SynchronousDigitalHierarchy Printing

7/31/2019 SynchronousDigitalHierarchy Printing

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SDH OVERVIEW


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Limitation of PDH

INTERFACES:

Electrical interfaces

There are only regional standards, instead of universal standards

Optical interfaces

No unified standards for optical line equipments, manufacturers

develop equipment according to their own standards


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PDH: the electric interface is a standard interface, but the optical

interface is not a standard interface

Special PDH optical signal

Manufacturer

A

Manufacturer

B

Standard electric interface

2Mbit/s or 34Mbit/s

PDH Network

Manufacturer

B

Standardization of optical interface


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Limitations of PDH

MULTIPLEXING METHOD:

Asynchronous Multiplexing

Code rate justification is required for matching and

accepting clock difference

The locations of the low-rate signals in high-rate signals

are not regular nor fixed


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European Series

565Mb/s

139Mb/s

34Mb/s

8Mb/s

2Mb/s

4

4

4

4

Japanese Series North American Series

1.6Gb/s

400Mb/s

100Mb/s

32Mb/s

6.3Mb/s

1.5Mb/s

274Mb/s

45Mb/s

6.3Mb/s

44

4

4

6

7

3

5

64Kb/s

24 30

3

3

Limitations of PDH


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Limitations of PDH

OPERATION & MAINTENANCE (OAM)

PDH signal frame structure has very few overhead bytes

for Operation, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM)

NETWORK MANAGEMENT INTERFACE

No universal network management interface for PDH

network


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Advantages of SDH over PDH

INTERFACEElectrical interfaces

SDH provides a set of standard rate levels----STM-N.

(N= 4n =1, 4, 16, 64).The basic signal transmission structure level is STM-1, at a rate of

155Mb/s

Optical interfaces

Optical interfaces adopt universal standards. Line coding of SDH

signals involves scrambling, instead of inserting redundancy codes


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SDH Network

Standard optical interface

Uniform STM-N optical signal

Manufacturer

A

Manufacturer

B

Standardization of optical interface

SDH has standard optical interface


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MULTIPLEXING METHOD

Low-rate SDH signals high-rate SDH

Signals via byte interleaved multiplexing method

PDH signals SDH

Synchronous multiplexing method and flexible mapping structure


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STM-256

STM-64

STM-16

STM-4

STM-1

4

4

4

4

STM-1, 2, 34, 140 Mb/s

STM-N

N

SDH Multiplexing


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SDH Signals Bit rate(Mb/s)

STM-1 155.520 or 155M

STM-4 622.080 or 622M

STM-16 2488.320 or 2.5G

STM-64 9953.280 or 10G

SDH higher-rate signal (STM-4,16,64) is exactly 4 times that

of the lower-rate signal (STM-1)

STM: Synchronous Transport Module

SDH Signals and Data Rates


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155Mbit/sOptical interface

155Mbit/sOptical interface

2Mbit/s

Electric signal

SDH: Economical and easy way for network!

Adding and dropping in SDH


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OPERATION & MAINTENANCEAbundant overhead bits are used for OAM.

Unnecessary to add redundancy bits to monitor line

performance during line coding

COMPATIBILITY

SDH network and the existing PDH network can work

together

SDH network can accommodate the signals of other hierarchies

such as ATM, FDDI, and Ethernet


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SDH FRAME STRUCTURE


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STM-N Frame Structure

For the convenience of signal analysis, the frame

structures of the signals are often illustrated as block

frame structures

The frame structure of PDH signals, ATM signals and

data packets of IP network are also block frames

The frame of E1 signals is a block frame of 1 Rows x32 Columns consisting of 32 Bytes


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RSOH

MSOH

1

3

4

5

9

STM-N payload

(including POH)

9 261

270 Columns

9 RowsAU-PTR

RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead

MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead

POH: Path Overhead

AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer

125 s

STM-1 Frame Structure


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RSOH

MSOH

1

3

4

5

9

STM-N payload

(including POH)

9 N 261 N

270 N

Columns

9 RowsAU-PTR

RSOH: Regenerator Section Overhead

MSOH: Multiplex Section Overhead

POH: Path Overhead

AUPTR: Administrative Unit Pointer

STM-N Frame Structure125 s


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SDH Frame Structure - ANATOMY

