1 -

ljifo ;"rL

sfpnL v]]tL @

aGbf v]tL ^

uf]ne]+8f (

v';f{gL !^

e]8] v';f{gL !*

e06f v]tL @!

Kofh v]lt @#

sfFqmf] v]tL @%

tLt] s/]nf @*

l;dL #!

af]8L ##

kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L afnL ljz]if k|ljlw #%

Knfli6s 3/df t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw #^

g;{/L Joj:yfkg #*

cl;gf Joj:yfkg k|ljlw $)

2 -

sfpnL v]tL

kl/ro sfpnL ;]tf] km"nsf]aL gfdn] klg lrlgG5 . lxpFbsf] ;dodf kxf8 / t/fO{df o;sf] v]tL ul/G5 . a]df};dL v]tLsf] ?kdf h]7–c;f/ b]lv c;f]h–sflt{s;Dd klg o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 . o;df le6fdLg P, ;L / vgLh nj0f kfO{G5g\ .

xfjfkfgL sfpnL v]tLsf nfuL ^)–@^)) ld= prfO{ / !^–#% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . cuf}6 hftsf nfuL @) – @& l8=;]=, dWod hftsf nfuL !^ – !( l8=;]=/ k5f}6] hftsf sfpnL nfO{ !) – !^ l8=;]= tfks|d pko"Qm x'G5 . t;y{ kxf8L If]qdf a}zfv–d+l;/ / df3–kmfu'g tyf t/fO{df ebf}–d+l;/ sfpFnL v]tLsf nfuL pko"Qm ;do x'g . To:t} bf]d6 / anf}6] df6f] sfpnL v]tLsf nflu pko"Qm x'G5 .

hft / pTkfbg pko'Qmtf cuf}6] M k';f, lbkfnL, O08fd cln{, k';f sfltsL, cln{ sF'jf/L, ldNs j], JxfO{6 ˆnf;, l;Ne/ d'g %%, 6«lksn $% lbg], x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ sk -^) lbg_, :gf] lsË dWod M :gf] lsË -^% lbg_, :gf] qmfpg, :gf]an–!^, sf7df8f}+ nf]sn, cflb . k5f}6] M ;'a|f, dfw'/L, :gf] ld:6Ls, lsaf] hfOG6 . pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 t/fO{

cuf}6] hft x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ sk–^)

x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ sk–^)

x\jfO6 6k, l;Ne/ d'g, ;'k/ x\jfO6 6k

a]gf{ ;fg]{ c;f/–;fpg a}zfv–dWo ebf} clGtd ;fpg–dWo ebf}l6Kg] ;fo ^)–&) lbg ^)–&) lbg %)–^% lbg pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 t/fO{ k5f}6] hft Dffw'/L, :gf] ldl:6s sf7df8f}+ :yfgLo, ;'a|f,

Hofk' :yfgLo ;'a|f,dfw'/L, :gf]d]l:6s

/f]Kg] ;do ;fpg–ebf} ;fpg–ebf} c;f]h–d+l;/l6Kg] ;fo !@)–!%) lbg !@)–!%) lbg !@)–!%) lbg dWo hft sf7df8f}+ :yfgLo,

:gf]an–!^, :gf] qmfpg, Hofk' :yfgLo

:gf]an–!^,:gf] qmfpg :gf] qmfpg

/f]Kg] ;do c;f/–;fpg ;fpg–ebf} ;fpg–ebf} l6Kg] ;fo ()–!@) lbg ()–!@) lbg ()–!@) lbg

Dfly pNn]lvt hftx?df :gf] qmfpg, :gf] lsË, ldNs j], l;Ne/ sk, JxfO{6 ˆnf;, x\jfO6 6k cflb xfO{la|8 hftsf x'g .

3 -

k|lt /f]kgL pTkfbg vr{ / cfDbfgL

sfpnL pTkfbg -s]=hL_ vr{ -?k}ofF_ cfDbfgL -?k}ofF_ cuf}6] ^))–*)) !),)))–!*,))) #))))–$)))) dWod *))–!))) *)))–!@))) @$)))–#)))) k5f}6] !)))–!%)) *)))–!@))) @))))–#))))

;fwf/0fto &%–!@) lbgdf sfpnL tof/ x'G5 t/ l;Ne/ sk, :gf] ldl:6s cflb $%– %) lbgdfg} tof/ x'G5 .

aLp÷a]gf{ pGgt hftM #) u|fd÷/f]kgL j0f{z+s/ -xfO{la|8_ hftM !) – !% u|fd÷/f]kgL

j]gf{ !@))–@$)) k|lt /f]kgL

a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do cuf}6 hftsf] a]gf{ ljp /f]k]sf] @)–@$ lbg leq @–# kft] ePkl5 / k5f}6] hftsf a]gf{ /f]k]sf] #)–$) lbg leq %–^ kft] ePkl5 ;fg{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5 . xfO{la|8 hftsf] a]gf{ !*–@) lbg leq ;fg{ tof/ x'G5 .

/f]Kg] b'/L cuf}6] M %) / %) ;]=ld= -nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_ dWod M *) / *) ;]=ld= -nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_ k5f}6] M *) / *) ;]=ld= -nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_ t/ sf7df8f}+ :yfgLo, :gf]an–!^, lsjf] hfPG6, lbkfnL cflb hftx? jiff{tdf $%–#) ;]=dL= -nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_ / lxFpbdf ^)–$% ;]=dL=-nfOg–nfOg / j]gf{–j]gf{sf] km/s_df klg /f]Kg ;lsG5 .

cfjZos dnvfb÷/f]kgL /fd|f];Fu s'x]sf] uf]a/ dn !%))–@))) s]=hL= -$) – *)

8f]sf]_ s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL=

l8=P=lk= & – ( s]=hL= ld6 ldn @) s]=hL= o"l/of %– &=% s]=hL=

@=% s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{ !=@% s]=hL= @% lbg leq !=@% s]=hL= %) lbg leq

lkgf Jff]g ldn

!)) s]=hL= %)–!)) s]=hL=

Do"/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; %–$=% s]=hL= lrn]6]8 lh+s !)) u|fd hfOd -Pldgf] Pl;8 dn_ ! s]=hL= Aff]/]S; !)) u|fd tn pNn]lvt h}ljs dn xfn]df of] dflysf] dn xfNg' gkg]{ .

h}ljs ljlw dnvfb

h}ljs dn – h}ljs dn -sDkn]S;_ @=% s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ j]gf{ /f]Kg' eGbf Ps xKtf cufl8 uf]a/ dndf ld;fP/ k|of]u ug]{ .

uf]a/ dn – !%)) s]=hL÷k|lt /f]kgL

4 -

s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL= ÷k|lt /f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ª\u M 6k 8]«l;ª @)–#) lbg leq !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ yk dfqf k|of]u ug]{ .

gf]6 M h}ljs k|ljlw cg';f/ dnvfb /fv]df dfly pNn]lvt /f;folgs dn k|of]u ug'{ kb}{g .

afnL ;+/If0f ls/fx? nIf0f pkrf/ nfxL Kfftsf] /; r';]/ vfG5 . /f]u/ jf dfnflyPg @ ld=ln÷ln=kfgLdf

ld;fP/ 5g]{÷;ef]{sf] k|of]u aGbfsf] k'tnL nfe|]n slnnf kft vfO{ gzf

dfq b]vf kb{5 . ls/fsf] km'n tyf nfe|f l6k]/ gfz ug]{÷/f]u/ @ ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

;'tL{sf] kft vfg] nfe|] nfe|]n] lj?jfsf] kft vfG5 . km'n tyf nfe|] hDdf u/L gi6 ug]{ ÷ /f]u/ @ ld= ln=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

km]b sf6\g] sL/fx? lj?jfsf] km]b sf6]/ 9flnlbG5g\ .

nfe|]nfO{ xftn] l6k]/ dfg]{÷Snf]/f]kfOl/km;\ ! ld=ln=÷kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

lk7\o"df O{6sf] cfsf/ ePsf] k'tnL

nfe|]n]] slnnf kft, vf;u/L u'ef]df vfG5 .

dlN6lgd @ ld=ln=÷! ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ . -l8=la=Pd=No"/_ km]/f]df]g o'Qm kf;f] /fVg]

d'Vo /f]ux? / pkrf/ a]gf{ s'lxg]

hdLg;Fu hf]l8Psf] d'Vo 8fF7 sfnf] eP/ la?jf 9N5 . a]le:6Lg @=) u|fd k|lt lsnf] lapdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ . 8fO{y]g Pd–$% cyjf lqmnf]lS;n

uf]N8 @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfP/ 5g]{ . Jof8df aLp 5/]kl5 ;fkm cyjf lqmn]lS;n uf]N8 @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n]

agfO{ :k|]åf/f Jof8df 5/]sf] jLp leHg] u/L 5g]{ / df6f] jf dnn] k'g]{ . a]gf{df b'O{j6f kft b]lvg] ljlQs} lqmn]lS;n uf]N8 ljiffbL 5g]{ . of] ljiffbL 5bf{ sL/f

dfg]{ ljiffbL -%)!_ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] :k|]åf/f 5g]{ .

8fpgL ldN8\o" dflyNnf] ;txdf kx]+nf] bfu / tNnf] ;txdf skf; h:tf] 9';L cfpF5 . lqmn]lS;n uf]N8 jf 6]s ldn @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g] . emf/kft x6fpg], /f]u nfu]sf] kft l6k]/ gi6 ug]{, :j:y ljp tyf j]gf{sf] k|of]u ug]{ .

Sna ?6 h/fdf luvf{x? kg]{, kx]lnP/ hfg] / af]6 cf]OlnP/ hfg] . #–$ jif{sf] km/sdf jfnL rqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], k|efljt lj?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ gi6 ug]{, g;{/L

a]8nfO{ ;"o{sf] tfkn] -;f]on ;f]nf/fOh];g ljlwaf6_ df6f]sf] pkrf/ ug]{, 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7]dn k|lt af]6 %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg] .

jf !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL sf b/n] 6«fOsf]8df{n] jLpsf] pkrf/ ug]{, lj?jf /f]Kg' eGbf @–# dlxgf

klxn] df6f]sf] lk=Pr=k/LIf0f u/L cfjZos dfqfdf s[lif r'g df6f]df k|of]u ug]{, afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg] / g]jLlhg k|of]u ug]{ .

5 -

d'Vo /f]ux? / h}ljs ljlw af6 pkrf/ 8fod08 Jofs dy

nfe|]n] slnnf kft, vf;u/L u'ef]leq vfG5 . km]/f]d]]g o'Qm 6«ofksf] d2tn] gf]S;fgL x'g' cufl8sf] cj:yfsf] hfgsf/L k|fKt u/L, x]nL

Pg=kL=eL=! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf af af]// uf8{ ! Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf s]/fghLg @ k|ltzt @ ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ .

aGbfsf] k'tnL nfe|]n] slnnf kft vfO{ gzf dfq b]vf kb{5 . km'n tyf nfe|] l6k]/ gf; ug'{, af]// uf8{ ! ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf s]/fghLg @ k|ltzt @ ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ .

;'tL{sf] kft vfg] nfe|] nfe|]n] lj?jfsf] kft vfG5g\ . km'n tyf nfe|] hDdf u/L gi6 ug]{ . cGo 8fod08 Jofs dysf] nflu h:t} ug]{.

nfxL sL/f kftsf] /; r';]/ vfG5 / lj?jf kx]lng], kft w'ld|g],af]6 sdhf]/ x'g] h;af6 sd pTkfbg x'g] ub{5 .

s}/fghLg ! b]lv @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLDff /fvL 5g]{, k|L8]6/ sL/fx? /fVg] / kx]+nf] kf;f]sf] k|of]u ug]{ .

8\oflDkª ckm a]gf{x? ;"o{sf] tfkn] pkrf/ u/]sf] j]8df x'sf{pg] ;fy} 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7]dn

k|lt lj?jf %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], !) uf|d k|lt s]=hL=sf b/n] 6«fOsf]8df{n] aLpnfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ jf %) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf h/fsf] ;txdf lehfpg], ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g_ ug]{ .

sfnf] s'lxg] ;'?sf] cj:yfdf kftsf] 5]paf6 cª\u|]hL cIf/ le (V) cfsf/sf] kx]+nf] efu ljsf; x'G5 .

Efmf/kft x6fpg], :j:y ljp tyf j]gf{sf] k|ofu ug]{, ljpnfO{ !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8df{n] pkrf/ ug]{ . % u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ ! ln6/ kfgLDff /fvL 5g]{, ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g_ ug]{ 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7d]n k|lt lj?jf %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], jfnLrqm k|0ffnL pkgfpg] .

Aff]/f]g tTjsf] sld M– o;sf] sldn] sfpnLsf] jLrsf] 8f7 vf]qmf] eO{ v}/f] /Ë b]lvG5 / kl5 sfpnLsf] k'mndf a}hgL /ªsf] ljsf; eO{ :jfb gld7f] x'G5 . kl5 km"n k"/} v}/f] x'G5 . o;sf] /f]syfdsf nflu af]/]S; @–# u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5g'{ k5{ .

Dff]lnA8]gdsf] sld M– o;sf] sldn] sfpnLsf] jf]6 kx]nf] x'Fb} ;]tf] x'G5 h;nfO{ xLk6]n elgG5 . cDnLo df6f]df df]lnA8]gd pknAw gx'g] x'gfn] df6f]sf] lk=Pr= ^=% df Nofpg' kb{5 .

/f]syfd M!–@ u|fd k|lt ln6/ ;f]l8od / Pdf]lgod df]lnA8]6 /;folgs dnsf ;fy k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .

6 -

aGbf v]tL xfjfkfgL

aGbf v]tLsf nflu ^) – @^)) ld= prfO / @)–@* ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . To:t} bf]d6, kfËf] / anf}6] df6f] aGbf v]tLsf nflu pko"Qm x'G5 . xfO{la|8 tyf s]lx pGgt 5f]6f] cjlwdf tof/x'g] hftx? #) – #% ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmddf klg v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

Hfft / pTkfbg pko'Qmtf

pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 t/fO{ cuf}6] hft 6L–^@!,h]lgy, l/P/ an,

Pl;of qm; 6L–^@!,h]lgy, l/P/ an, Pl;of qm;

6L–^@!,h]lgy, l/P/ an, Pl;of qm;

/f]Kg] ;do r}t– a}zfv >fj0f– Effb| Effb|–c;f]h l6Kg] ;do %)–&) lbg %)–^) lbg %)–^) lbg k5f}6] hft u|Lg sf]/f]g]6, ;'k/ lu|g u|Lg sf]/f]g]6, ;'k/ lu|g u|Lg sf]/f]g]6, ;'k/ lu|g /f]Kg] ;do a}zfv–efb| Effb| –r}t Effb|–c;f]h–dª\l;/ l6Kg] ;do *)–!!) lbg *)–!!) lbg &%–() lbg

cGo hftx? M uf]N8]g Ps/, k|fO8 ckm Ol08of, n]6nfr{ 8«dx]8, sf]kg x]ug dfs]{6, u|Lg :6f]g, g]kf jn, af]g;, u|Lg s|fpg, u|Lg lsË, Pg P; @% -NS 25_, :sfO{ P;, u|Lg /fOh, cn l;hg cflb

aLp÷a]gf{

@) u|fd – #) u|fd cyjf !%))–@%)) a]gf{ k|lt /f]kgL Jf0f{z+s/M !% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL

a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do

;fwf/0fto lap /f]k]sf] @)–#) lbg kl5 a]gf{ ;fg{ tof/ x'G5 . sl/j @% lbgsf] a]gf{ $÷% kft] ePkl5 ;fg]{ . a]gf{ /f]k]sf] *) lbg b]lv !)) lbgdf l6Kg ;lsG5 . a]df};dL v]tLsf ?kdf a}zfv c;f/ b]lv c;f]h sflt{s;Dd o;sf] v]tL ug{ ;lsG5 .

