581-179-5.

ASM Press Washington D.C.

3. Wulf Crueger and Anneliese Crueger, Biotechnology, Panima Publishing company

New Delhi.

4. Rainbow C. and Rose A.H., A.P., Biochemistry of Industrial micro-organisms

5. P. F. Stanbury, A. Whitaker and S. Hall, Principles of Fermentation Technology

BC-508: Molecular & Cellular Immunology Credits= 4+0+0

Objectives: This course will provide an insight of the immune response in relation to different

disease etiologies, focussing on clinically applied and modern immunological concepts

46

Unit-I

Lymphocyte homing, migration and homeostasis in specific tissues- mucosal, renal, immune

privilege sites, materno- fetal interface, dynamics; Immune senescence.

Variable lymphocyte receptors, Antigen receptor diversity, Chemokine receptors.

Unit-II

Host pathogen interaction, invasion & evasion strategies, pathogen selective autophagy.

Microbial infections: Bacterial (intracellular/ extracellular),Viral and Parasitic- pathogenesis,

clinical manifestation, diagnosis.

Prevention and treatment of infections, Molecular mechanisms of Drug resistance.

Immunotherapy, Clinical trials.

Unit-III

Immune functions of cells, cytokines, chemokines, metalloproteinases, and prostaglandins with

respect to Central Nervous System, leukocyte trafficking (blood brain barrier, etc); development,

plasticity and pathology of tumors, viral/ bacterial/ parasitic infections in Brain.

Glycosylation- in health and disease, glycomics- identification of potential markers, therapeutics,

vaccine strategies for diverse pathogens, cancer, etc.

Unit-IV

Epigenetics, genetics and micro RNA in immune responses.

Immune system engineering, Regenerative medicine, Human Hemato-Lymphoid System Mice

Books Suggested:

1. Immunobiology five – vol I, by Charles A. Janeway and Paul Travers, Mark Walport, and

Mark Shlomchik 2001.

2. Murphy K, Travers P, Walport M. Immunobiology 7th

Ed., Garland science, Taylor and

francis group 2008

3. Paul W. E. Fundamental Immunology, 6th

Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins 2008.

4. Pillai S. Lymphocyte development: Cell selection events and signals during immune

ontogeny. Birhauser Boston 2000.

5. Male. D, Brostoff J, Roth D.B. and Roitt I, Immunology 7th

Ed. Elsevier ltd. 2006.

6. Abbas A.K. , Lichtman A.H. and Pillai S., Cellular and Molecular Immunology 6th

Ed.

Elsevier 2007

7. Kuby J. Immunology 6th

Ed. W.H. Freeman & Company 2007.

47

M.Sc. Biochemistry 3rd

semester

BC-601 Genomics and Bioinformatics

Objectives: Introduction to genomics and bioinformatics

Unit-I

Introduction to Genomics, Proteomics, Open Reading Frames (ORFs), Detecting ORFs. Concepts of

Introns, Exons. Notion of homology: Orthologues, Paralogues, Analogues. Understanding Identity,

Homology & Similarity with reference to evolutionary relationships.

History of Genome sequencing project, The human Genome project- The human genome sequence

annotation – Repeats, coding regions, non-coding regions. Genome Sequencing strategies:

Hierarchical and Whole genome Sequencing strategies.

Unit-II

Nucleotide and Protein databases: Primary, secondary and composite database (genbank, EMBL,

DDBJ, Uniprot, Swissprot, PIR, PDB, Genpepts). NCBI, EBI, DDBJ. nucleotide sequence flat files.

Sequence formats: Genbank, FASTA,ASN.

Introduction to metabolic pathway databases on the web-KEGG, EcoCyc, Metacyc. Enzyme

databases- BRENDA, LIGAND database.

Molecule visualization softwares: RasMol, Pymol, Cn3D, VMD etc.

Information retrieval from biological databases- NCBI resource, Entrez, Pubmed, Medline

Unit-III

Introduction to sequence alignment: Pairwise Sequence Alignment, Global alignment and Local

alignment, general, gap and affine penality. DotPlot, Scoring functions, Substitution Matrices- PAM

and BLOSUM matrices.