Transmission rate of single byte of STM-N frame:STM-N frame contains 2430xN Bytes and each frame is

transmitted every 125 s

That means a given byte is transmitted 8000 times a secondTransmission rate of a single byte:

8000 x 8 = 64 Kbps

Transmission rate of a STM-1 frame:

9 rows x 270 columns x 8000 frames/s x 8 bits = 15,55,20,000 bps

= 155.52 Mbps


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1

2161

270

2430

271 540

1st Byte of

STM frame # 1

Last byte of

STM frame # 1

STM-1 Frame # 1 1st Byte

STM Frame # 2

Transmission Mode: Byte-by-Byte,

From Left to right & top to bottom

Transmission Direction

1st

Byte

2430th

Byte

STM-1 Frame Transmission


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SDH Frame Structure

Payloadarea for services transmission in STM-N

2M, 34M, and 140M signals are packed and carried

in the payload of STM-N frame over SDH network

Path Overhead (POH) after packing low rate

signals, POH is added for OAM of every frame


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SDH Frame Structure

Section Overhead (SOH)monitors the whole STM-N frame

Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) monitors the

whole STM-N frame.

Multiplex Section Overhead (MSOH) monitors each

STM-1 of the STM-N frame.

RSOH, MSOH, and POH compose the integratedmonitoring system of SDH.


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SDH Network NE Types

Terminal Multiplexer (TM)

Add/Drop Multiplexer (ADM)

Regenerator (REG)


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Regenerator

Regenerator has the job of regenerating the clock and amplituderelationships of the incoming data signals that have attenuated

and distorted by dispersion

The regenerator replaces the RSOH bytes before re-transmittingthe signal

RegeneratorSTM-N STM-N


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Terminal Multiplexer

Terminal multiplexers are used to combine

plesiochronous and synchronous input signals into

higher bit rate STM-N signals

Terminal Multiplexer

PDH

SDH STM-N


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Add / Drop Multiplexer

PDH and SDH signals can be extracted from orinserted into high speed SDH bit streams by means of

ADMs

Add / Drop Multiplexer

PDHSDH

STM-N

Towards other NEs

Customers

IPATM

STM-N

Towards other NEs


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Sections in the SDH Network

There are three sections in the SDH

Path

Multiplex Section

Regenerator Section

The overheads are always generated at the beginning of asection and only evaluated at the end of a section

Terminal

MultiplexerAdd/Drop

MultiplexerTerminal

MultiplexerREG REG REG

Path

Multiplex Section

Regenerator Section


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Payload

Path

Section

Optical

Payload

Path

Section

OpticalOptical Fiber Cable

RSOH

MSOH

POH

Overhead Layer


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How to understand SOH and POH?

Both SOH and POH are OAM bytes added to ensure correct and

flexible transmission of signals

SOH and POH are used in different layers to supervise and

administrate the signals. RSOH and MSOH are used in RS and MS

separately, but HPOH and LPOH are used for VC-3/VC4 and VC12LPOH----used to supervise small package (VC-12)

HPOH----used to supervise big package (VC-3 / VC-4)

MSOH----used to supervise the carriage(STM-1) of the truck

RSOH----used to supervise the motorcade formed by trucks (STM-4/16/64)


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SDH Frame Structure

AU Pointer (AU-PTR)Used for alignment of lower rate signals in the payload of STM-N

frame to accurately locate the payload

AU-PTR is added in transmitting end, when the signal is packed

into the payload of STM-N frame

At receiving end, the low rate signal is dropped from STM-N

frame according to the AU-PTR value

Low-rate signals in the STM frame are arranged obeying some

rules byte interleave; so only have to locate the first low-rate

signal in the STM frame


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SDH MULTIPLEXING


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SDH Multiplexing

SDH Multiplexing includes:Low to high rate SDH signals (STM-1 STM-N)

PDH to SDH signals (2M, 34M & 140M STM-N)

Other hierarchy signals to SDH Signals (ATM STM-N)

SDH Multiplexing Structure


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SDH Multiplexing Structure

STM-1 AU-4

TU-3

AUG-1

TUG-3 VC-3 C-3

VC-4 C-4

TU-12 VC-12 C-12

TUG-2

1 1

3

1

7

3

139264 kbit/s

34368 kbit/s

2048 kbit/s

Pointer processing

Multiplexing

Mapping

Aligning

AUG-4

AUG-16

AUG-64

STM-4

STM-16

STM-64

1

1

1

4

4

4


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Mapping, Aligning and Multiplexing

Low-rate tributaries are multiplexed into STM-N signals through three procedures:

Mapping

Aligning

Multiplexing.