/f]Kg] b'/L ;/b/ %) × %) ;]=ld=-nfO{g–nfO{g / a]gf{–a]gf{_ cuf}6] jiff{ofddf $%×$% ;]=ld=/ lxpFbdf $%× ^) ;]=ld=-nfO{g–nfO{g / a]gf{–a]gf{_

cfjZos dnvfb -s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL_ uf]a/ dn !)))–!%)) s]=hL= -$) – ^) 8f]sf]_ lkgf !)) s]=hL= o'l/of % s]=hL=

@=% s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{ !=@% s]=hL= lj?jf ;f/]sf] @% lbg leq !=@% s]=hL=lj?jf ;f/]sf] %) lbg leq

Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; % s]=hL= Jf]fg ldn %)–!)) s]=hL= s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL=

8L=P=kL &–!) s]=hL= hfOd ! s]=hL=

7 -

cGo

Aff]/]S;–!)) u|fd, lh+s lrn6]8 – !))u|fd, 6k 8«]l;ª\u M -la?jf x'ls{;s]kl5 km]l/ dn xfNg] sfd_ !) s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt /f]kgL hUufdf a]gf{ /f]k]sf] @) / $) lbg kl5 k|of]u ug]{ . 6k 8«]l;ª\u ub{ lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/af6 h/fnfO{ g5'g] u/L @ OGr ulx/f] / @ OGr rf}8fOsf] s'n];f] lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/ agfO{ dn lbg' kb{5 / dnnfO{ df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 . dn xfn] kl5 l;rfO clgjfo{ ?kdf ug{' kb{5 . cyjf o'l/ofnfO{ kfgLdf wf]n]/ yf]kf l;rfO dfkm{t lbg ;lsG5 .

h}ljs k|ljlw h}ljs dn

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ s'v'/fsf] dn M @%) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL uf]a/ dn M !))) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ªu M

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -/f]k]sf] @ dlxgf kl5_

afnL ;+/If0f

ls/fx? nIf0f pkrf/ nfxL Kftsf] /; r';]/ vfG5 ;fy} kftdf

sfnf] 9';L hDdf x'G5 . /f]u/ jf dfnflyPg @ ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{÷;jf]{sf] k|of]u

aGbfsf] k'tnL nfe|]n] slnnf kft vfO{ gzf dfq b]vf kb{5 .

km"n tyf nfe|] l6k]/ gfz ug]{÷/f]u/ @ ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

;'tL{sf kft vfg] nfe|]

nfe|]n] lj?jfsf] kft vfG5g\ . km'n tyf nfe|] hDdf u/L gi6 ug]{÷kfgLDff ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

km]b sf6\g] sL/fx?

lj?jfsf] km]bdf sf6]/ 9flnlbG5g\ . nfe]|nfO{ xftn] l6k]/ dfg]{÷Snf]/f] kfOl/km; ! ld=ln=÷ln=kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

lk7\o"df O+6sf] cfsf/ ePsf] k'tnL

nfe|]n]] slnnf kft, vf;u/L u'ef]df vfG5 .

dlN6lgd @ ld=ln=÷! ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ . –l8=lj=Pd=_ No'/ o'Qm km]/f]d]gsf] kf;f] /fVg]

d'Vo /f]ux?, ltgsf] nIf0f / pkrf/ sfnf] eP/ s'lxg] (Black Rot Disease)

;'?sf] cj:yfdf kftsf] 5]paf6 cª\u|]hL cIf/ le (V) cfsf/sf] kx]+nf] efu ljsf; x'G5 . Efmf/kft x6fpg], :j:y ljpsf] tyf a]gf{sf] k|of]u ug]{, ljpnfO{ !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL=

6«fOsf]8df{n] pkrf/ ug]{ jf % u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ k|lt ln=kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{, ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g_ ug]{, 6«fOsf]8df{åf/f pkrrfl/t uf]7df]]n k|lt af]6 %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg] .

/f]u cj/f]ws hft nufpg] g;{/L cj:yfdf KnfG6f]dfOl;g -:6«]K6f]dfO{l;g ± 6]6«f;fO{lSng_ ! uf|d k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf

ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

8 -

Sna ?6 h/fdf luvf{x? kg]{, kx]+lnP/ hfg] / af]6 cf]OlnP/ hfg] . @–$ jif{sf] km/sdf afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], k|efljt lj?jfnfO{ pv]n]/ gi6 ug]{, g;{/L

a]8nfO{ ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h];g _ ug]{ . Jff !) u|fd k|lt s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8df{n] aLpsf] pkrf/ ug]{, lj?jf /f]Kg' eGbf @–# dlxgf

klxn] df6f]sf] lk=Pr= k/LIf0f u/L cfjZos dfqfdf s[lif r'g df6f]df k|of]u ug]{, afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg] .

xf/df]g tyf ;"Id vfB tTjsf] k|of]u

xf/df]g

lj?jf /f]Kg] ePdf lj?jf /f]Kg] ljlQs} M cfzf, ! Pd=Pn=k|lt % ln6/ kfgLDf jf Pr=lj=!)@, @ yf]kf ! ln6/ kfgLDff ld;fO{ lj?jf /fd|/L leHg] u/L 5g]{ .

lj?jfsf] jfg:klts j[l4sf] cj:yfdf lnj :k|], dlN6Kn]S; jf Pu|f]ldg # Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ la?jf /f]k]sf] sl/j !%, #) / $% lbg kl5 /fd|/L leHg] u/L 5g]{ .

pTkfbg -s]=hL=_, Vfr{ tyf cfDbfgL

pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ Vfr{ -?k}ofF_ cfDbfgL -?k}ofF_ cuf}6] hft @)))–@%)) !))))–!@))) @))))–@%))) k5f}6] hft #)))–$))) *)))–!@))) @$)))–#@)))

ls/f lgoGq0fsf 3/]n' pkfox?

!= n;'g / ;okqL k'mnsf] ld>0f M n;'g #–$ kf]6L, ;okqL k"mnsf] kft @ d'7\7L, Kofh #–$ bfgf, lk/f] vf];f{gL #–$ j6f, ! ln6/ kfgLdf !% ldg]6;Dd pdfn]/ lr;f] ePkl5 kftnf] sk8fdf /fv]/ lgrf]/]/ 5fGg] .

To;kl5 ;f] emf]ndf Tolt g} dfqfdf kfgL ld;fP/ af]6 la?jfdf 5gf{n] nfxL, kt]/f] h:tf] kft r';]/ vfg] ls/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

@= af]emf] M af]emf]sf] ufgf]nfO{ ;kmf u/L 6'qmf–6'qmf u/L sf6\g] / dl;gf] w'nf] x'g] u/L lkWg], af]emf]sf] d;Lgf] w'nf] %) u|fd, ! s]=hL=uFx' / s]lx v/fgLnfO{ Ps} 7fpFdf ld;fP/ xfjf l5g{ glbg] u/L e08f/0f ubf{ ux'F cflbdf nfUg] 3'g cflbsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

#= kb]gf / ltt]kftL !)) u|fd kb]gf / !)) u|fd ltt]kftLnfO{ /fd|f];+u lkw]/ ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ dl;gf] ;kmf sk8fn] 5fg]/ emf]n lgsfNg] .

pQm emf]ndf k'gM ! ln6/ kfgL ld;fP/ 5gf{n] e'ml;n sL/fsf] lgoGq0f x'G5 .

$=lkgf / v/fgL dl;gf];+u lkw]sf] lrp/Lsf] lkgf, ! efudf v/fgL @ efu ld;fO{ To;nfO{ !% ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ t/sf/L cflbsf] Jof8df l;+rfO{ ugf{n] wld/f / sldnfsf] k|sf]k sld x'G5 .

9 -

uf]ne]+8f xfjfkfgL ^) b]lv @^)) ld= prfO / !$ b]lv #) l8=;]= tfkqmd uf]ne]+8fsf] nflu clt pQd x'G5 . tfkqmd % l8=;]= eGbf tn em/]df af]6 db{5 . kmn nfUgsf] nflu @)–#) l8=;]=;j}eGbf /fd|f] x'G5 . #% l8=;]= eGbf dflysf] tfkqmddf k/fu ;'Sg] ePsf]n] kmn nfUb}g / nfu] klg kmnsf] cfsf/ lju|G5 . /ftsf] tfkqmd !$ b]lv @! l8lu| ;]lG6u|]8 x'g' kb{5 . of] eGbf a9L jf 36L ePdf uf]ne]8fsf] kmn gnfUg] / km'n km'n] klg kmn gnfuL emg]{ x'G5 . !))) b]lv @^)) ld6/ ;Ddsf] prfO{df a]df};dL uf]ne]+8f v]tL cToflws ;kmn ePsf] 5 .

Dff6f]

uf]ne]+8fsf] v]tL ;j} lsl;dsf] df6f]df ug{ ;lsG5 . t/ /fd|f] pTkfbg lngsf] nflu kfgL ghDg] xn'sf anf}6] tyf bf]d6 df6f] uf]ne]+8fsf] nflu clt pQd x'G5 . a9L Iff/Lo / cDnLo df6f]df o;sf] v]tL /fd|f] x'Fb}g . df6f]sf] cDnLokg ^–& x'g' kb{5 .

afnL nufpg] ;do M

If]q jLp 5g]{ ;do a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do kmn tof/ x'g] dlxgf

hft

t/fO{ dWo ;fpg–dª\l;/ dWo ebf}–df3 sflt{s–a}zfv cn /fp08, lt;{gf, l;–Pn !!#!, l;h{gf lj=Pn–$!),nK;L u]8], k'/a]nL, t[i0ff

dWo kxf8 sflt{s–c;f/ Dff3–;fpg a}zfv–dª\l;/ l;h{gf,;Demgf,8flnnf,l6–#), lt;{gf, ljg;fl/ lj=P;=P;–@),ljz]if

pRr kxf8 kmfNu'0f–a}zfv a}zfv–h]7 c;f/–slt{s l;h{gf,;Demgf u|]:sf]–!, lt;{gf uf]ne]+8f hft cg';f/ *) b]lv !%) lbgdf l6Kg ;lsG5 .

Hfft

7"nf] kmnM lj=P;=P;= @), lyD;–@ lt;{gf, ljg;fl/, l6–#) dWod kmnM ljz]if, l;h{gf, 8flnnf ;fgf] kmnM u|]:sf], l;=Pn=!!#!, lj=Pn–$!),Oh'dL pGgt M nK;L u]8f, dgk|]s;

j+0f{z+s/M dlgiff, c+s'z O08f]d (%)@, O08f]d (*)@,l;l/;, nIdL, ;'/Iff, ;[hgf, cn/fp08/, lxd;f]xfgf cflb

aLp b/

^–@% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL -*)) b]lv !%)) af]6 k|lt /f]kgL_

10 -

Dfnvfb -s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL_

/fd|f];Fu kfs]sf] uf]a/ dn !)))–$%)) s]=hL= cyf{t $) – !*) 8f]sf] -k|lt af]6 #=# s]=hL=_ o'l/of *– !% s]=hL=

-k|lt af]6 )=)! s]=hL=_ @=% s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{ @=% s]=hL= lj?jf ;f/]sf] @) lbgdf @=% s]=hL= kmn nfUg] j]nfdf

8L=P=kL !%–#) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)@ s]=hL=_ Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; * – !% s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)! s]=hL=_ lkgf @%– %) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)# s]=hL=_ Jf]fg ldn %)–!)) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=)^ s]=hL=_ s'v'/fsf] dn @%) – $)) s]=hL= -k|lt af]6 )=@* s]=hL=_ 6«fO{sf]8df{ dn @=% s]=hL ld6 ldn @% – %) s]=hL -k|lt af]6 )=)^ s]=hL=_

cGo

Aff]/]S;– !)) u|fd, lh+s lrn6]8 !)) u|fd, hfOd–! s]=hL=, Dff6f] ;"Id tTj ! s]=hL=, 8ofË agfO{;s]kl5 j]gf{ /f]Kg' !% lbg cl3 k|lt nfOg uf]7dn # b]lv $ s]=hL=,l8=P=kL @) u|fd / kf]6f; ^ u|fd /fVg] . jfof]OGhfOd, lhÍ / jf]/]S; k|lt /f]kgL !÷! s]=hL= sf b/n] lbg] .

a]gf{ ;fg]{

a]gf{sf] pd]/ !*–#) lbg ePkl5 cyf{t #–$ kft cfPkl5 a]gf{ ;fg' kb{5 . t/ $ kft eGbf w]/} / #) lbg eGbf al9sf] a]gf{ g;fg{' /fd|f] . a]gf{ ;fg'{ eGbf #–$ lbg klxn]b]lv g;{/L Jof8df l;+rfO gug]{ t/ a]gf{ pv]Ng' eGbf !–@ 306f cufl8 g;{/L Jof8df l;+rfO u/L j]gf{ pv]Ng' kb{5 . h;n] ubf{ a]gf{ pv]Nbf h/f r'l8b}g . a]gf{ @–# ah] kl5 dfq ;fg'{ kb{5 . j]gf{ ;f/] kl5 af]6df kfgL gkg]{ ul/ xNsf lsl;dn] kfgL lbg' k5{ . a]gf{ ;fbf{ g;{/L Jof8df hlt df6f]n] k'l/Psf] x'G5 Toltg} efu dfq df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 .

a]gf{ ;fg]{ b'/L

&%–!)) / ^) ;]=ld=-nfO{g–nfO{g / a]gf{–a]gf{ km/s_

6k 8«]l;ª

a]gf{ ;f/]s]f !*–@% lbg cyf{t yfqmf lbg' eGbf cufl8 6k 8«]l;ª ug'{ kb{5 . 6k 8«]l;ª ubf{ l8=P=lk=–!) u|fd, o'l/of–!) u|fd / kf]6f;–% u|fd k|ltjf]6 lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/af6 h/fnfO{ g5'g] u/L @ OGr ulx/f] / @ OGr rf}8fOsf] s'n];f] lj?jfsf] rf/}lt/ agfO{ dn lbg' kb{5 / dnnfO{ df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 . kmn nfUg] a]nfdf k'gM k|lt jf]6 !) u|fd o"l/ofn] 6k 8]«l;Ë ug]{ . bf];|f] k6s km'n km'Ng' cl3 / kmn l6Kg yfn]kl5 slDtdf klg @ k6s kmn l6k]kl5 ufO{ e};Lsf] lk;fj ;+sng u/L ! efu lk;fadf % efu kfgL ld;fO{ k|To]s af]6sf] jl/kl/ slDtdf lrof vfg] l;;fsf] Ps lunf; a/fa/ lbPdf /fd|f] x'G5 . lk;fa k|of]u ubf{ ;s];Dd s'xfP/ k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 . hgfj/sf] lk;fa gePdf o"l/of / l8=P=kL= @–# s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] lj?jfsf] km]bdf gkg]{ u/L /fVg' kb{5 . x/]s k6s dn lbO{;s] kl5 l;rfO clgafo ?kdf ug{' k5{ .

l;+rfO

yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlw4f/f kfgL lbFbf÷l;+rfO ubf{ k|To]s af]6sf] jl/kl/ dfq kfgL emb{5 . yf]kf l;+rfO k|ljlw4f/f l;+rfO ubf{ cGo tl/sfaf6 l;+rfO ul/Psf] eGbf /fd|f] tl/sfn] af]6sf] j[l4 eO{ j9L pTkfbg

11 -

x'g'sf] ;fy} kmnsf] u'0f:t/ klg /fd|f] ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 . kfgLdf 3f]Ng ;lsg] dn yf]kf l;rfO af6 lbg ;lsG5 . -l8«ksf] kfgL lg:sg] Kjfn lj?jfsf] km]+b b]lv @–# ;]=dL= 6f9f /fVg' kb{5_

h}ljs k|ljlw h}ljs dn

lgd s]s @ s]=hL=÷k|lt/f]kgL afof] kml6{nfOh/ sdKn]S; @=% s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL !* tTj ePsf] dn @)))–$))) s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL s'v'/fsf] dn @%) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ª\u

!=@% s]]=hL= h}las dn afof] kml6{nfOh/ sdKn]S; b'O{ k6s k|of]u ug]{, klxnf] /f]k]sf] b'O{ dlxgfkl5 / bf]>f] /f]k]sf] ;f9] tLg dlxgfkl5 -l;h{gf h:t} nfdf] l;hg nfUg] hftsf] nflu _

pTkfbg k|lt /f]kgL

hft v'Nnf hldg Knfli6s 3/ :yflgo – !)))– !@)) s]=hL= @))) –#))) s]=hL=

j0f{z+s/ – @)))– #))) s]=hL= ^))) –())) s]=hL=

uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg] d'Vo sL/f tyf /f]ux? / ltgsf] /f]syfdM

ujf/f] M uf]ne]+8fdf nfUg] d'Vo u/L 8fF7 / kmndf nfUg] ujf/f]n] 8fF7 tyf kmnnfO{ Kjfnkf/L lj?jf j9\g lb+b}g eg] kmndf nfu]df kmnsf] :t/ /fd|f] x'Fb}g .

