T. R. V. MURTI
TRIT HC TRUNG TM
CA PHT GIO
NGHIN CU TRIT HC
TRUNG QUN
A Study of the Mdhyamika System
THCH NHUN CHU
dch
2012
Nghin cu Trit hc Trung qun
2
T. R. V. Murti
3
VI NT V TC GI
Murti, T. R. V. (Tirupattur Ramaseshayyer Venkatachala)
Vo nm 1973, Harold Coward bo v Lun n Tin s thnh
cng vi nhan Grammarian Philosophy of Bhartrhari, di
s hng dn ca Gio s T.R.V. Murti. V y l nhng
dng ch rt t i m Harold Coward dnh cho Thy mnh
sau s kin trng i ca cuc i ng:
T.R.V. Murti l nh t tng hng u v c o trong s
nhng trit gia n ca th k th XX. ng c mt tm
thc trit hc rc sng, yu thch phn tch v lp lun, v l
ngi tn tm vi kinh sch, c bit l nhng tc phm c
quan im bt ng vi ng, nh chng ta c thy trong
nhng tc phm quan trng ca ng. Cun
The Central Philosophy of Buddhism vi c hai truyn thng
hc thut astri v phong cch Ty phng, Murti c th t
c c hai sc mnh cho vic tr tc v gio dc ca ng.
Murti bit r mi iu t trong tm ng, tng bn Kinh, o
ngha th (Upaniad) v cc nn trit hc c in khc, Vn
php hc ca Pini, b i lun (Great Commentary) s
ca Patanjali v cc vn bn quan trng khc. Trn nn tng
, ng nh gi cc hc thuyt v t tng. D l trit gia
chuyn nghin cu nhng ti c in, nhng ng cn
sng vi dng trit hc gn y nht ca i mnh, c bit c
lin h t tri thc ca nn gio dc truyn thng cho n
nhng vn ng thi. chnh l phm tnh cn li
lm cho ng tr nn l bc Thy c nhiu sinh vin khp
th gii tm n. Murti ni chuyn rt hng bin v y thm
quyn n ni khng ai dm ngt li ng. ng l i biu u
Nghin cu Trit hc Trung qun
4
t nht cho trit hc truyn thng n trn th gii qua
nhng ni ng ging dy nh cc Trng i hc Oxford,
Copenhagen, Harvard, Hawaii, v Vin i hc McMaster
University Canada...
T. R. V. Murti
5
MC LC
TP I
NGUN GC V S PHT TRIN TRIT HC TRUNG
QUN
CHNG I: HAI TRUYN THNG TRONG
TRIT HC N
I. H thng Trit hc Trung qunVai tr v ngha. II. Tng quan v hai truyn thng chnh trong Trit hc
n .
III. o ngha th (Upaniad) v o Pht. IV. Phi chng Pht gio Nguyn thu tha nhn Hu ng
lun?
V. Nhng bnh lun phn ng V ng lun ca Pht gio.
CHNG II: S IM LNG CA C PHT V
KHI NGUYN CA BIN CHNG PHP
I. Vi cch hiu v V k. II. c tnh tng phn ca V k. III. Gii php ca c Pht v vn . IV. Kin gii v V k ca A-t-t-ma. V. Thc ti siu vit t duy phn bit. VI. Chn ngha s im lng ca c Pht. VII. D liu ca t tng Trung qun.
CHNG III: S PHT TRIN CA HAI TRUYN
THNG V S HNG KHI CA H THNG
TRIT HC TRUNG QUN
I. Khi qut s pht trin hai truyn thng trit hc n .
II. S pht trin ca cc h thng trit hc Hu ng lun. III. S pht trin ca cc h thng trit hc A-t-t-ma.
Nghin cu Trit hc Trung qun
6
IV. S chuyn ting sang Trit hc Trung qun. V. Bt-nh Ba-la-mt-a v s pht trin h thng trit
hc Trung qun.
VI. Trung qun v cc lun in (t nm 150 n 800)
1. Thi k u tinLong Th (nm 150 stl.) v
Thnh Thin (t nm 180 n 200 stl.)
