6.10.2011 Comenius

TAHM JA TEMA OLULISUS

Veljo Kimmel Estonian University of Life Sciences

6.10.2011 Comenius

Sisukord

• 1. Õhusaaste • 2.Miks oluline • 3. Tahm ja tema roll • 4. Tulemuste tähtsus

6.10.2011 Comenius

Õhusaaste

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Õhu koostis

N2 – 78.1%, O2 – 20.9%, Ar – 0.9%, tihedus 1,25 kg kuupmeetri kohta

• Muud osised tühised • Enamus olulisi efekti tingitud väikestest

koostisosadest

6.10.2011 Comenius

Miks õhu kvaliteet oluline 1. AINERINGLUS - ca 20 kg, vaid ca 2 kg of

toit ja vedelik !!! 2. Valikuvõimalused !!! 3. Õppeosa 4. ENAMUS ÕHUSAASTEST MEIE

IGAPÄEVATEGEVUSTEST

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ÕHUSAASTEST TINGITUD PROBLEEMID

1) global – climate change, ozone layer depletion 2) regional – acid rain, elevated levels of ozone and

particles, 3) local – air quality issues in cities and industrial

areas, toxic compounds 4) today different scales more and more mixed

6.10.2011 Comenius

VIIMASED MUUTUSED (IPCC, 2007)

• Increase in GHG ca 1/3 for CO2, 4/3 for CH4, 1/5 for N2O

• Levels much higher than during last millenium

• Changes accelerating during last century

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ELUEA JA ULATUSE SEOSED

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TAIMEDE KASV JA ÕHUSAASTE

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OSAKESTE MÕJU

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EU limit values - mainly for gases

In particles (PM10) also As, Cd, Ni as yearly average, correspondingly 6, 5, 20 ng m-3

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EMEP protocols, developing from acid rain to more complex issues

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Formation of pollution

• Energy demand of mankind increased during last century 10 times

Main reasons – transport on fossil fuels (oil production increase 100 times), growth of mankind and social pressure

• When most of particles formed naturally (10 times more than by mankind), then their radiative influence almost equal (due to black carbon)

Pollution formation during combustion

• Non-efficient combustion mainly occurring in smaller engines – cars, domestic heating

• Black carbon formation similar to CO, especially marked in IPCC reports

Factors affecting climate (IPCC, 2007 - most of them highly uncertain )

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Pollution distribution - houses, trees etc diminish horisontal mixing several times

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What to measure?

• List of pollutants measured and measurements frequency related to problem involved

• Global issues mainly require long-living compounds, exceptions particles remaining in dynamic equilibrium

• Thus also when we diminish release of particles, influence can be quick

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Siting of measurements (Sivertsen, 1997)

The quicker we measure the less stations

The more polluted the more required measurements

Important also for making analysis – until which area you can say something

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Monitoring station in cities – continuous monitors, usually time step 1h

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Monitoring in background area – mainly sampling and analysis

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EMEP network for regional problems

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EMEP particles network, at 6 super-sites also BC or EC measurement

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BC or EC measurements

• Measurements in few places, usually temporarily during scientific campaigns

• Not required directly by directives, can help to determine sources and manage air quality

• Can easily be linked with local human activities – driving, domestic heating (but not with natural gas)

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Energy cycles – a lot of natural sources for diminishing bad effects

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Summary • 1. Air pollution creates many environmental

problems • 2. Particle properties are measured

continuously at few places in background Europe, EC or BC only at 6 places

• 3. Comenius project BC measurements can have a significant additional value