/f]syfd M

ls/f nfu]sf] kmn l6kL vfN8f]df uf8\g] .

Kfm"n jf nfe|] b]Vgf;fy dfg]{ .

Uf]ne]8f v]tL glhsdf ds} tyf skf; v]tL gug]{

k|To]s &–* 8\ofª\ aLrsf] 8\ofªdf ;okqL km'n /f]Kg] .

Effn] df]y÷k'tnLnfO{ dfg{sf] nflu x]lnNo'/o'Qm -df]xg kf;f]_ ! /f]klgdf ! sf] b/n] k|of]u ug]{

Ps xKtfsf] km/sdf gLdsf] emf]n # Pd=Pn= k|ltln6/ kfgLdf /fvL k|of]u ug]{ .

Pg=lk=eL= efO{/; k|of]u ug]{ / nfef{nfO{ gi6 ug]{ .

Afof]n]k -jL=6L= s';{6fsL_ @ u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .

olb dflysf pkfon] sfd gu/]df /;folgs ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug'{ k/]df Snf]/f];fOk/, ;]Gy]l6s kfO/fy|f]8; ljiffbLsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

;]tf] lem+uf

of] sL/fn] kft, km"naf6 /; r';]/ vfG5 / /; r';]sf kft kx]Fnf] eO{ sdhf]/ x'G5 . of] sL/fn] efO{/; ;fg]{ sfd klg ub{5 .

12 -

/f]syfd

v]t jl/kl/ ;/;kmfO{ ug]{ .

lgdaf6 ag]sf] ljiffbL 5g]{ .

h}ljs ljiffbL h:t} el6{l;lnPd n]sflgsf] k|of]u ug]{

l;dL tyf e6df; h:tf afnL kf;f]sf] k|of]u

;fa'g, kfgL / t]nsf] 3f]nnfO :k|] ug]{

olb dflysf pkfon] sfd gu/]df /;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k/]df /fO{8 cyjf PS;g -Pl;6fdfO{8_ eGg] ljiffbL @ PDf=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ kftsf] tNnf] efudf 5g]{ .

Kfftdf ;'?Ë agfpg] lemFuf -lnkm dfOg/_ kft v}/f] / ;'Vvf eO{ kftsf] ;txdf ;]tf] wsf]{ b]lvG5 .

/f]syfd

hldg ;kmf /fVg]

lgdaf6 jg]sf] ljiffbL h:t} dfuf]{;f]d % ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

sfFrf] b'w !) ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{

kx]nf] Rofk Rofk] kf;f]sf] k|of]u ug]{

olb dflysf pkfon] sfd gu/]df /;folgs ljiffbL k|of]u ug'{ k/]df Pl;6fdfO8 % ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{

89'jf /f]u

Uff]ne]+8fnfO{ gf]S;fg kfg]{ /f]ux? dWo] d'Vo /f]u 89'jf /f]u xf] . o;n] lj?jfsf] kft, 8fF7 tyf kmndf 89]sf] h:tf] v}/f] jf sfnf] bfu b]vf kb{5 .

/f]syfd

/f]uL df6f]df a]gf{ gpdfg]{ .

kfP;Dd /f]u ;xg ;Sg] hft nufpg] .

Jfiff{ ;dodf lj?jf afSnf] g;fg]{ .

aiff{df cUnf] 8]\ofª agfP/ a]gf{ ;fg]{ .

g;{/L tyf aLpsf] pkrf/ !) u|fd÷s]=hL=6«fOsf]8df{n] ug]{ .

/f]u b]lvPdf /f]uL kftx/ l6k]/ ;'/lIft tl/sfn] gi6 ug]{ .

/f]uL lj?jf 5f]P/ lg/f]uL lj?jfnfO{ g5'g] .

/f]u a9L b]lvPdf AnfO6]S; %) -sk/ clS;Snf]/fO{8_ gfds ljiffbL @ u|fd k|ltln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

ljiffbL 5g'{ k/]df ;'Vvf df};ddf !% lbg / jiff{ df};ddf & lbgsf] km/sdf d]6fn]S;Ln ljiffbL @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

h/fdf nfUg] luvf{ -lgdf6f]8_

of] /f]usf] h'sfn] uf]ne]+8fsf] h/fdf luvf{ agfOlbG5, kft ;fgf] x'G5, j[l4 /f]lsG5, / k"/} h/fdf luvf{ ag]kl5 af]6 em\ofp/] h:tf] b]lvG5 . jiff{ df};ddf Knfli6s 3/leq nufPsf] j]df};dL uf}+nde]+8fdf

13 -

of] /f]u a9L b]lvPsf] 5 . Knfli6s 3/leq a9L cfb«{tf ePsf] v08df of] /f]u h/fdf b]lvPsf] kfOPsf] 5 . of] /f]u Knfli6ssf] 3/leq dfq b]lvb}g, Knfli6s 3/ jflx/ nufPsf] hldgdf klg b]lvG5

/f]syfd

/f]uL df6f]df g;{/L g/fVg df6f] lgd{nLs/0f u/]/ dfq g;{/L /fVg]] .

/f]uL lj?jf jl/kl/ k|of]u ul/Psf] cf}hf/ lg/f]uL lj?jf ePsf] 7fFpdf k|of]u gug]{ .

a]gf{ ;fg]{ 7fFpsf] df6f] /f]uL ePdf sfnf] tf]/L cyf{t t]n lgsfNbf lk/f] /fu cfpg] vfnsf] tf]/L nufO{ km"n km'Ng] a]nfdf df6f]df ldnfOlbg] .

tf]/Lsf] jf lgdsf] lkgfsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

;Dej ePdf a]gf{ ;fg]{ vf8ndf wfgsf] e'; jf ;'s]sf] kft hnfpg] .

sndL -u|fˆ6Lª_ u/]sf] lj?jf k|of]u ug]{ .

kmo"/f8g jf kmf]/]6 @ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] /f]Kg'cl3 k|of]u ug]{ .

cj/f]ws hftsf] k|of]u ug]{ h:t}M lyD; !, lyD; @,

ljg;f/L lgd s]s @) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL k|of]u ug]{

afnLrqm ckgfpg],

df]hfO{s efO{/; of] /f]u nfu]df kftsf] g;fdfq xl/of] e} cGo efu kx]+nf] x'G5 / kftsf] /ª 6f6]kf6] x'G5 eg] kftsf] ;fOh klg ;fgf] x'G5 . of] /f]u k|fMo kft r':g] sL/fn] ;fb{5 .

/f]syfd

r';fxf sL/f lgoGq0f ug{ /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ jf

/f]uL af]6nfO{ gi6 ug]{

/f]uL af]6nfO{ 5f]P/ lg/f]uL af]6nfO{ g5'g] .

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbg kl5 @) Pd=Pn= ufO{sf] sfFrf] b'w ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{

lk|e]G6n ! u|fd Ps ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ Jof8df ! k6s / a]gf{ ;/]kl5 !% lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s ;Dd 5g]{ .

afof] lnkm s]o/ ! Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] ! k6s Jof9df / a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !% lbgkl5 ! k6s / To;kl5 @) lbgsf] km/sdf #–$ k6s;Dd 5g]{ .

8\oflDkª ckm\ (Damping off)

of] /f]un] Aof8df a]gf{df g} cfs|d0f ug]{ ePsf]n] Aof8df aLp 5g{' cufj} aLp pkrf/ ug{' k5{ .

hldgsf] ;tx glhsfsf] sf08 s'lxg uO{ lj?jf 9N5 .

a]gf{x? ;"o{sf] tfkn] pkrf/ u/]sf] a]8df x'sf{pg] ;fy} 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrfl/t uf]7]dn k|lt lj?jf %) u|fdsf b/n] lbg], !) u|fd÷s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8dfn] aLpnfO{ pkrf/ ug]{ jf % u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{÷ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf h/fsf] ;txdf lehfpg], ;"o{sf] tfkn] df6f]sf] pkrf/ -;f]on ;f]nf/fO{h]zg_ ug]{ .

14 -

AofS6]l/ofsf sf/0fn] x'g] cf]Onfpg] /f]u

lj?jf laxfgkv 3fd / tfks|d a9b} hfFbf lj:tf/} ;Dk"0f{ lj?jf cf]Onfp5 / lj?jf db{5 . /f]uL lj?jfsf] km]b sf6]/ x]bf{ u'ef] kfgLn] leh]sf], v}/f] b]lvG5 / lgrf]bf{ afSnf] t/n kbfy{ lg:sG5 . ;fy} /f]uL lj?jfsf] 8fF7 sf6]/ kfgL e/]sf] l;;f Unf;df 8'afP/ x]bf{ ;]tf] wF'jf h:tf] t/n kbfy{ lg:sG5 .

a]gf{x? ;"o{sf] tfkn] pkrf/ u/]sf] Jof8df x'sf{pg], ;fy} cj/f]ws hftsf] k|of]u ug]{ h:t} M l;h{gf,

6«fOsf]8df{ %)) u|fd÷!)) s]=hL= uf]j/ dndf ld;fO{ @%–#) lbg;Dd pkrf/ ug]{, / pQm dn %) u|fd k|lt jf]6sf b/n] j]gf{ /f]Kg] vf8ndf /fvL df6f];Fu ld;fO{ j]gf{ /f]Kg] .

Jof8df lap 5g'{ eGbf klxn] 6«fOsf]8df{4f/f pkrl/t uf]j/ dn ! lsnf] k|lt ju{ld6/sf b/n] Jof8df 5g]{ .

AfnLrqm ckgfpg]

cUnf] 8\ofª\df a]gf{ ;fg]{ / kfgL hDg glbg] .

lj?jf÷kmndf b]lvg] ljs[lt

u|]jfn

kmnsf] af]qmf uf9f v}/f] x'g], / kmn s8f x'g] x'G5 . afbn nfUg] df};dsf] sf/0fn]] / kf]6f;sf] cefj x'Fbf o:tf] /f]u b]lvG5 .

kf]6fl;od dnsf] k|of]u ubf{ emf]n kf]6f; % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ .

kmnsf] 6'Kkf s'lxg] cyf{t Anf];dO08 /6

;'?df kmn xl/of] 5Fb} kmnsf] tNnf] efudf sfnf] tyf v}/f] bfu b]lvG5 / bfu 7'nf] xF'b} hfG5 / kl5 kmnsf] tNnf] efu cyf{t 6'Kkf s'lxP/ sfnf] x'G5 . of] /f]u vf;u/L Dff6f]df lr:ofgsf] sdL / SofN;Lod tTjsf] sdL n] x'G5 .

Dff6f]sf] lr:ofg sfod /fVg], lrn]6]8 SofN;Lod -r]nfsn_ ! u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ sf]lknf / kmnsf] ljsl;t cj:yfdf 5g]{ .

h}ljs ljlw af6 Uf]fne]8fdf nfUg] /f]ux? sf] pkrf/ kmndf nfUg] ujf/f]

kmndf Kjfn kf/]/ gf]S;fg k'¥ofO{ ahf/sf] nflu of]Uo x'Fb}g .

x]nL Pg=kL=eL= ! ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf jf/]/ uf8{ ! ld=ln=k|lt=ln6/ kfgLDff jf s}/fghLg @ k|ltzt @ ld=ln= k|lt=ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ .

;]tf] lemFuf

el6{l;nd lnsfnL )=% ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf s}/fghLg !–@ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf /fvL ;]tf] lemFuf b]lvg' cufa} 5g]{ .

cf]hf]lgd # Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] !% lbgsf] km/sdf lg/Gt/ k|of]u ug]{ .

df6f]sf] sL/f

ltgLx?n] h/f tyf hldgd'gLsf efux? vfG5g\ h;af6 lj?jf kx]lng uO{ cf]Onfp5 .

15 -

/fd|/L s'x]sf] uf]a/ dn k|of]u ug]{, h}ljs dn, ljiffwLo'Qm sDKn]S; ^=@% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] lj?jf /f]k]sf %–!) lbg kl5 k|of]u ug]{ .

lnkm dfOg/

hldg ;kmf /fVg] / ;]tf] lemFufsf] h:t} lgaf/0f ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .

Kfft v}/f] / ;'Vvf e}+ kftsf] ;txdf ;]tf] wsf{ b]lvG5 .

ldl/8 au

Afo:s sL/fn] kftsf] tNnf] efuaf6 /; r':5 / km"n, kftx?df l/ª h:tf] b]lvg uO{ s]xL lbg kl5 emb{5 .

;]tf] lemFufsf] h:t} lgjf/0f ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .

cN6/g]l/of lnkm:k6÷cuf}6] 89'jf

kftdf v}/f] jf sfnf] bfu b]lvg] / kl5 j9\b} uO{ 89'jfsf] ?k lnG5 . bfudf uf]nf rqmx? b]lvG5g\ .

pkrf/ ljlw 89'jf /f]u h:t} x'G5 .

lj?jfsf] sfF65fF6 nx/f nfdf] x'g] hft

;'?b]lv g} d'Vo sf08sf] Ps d'gf dfq /fvL d'Vo sf08 / kftsf] jLraf6 knfPsf ;j} d'gfx? x6fOlbg' kb{5 . of] k|s[ofdf !))x%) ;]=dL= sf] km/sdf a]gf{ ;fg'{kb{5 . t/ lj?jf kftnf] cyf{t !))x%) ;]=dL= km/sdf / dnvfb klg k|z:t lbOPsf] 5 eg] lj?jf $% ;]=dL= cUnf] ePkl5 d'Vo sf08 / kftaf6 cfPsf] b'O{j6f d'gf dfq /fvL pQm Ps d'gfnfO{ Pstkm{ / csf]{ d'gfnfO{ ;f6fsf] csf]{ tkm{ nu]/ afFWg' kb{5 . b'j} d'gfsf] klg sf08 / kftsf] jLraf6 knfPsf] Ps d'gf dfq /fvL afFsL x6fOlbg' kb{5 . af]6sf] cGo grflxg] efuaf6 knfO{ cfPsf ;j} d'gfx?nfO{ x6fOlbg' kb{5 .