2. Thi k Pht H (Buddhaplita) v Thanh Bin
(Bhvaviveka)
3. Thi k Nguyt Xng v Tch Thin (nti Deva)
4. Thi k th t: Tch H (ntarakita) v Lin Hoa
Gii (Kamalala).
CHNG IV: NH HNG CA BIN CHNG
PHP TRUNG QUN
I. nh hng ca Trung qun i vi Duy thc tng
II. Tng quan gia h t tng Trung qun v Ph-n-a
(Vednta).
T. R. V. Murti
7
BNG VIT TT
AAA Abhisamaylakrloka of Haribhadra, G.O.S.,
Baroda.
AK AbhidharmaKoaKriks of Vasuhandhu, text
edited by G. V. Gokhale, JRAS, Bombay, Vol. 22
(1946)
AKV AbhidharmaKoaVykhy of Yaomitra. Ed. by
Wogihara, Tokyo.
ASP AaShasrikPrajpramit (Bib. Indica).
BCA BodhiCaryvatra by nti Deva (Bib. Ind.).
BCAP BodhiCaryvatraPajik by Prajkaramati
(Bib. Ind.).
BUSTON or BHB Bu-ston's History of Buddhism, 2 Parts.
Trans. from the Tibetan by Dr. E. Obermiller (Heidelberg,
1931).
CRITIQUE TheCritique of Pure Reason by Kant. Translation
by Prof. N. Kemp Smith.
C Catuatakam of rya Deva, Restored into Sanskrit
by Prof. V. Bhattacharya. Vivabhrati, ntiniketan,
1931.
CV CatuatakaVtti by Candrakirti (Commentary
on C).
HIL History of Indian Literature, Vol. IIby M. Wintemitz,
University of Calcutta, 1933.
IP Indian Philosophy, 2 Vols., by
Prof. S. Radha krishnan, Library of Philosophy, London.
MA MdhyamakAvatra of Candrakirti, Chapt. VI
(incomplete) Reconstructed from the Tibetan
version by Pt. N. Aiyswmi stri, J.O.R.
Madras, 1929 ff.
MK MdhyamikaKriks of Ngrjuna, Ed. by
L. de la V. Poussin (Bib. Budd. IV).
Nghin cu Trit hc Trung qun
8
MKV MdhyamikaKriksVtti (Prasannapad) by
Candrakirti. (Commentary on MK) (Bib. Budd. IV).
MVBT MdhyntaVibhga Stra Bhsya Tk of Sthir-
amati, Part I. Ed. by Prof. V. Bhattacharya &
G. Tucci (Luzac & Co., 1932).
S ik Samuccaya of nti Deva, Ed. by Bendall
(Bib. Buddhica, I).
TS TattvaSagraha of ntarakita (G.O.S., Baroda)
2 Vols.
TSP TattvaSagrahaPajik by Kamalala (G.O.S.)
(Commentary on TS.)
VV VigrahaVyvarttani of Ngrjuna. Ed. by
K. P. Jayaswal and R. Snkrityyana,
J.B.O.R.S., Patna.
T. R. V. Murti
9
LI TA
Mc d tri qua 100 nm t khi c s bt u nhng
nghin cu khoa hc v o Pht Chu u, tuy vy, chng
ta vn cn ang m h v nn tng gio l ca tn gio ny v
tnh trit hc ca n. Chc chn khng c mt tn gio no
khc chng t mt cch rt kin nh lm sng t nhng
trnh by c tnh h thng ca mnh. Nhn xt ny ca c
Gio s Stcherbatsky trong tc phm Conception of Buddhist
Nirva vo nm 1927, n hm nay vn cn lu li khng t
tnh xc thc. cng l thc o nhng kh khn m ngi
ta gp phi trn lnh vc ny. Tnh cht bao qut ca o Pht
rng ln ng kinh ngc. Tnh a dng v s ca cc vn
hin, kinh in, lun gii v tnh h thng, tri di mt thi
k hn 15 th k, ri rc trong vt ct ca cc ngn ng
Sanskrit, Pli, Ty Tng, Hn v vi ngn ng ca ngi
Mng C. S phc tp gy khng t kh khn; cc b phi v
chi phi b bi ri trong s lng tc phm v nhng khc
quanh gp ghnh ca t tng. Kh khn ln nht gp phi l
cch gii thch v cc truyn thng c cng nhn c
th ng u vi nhng iu thiu chnh xc v thiu chun
mc trong cch hiu ca chng ta. Cho d vi nhng kh
khn c tha nhn ny, mt n lc nht nh cn c
tin hnh nhn thc v o Pht. iu ny rt cn thit cho
mt nhn thc c hiu chnh v c kt qu v trit hc v
tn gio n m trn , Pht gio vn dng c
nhng nh hng su sc v nht nh. Li na, Pht gio
nh hnh nn nn vn ha ch o ca ca cc quc gia ng
Nam v Vin ng. Nghin cu Pht gio cng nn chng
minh gi tr nh l mt s gp phn cho vn ha th gii. V
iu ny c l l chng phi khng c ngha trong bi cnh
th gii ngy nay.