MAPPING

SDH mapping is a procedure by which tributaries are adapted into virtual containers at the

boundary of an SDH network, for example, E1 into VC-12, E3 into VC-3, E4 into VC-4.ALIGNING

SDH aligning is a procedure by which the frame-offset information is incorporated into the

tributary unit, by adding a pointer

The pointer value constantly locates the start point of the VC frame within the payload, so that

the receiving end can correctly separate the corresponding VC

MULTIPLEXING

SDH multiplexing is the procedure by which multiple lower order path layer signals are adapted

into a higher order path


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Multiplexing Structure

C: Container

VC: Virtual Container

TU: Tributary Unit

TUG: Tributary Unit GroupAU: Administrative Unit

AUG: Administrative Unit Group

2 Mb Si l M i P d


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2 Mb Signal Mapping Procedure

C12

Rate

Adaptation

2 Mbps Signal

1 4

1

9125 s

1 Byte Path

Overhead

(POH)

1 4

1

9

VC12

C-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) 2 = 34 Bytes

C12

POH

VC-12 Size: (9 Rows x 4 Columns) 1 = 35 Bytes

125 s

VC-12 = C-12 + (1 Byte POH)

C-12 Frame Duration = 125 s

VC-12 Frame Duration = 125 s

There can be four different POH

bytes for one C-12 V5, J2, N2, K4

MAPPING

2 Mb Si l M i P d


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Multiplexing

x 31 12

1

9

TUG2

T

U

-

12

125 s

1 4

1

9

VC12

C12

POH

125 s

1 Byte Tributary

Unit Pointer

(TU-PTR)1 4TU12

C12

POH

125 s

PTR

T

U

-

12

T

U

-

12

TUG-2 size: (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 108 Bytes

TU-12 Size : (9 Rows x 12 Columns) = 36 Bytes

TU-12 = VC-12 + (1 Byte TU-PTR)

TUG-2 = TU-12 + TU-12 + TU-12

TU-12 and TUG-2 Frame Duration = 125 s

ALIGNING MULTIPLEXING


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RR


1 12

1

9

TUG2

T

U

-

12

125 s

T

U

-

12

T

U

-

12

Multiplexing

x 71 86

1

9

TUG3

125 s

T

U

G

-2

T

U

G

-2

T

U

G

-2

T

U

G

-2

T

U

G

-2

T

U

G

-2

T

U

G

-2

TUG-3 Size = (TUG-2) x 7 + R (2 Columns)

TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s


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1 86

1

9

TUG3

125 s

Multiplexing

x 3

R

P

O

H

1 261

1

9

VC4

125 s

T

U

G

-3

T

U

G

-3

T

U

G

-3

R

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)

VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes



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VC4


1 2611

9

125 s

AU-PTR

AU4

VC4

1 2701

9

125 s

AUG1 270

1

9

125 s

STM-11 270

1

9

125 s

Multiplexing

x 1

RSOH and

MSOH

AU-PTR

VC4AU-PTR

VC4AU-PTR

MSOH

RSOH

2 Mb Multiplexing Route

2 Mb C-12 VC-12 TU-12 TG-2 TG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1



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C3

Rate

Adaptation

34 Mbps Signal

1 84

1

9

125 s

Path

Overhead

(POH)

C3

1 85

1

9

125 s

P

O

H

VC3

C-3 Frame Size: 9 rows x 84 columns = 756 Bytes

C-3 Frame Duration: 125 s

VC-3 = C-3 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-3 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 85 Columns = 765 Bytes

VC-3 Frame Duration: 125 s


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VC3

TributaryUnit Pointer

1 86

1

9

125 s

FixedStuffing Bits

1 86

1

9

125 s

TU3

H1

H2

H3

R

TUG3TU3H1

H2

H3

TU-3 = VC-3 + TU-PTR TU-PTR = 3 Byte Pointer (H1, H2 and H3)

TUG-3 = TU-3 + R (Fixed StuffingBits)