Yffqmf lbg]

cfjZostf cg'?k af]6nfO{ yfs|f lbg' k5{ . yfs|f glbO{ af]6 9n]df pTkfbg w]/}g} sd x'G5 . k|To]s $ af]6sf] km/sdf xf]rf] af]6sf] nflu &% ;]=dL= / cUnf] x'g] hftsf] nflu hldgsf] ;txaf6 !&% ;]=ld=nfdf] dfly afF;sf] vDaf uf8\g] / #)–$% ;]=dL=sf] km/sdf afF;sf] ;f6f÷ef6f $–% tx afFWg] .

cfDbfgL vr{ 3/ pTkfbg -s]=hL=_ Vfr{ -?k}ofF_ cfDbgL -?k}ofF_ Knfli6s leq ())) s]=hL= (),))).– @,&),))).– Knfli6s jflx/ #,))) s]=hL= #),))).–

$)))).– (),))).–

klxnf] jif{ Knfli6s 3/ nfut ;lxt, To;kl5sf] jif{df #)–$) xhf/ k|lt/f]kgL vr{ nfUg] .

16 -

v';f{gL xfjfkfgL

v';f{gL v]tLsf nfuL ^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO / @) b]lv #@ ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . tfks|d #* l8=;]= eGbf dfly / cfb|tf sd ePdf kmn / km"n sd nfU5 . kfgLsf] /fd|f] lgsf; ePsf] bf]d6 df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 . v]t vghf]t ubf{ nueu #) ;]=ld= cyf{t ! lkm6 hlt vGg' kb{5 .

a]gf{ ;fg]{ ;do

kxf8 M df3–h]7 t/fO{ M ;fpg–df3

hftx?

:yfgLo M csa/], lh/], :yfgLo lk/f] ljsl;t M Hjfnf, ;"o{d'vL, k';f, ofT;'km';f, rGb|d'vL, hL–$ a0f{z+s/ M Pg=P;=!&)!, Pg=P;=!&!!, sdf{ &%&, sdf{ &&&

aLp b/

pGgtM #) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL j0f{z+s/M !) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL j]gf{ eP k|lt /f]kgL @)))–@%)) jf]6

nufpg] b'/L

nfOg–nfOgM ^) ;]=ld= – !)) ;]=ld= af]6–af]6M $% ;]=ld=– ^) ;]=ld=

sl/a #) b]lv #% lbgsf] j]gf{ hf8f]ofddf %–^ kft] / jif{fofddf &–* kft] xf]rf] j]gf{ ;fg]{

dnvfb÷k|lt /f]kgL

uf]a/ dn !)))–!%)) s]=hL= hdLg tof/L ubf{ o'l/of %– & lsnf] hdLg tof/L ubf{ #=% s]=hL=

lj?jf ;f/]sf] #) lbgdf !=&% s]=hL lj?jf ;f/]sf] ^) lbgdf !=&% s]=hL

lrn]6]8 lh+s &)) u|fd hdLg tof/L ubf{ l8=P=kL= &–!) lsnf] hdLg tof/L ubf{ af]/]S; !)) u|fd hdLg tof/L ubf{ Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; $–% lsnf] hdLg tof/L ubf{ hfOd ! s]=hL ld6 ldn–@% s]=hL= Tff]/Lsf] lkgf !) s]=hL= xl8\8sf] r"0f{ M @% s]=hL=

l;rfO

lxpFb] v';f{gLnfO{ !) b]lv !% lbgsf] km/sdf l;rfO ug{'k5{ .

6k 8«]l;ª

klxnf] k6s @) lbg kl5 / To;kl5 x/]s @ k6s afnL lnPkl5, o"l/of / l8=P=kL= !–@ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] 6k 8«]l;ª ug]{ .

17 -

h}ljs ljlw h}ljs dn

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=, uf]a/ dn !%)) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ª

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_M !=@% s]=hL=÷k|lt /f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL÷k|lt /f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .

pTkfbg M

v';f{gL a]gf{ ;f/]sf] ^) b]lv &% lbgdf kmNg ;'? x'G5 . kxf8df h]7–c;f]h / t/fOdf sflt{s–r}tdf pTkfbg tof/ x'G5 . :yfgLo xl/of] M #)) b]lv %)) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL ljsl;t xl/of] M ^)) b]lv *)) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL a0f{z+s/ xl/of] M !%)) b]lv @))) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL

d'Vo /f]ux?

df]Hofs efO/; / cf]Onfpg] /f]u v';f{gLdf nfUg] d"Vo /f]ux? x'g . df]Hofs efO/; nfu]sf kftx? u'h'd'lhG5g / la?jf kx]nf] x'Fb} hfG5 . of] /f]u nfu]sf] la?jfx? pvn]/ hnfpg' kb{5 . cf]Onfpg] /f]u nfUg' eGbf klxn]g} df6f]df pkrf/ ug{' clt h?/L x'G5 . pkrf/ ug{ lg;uf{ 6«fOsf]8df{ % u|fd ! ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ Aof8 ePsf] a]gf{df 5g]{ of df6f]df k|of]u ubf{ a]gf{ /f]Kg'eGbf cuf8L ;'s]sf] uf]a/nfO{ cem /fd|/L ;'sfO{ dl;gf] u/L r'6L lg;uf{ @=% s]=hL= uf]a/df ldnfO{ ! /f]kgLdf 5g{'k5{ of 3'DtLafnL nufpFbf klg of] /f]u lgoGq0f x'G5 . ldN8\o' M kftsf] dflyNnf] efudf kx]+nf bfux? / tNnf] efudf skf; h:tf] cfpg] .

/f]syfd ;~rf/ @ u|fd k|lt=ln= kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ .

;]tf] 9';L ;'?df kft / sf08sf] ;txdf ;fgf ;]tf bfu b]lvg] kl5 ;Dk"0f{ kftdf v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .

pkrf/ s]/fy]g @ ld=ln= jf ;Nkm/ w'nf] @ u|fd ÷ln6/ kfgLDff ldnfO{ 5s{g] . l;=Pd=le=Mkftsf] gzf kx]nf] eO{ cufl8sf] a[l4 /f]lsG5 .

pkrf/

/f]uL af]6nfO{ pv]n] km\ofSg] /f]u ;fg]{ ls/f dfg{ /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn=k|lt ln=kfgLsf b/n] 5g]{ . cfOnfpg] /f]uaf6 jrfpgsf] nflu afnL rs| ckgfpg]÷t/ e]8] v';f{gL, d6/, uf]ne]8f cfn' h:tf ;f]nfg];L kl/jf/s lj?jfx? eg] jfnL rs|df k|of]u ug'{ x'b}g .

xfgLsf/s sL/f Joj:yfkg /fO8 af PS;g @ u|fd k|lt ln=kfgLsf b/n] ld;fO{ 5g]{ .

;ef]{ !) u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .

cfDbfgL vr{ M s'n cfDbfgL– ?=@))))–#)))) s'n vr{– ?=*)))–!)))) v'b cfDbfgL– ?=!))))–@@)))

18 -

e]8] v';f{gL

xfjfkfgL

^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO / @$ b]lv #% ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . #% l8=;]= eGbf a9L tfks|d eof] eg] kmn nfUb}g . o;n] t'iff/f] vKg ;Sb}g . Hofb} udL{, cf]l;nf] / afbn nfUg] df};ddf kmn s'lxg] /f]u a9L nfU5 .

aLp tyf a]gf{ b/

&% –!)) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL . a]gf{ @))) – @%)) af]6 k|lt /f]kgL .

nufpg] b'/L

nfOg–nfOg ^) ;]=dL=/ af]6–af]6 $% ;]=dL=

/f]Kg] ;do / afnL lng] ;do

hftx? pRr kxf8 dWo kxf8 a]F;L, vf]r / t/fO{ Soflnkmf]lg{of cf]G8/ tyf cGo xfOla|8 hft

r}t – j}zfv Dff3 – kmfNu'0f ebf}– c;f]h

afnL lng] ;do c;f/ – ebf} j}zfv –c;f/ dªl;/ –Dff3

dnvfbsf] k|of]u M s]hL k|lt /f]kgL

Uff]j/ dn – !%)) s]=hL= o'l/of –% s]=hL= lh+s lrn]6]8 –!)) u|fd l8=P=kL=–!) s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8df{ dn – %) s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; – % s]=hL= Aff]/]S; – !)) u|fd Tff]/Lsf] lkgf –!) s]=hL= ld6 ldn–@) s]=hL= xl8\8sf] r"0f{ M@) s]=hL= hfOd– ! s]=hL=

6k 8«]l;ª

o"l/of @ s]=hL= / l8=P=kL= # s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] klxnf] k6s a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @)–@% lbg kl5, bf];|f] k6s km"n k'mNg' cl3 / To;kl5 x]/s @ k6s afnL lnPkl5, 5g]{ . To:t} kmn l6Kg yfn] kl5 sDtLdf b'O{ k6s kmn l6k] kl5 ufO{e};Lsf] lk;fa Ps efu lk;fa % efu kfgL ld;fO x/]s af]6n] %) – !)) ld=ln= sf b/n] kfpg] ul/ af]6sf] jl/kl/ 5g]{ .

h}ljs ljlw h}ljs dn

lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=÷/f]kgL a];n 8f]h h}ljs dn afof] kml6{nfOh/ sDKn]S; @=% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ uf]j/sf] dn M !%)) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL

19 -

6k 8«l;ª

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL la?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .

l;+rfO M l8«k l;+rfO pko"Qm x'G5 . -a]gf{sf] sf08 b]lv l8«ksf] Kjfn @–# ;]=dL= 6f9f /fVg]_

pTkfbg

j0f{zªs/ hftM ^))–!))) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL cGoM %)) – ^)) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL

afnL ;+/If0f /f]u / sL/f

y|LK; , ;'n;'n] / nfxL ;f ;fgf ls/fx? x'g . y|LK; sf] nflu g'efg ! Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ % lbgsf] km/sdf tLg k6s 5g]{ . / ;'n;'n ]sf] nflu cf]dfO{6 @ Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ . nfxLsf] nflu /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{]{ / PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:Yffkg ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .

cf]Onfpg]

kfgLsf] lgsf;sf] k|jGw ug]{, /f]u nfu]sf] la?jf x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, a}le:6Lg=÷6«fOsf]8df{n] 8«]+Gr ug]{ .

PGyfSgf]h / kmn ;8\g]

of] /f]u 9';Lsf] sf/0faf6 x'G5 / o;n] b'O{ lsl;dn] c;/ kb{5– != af]6sf] 6'Kkf jf d'G6fx? cf]OnfOP/ kfgLn] leh]h:tf] eO{ af]6 db{5 . @= xl/of] jf kfs]sf] /ftf] kmndf u9]sf] af6'nf] kmn kl5 k/fn] /ª eO{ leqL efudf 9';L nfU5 / kmn ;8\b5 . dfly pNn]v ePsf] /f]u nfUg'eGbf klxn] g} af]6 @) ;]ld ePb]lv AnfS6; of 8fOy]g Pd $% ljiffbL ! ln6/ kfgLdf @–# u|fd /fvL @–# k6s lbgsf] km/s u/L 5gf{n] /f]uaf6 arfj6 x'G5 .

kfp8/L ldnl8p jf ;]tf] w'n] /f]u

-v/fgL /f]u cyf{t kftdf ;]tf] 9';L b]lvg] /f]u_

of] sfFqmf], km;L{, l;dL, / l3/f}+nfdf ;d]t nfUg] /f]u xf] . of] 9';L a9L nfu]df af]6af6 pTkfbg x'g'kg]{ kmn pTkfbg g} geO{ af]6 ;'s]/ hfg] ePsf]n] ;dod} ljiffbL 5g'{kb{5 . of] Gofgf] ;'Svf df};ddf km}lng] /f]u xf] . of] xfjf / r/faf6 ;b{5 . kftx?df k'/} lk7f] h:tf] ;]tf]n] 9fSt5 . kftdf v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .

;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgL b/n] ld;fO{ 5g]{, Jff, s]/fy]g @ ld=ln= jf ;Nkm/ w'nf] !=% u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g] af]6 !%–@) ;]= ld= ePb]lv Soflnl;og emf]n ! ln6/ kfgLdf @ ldln jf kf]ln/fd kfp8/

$ u|fd ! ln6/ kfgLdf !%–!% lbgsf] km/s u/L @–# k6s 5gf{n] /f]u lgoGq0f x'G5 /f]uL kft x6fP/ ;'/lIft t/Lsfn] gi6 ug]{ .

20 -

kft u'hd'lHhg] /f]u

of] efO/;af6 x'g] /f]u xf] . kftx? v'lDrP/ st} kx]Fnf] / st} uf9f xl/of] efu b]lvG5 . kftsf] cfsf/ 36\5 . km'n / kmn sd nfU5, kmn klg lau|]sf] x'G5 . vfgnfO{ pko'Qm gx'g] / af]6 klg a9\g g;sL la?jfsf] cfsf/ g} lau|]sf] x'G5 .

/f]usf] lgoGq0f

of] sL/faf6 ;g]{ ePsf]n] af]6sf] prfO @)–@% ;]ld ePb]lv g} !% lbgsf] km/s u/L @ k6s g'efg, /f]u/, 8f]d, An'd oL dWo] s'g} Ps ljiffbL emf]n @ ld=ln= k|lt ! ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5gf{n] sL/f lgoGq0f x'G5 .

kft a6fl/g] -df]hfOs efO/;_

of] /f]u klg efO/;af6 x'g] ePsf]n] /f]u nfu]sf kftx? tnlt/ a6fl/G5g\ / ;fgf kft x'G5g\ . af]6 a9\g g;Sg] / km'n klg km'Ng gkfpFb} la?jfx? c:j:y e} af]6sf] cfsf/ g} a]?k x'G5 .

/f]uL lj?jf pv]n]/ uf8\g] jf hnfpg] .

