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System Memory Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with its own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible data shared by the CPU and I/O devices. Main memory is a volatile storage device. Built up using Dynamic RAM (DRAM) Synchronous DRAM - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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System Memory
Memory is a large array of words or bytes, each with
its own address. It is a repository of quickly accessible
data shared by the CPU and I/O devices.
Main memory is a volatile storage device.
Built up using Dynamic RAM (DRAM)
Synchronous DRAM
Primary cache (Level 1) is on the CPU
Secondary cache (Level 2) supplies stored info to
processor without any delay
Secondary Storage Management
Since main memory (primary storage) is volatile and too
small to accommodate all data and programs permanently
the computer system must provide secondary storage to
back up main memory.
Most modern computer systems use disks as the
principle on line storage medium, for both programs and data.
CD-ROM can be recordable/rewritable
DVD large capacity successor to the CD
Tape Backup
Removable Storage
Microprocessor (CPU)
• John von Neumann’s architecture:
Central Arithmetic unit, Central Control unit, Memory, I/O devices
• All the elements of a CPU (registers, ALU, primary cache, execution unit,..) stay in step by a clock which dictates how fast it operates
• Pipelining: at any one time one instruction is being loaded, while an other is being executed
COMPONENTS
• Motherboards
• Processors
• Chipsets
• Interfaces
• System Memory (main memory), others– Primary cache (CPU)– Secondary cache (bridge processor-memory)
Interfaces
• Buses– Fastest bus connects primary cache with CPU chip– Dual independent (memory and level 2 cache)– ISA bus: I/O Bus system– Expansion bus for additional components– PCI bus: Local Bus standard– Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP): Frontside bus
Motherboard
• Main circuit board – Input/Output System (BIOS) in ROM– The Baby AT (BAT) format reduced the
dimensions of the motherboard
– Intel Advanced/ML (ATX)
– LPX is a specialized Baby-AT used in low profile, loose spec desktop PCs
– NLX is Intel’s improved LPX