R (Fixed Stuffing Bits) = 6 Bytes (Fixed Stuffing Bits)

TU-3 and TUG-3 Frame Duration = 125 s

STUFFING

b l d


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T

U

G

3

1 261

1

9

125 s

P

O

H

R R

VC4Multiplexing

x 3

TU3

1 86

1

9

125 s

H1

H2

H3

R

TUG3

VC-4 = TUG-3 + TUG-3 + TUG-3 + R (2 Columns) + POH (1 Column)VC-4 Frame Size = 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes


T

U

G

3

T

U

G

3

34 Mb Si l M i P d


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VC4


1 2611

9

125 s

AU-PTR

AU4

VC4

1 2701

9

125 s

AUG1 270

1

9

125 s

STM-11 270

1

9

125 s

Multiplexing

x 1

RSOH and

MSOH

AU-PTR

VC4AU-PTR

VC4AU-PTR

MSOH

RSOH

34 Mb Multiplexing Route

34 Mb C-3 VC-3 TU-3 TUG-3 VC-4 AU-4 AUG STM-1


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VC-4 = C-4 + (POH) POH = 9 Rows x 1 Column = 9 Byte

VC-4 Frame Size: 9 Rows x 261 Columns = 2349 Bytes


C4

Rate

Adaptation

140 Mbps Signal

1 260

1

9

125 s

C-4 Frame Size: 9 rows x 260 columns = 2340 Bytes

C-4 Frame Duration: 125 s

Path

Overhead

(POH)

C4

1 261

1

9

125 s

P

O

H

VC4

Rate Adaptation: The process of Bit stuffing, to account for different

clock rates of the signals coming from different sources



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VC4

AU-PTR

10 270

1

9

125 s

Multiplexing x 1

AU-PTR

AU-PTR: A 9 byte pointer is inserted at Row No 4

AU4 Size: (1x9)+(9x261) = 2358 Bytes

1 9

A U 4

10 270

1

9

125 s

1 9

AU4 AUG4

In case of 140 Mb signal mapping in STM-1, AU-4 and AUG are identical

AU-4 and AUG Frame Duration: 125 s

4



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STM-1

RSOH and

MSOH

1 270

1

9

125 s

A U 4

10 2701

9

125 s

1 9

RSOH

MSOH

AUG4

RSOH Size: 3 Rows x 9 Columns = 27 Bytes

MSOH Size: 5 Rows x 9 Columns = 45 Bytes

STM-1 Size: 9 Rows x 270 Columns = 2430 Bytes

STM-1 Frame Size: 125 s

3

5

A U 4

270

125 s

1AUG4


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OVERHEADS

Overhead Bytes


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Overhead Bytes

270

1

9

STM-1 Frame Structure

RSOH

MSOH

AU-PTR

P

O

H

OVERHEAD

1

PAYLOAD

S ti O h d (SOH)


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Section Overhead (SOH)

Overhead in SDH frame structure are classified as:Section Overhead SOH

Path Overhead POH

SOH is further divided into RSOH and MSOH

RSOH can be accessed in the regenerator or at the terminal

equipment

MSOH can be processed at the terminal equipment

R t S ti O h d RSOH


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Regenerator Section Overhead RSOH

A1 A1 A1 A2 A2 A2 J0 X X

B1 E1 F1 X X

D1 D2 D3

: Media dependent bytes

X: Bytes reserved for national use

A1 d A2 B t


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A1 and A2 Bytes

Frame Alignment (Framing) BytesIndicate the beginning of the STM-N frameA1 = F6H (11110110), A2 = 28H (00101000)In STM-N: (3XN) A1 bytes, (3XN) A2 bytes

stream

STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N STM-N

Finding frame head

Frame # 1 Frame # 2 Frame # 3 Frame # 4 Frame # 5 Frame # 6

A1 d A2 B t


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A1 and A2 Bytes

Framing

Next

process

Find

A1,A2

OOF

LOF

N

Y

AIS

over 3ms

625 s

OOF: Out Of Frame

LOF: Loss Of Frame

AIS: Alarm Indication Signal

R t S ti T J0 B t


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Regenerator Section Trace J0 Byte

Regenerator Section Trace Byte: J0Its used to transmit repetitively a Section Access Point