Trit hc Trung qun ku gi s ch ca chng ta,
Nghin cu Trit hc Trung qun
10
nh mt h thng to nn cuc cch mng trong o Pht
v qua , ton lnh vc trit hc n . Ton b t tng
o Pht chuyn sang hc thuyt Tnh khng (nyat) ca
trit hc Trung qun. Dng a nguyn lun ca Pht gio
trc y, s khc t thc th (substance) v ng hn l
khng c kh nng ph phn v s xut hc thuyt v cc
thnh t to nn v tr (theory of elements),1 r rng l chun
b cho s ph phn trit v bin chng v thc t ni
(self-conscious dialectic) ca Long Th. Quan nim lun ca
Du-gi Duy thc tng mc nhin chp nhn hc thuyt Tnh
khng (nyat) ca Trung qun, v chuyn cho n mt
ngha Duy tm lun (idealistic). Khuynh hng ph phn v
tuyt i lun trong t tng B-la-mn cng c th tm thy
du tch trong Trung qun.
Xem xt vai tr quan trng ca t tng Trung qun,
ti mo mui nh gi l Trit hc trung tm ca o
Pht. Vn hc hin i v ch ny va khng qu phong
ph va khng trnh khi nhng hiu lm. Chnh tc phm
gio khoa tiu chun ca chng ta v trit hc n
chuyn ti ci nhn c tnh chiu l v h thng. Mt phn c
khuynh hng t cc nh ph bnh v s gia, v mt t tng,
ph phn loi tr n nh l h v ch ngha; thm ch nhiu
ni ng nht t tng y vi trit hc Ph-n-a (Vednta).
Ph phn nh vy l khng am hiu cng nh s gy hiu lm.
Tc phm ca Th. Stcherbatsky, cun Conception of Buddhist
Nirva, l mt ngoi l. Nhng hu nh khng c g
mong ch trong dng chy gm 60 trang giy, phn ln l
dnh cho lun chin v gii thch nim nit-bn, c iu g
ging nh mt trnh by thch ng v trit hc Trung
qun. Cun sch ny nh mt n lc lp i khong trng
kin thc ca chng ta. l mt nghin cu hon chnh v
trit hc Trung qun t mi kha cnh trng yu.
Tp sch ny c trnh by r rng thnh 3 phn, v
1 Tc hp th Ng un.
T. R. V. Murti
11
cc phn c ni kt nhau vi di khng ng nht. Phn
th nht ch yu l lch s: di theo ngun gc v pht trin
trit hc Trung qun, bin chng php, nh l n lc ha gii
nhng mu thun gy ra bi hai truyn thng chnh trong trit
hc n , Hu ng lun1 (Thc th thc ti lun) v V ng
lun.2 Vic s dng bin chng php c th c tm thy
trong s im lng3 tr danh ca c Pht, trong s khc t
nhng suy on t bin (speculate) v suy lng cc phm tr
thc ti siu nghim (transcendent reality). S pht trin cc
giai on v trng phi t tng cng vn h Trung qun
c cp kh di. nh hng c th thy c ca Trung
qun vo nhng trit hc sau ny, c bit l trn Duy thc
tng (Vijnavda) v Ph-n-a (Vednta) cng c trnh
by s qua. Phn th hai l phn chnh, c dnh trnh
by ton