Heuristic algorithms, Word methods or k-tuple methods, Dynamic Programming- implementation of

the Needleman and Wunsch algorithm and Smith Waterman Algorithm for pairwise alignment and

testing alignment score

Unit-IV

Multiple Sequence Alignment- consensus sequence, motifs and profiles. SP (Sum of Pairs) measure,

Position specific scoring matrices, Hidden Markov Model, Clustal W, Clustal X

Blasta and Fasta, Blastp, Blastx, tBlastx, Blastn, PSI-BLAST

Significance of alignment: Scores, E value, p value

Comparative Genomics, Methods for predicting protein structure (secondary and tertiary)

Suggested Books:

1. Lesk, A.M. 2002 Introduction to Bioinformatics. Oxford University Press.

2. Rastogi, S.C., Mendiratta, N. and Rastogi, P. 2004 Bioinformatics: Concepts, Skills &

Applications. CBS Publishers & Distributors, New Delhi.

3. Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis by David W. Mount, Cold Springer Harbor

Lab Press, 2001.

4. Bioinformatics: Principles and Applications by Z. Ghosh and B. Mallick, Oxford University

Press, 2008.

5. Introduction to Bioinformatics by T.K. Attwood, D.J. Parry-Smith, PHI-2000.

48

6. An introduction to protein informatics by Karl-Heinz Zimmermann, Springer.

BC-602 Computational Techniques & Biostatistics

Objectives: To introduce the basic concept of the C programming language and Biostatistics.

Unit-I

Overview of C: Brief history of C, general structure of a C program, stages in the development of a

C program, Basic building blocks of C Language.

Data Types, Operators & Expressions: Constants and variables, data types, declaring variables,

storage classes, different types of expressions and their evaluation, conditional expression,

assignment statement, enumerated data type, type casting.

Console Input/Output: Standard input/output devices, unformatted input/output functions (character

I/O functions and string I/O functions), formatted input/output functions (scanf( ) function and printf

( ) function).

Unit-II

Control Statements: Decision making using if, if - else, elseif and switch statements, Looping using

for, while and do - while statements, transferring program control using break and continue

statements, programming examples to illustrate the use of these control statements.

Pointers: What is pointer? Why pointers? Declaring pointers, accessing values via pointers, pointer

arithmetic, types of pointers.

Functions: Defining a function, local variables, return statement, invoking a function, specifying and

passing arguments to a function, function prototyping, pointer to a function, recursion.

Unit-III

Arrays & Strings: Introduction to arrays, declaring arrays, initializing arrays, processing of arrays,

pointers & Arrays, introduction to strings, programming examples to illustrate the use of arrays and

strings. Discussion on arrays is to be limited up to 2-D arrays only.

Structures & Unions: Introduction to structures, declaring structures, initializing structures,

accessing elements of structures, pointers to structures, passing structures as arguments to a

function, introduction to unions.

Data Files: Introduction to data files, different ways of file processing (standard I/O & system I/O),

description of various library functions for file handling, updating files, programming examples to

illustrate the processing of files.

Unit-IV

Biostatistics: Expression and critical evaluation, interpretation and presentation of data, Statistical

methods for analysis of data- Probability, Mean, median, frequency, t-test (paired and unpaired),

ANOVA and correlations, statistical software

Books recommended:

1. V.Rajaraman, Fundamentals of Computers, 4th

edition. Prentice Hall of India Pvt. Ltd.

2007.

2. E. Balagurusamy, Programming in ANSIC, Tata Mc Graw Hill-3rd

edition 2007.

3. Yashwant Kanetker, Let us C, BPB Publishers 8th

edition 2007.

49

4. Byron S. Gottfried, Programming with C. Tata Mc Graw Hill 2nd

edition 2005.

5. R.S. Salaria: Applications Programming in C, Khanna Book Publishing Co. (P) Ltd.,

Delhi, 3rd

edition.

6. Daniel W.W. Biostatistics Seventh Edition John Wiley & Sons. 2007.

7. Gerstman B.B. Basic Biostatics: Statistics for public health practice. Jones and Bartlett

Publishers Inc. 2008.

M.Sc. Biochemistry 4th

semester

BC-607 Current Topics in Biochemistry

Objectives: To introduce students to latest development in the field of Biochemistry

Note: Lectures and seminars on specialized topics in the areas indicated below. Topics would be

announced at the beginning of the semester and each unit. There would be 7-8 lectures on each unit.

Unit-I

Recent developments in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology

Unit-II

Recent advances in understanding of molecular basis of disease

Unit-III

Recent Developments in Cell Signaling

Unit-IV

Recent Developments in applied aspects of biochemistry

Books Recommended:

1. Annual Reviews in Biochemistry

2. Journals in Biochemistry

3. Monographs on the suggested topics

Documents

Syllabus BSc MSc