/f]u ;fg]{ ls/f dfg{ /f]u/ @ Pd=Pn= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{

/f]u sdug{ !)) Pd=Pn= sfFrf] b'w k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{

ls/f lgoGq0f

af]6sf] prfO !%–@) ;]=ld= ePb]lv g} jf km'n km'Ng'cufl8 g} sL6fgfzs ljiffbL @–# k6s wgjfg, g'efg, 8f]d, An'd oLdWo] Ps ljiffbL ! ln6/ kfgLdf @ ldln /fvL 5gf{n] sL/f lgoGq0f x'G5 . af]6 ;f/]sf] !)–!% lbgdf km]b g} sf6\g] sfnf] nfef{ nfUg] ePsf]n] k|To]s lg/LIf0f ug'{kb{5 . Ps /ftdf w]/} af]6 gf]S;fgL ug]{ ePsf]n] af]6sf] km]bdf n6\7Ln] df6f] vf]tnL x]bf{ sfnf] nfef{ sL/f x'g] ePsf]n] To:tf] a]gf{ sf6]sf] km]bdf vf]tnL sL/f dfl/lbg'kb{5 . ljiffbL 5/]/ lgoGq0f gx'g] ePsf]n] dfly pNn]v u/]sf] k|ljlwsf] k|of]u ug'kb{5 . kmn ahf/df n}hfg' eGbf !) lbg cufl8 b]lv ljiffbL 5g'{ x'Fb}g .

cfDbfgL–vr{ -k|lt /f]kgL_

hDdf cfDbfgL M– ?=@$,)))– ?=$),))).– pTkfbg nfut M– ?=!),)))– ?=!@,))).– v'b gfkmf M– ?=!$,)))– ?=@*,))).–

ls/f lgoGq0fsf 3/]n' pkfox?

%= dlÝt]n / ;fa'g kfgL M Ps 8Nnf n'uf w'g] ;fa'gnfO{ dl;gf] 6'qmf agfP/ % ln6/ kfgLdf /fv]/ dl;gf] 6'qmf agfP/ gklUnpgh]n;Dd pdfNg] /fd|f];+u ;fa'g kfgL kUn]kl5 lr;f] kf/]/

To;df @–# rf}yfO{ dl6\t]n jf l8h]n ld;fpg], pQm ld>0fnfO{ t/sf/L afnLdf leHg]u/L 5gf{n] nfxL sL/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

^= ;'lt{sf] af]6 M ;'lt{sf] ;'s]sf] kft !%) u|fd, cyjf ;'lt{sf] ;'s]sf] 8fF7 @)) u|fd jf sfFrf] kft %)) u|fdnfO{ 6'qmf kf/L dl;gf] u/L lkw]/ To;df ! ln6/ kfgL ! /ft lehfP/

ef]nL kN6 kft'nf] sk8fn] 5fGg] ,emf]n tof/ kfg]{, / ! ln6/ ;kmf kfgLdf ld;fP/ & lbgsf] km/sdf 5gf{n] nfxL / km8\s] ls/fsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

21 -

e06f v]tL

xfjfkfgL

^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO{ / !% b]lv #@ ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] Gofgf] xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . !% b]lv @! ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] :yfgdf pTkfbg /fd|f] x'G5 . anf}6] / kFfuf]+ df6f]df v]tL ug{ pko"Qm x'G5 .

/f]Kg] ;do / hft

Hfftx? dWo kxf8 t/fO{ g"sL{ Dff3–kmfNu'0f ebf}– c;f]h ;nf{xL xl/of] Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s kk{n nª Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s Kff]v/f n"sL{ Dff3–kmfNu'0f ebf}–sflt{s a]lg3f6 ;]tf] Dff3–kmfNu'0f ebf}–sflt{s jL/u+h ;]tf] Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s cf;f Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s ;fDnL Dff3–kmfNu'0f c;f]h–sflt{s

a]gf{

a]gf{sf nflu kfxf8df d+l;/ b]lv r}q ;Dd / t/fO{df ebf} b]lv sflQ{s ;Dd ljp 5g{' k5{ . udL{ ;dodf ljp 5/]sf] 5 eg] Ps dlxgfdf a]gf{ tof/ x'G5 eg] hf8f] ;dodf $) b]lv %) lbg nfU5 . ;fwf/0f to ^ b]lv * kft] la?jf ;fg{ pko"Qm x'G5 . k|lt /f]kgL @% u|fd aLpsf] b/n] a]gf{ tof/ x'G5 .

nufpg] b'/L

lxpbdf !@) ;]=ld=rf}8fO{sf] 8\ofª agfP/ nfOg–nfOg ^) ;]=dL=tyf af]6–af]6 ^) ;]=dL= u/]/ la?jf /f]Kg] t/ aiff{tdf ;fg]{ a]gf{sf] nflu $% ;]=ld=rf}8fO{sf] 8\ofª agfP/ Ps 8\ofªdf Ps nfO{g dfq la?jf /f]Kg' k5{ .

dnvfb k|lt /f]kgL

uf]a/ dn !%)) s]=hL -a];n 8f]h_ l8=P=kL= #) s]=hL o'l/of !) s]=hL Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; !) s]=hL

6k 8«]l;ª

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @), $) tyf ^) lbgdf k|To]s k6s !) s]=hL= o'l/of k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] pknAw u/fpg] . dn lbFbf lj?jfsf] d'Vo sf08af6 Ps s'/]t 6f9faf6 a]gf{ jl/kl/ cf}+7L cfsf/sf] @–# OGr ulx/f] s'n];f] jgfO{ k|ltaf]6 !) u|fdsf b/n] lbO{ df6f]n] k'g'{ kb{5 . dn lbPkl5 l;rfO ug{' k5{ t/ kfgL hDg lbg' x'b}g .

22 -

h}ljs ljlw -h}ljs dn_ h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_

6k 8«]l;ª

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 . o:t} x/]s b'O{ b]lv tLg k6s kmn l6k]kl5 ufO{e};Lsf] s'xfP/ /fv]sf] lk;fa ! efudf % efu kfgL ld;fP/ la?jfsf] km]bdf ;/b/ !)) ld=ln=sf b/n] lbPdf cem /fd|f] x'G5 .

pTkfbg dlxgf kxf8df r}t–c;f]h tyf t/fOdf dª\l;/–r}t

pTkfbg @)))–#))) s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL

afnL ;+/If0f d'Vo ls/fx?

sf08 tyf tyf km"n vfg] ujf/f] slnnf] sf08 tyf k'mn vfO{ lj?jfnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofpg] .

k|efljt efunfO{ x6fpg], afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], km]/fdf]go'Qm 6«ofksf] k|of]u ug]{, Pg=kL=eL=@ Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf jf jf]// uf8{ ! ld=ln=k|lt ln= kfgLdf jf s]/fGhLg @Ü -@ Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLDff_ ld;fO{ 5g]{ .

v]tjf/Lsf] s'gfdf /ft k/]kl5 cfuf] afNg] .

lgdsf] emf]n !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .

kmn nfUg' cufl8 jf kmn l6k]kl5 yfof]8]g @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !) – !% lbgsf] km/sdf b'O{ k6s 5s{g' kb{5 . t/ of] 5s]{ kl5 !) lbg kl5 dfq kmn l6Kg' kb{5 .

nfxL sL/f kftsf] tNnf] efu tyf d'gfdf a;]/ /; r';]/ lj?jfnfO{ c;/ k'¥ofp5 .

/f]u/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5s{g' kb{5

yfof]8]g !=% ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ !) lbgsf] km/sdf la?jf leHg] u/L 5s{g' kb{5 .

/f]ux?

!=kmf]df]S;L; JnfO6 nIf0f k|ydM kft / a]gf{df b]lvG5, ;'?sf] cj:yfdf ;fgf] v}/f] l/ªh:tf] b]lvG5 / kl5 j[l4 x'g

uO{ nIf0f kmndf ;d]t b]lvG5 / cGtdf s'lxG5 .

# jif]{ afnLrqm k|0ffnL ckgfpg], k|efljt efunfO{ x6fOlbg], ulx/f] vghf]t ug]{, SofK6fg, yfO/d jf cGo sk/hGo 9'l;gf;s ljiffbL @ b]lv # u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ug]{ .

aLpdf a]leli6g )=% k|ltztn] k|of]u ug]{, tftf] kfgLn] aLpnfO{ %) l8=;]=df #) ldg]6 pkrf/ ug]{, g;{/L Aof8df lsgf]l;n ljiffbL k|of]u ug]{

@= a]S6]l/on cf]Onfpg] Uff]ne]+8fdf h:t} ckgfpg]

23 -

Kofh v]tL

xfjfkfgL

Kofh v]tL ^) –@^)) dL=prfO{ / tfkss|d @)–#) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]qdf x'G5 . a9L pTkfbgsf] nflu v's'nf], k|z:t k|fËfl/s kbfy{ ePsf] jnf}6] b'd6 df6f] pko'Qm x'G5 .

a]gf{ /f]Kg] ;do

If]q a]df};dL Dff};dL kxf8 ;fpg–ebf} k';–df3 pRr kxf8 h]7–c;f/ a}zfv–h]7 t/fO{ ;fpg–ebf} dª\l;/–k'if

Hfftx? M

a]df};dLM Pu|L kmfp08 8fs{ /]8, ckm l;hg–! Dff};dL M /]8 lqmof]n -kxf8_, /]8lqmon / gfl;s /]8 %# -t/fO{_, k';f /]8

aLp b/

$))–%)) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL -#),))) – ##,%)) jf]6_ Jof8M ! ld6/ rf}8fO / !% b]lv @) ;]=dL= -sl/j ! ljQf_ prfO{

nufpg] b'/L

nfOg–nfOg !%–@) ;]=ld= / af]6–af]6 !% ;]=ld=

dnvfb÷/f]kgL

uf]a/ dn -sDkf]i6 dn_ !%)) s]=hL= hdLg tof/ ubf{ o'l/of & – * s]=hL= $=% s]=hL=hdLg tof/L ubf{

@=@% s]=hL=lj?jf ;f/]sf] #) lbg leq @=@% s]=hL=lj?jf ;f/]sf] ^) lbg leq

l8=P=kL= ^ s]=hL hdLg tof/L ubf{ Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; !) s]=hL hdLg tof/L ubf{ ld6 ldn @% s]=hL= )=() u|fd k|lt af]6 Tff]/Lsf] lkgf @% – !)) s]=hL= )=() – #=^ u|fd k|lt af]6 hfOd dn ! s]=hL af]/]S; !)) u|fd ;Nkm/ ! – @ s]=hL lh+s lrn]6]8 !)) u|fd xl8\8sf] r"0f{ %)–!)) s]=hL

6k 8«]l;ª

a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @), $) / %) lbgdf o'l/of / u]8f dn %÷% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] k|of]u ug]{ .

h}ljs ljlw h}ljs dnM h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ tyf lgd s]s–@ s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL, hUuf tof/ ubf{ k|of]u ug]{ .

24 -

6k 8«]l;ª h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .

pTkfbg dlxgf If]q a]df};dL Dff};dL

kxf8 sflt{s– dª\l;/ h]7 pRr kxf8 Efbf}–sflt{s Efbf}–sflt{s t/fO{ sflt{s– dª\l;/ Rf}q–a}zfv pTkfbg M !%))–@))) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL

/f]u tyf ls/f lgoGq0f M ly|K; ls/f Kofhdf nfUg] d'Vo ls/f xf] . of] w]/} ;fgf] tyf kx]nf] /Ësf] x'G5 . oL ls/fx?n] la?jfsf] kftdf a;]/ /; tyf sdnf] efu sf]q]/ vfOlbG5g . o;sf] sf/0fn] kftdf ;]tf tyf xnsf kx]nf wAafx? b]lvG5g\ .

Dff]gf]qmf]6f]km; jf /f]u/ jf yfof]8]fg jf g'efg dWo] s'g} Pp6f laiffbL @ ld=ln= k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ %– & lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ jf ;ef]{ !) ld=ln= kfgLdf /fv/] 5/]df ly|K; / dfO6 ls/fsf] /f]syfd x'G5

k|fËf/Ls tl/sf ckgfpg] xf] eg] a]gf{ ;f/]b]lv g} lg/Gt/ ?kdf hLjft' emf]ndn ! efudf # efu kfgL ld;fO{ xKtfdf @ –# k6s # – $ dlxgf ;Dd af]6 tyf h/f leHg] u/L 5g]{

8fpgL ldN8\o' of] /f]u nfu]df j[l4 /f]lsg hfG5, v}/f] /ªsf] 9';L kftdf b]lvG5 / cGtdf kx]+lng uO{ lj?jf db{5 .

6]s ldn jf ;~rf/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL Ps xDtfsf] km/sdf kfn}kfnf] # k6s 5g]{ .

/f]u nfu]sf] kft l6k]/ gi6 ug]{ .

sfnf] kf]sf] Kfftsf] ;txdf sfnf] wAaf b]lvG5 / km'6\bf sfnf] w'nf] lg:sG5 .

Pp6} hldgdf nuftf/ v]tL gug]{, SofK6fg÷yfO/fd÷a}le:6Lg @ u|fd÷s]=hL=sf b/n] ljpsf] pkrf/ ug]{

;~rf/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf AnfO6S; %) jf cnsk jf cg'sk jf wg's dWo] s'g} Ps laiffbL @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ la?jf tyf ;txsf] df6f] leHg] u/L & b]lv !) lbgsf] km/sdf :k|] ug]{ .

v}/f] ws]{ /f]u v}/f] ws]{ /f]usf nflu OG8f]lkmn Pd–$%, $ u|fd÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ !)–!% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .

cyjf

;~rf/ @ ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL 5g]{ jf AnfO6S; %) jf cnsk jf cg'sk jf wg's dWo] s'g} Ps laiffbL @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf 3f]n]/ la?jf tyf ;txsf] df6f] leHg] u/L & b]lv !) lbgsf] km/sdf :k|] ug]{ .

cfDbfgL vr{ a]df};dL Dff};dL s'n cfDbfgL ?=#),))).– ?= @@,%)).– s'n vr{ M?=!),))).– ?= *))),– Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=@),))).– ?=!$,))).–

Yfk Wofg k'¥ofpg' kg]{ M k|z:t lr:ofg ePsf] j]nfdf jfnL pv]Ng' x'b}g M %)–*) k|ltzt kft g9Nb} pv]Ng' x'b}g . b'O{ xKtf cufl8 jf]6x? n8fP/ dfq Kofh pv]Ng] M o"l/of dn k6s k6s k|of]u ug'{ x'b}g .

25 -

sfFs|f] v]tL

kl/ro

nx/] jfnL cGt/ut kg]{ of] afnLdf kfgLsf] dfqf w]/} x'gfn] udL{ ;dodf cToflws ljqmL x'G5, Knfli6ssf] ;'?ªdf hf8f]df klg pTkfbg ubf{ /fd|f] cfDbfgL ug{ ;lsG5 .

xfjfkfgL

^) b]lv !%)) ld6/ prfO / !* b]lv #% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] t'iff/f] ;xb}g / Gofgf] dg k/fp5 .