Identifier so that a section receiver can verify its continued

connection to the intended transmitter

Another usage of the J0 byte is that J0 byte in each STM-N

frame is defined as an STM identifier C1 i.e., to identify

individual STM-1 inside a multiplexed STM-N

Within the domain of a single operator, this byte may use

any character

B1 B t


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B1 Byte

Tx

2#STM-N

Rx

1#STM-N

Calculate

B1 of STM-N #1

1#STM-N

2#STM-N

Verify B1 B2

STM-NA1 00110011

A2 11001100

A3 10101010

A4 00001111

B 01011010

BIP-8

Bit interleaved Parity Code (BIP-8) Byte

A parity code (even parity), used to check the transmissionerrors over the RS

Place the resultof BIP in B1 ofSTM-N #2

F1 B te


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F1 Byte

User Channel Byte: F1Provides a 64 kb/s data/voice channel for special

maintenance purposes.

F1

TM REG TMADM

E1 and E2 Bytes


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E1 and E2 Bytes

Digital telephone channel

E1-RS, E2-MS

E1 and E2

TM ADM TMREG

Orderwire Bytes: Provides one 64 kbps each for voice

communicationE1: RS Orderwire Byte RSOH orderwire messageE2: MS Orderwire Byte MSOH orderwire message

Quiz


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Quiz

If only E2 byte is used as order wire byte, then orderwire voice communication is provided between:

A and B

B and C

C and D


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D1 ~ D12 Bytes


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D1 ~ D12 Bytes

TMN

DCC channel

NE NE NENE

OAM Information: Control, Maintenance,Remote Provisioning, Monitoring (Alarm &

Performance), Administration

Data Communications Channels (DCC) Bytes

Message-based Channel for OAM between NEs and NMSRS-DCC D1 ~ D3 192 kbit/s (3X64 kbit/s)

MS-DCC D4 ~ D12 576 kbit/s (9X64kbit/s)

Multiplex Section Overhead MSOH


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Multiplex Section Overhead MSOH

B2 B2 B2 K1 K2

D4 D5 D6

D7 D8 D9

D10 D11 D12

S1 M1 E2 X X

X: Bytes reserved for national use

B2 Bytes


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B2 Bytes

The B1 byte monitors the transmission error of thecomplete STM-N frame signal

The B2 bytes monitor the error performance status for

each STM-1 frame within the STM-N frame

There are N*3 B2 bytes in an STM-N frame with

every three B2 bytes corresponding to an STM-1 frame

B2 Bytes


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ytes

B2 Byte Principle

At transmitting end, the BIP-Nx24 is computed over all bits of the STM-

N frame except for the first three rows of SOH, and the result is placedin 3 bytes B2 of the preceding frame before scrambling.

At receiving end, the BIP- Nx24 is computed over all bits of the frameexcept for the first three rows of SOH, and then Exclusive OR with theB2 bytes of the later arrived frame.

If the value of Exclusive OR operation is zero, there is no bit block error.Any mismatch in result indicates transmission errors.

For example

BIP-N24 is computed over

a frame of signal composed

of 9 bytes.

11001100 11001100 11001100

01011101 01011101 01011101

11110000 11110000 11110000BIP24

01100001 01100001 01100001

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)


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K1 and K2 (b1 b5)

Automatic Protection Switching (APS) channel

bytes

Used for transmitting APS signaling to implement

equipment self-healing function

The K1 byte and K2(b1~b5) are used forautomatic switchover to a standby path

K1 and K2 (b1 ~ b5)


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K1 and K2 (b1 b5)

NE-A NE-BWorking path

Standby path

Working path

Standby path

NE-B detects a transmission error on the line and informs NE-A via K1 byte

to switchover

NE-A switches to the standby channel

NE-A via K2 byte indicates the switchover in NE-B

NE-B switches to the standby channel

K1

K2

S1 Byte


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y

bits 5 ~ 8 Meaning0000 Quality unknown (existing sync. Network)

0010 G.811 PRC

0100 G.812 transit

1000 G.812 local

1011G.813 SETS (Synchronous Equipment

Timing Clock)

1111 Do not use for sync.

Synchronization Status Message Byte (SSMB)This byte is used for synchronizationof network