/f]Kg] ;do

kxf8 M dª\l;–df3 -u'Daf]h leq_ dWo kxf8M kmfu'g–h]i7, >fj0f–ebf} -v'nf If]q_ t/fO{ M kf}if–df3 -u'Daf]h leq_ >fj0f b]lv r}q -v'nf If]q_

hftx?

eStk'/ nf]sn -kxf8sf] nflu dfq}_, s';n], lgGhf, dflngf], dlxsf] xl/of], ;]tf] )(, kfO{g ;]6, lk|of,j]nL, ;'uf 8fog]i6L

aLp b/

@% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL pGgt hft –%)–&% u|fd k|lt /f]kgL

nufpg] b'/L

nfOg–nfOg !%)–@)) ;]=ld= tyf af]6–af]6 ^)–() ;]=ld= @%)–#)) jf]6 k|lt /f]kgL

dnvfb÷/f]kgL M -s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL_

uf]a/ dn– !)))–@))) s]=hL= o'l/of % s]=hL= lj?jf ;f/]sf] @) lbgdf @=%

lj?jf ;f/]sf] $) lbgdf @=% l8=P=kL= % s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; % s]=hL= 6«fOsf]8df{ dn @% s]=hL= ld6 ldn @%= s]=hL Tff]/Lsf] lkgf @) -!))_

cGoM Affof] jf 6]shfOd ! s]=hL=, lh+s lrn]6]8–!)) u|fd, Af]/f]g–!)) u|fd

26 -

h}ljs ljlw h}ljs dn

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ uf]j/ dn M!%))–@))) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ª

h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .

a9L km"n km'nfpg

a'd km"n 5g]{ M @ ld=ln=÷ln= -% b]lv #) lbgsf] km/sdf km"n km'Ng] a]nfdf 5g]{ / emf]n kf]6f; M % ld=ln=÷ k|lt ln6/ kfgL ld;fO{ 5g]{ .

pTkfbg dlxgf

kxf8M a}zfv–dª\l;/ t/fO{M r}t–dª\l;/

pTkfbg

!%))–@))) ls=÷/f]kgL

afnL ;+/If0f d'Vo ls/fx?

kmn s'xfpg] lemFuf

kmnleq k'mn kf5{ / kmn s'xfp5 .

PsLs[t afnL k|0ffnL cGtu{t km/f]ldg6«ofkdf–JofS6f];]/f sDkf]lh6 No"/ k|of]u ug]{ -$ 6«ofk÷/f]kgL_

Vfk6]

Kfftsf] tNnf] ;txsf] xl/of] efu sf]q]/ vfG5 .

km"n nfe|]nfO{ ;+sng u/L gfz ug]{ / lgdsf] k|of]u ug]{ .

stf]/f]kfOl/km; @ ld=ln=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfP/ kft / jf]6sf] h/f If]qdf df6f] /fd|/L leHg] u/L 5g]{ .

;]tf] lemFuf

kftsf] tNnf] efudf a:5 .

PS;g÷/fO8 @ u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLsf b/n] kftsf] tNnf] efudf kg]{ u/L 5g]{ .

d'Vo /f]ux?

8fpgL ldN8\o'

Kfftsf] dflyNnf] efudf kx]+nf bfux? / tNnf] efudf cf]l;nf] df};ddf sfnf] 9';L b]lvG5 .

6]s ldn jf ;~rf/ @ u|f=÷ln= kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g] .

27 -

/f]uL kft x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, sf6–5f6 u/]/ xfjf v]Ng] 7fFp lbg] . kftnfO{ v'Vvf /fVg] .

;]tf] 9';L

;'?df kft / sf08sf] ;txdf ;fgf ;]tf] bfu b]lvg] / kl5 ;Dk"0f{ kftdf v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .

s]/fy]g @–# ld=ln=÷ln6/ kfgLdf ldnfO{ 5s{g] jf ;ef]{ !) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ 5g]{ .

/f]uL kft x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, sf6–5f6 u/]/ xfjf v]Ng] 7fFp lbg] . kftnfO{ ;'Vvf /fVg] .

efO/; -df]hfOs_

Kfftsf] gzf kx]+nf] eO{ cufl8sf] j[l4 /f]lsG5 .

/f]uL af]6nfO{ pv]n]/ ˆofSg] / b'w @) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] !% lbgsf] km/sdf 5g]{ .

h}ljs ljlw kmn s'xfpg] lemFuf

kmnleq km"n kf5{ / kmn s'[xfpF5 .

PsLs[t afnL k|0ffnL cGtu{t JofS6f];]/f sDkf]lh6 No'/ k|of]u ug]{ -% 6«ofk÷/f]kgL_,

km;L{sf] /ftf] vk6] ls/f

h}ljs ljiffbL -sDKn]S;_ ^=@% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL, a]gf{ ;f/]sf] %–!) lbg kl5 .

d'Vo /f]ux? 8fpgL ldN8\o'

dflyNnf] ;txdf kx]+nf] bfu / tNnf] ;tx sfnf] skf; h:tf] 9';L cfpF5 .

/f]uL kft x6fpg], :j:y ljpsf] tyf a]gf{sf] k|of]u ug]{, afSnf] g/f]Kg] .

Kffp8/L ldN8\o' M v/fgL /f]u -kftdf ;]tf] 9';L b]lvG5_ .

lgdsf] t]n k|of]u ug]{, hldg ;kmf /fVg], emf/kft x6fpg], /f]uL kft x6fpg]

;ef]{ !) Pd=Pn=jf

/f]uL kft x6fpg], sf6–5fF6 u/L k|z:t xfjf v]Ng lbg], :j:y ljp–a]gf{ k|of]u ug]{, afSnf] g/f]Kg] .

cfDbfgL vr{

a]df};dL Dff};dL s'n cfDbfgL ?=@),))).– ?= $)))).– s'n vr{ M?=*,))).– ?= !@))),– Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!@))).– ?=@*,))).–

28 -

tLt] s/]nf xfjfkfgL

tLt] s/]nf v]tLsf nflu ^) – !%)) ld= prfO / @%–#% l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] Gofgf] / cfb|{ -cf]l;nf]_ xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . To:t} bf]d6, kfËf] / anf}6] df6f] tLt] s/]nf v]tLsf nflu pko"Qm x'G5 . df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{ w]/} x'g' kb{5 . l;+rfOsf] Joj:yf ePsf] 7fFpdf o;sf] v]tL udL{ofddf ul/G5 eg] afnLnfO{ kfgL hDgaf6 jrfpg lgsf;sf] pko"Qm k|jGw x'g' k5{ . o;n] t'iff/f] / lxpF vKg ;Sb}g . of] jfnL udL{ / jiff{ ofddf x'g] ePsf]n] g]kfnsf] t/fO{b]lv dWo kxf8L If]q;Dd o;sf] v]tL ul/G5 . df6f]sf] kL=Pr=^–& df of] ;k|G5 .

hftx?

Dfflxsf] xl/of], emnfl/, kfln, l6of, k';f a]df};dL, sf]ODa6f]/ nË

aLp b/ M %)–^) u|fd k|lt /f]kgL

aLp /f]Kg] / a]gf{ tof/ ug]{

tLt] s/]nfsf jLpx? cS;/ ;f]em} v]tjf/Ldf /f]lkG5 . k|lt vf]lkN6f b'O{ jLp kg]{ u/]/ /f]lkG5 . t}klg a]gf{x? Knfli6ssf y}nfdf klg sfFqmfsf] h:t} u/L pdfg{ ;lsG5 .

/f]Kg] ;do

Eff}uf]lns If]q nufpg] ;do afnL lng] ;do pRr kxf8 a};fv–h]7 c;f/–>fj0f

dWo kxf8 kmfu'g–r}t j};fv–h]7

vf]r / t/fO{ df3–h]7 r}t–>fj0f

afnL nufpg] b'/L

Ps xf/af6 csf]{ xf/sf] b'/L M !=% dL -% lkm6_

Ps af]6af6 csf]{ af]6sf] b'/L M )=&% dL b]vL !=) dL -@=% b]vL # lkm6_

Dfnvfbx? M s]hL k|lt /f]kgL

dn kl/0ffd k|lt vf8n uf]a/ dn -sDkf]i6_ !%))–@))) s]=hL ^– * s]=hL o'l/of !) s]=hL @) u|fd l8=P=kL= !) s]=hL @) u|fd Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f; % s]=hL !) u|fd 6«fOsf]8df{ dn @% s]=hL @%) u|fd cGoM lh+s lrn]6]8–!)) u|fd, Af]f/]S;–!)) u|fd, hfOd–! s]=hL=,df6f]sf] le6fdLg – ! s]=hL=

29 -

6k 8«]l;ª

lj?jf /f]k]sf] @),$),^) / *) lbgdf jf cGo nx/] afnLdf em} x/]s b'O{ rf]6L kmn l6lk;s] kl5 o'l/of / l8=P=kL= @–@ s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgLsf b/n] lj?jfsf] jl/kl/ cf}+7L cfsf/sf] s'n];f] agfO{ pQm s'n];f]df dn /fvL df6f]n] k'l/lbg'k5{ . yk dn lbPkl5 clgjfo{ ?kdf l;rfO ug{' k5{ . o:t} x/]s b'O{ b]lv tLg k6s kmn l6k]kl5 ufO{e};Lsf] s'xfP/ /fv]sf] lk;fa ! efudf % efu kfgL ld;fP/ la?jfsf] km]bdf ;/b/ lrof Unf;sf] ! – @ Unf;sf b/n] lbPdf cem /fd|f] x'G5 .

h}ljs ljlw h}ljs dn

afof] kml6{nfOh/ sDKn]S; @=% s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL jLp÷a]gf{ /f]Kg' eGbf klxn] /fVg] -!* tTj ePsf] _ uf]j/ dn M!)))–!%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ª

afof] kml6{nfOh/ sDKn]S; M h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ M !=@% s]=hL= ÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 / csf]{ !=@% s]=hL=÷/f]kgL lj?jf ;f/]sf] # dlxgf kl5 .

jLp /f]k]sf] @ dlxgfdf klxnf] kmn l6kfO{ ;'? x'G5 .

To;kl5 $–% lbgsf] cGt/ kf/L kmnx? l6Kb} hfg' k5{ .

Dfly pNn]v ul/Psf] cGt/df nutf/ kmn l6Kb} uPdf j9L pTkfbg x'G5 .

pTkfbg

!)))–@))) s]=hL=÷/f]kgL pGgt hftx?af6 a9L / c;n u'0f:tf/sf] kmn pTkfbg x'G5 .

afnL ;+/If0f d'Vo ls/fx?

kmn s'xfpg] lemFuf

kmnleq k'mn kf5{ / kmn s'[xfpF5 .

PsLs[t afnL k|0ffnL cGtu{t km]/f]ldg 6«ofk–So" No'/ JofS6«f];]/f sDkf]lh6 No"/ k|of]u ug]{ ;fy} dN6Llgd # Pd=Pn=k|lt=ln=kfgLdf jf ;ef]{ !) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln= kfgLDff 5g]{ .

/ftf] vk6] ls/f

Kfftsf] tNnf] ;txsf] xl/of] efu sf]q]/ vfG5 / gzf b]lvG5

Kf'mn nfef{nfO{ ;+sng u/L gfz ug]{, dlN6lgd # Pd=Pn= k|lt ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

/f]ux? 8fpgL ldN8\o'

dflyNnf] ;txdf kx]+nf] bfu / tNnf] ;tx sfnf] skf; h:tf] 9';L cfpF5 .

6]s ldn jf ;~rf/ @ u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLDff ld;fO{ 5g]{ .

/f]uL kft x6fO{ gi6 ug]{, k|z:t xfjf v]Ng] lj?jf sf6\–5fF6 ug]{, kftnfO{ ;'Vvf /fVg] .

30 -

;]tf] 9';L

;'?df kft / sf08sf] ;txdf ;fgf ;]tf] bfu b]lvg] / kl5 ;Dk"0f{ kftd v/fgL 5/]sf] h:tf] b]lvG5 .

;Nkm/ w'nf] @ u|fd jf ;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO{ k|of]u ug]{ .

/f]uL kft x6fP/ gi6 ug]{, k|z:t xfjf v]Ng lj?jf sf6–5fF6 ug]{, kftnfO{ ;'Vvf /fVg] .

Dff]hfOs efO/;

Kfftdf df]hfOssf] nIf0f b]lvg', kft rfpl/g', kft kx]+nf] tyf kft sRofss'r'Ss ePsf] b]lvG5 .

Kf|efljt af]6 pv]Ng], ufO{sf] b'w @) ld=ln= k|lt ln= kfgLDff ld;fO 5g]{ / e]S6/ lgoGq0f ug{ /f]u/ @ ld=ln=k|lt ln= kfgLDff ld;fO{ k|of]u ug]{ .

cfDbfgL vr{ -k|lt/f]kgL_

s'n cfDbfgL ?=@%,))).– s'n vr{ M?=*,))).– Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!&))).–

ls/f lgoGq0fsf 3/]n' pkfox?

&= v/fgL / dl6\6t]n M ^ 7"nf] rDrf dl6\6t]n ! s]=hL= v/fgLdf ld;fO{ ljxfg xKtfsf] @ k6s t/sf/L afnLdf 5gf{n] k|fo h;f] ;a} af]6 lj?jfsf] slnnf] efuaf6 /; r':g] ls/fx?sf] /f]syfd ug{ ;lsG5

*= uf]ne]8fsf] kft M ! s]=hL= uf]ne]8fsf] kftnfO{ dl;gf] 6'qmf kf/L % ln6/ kfgLdf /fv]/ pdfNg] To;kl5 sk8fn] 5fg]/ lgsfn]sf] emf]ndf 5gf{n] e'ml;nls/f,sfnf] ,xl/fof] lem+ufsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

(= ufO{ e};Lsf] d'q M ufO{ e};Lsf] d'q ;+sng u/L sl/a @$ 306f;Dd 3fd ;f]em} gnfUg] :yfgdf /fVg] To;df # efu ;kmf kfgL ld;fP/ %÷% lbgsf] km/sdf af]6 la?jf leHg] u/L 5gf{n] ldnLjs ly|K;,dfO6\;nfO{ e'ml;n ls/fsf] /f]syfd ug'{sf ;fy} 9';L hGo tyf efO/; hGo v';f{gLsf] kft a6fg]{ / uf]ne]8fsf] kft bf]afg]{ /f]usf] lgoGq0f ePsf] kfOPsf] 5 .

!)= lgdsf] bfgf tyf kft M kfs]/ em/]sf lgdsf bfgfx?nfO{ sf]6\ofP/ u'bL lgsfnL 3fddf ;'sfP/ dl;gf] w'nf] u/L lkw]/, w'nf] tof/ ug]{, %)) u|fdsf] lgdsf] w'nf] !)–@) ln6/ kfgLdf %)–!)) u|fd hlt n'uf w'g] ;a'g ld;fP/ ! /f]kgL hldgdf 5gf{n] km8\s] / kmf}hL sL/f nfxL, ujf/]f,wld/f cflbsf] lgoGq0f ug{ ;lsG5 .

!!= lgdsf] kftsf] k|of]u M ! s]=hL= lgdsf] kft % ln6/ kfgLdf /fv]/ ! /ft;Dd lehfPkl5 lgdkfgLnfO{ pdfNg] kfgLsf] xl/fof]kgf x/fPkl5 lems]/ lr;f] agfpg]

pQm % ln6/ tof/L emf]ndf c? % ln6/ ;kmf kfgL ld;fP/ , %–% lbgsf] km/sdf 5gf{n] ljleGg lsl;dsf sL/fx?sf] /f]syfk x'G5 .

31 -

l;dL xfjfkfgL ;LdL v]tLsf nflu ^) – @%)) ld= prfO / @%–#) l8u|L ;]lG6u|]8 tfkqmd ePsf] Gofgf] / ;'Vvf xfjfkfgL ePsf] If]q pko'Qm x'G5 . o;n] t'iff/f] / w]/} lr;f] ;xg ;Sb}g eg] w]/}g} udL{ df};ddf o;sf km'n / sf];fx? emg]{ ;d:of cfpg] ub{5 . To:t} bf]d6, kfËf] / anf}6] o;sf] v]tLsf nflu pko"Qm x'G5 . df6f]df k|fª\ufl/s kbfy{ w]/} x'g' kb{5 . df6f]sf] kL=Pr=%=&–^ df of] ;k|G5 . kxf8L If]qdf hf8f] dlxgfdf afx]s cGo ;dodf / t/fO{df hf8f] ofddf o;sf] v]tL ul/G5 .