Bits 5 to 8 of S1 byte indicate the quality of the incoming clockThe smaller the value of S1 (b5-b8), the higher the level of clock qualityThis helps to determine whether or not to switch the clock source, i.e.

switch to higher quality clock source

M1 Byte


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M1 Byte

Tx Rx

Traffic

Multiplex Section Remote Error Indication

MS-REI

ByteThis byte is used to report back the number of error blocksdetected by the receiver by evaluating three B2 bytes

Tx generate corresponding performance event MS-REI

B2 B2 B2

Report no. of

errors detected

Evaluate B2 and

detect bit errors

M1

Generate MS-REIMS-REI

Path Overheads


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Path Overheads

J1

B3

C2

G1

F2

H4

F3

K3

N1

12

3

4

5

6

7

89

VC-n Path Trace BytePath BIP-8

Path Signal Label

Path Status

Path User Channel

TU Multiframe Indicatio

Path User Channel

AP Switching

Network Operator

Higher Order Path Overhead

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Path Signal Label : C2 Byte


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Path Signal Label : C2 Byte

C2 byte is used to indicate the type and compositionof the VC-4 tributary information

Path Status : G1 Byte


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Path Status : G1 Byte

Path status byte

This byte is used to report back the fault from path sink to path

source and is set in the POH of the opposite direction

HP-REI HP-RDI Reserved

87654321

HP-REI: High order Path Remote Error Indication

HP-RDI: High order Path Remote Defect Indication

HP-REI and HP-RDI


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HP-REI and HP-RDI

Higher order Path Remote Error Indication

The SDH NE (sink end) checks B3 bytes

If error blocks are detected, the number of error blocks detected

is sent to the remote terminal in HP-REI signal

Higher order Path Remote Defect Indication

The SDH NE (sink end) checks J1 and C2 bytes

If J1 and C2 fail to be consistent, HP-TIM (Higher order path

Trace Identifier Mismatch) and HP-SLM (Higher order Path

Signal Label Mismatch) alarms are generated

HP-RDI is sent back to the remote end

Multiframe Indication : H4 Byte


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Multiframe Indication : H4 Byte

This byte indicates the framelabel for a multiframe in the next

VC-4 payload

The value of this byte ranges

from 00H to 03H

Path Overheads


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Path Overheads

V5 J2 N2 K4

VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

1

9

1 4

500s VC-12 multiframe

Low Order Path Overhead

Path Status and Signal Label : V5 Byte


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g y

BIP-2

Parity code of VC-12

LP-REI

Low order Path Remote Error Indication

LP-REI is set to "1" and returned to the opposite direction if one or more errors are detected via BIP-2

LP-RFI

Low order Path Remote Failure Indication

If a defect condition persists beyond the maximum allowed time, it becomes a failure, then LP-RFI is set to "1"

and sent back to the source

Signal Label

Indicates type and composition of VC-12 tributary information

LP-RDI

Low order Path Remote Defect Indication

If sink end detects a TU-12 AIS, it sets LP-RDI to "1" and sends back to the source

BIP-2 LP-REI LP-RFI Signal Label LP-RDI

87654321


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POINTERS

Pointers


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Pointers

Pointers

AU-PTR TU-PTR

AU-PTR


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AU PTR

RSOH

AU-PTR

MSOH

4

1

9

AU-PTR


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81

AU PTR

Y: Fixed value 1001SS11

F: Fixed value 11111111

H3: Additional transmission capacity during negative

justification

H1 and H2: Pointer value is contained in the last ten bits of H1

and H2

H1 Y Y H2 F F H3 H3 H387654321 9

AU-PTR


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82

AU PTR

N: New data flag bits

A notification to the receiver about the change in pointer value and pointer

justification operation

AU/TU type:

For AU-4 and TU-3, SS=10

I/D: Increment/Decrement bits

D bits are inverted to decrement next AU-PTR address (-ve justification)

I bits are inverted to increment next AU-PTR address (+ve justification)

N N N N S S I D I D I D I D I D

H1 and H2

TU-PTR


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83

TU PTR

The tributary unit pointer is used to indicate thespecific location of the first byte (V5) of the VC-12

within the TU-12 payload

TU-PTR


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VC-12 VC-12 VC-12 VC-12

V1 V2 V3 V4

1

9

500s VC-12 multiframe

TU POINTERS


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THANK YOU

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