/f]Kg] ;doM

ahf/ dfu tyf a]df};dL pTkfbgsf] nflu b]xfosf dlxgfdf :yfgcg';f/ v]tL ug{' pko'Qm x'G5M kxf8 M kmfu'g – ebf} t/fO{ M sflt{s–dª\l;/

hftx?

nx/f hfg] hftM s]Gt'sL jG8/, rf}df;], x\jfO6 kn{, rfOlgh sfnf], ;]tf] u]8] emfFlug] hftM sfh', sG6]08/

aLp b/

emfFlug] hft M $–% s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL nx/] hft M @–# s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL

nufpg] b'/L

emfFlug] hft M nfOg–nfOg ^)–&% ;]=ld= / af]6–af]6 $% ;]=ld= nx/] hft M nfOg–nfOg ()–!)) ;]=ld= / af]6–af]6 &% ;]=ld= l;+rfOM o;sf] v]tLsf] rs|df sl/a sl/a ^–& k6s;Dd kfgL lbg'kg]{ x'G5 . kfgL sd ePdf sf];f sd nfUg], aLp sd x'g], kmn kf]l6nf] gx'g] cflb x'G5 eg] km"n km"ng] a]nfdf lr:ofgsf] sdL ePdf pTkfbgg} sd x'g hfG5 .

Dfnvfbx? M s]hL k|lt /f]kgL

uf]a/ dn–!))) s]=hL= lh+s lrn]6]8–!)) u|fd

o'l/of–% s]=hL= Af]/]S;–!)) u|fd l8=P=kL=–!) s]=hL= hfOd–! s]=hL= Do'/]6 ckm\ kf]6f;–% s]=hL= /fOhf]ljod–!u|fd÷lsnf] aLp lk=P;=aL=–)=% Dff6f]sf] le6fdLg – ! s]=hL=

32 -

h}ljs ljlw h}ljs dn

lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL hUuf tof/ ubf{ h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ uf]j/ dn M !%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ª

a]gf{ /f]k]sf] dlxgf kl5 Ps yk dfqf h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ !=%=s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL

pTkfbg dlxgf

kxf8M a}zfv–sflt{s t/fO Msflt{s–r}q

pTkfbg

*))–!@)) s]=hL=

cfDbfgL vr{ -k|lt/f]kgL_

s'n cfDbfgL ?=@%,))).– s'n vr{ M?=*,))).– Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!&))).–

afnL ;+/If0f

sL/f

Yff]Kn] vk6] / nfxLsf] nflu /f]u/ !–Pd=Pn=÷! ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ / PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .

/f]u

PGy|]Sgf]hsf] nflu 8fOy]g Pd $% $ u|fd =k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

Kffp8/L ldN8\o' ;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

xfj

af]8l8u|ePlr;sf];an }lgsk|fªdf ul/

/f]Kg]

hft

v'd

;nP8La]d }kxfemfF

hft

aLp

Dfn

uf]a

o'l/l8=PDo'/]/fO

cGo

jfkfgL 8L v]tLsf nu|L ;]lG6u|]8 Psf] If]q p;f] ;xg ;S;fx? emg]{ ;nf}6] df6f] o;sf;sf] Aoaª\ufl/s kbfyof] ;k|G5 .

/G5 . ^)–&)

g] ;do

t

dn tg]

nf{xL tg] 8Lnf df};dL v]tLsf8df jif{sf] fFlug] hft M

tx?

pko"Qm emfFlug] nx/f h

p b/

emfFlug] nx/] hf

nvfbx? M s]h

a/ dn–!%)

/of–% s]=hL=P=kL=–!) s]/]6 ckm\ kf]6fOhf]ljod–! u

o -pknAw e

nflu ^) –tfkqmd epko'Qm x'GSb}g eg] w]/}g};d:of cfpg;sf] v]tLsfa:yf x'g cy{ w]/} x'g' k. kxf8L If]q) lbgdf jf]8

pRr kxf8

r}q – a}zfv

>fj0f–efb|

sf nflu c;f]@ k6s / tnfOg–nfOg

hftx? Vf'dhft–cfOl6l

hfg]–rfOlgh

hft M !=%–ft M @ s]=hL

hL k|lt /f]kg

)) s]=hL=

s=hL= f;–% s]=hL=u|fd÷lsnf] a

ePdf_ lkgf

!$)) ldePsf] Gofgf] G5 . o;ng} udL{ df};g] ub{5 . Tof nflu pkocToGt h?/Lkb{5 . df6f]sqdf hf8f] d8L l6Kg tof

8 dWo k

v >fj0f–df3 –df3 –ciff9–

fh – sfl{t{st/fO{df lr;f]^)–&% ;]=l

dn tg], ;nf{l8 *# #@$,#!@ /

–@ s]=hL= k|ltL=k|lt /f]kgL

gL

aLp

!)) s]=hL=

a

d= prfO / / ;'Vvf x

n] t'iff/f] ;ddf o;sf To:t} bf]d6, o"Qm x'G5 . /L x'G5 . sf] kL=Pr=$

dlxgfdf afx]sf/ x'G5 .

kxf8

–efb| / – r}t – kmfu'g – efb| s f dlxgf jfx]ld= / af]6–a

f{xL tg], slZ

/ $@$

lt /f]kgL

, af]gldn %

33 -

af]8L

@%–#% xfjfkfgL / w]/} km'n / kfËf] / kfgLsf] df6f]df

$=%–^=% s cGo ;

vf]r, t/fO{ efb|–c;f]h

efb|–c;f]hc;f]h– d+l

xs jif}{ e/L af]6 $%–^)

Zd/L tg], P8

lk=P;=aL

lh+s lrnAff]/]S;–!hfOd–!Dff6f]sf]

%) b]lv !))

;dodf / t/

a]l;, nfO

h !@)

h !@) l;/ &) -

o;sf] v]ltu;]=ld sf] b'/L

8Lnf cflb

aL=–%)) u|fd

n]6]8–!)) u|!)) u|fd s]=hL= le6fdLg – !

) s]=hL=k|lt

/fO{df hf8f]

nufpg] Og b]lv nfO-$ lkm6_

-$ lkm6_ -@ lkm6_

ug{ ;lsG5 ./Ldf nufOG5

d

u|fd

! s]=hL=

/f]kgL

ofddf o;

b'/L -;]=ld=_Og af]6 b]

#) -!

#) -! &) -@

5

sf] v]tL

blv af]6lkm6_

lkm6_ lkm6_

34 -

h}ljs ljlw h}ljs dn lgd s]s–@ s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL hUuf tof/ ubf{ h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ @=%=s]=hL=÷/f]kgL -!* tTj ePsf]_ uf]j/ dn M !%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL

6k 8«]l;ª a]gf{ /f]k]sf] @ dlxgf kl5 Ps yk dfqf h}ljs dn -sDKn]S;_ !=@%=s]=hL=k|lt /f]kgL

pTkfbg dlxgf kxf8M a}zfv–sflt{s t/fO M dª\l;/–kmfu'g a}zfv–>fj0f

pTkfbg emfFlug] hft M %))–*)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL nx/] hft M !)))–!%)) s]=hL= k|lt /f]kgL

cfDbfgL vr{ -k|lt /f]kgL_ emfFu] hft nx/] hft hDdf cfo ?= !,%),))).– #),))).– ?=@%,))).– $%,))).–s'n vr{ M?=*,))).– ?= *,))),– ?=!@,))).– Vf'b cfDbfgL ?=!@))).– ?=&,))).– @@,))).– ?=!#,))).– ##,))).–

afnL ;+/If0f sL/f

nfxLsf] nflu yfof]8fg !–@ Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgLdf aLp /f]k]sf] ! dlxgfkl5 ;fy} yf]Kn] vk6] / nfxLsf] nflu /f]u/ !–@ Pd=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ / PsLs[t zq'hLj Joj:yfkg ljlw k|of]u ug]{ .

/f]u PGy|]Sgf]hM PGy|]Sgf]h /f]u 9';LhGo /f]u xf] . o;sf] d'Vo nIf0fdf kftsf] tNnf] ;txsf] g;fdf u8]sf v}/f bfux? nfUb5g . sf08df klg / slnnf] sf];fdf ;'?df leh]sf] / kl5 vf]laN6f k/]sf] v}/f] bfudf ;'Gtnf /Ësf] lsgf/f x'G5 .

a]le:6Lg @ – # u|fd k|lt s]=hL=sf b/n] ljpFsf] pkrf/ ug]{

af]6 @% – #) ;]=ld= -nueu ! lkm6_ ePkl5 8fOy]g Pd $% $ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ jf a]le:6Lg ! – @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fO 5g]{ .

;Nkm/sf] w'nf] jf ;fkm jf ;km}of jf sk/ cS;LSnf]/fO8 @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{

Kffp8/L ldN8\o' -w'n] 9';L jf v/fg]_M z'?df kftx?df lkmsf /Ëdf ablnPsf] efux? b]lvG5g . To:tf efux?df ;]tf] w"nf] 5/]sf] h:tf] 9";L pd|]sf] b]lvO{ kl5af6 ;a} efu 9flsG5g\ . To:tf] nIf0f h/f afx]s ;a} efudf nfUb5 . /f]u nfu]sf] sf];f e08f/0fdf l56f] s'lxG5 .

;ef]{ t]n !) Pd=Pn=÷ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ 5g]{ .

ufO{a:t'sf] /fd|/L s'xLPsf] lk;fj ! efudf !) efu kfgL ld;fP/ lj?jf leHg] u/L 5g]{ .

l;Gb'/] /f]uM kftdf nfUg] l;Gb'/] /f]usf nflu dfly atfOP cg';f/ ufO{a:t'sf] lk;fa k|of]u ug]{ ;fy} gLnf] t'yf] / r'gf sf] ;lDd>0f agfO{ kfgLdf 3f]nL 5g]{ .

35 -

kmnkm"n tyf t/sf/L afnL ljz]if k|ljlw != h/f a9fpg]

/]nL uf]N8 -dfOsf] /fO{hf, h}ljs dn_

a]gf{ /f]Kg' cl3 !) u|fd @) ln= kfgLdf ld;fP/ #) ldg]6;d h/fnfO{ 8'jfpg] of] !) u|fdn] !))) af]6nfO{ kof{Kt x'G5 .

emf]n km:km/; % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf ld;fO{ a]gf{ ;fg]{ ljlts} 5g]{ . !) lbgkl5 ! k6s bf]xf]¥ofpg] .

emf]n km:kmf]/; % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf a]gf{ pd|g] ljlQs} Jof8df klg 5g{ ;lsG5 .

@=sf08 j9fpg] jf lj?jfnfO{ ltj| ultdf a9fpg] .

/]l8sn -Pldgf]Pl;8 ;lxtsf] ;"Id tTj_

@ u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] @),$),^) / *) lbgdf 5g]{ .

#= h/f tyf sf08 j9fpg]

a]hf]8 -gf=kmf]=kf]=@) M@) M@)_ % u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLdf a]gf{ ;f/]sf] !%,#),$%,^) / &% lbgdf 5g]{ .

$= km"n j9fpg]

a'd ˆnfa/ @ Pd= Pn= k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL sf]lknf nfUg' cl3 !) lbgsf] km/sdf @ k6s 5g'{ kb{5 .

lk=s]=kml6{ldS; -emf]n kf]6f;_ % u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] km"n km'Ng' eGbf klxn] 5g]{ .

%= kmn ljsf;df ;3fp k'¥ofpg]

emf]n kf]6f;–% Pd=Pn=k|lt ln= kfgLdf /fvL kmn nfu]b]lv l6Kg'cl3 !) lbgsf] km/sd @ k6s 5g]{ . o;af6 tkl;nsf] kmfObf x'G5 .

kmn / km"n emg{ sd kmnsf] cfsf/ / tf}ndf a[l4 kmndf cfsif{s /ª / hDdf 7f]; kbfy{sf] j[l4df d2t ub{5 . /f]u cj/f]ws Ifdtfdf j[l4 x'G5 .

^= lj?jfdf tgfa jf b'v sdug]{ jf /f]Sg]

Pu|L k|f] # u|fd k|lt ln= kfgLDf /fvL a]gf{ /f]k]kl5 tyf r/d a[l4 / kmnsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf 5g]{ . cyjf

cf;foL ! Pd=Pn=k|lt !) ln= kfgLdf /fvL j]gf{ /f]k]kl5 tyf r/d a[l4 / kmnsf] ljsf;sf] cj:yfdf 5g]{ .

36 -

Knfli6s 3/df t/sf/L v]tL k|ljlw Knfli6s 3/sf] gd'gf / cfsf/

prfO M Knfli6s 3/sf] lgdf{0f ubf{ ;d'Gb«L ;tx jf6 v]lt ug]{ :yfgsf] prfO{ tfks|d cfb|tf xfjfsf] jxfjsf] lbzf tyf v]lt ug]{ afnLsf] hftdf ljrf/ k'¥ofpg' k5{ .

prfO{ -hldgsf] prfO{_ jLrsf] -w'/L_ vfFjfsf] prfO{ 5]psf] vfjfF *))–!!)) ld $ ld= -!#lkm6_ # ld=-!) lkm6_ !!))–!$)) #=% ld=-!!=% lkm6_ @=% ld=-* lkm6_ !$))–!()) # ld= -!) lkm6 _ @ ld= -^=% lkm6_ nDjfO M !)–@% dL -hldgsf] kof{Kttfsf] cfwf/df e/k5{_

rf}8fO M %–^ ld6/ :yfg M slDtdf ^ 306f eGbf j9L b}lgs 3fd nfUg],xfjf v]Ng] t/ x'/L jtf; grNg] 7fpF 5fGg] .

Knfli6ssf] df]6fO

$% hL=P; Pd=sf] o'eL l;Nkf]lng k|of]u ug]{ t/

cl;gfsf] hf]lvd If]qdf eg] ()–!)) lh=P;=Pd= k|of]u ug'{ kb{5 .

9fSg] ;do

h]7 b]lv df3;Dd a9L udL{ x'g] 7fFpdf Knfli6s 3/ lgdf{0f ubf{ xfjf cf]xf]/ bf]xf]/ ug]{ 7fFp (Ventilation) ePsf] jgfpg' kb{5 . To:t} cToflws lr;f] x'g] 7fFpdf u'df]h cfsf/sf] 3/ pko"Qm x'G5 .

afnL rs| -pbfx/0f_

uf]ne]+8f–/fof]÷wlgofF–sfpnL÷Kofh

lgdf{0f k|lqmof / lgdf{0fdf k|of]u x'g] j:t'x?

bIf hgzlQm

;n{Ss k/]sf] afF;

xfjf axg] lbzflt/ kmsf{P/ 3/sf] lgdf{0f ug'{ kb{5 .

le/fnf]kgdf () l8u|Lsf] sfGnf kf/]/ lgdf{0f ug'{ k5{ .

lsnf, tf/

l;+rfOsf] k|of]u

3/sf] nDjfO tyf rf}8fO / nufO{Psf] jfnL cg';f/ pko"Qm yf]kf l;+rfO k|of]u ug]{

# Aof8, df6f]

#=! ;f]n/fO{h];g

() ;]dL rf}8fO / cfjZostf cg';f/sf] nDjfOsf] Jof8 jgfpg] . tof/L Jof8nfO{ l;+rfO u/L Jof8 lr;f] jgfpg] .

37 -

o;/L tof/ ul/Psf] Jof8nfO{ ;]tf] @%) uhsf] Knflisn] xfjf gl5g]{ u/L 6Dd 5f]Kg] . of] 5f]Kg] sfd u/d df};d cyf{t\ a}zfvb]lv ebf};Dd sl/j $–^ xKtf;Dd ug{ /fd|f] x'G5 . o;f] ugf{n] df6f]df ePsf /f]u ;fy} emf/sf] ljp, ls/fsf c08f, nfe|], hLjf0f' gf; x'g]5g\ .

#–$ xKtfkl5 Knfli6s Jof8af6 x6fO{ @–# lbgkl5 pQm Jof8nfO{ k|of]u ug{ ;lsG5 . t'?Gt} aLp cflb g5g]{ xf] eg] Knfli6s x6fpg' x'Fb}g . hlt a]nf aLp 5g]{ xf] Tolt a]nf dfq} Jof8af6 Knfli6s x6fpg' kb{5 .

#=@ kmdf{lngåf/f Jof8sf] pkrf/

olb ;f]nf/fO{h];g ug{ EofOPg eg] dflys} h:t} tof/ ul/Psf] Jof8nfO{ !)) Pd=Pn=kmdf{lng k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] ld;fO{ k"/} Jof8 leHg] u/L :k|] ug]{ / t'?Gt} Knfli6sn] *–!) lbg 5f]Kg] . Knfli6sn] 5f]Kg' eGbf klxn] Jof8nfO{ kfgLn] l;+rfO u/L lr;f] agfpg' kb{5 .

*–!) lbgkl5 Knfli6s x6fO{ Jof8sf] df6f]nfO{ cln–cln vf];|L $–% lbgkl5 dfq ljp /f]Kg' kb{5 . cGoyf t'?Gt} jLp /f]lkPdf kmdf{lngn] jLpsf] pd|g] zlQm gf; kfg{ ;Qm5 .

#=# 89]nf] nufpg]

cfkm'nfO{ cfjZos Jof8 jgfO;s]kl5 pQm Jof8nfO{ cln cln lr;f] agfO{ ;'s]sf kts/, 3fF;, k/fn cflbn] /fd|/L lkmhfO{ cfuf] nfufpbf klg Jof8df ePsf sL/f tyf /f]usf c08f, hLJff0f' cflb s]xL xb;Dd gi6 x'g]5g\ .

$=lap pkrf/

/f]u sd ug{] ljleGg tl/sf dWo] ;jeGbf tyf ;:tf] pkfo jLp pkrf/ ug'{ xf] .

t/sf/L afnLsf] jLp pkrf/ ug{ sf/a]lG8hd -;fkm af l/efO{e_ cflb aLp eGbf klxn] @ u|fd pQm ljiffbLn] ! s]=hL= aLpnfO{ /fd|/L Pp6f s'g} efF8f]df /fvL xNnfO{ pkrf/ ug'{ kb{5 .

t/ cfkm"n] k|of]u ug]{ aLpsf] kl/df0f Hofb} sd ePdf -% u|fd, !) u|fd_ dfly atfP cg';f/ pkrf/ ug{ sl7g x'G5 . o:tf] cj:yfdf @ u|fd ;fkm jf l/efO{e/ k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] tof/ u/L cfkm"n] pkrf/ ug'{ kg]{ ljp pQm tof/L emf]ndf #) ldg]6 eGbf a9L 8'afO{, s]lx j]/ cf]em]ndf ;'sfO{ /f]Kg' kb{5 .

o;/L klg pkrf/ ug{ ;lsPg eg] tof/L Jof8df jLp 5/L ;s]kl5 df6f]n] k'g'{eGbf klxn] dfly atfOPsf] ;fkm jf l/efO{e/ @ u|fd k|lt ln6/ kfgLsf b/n] agfOPsf] emf]nn] ljp / Jof8sf] df6f] /fd|/L leHg] u/L :k|]o/4f/f 5g'{ kb{5 / To;kl5 dfq df6f]n] aLpnfO{ 5f]Kg' kb{5 .

afX} dlxgf Pj+ nuftf/ Pp6} jf Ps} k|sf/sf t/sf/L afnLsf] v]lt ubf{ /f]u tyf sL/fsf] k|sf]k j9\g hfg'sf] ;fy} df6f]sf] cj:yf klg lju|g hfg] x'bfF Pp6f t/sf/L jfnL nufP kl5 e6df;, af]8L nufotsf] sf];]jfnL kl/jf/sf] afnL nufO{ km'n km'Ng] cj:yfdf k'u]kl5 df6f]df hf]t]/ 5f]l8lbg' /fd|f] x'G5 . Ps rf]6L jfnL lnO{;s]kl5 r}q b]vL h]i7 dlxgfsf] kfgL gkg]{ tyf j9L udL{ x'g] l;hgdf Knfli6s 3/sf] Knfli6s x6fP/ ;okqL km'n jf tf]/L /f]kL !–!=% dlxgfsf] ePkl5 df6f]df ldnfO{ kf/bzL{ Knfli6sn] #) b]lv $@ lbg ;Dd xfjf glbg] ul/ 5fk]df lgdf6f]8 tyf cGo df6f]df /x]sf sL/f tyf /f]usf hLjf0f' nfO{ lgoGq0f ug{ ;xof]u ub{5 .

38 -

g;{/L Joj:yfkg != Jof8df a]gf{ pdfg'{ kg]{ t/sf/L afnL

uf]ne]+8f÷6f]df6f], v';f{gL,e]8] v';f{gL

aGbf, sfpnL, Kofh,af]8L, l;dL

@= kf]lnJofudf a]gf{ pdfg'{ kg]{ afnL -a]df};dL pTkfbgsf] nflu_

sfFqmf], h'lsgL, nf}sf,kml;{, s/]nf, l3/f}nf cflb

#= pko"Qm :yfgM ljxfg b]lv j]n'sf ;Dd 3fd nfUg], dlnnf] bf]d6 df6f] ePsf], kfgL glhs, lgsf;sf] Joj:yf ePsf],af/ jGb]h ePsf] / ;lhn} x]/rfx ug{ ;lsg] .

jiff{ofdsf] nflu 8ofË p7fOPsf] g;{/L Jof8 rflxG5 eg] l;+rfO ;'ljwf /fd|f] gePsf] 7fFpsf nflu bj]sf] g;{/L 7Ls x'G5 . To:t} lxpb / udL{ df};ddf ;dy/ g;{/L agfpFbf x'G5 .

$= Jof8df a]gf{ pdfg]{ tl/sf

Ps /f]kgLdf t/sf/L v]tL ug{sf] nflu ! ld= rf}8fO / # ld= nDafOsf] -!% ;]=dL= prfO{ ePsf]_ @ j6f Jof8sf] cfjZostf kb{5 .

dlnnf] df6f] ePsf] 3fd nfUg], 9'ª\uf gePsf], /]vb]v ;lhn} ug{ ;lsg], kfgLsf] Joj:yf ePsf] hUuf 5gf}6 ug'{kb{5 . lrD6fOnf] df6f] 5 s]lx afn'jf ld;fpg' k5{ .

/fd|/L kfs]sf] w'nf] k|fª\ufl/s dn % s]=hL=k|lt ju{ ld=sf] b/n] Jof8df k|of]u ug]{ .

Jof8sf] rf}8fO af6 rf}8fO tkm{ !)–!@ ;]=ld=-kfFr pdn_ sf] km/sdf !–@ ;]=ld= ulx/f] s'n];f] agfO{ pQm s'n];f]df Ps–b'O{ pdnsf] km/sdf lap /f]Kg] . aLpnfO{ w'nf] uf]j/ dnaf u8\of}nL dn jf 6«fO{sf]8df{ dnn] kftnf] u/L k'/L ;'s]sf] k/fn cflbn] 5f]kL, 5fkf]dfly km"n emf/Ln] kfgL lbg' kb{5 .

Hff8f] / jiff{ ;dodf Jof8nfO{ jrfpgsf] nflu Knfli6ssf] 6g]nn] 9fSg] .

aLp pld|Pkl5 /ftdf / 3fd gnfu]sf] lr;f] lbgdf a]n'sf % b]lv ljxfg * jh];Dd Jof8nfO{ Knfli6s u'df]hn] /fd|/L 9fSg] tyf /fd|/L 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf b'j} ;fO8sf] d'v v'nf ul/lbg] .

a]gf{nfO{ g'efg ! Pd=Pn, ;fkm ! u|fd / ;"Id vfBtTj ! Pd=Pn=k|lt=ln= kfgL ld;fO{ 5g]{ ;a}nfO{ ldnfO{ j]gf{ / Jof8df 5g]{ . jLp pd|]sf] !)–!@ lbgdf ! ln=kfgLdf ! ld=ln= O;{jfg @ ld=ln= dlN6Kn]S; ld;fP/ lbpF;f] # jh]lt/ :k|] ug]{ .

olb Jof8df emf/kft b]lvPdf x6fpg] / ;'Vvf b]lvPdf kfgL lbg] ug'{kb{5 .

emf/kft x6fpg] / /f]uL, sdhf]/, gi6 ePsf] a]gf{ b]lvPdf Jof8af6 x6fpg] ug'{kb{5 .

ljp /f]k]sf] @!–@* lbgkl5 j]gf{x? #–$ kft] ePkl5 ;fg{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5g\ . j]gf{ /f]Kg] @ lbg cuf8L ! ln=kfgLdf dlN6LKn]S; @ ld=ln= / P6f]lgs @ yf]kf ld;fP/ k'gM h/f leHg] ul/ k|of]u ug]{ .

%= kf]lnJofudf a]gf{ x'sf{pg

;f]nf/fOh];g u/]sf] dflyNnf] efusf] -hËnsf] df6f] eP /fd|f]_ df6f] / /fd|/L kfs]sf] k|fª\ufl/s dn hDdf ug]{ .

39 -

lrD6fOnf] df6f] 5 eg] ! efu dlnnf] df6f]df @ efu kfs]s]f dn / ! efu jfn'jf ld;fpg].

Dff6f] %)Ü / k|fª\ufl/s dn %) Ü ld>0f ug]{ / $–^ OGrsf] kf]lnJofudf eg]{ . ljp /f]Kg'eGbf @ lbg cufl8 kfgLn] lehfpg] .

;fkm @ u|fd af 6«fOsf]8df{ !) u|fdn] k|lt s]=hL= ljpsf] pkrf/ ug]{ .

k|lt kf]lnAofu Ps ljp /fVg] / Knfli6s 6g]n tof/ u/L 9fSg] .

aLp gpld|g] a]nf;Dd Knfli6s 6g]nn] 9fSg] .

/fd|/L 3fd nfu]sf] lbgdf Knfli6s ljxfg * jh] b]lv lbpF;f] $ ah];Dd x6fpg] ;fy} ljxfg / 3fd gnfu]sf] lr;f], kfgL k/]sf] / afbn nfu]sf] lbgdf eg] lbpF;f] $ jh]b]lv ljxfg * jh];Dd 9fSg] .

g;{/L lj?jfnfO{ /f]u / sL/f nfUgaf6 arfpg dfly Jof8df a]gf{ pdfg]{ tl/sfdf pNn]v u/]h:t} ug]{ .

a]gf{x? #–$ kft] ePkl5 ;fg{sf] nflu tof/ x'G5g\ .

^= df6f]sf] pkrf/

df6f]sf] lgd{nLs/0fM tof/ ePsf] Jof8df xhf/Ln] !) ;]=dL= ulx/f] ;Dd /fd|/L leHg] u/L ;fbf kfgLn] lehfpg] / ;]tf] Knfli6sn] slDtdf # ;ftf ;Dd Jof8df xfjf gk:g] u/L jGb ug]{ . j}slNks pkfo k|lt ln= kfgLdf j]ldi6Lg @ u|fd 3f]nL Aof8nfO{ & ;]=dL= ulx/f] ;Dd lehfO @%) u]hsf] ;]tf] Knfli6sn] @ lbg # /ft 5f]Kg] .

cGg e08f/0f ug]{ cGo 3/]n' pkfox? M -s_ ;'s]sf] l6Dd'/ M dl;gf] u/L lkw]/ sk8fdf ;–;fgf] kf]sf kf/]/ e08f/0f ug]{ ef8f]sf] dfly tn / aLrdf

/fVgfn] e08f/df nfUg] ls/fx? l6Dd'/sf] uGwn] 6f9f efS5g\ . -v_ ltt]kftLsf] ;'s]sf] kft M e08f/0f ug]{ ef8f]df tx tx tndfly lardf ldnfP/ /fVgfn] klg ls/fx?sf]

cfqmd0f sd ug{ ;lsG5 . -u_ sf]bf] tyf t]f/Lsf] k|of]u M e08f/0f ug]{ lapmdf sf]bf] tyf tf]/L ld;fj6 ul/ /fVgfn] klg ls/fx? sd nfUg

;S5g\ -3_ vfg]t]n M @ b]lv % ld=ln= vfg]t]n ! s]=hL= jLpdf dn]/ /fVg] .

Plss[t zq'lhj Joj:yfkgsf] pbf/0f======

s[ifs kf7zfnf s] xf] < s[ifs kf7zfnf eg]sf] @).@% hgf dlxnf k'?if s[ifsx?sf] ;d'x xf], h:nfO sIff leq k7g kf7g u/fpg'sf] ;f6f] v]tdf Jojxf/Ls, k|o]fufTds / vf]hk'0f{ tl/sfx? ckgfO jfnL cjlwe/ lgoldt ?kn] jfnL jftfj/0f k|0ffnLsf] cjnf]sg ljZn]if0f / ;d'x 5nkmnsf] cfwf/df cfkm' cfkm}n] 7f]; lg0f{o lnP/ tTsfn cfPsf ;d:ofx?sf] ;dfwfg ug{ ;Sg] ul/ bIf jgfpg' xf] .

40 -

cl;gf Joj:yfkg k|ljlw cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf] b'O6f p2]Zo x'G5 . Pp6f cl;gf kg]{ df};ddf cl;gfaf6 hf]ufpFb5 eg] csf]{ afFsL dlxgfsf] nflu Knfl:6s 3/sf] klg sfd u5{ .

l;kmfl/; ul/Psf cl;gf 5]Sg] hfnL != sfnfsf] df5f hfnL– xn'sf M #))–%)) u|fd;Ddsf cl;gfnfO{ u]Ug ;S5 . @= l;Nkf]pnLg -!@) hL=P;=Pd=_ –@)) u|fd;Ddsf cl;ngfnfO{ y]Ug ;S5 . l;Nkf]pnLg -!@) hL=P;=Pd=_ n] dg;'gsf] jiff{af6 jrfpg / hf]8f] dlxgfdf Knli6s 3/leq tftf]

agfpg cGo eGbf a9L kfOPsf] 5 .

of] u[xsf] k|of]u x'g] dlxgf cl;gfsf] nflu hf]lvdk"0f{ dlxgf dWo kxf8sf] nflu -:ofª\hf, sf:sL, tgx'F_ dg;'g jiff{ cufl8 -r}t ! b]lv cfiff9 _ / dg;'g kl5 -cflZjg–slt{s_ kfOPsf] 5 .

cl;gf hfnL / cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf] cjlw $–% jif{

cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf] cfsf/ nDjfO – !@–!% ld6/ rf}8fO–%–^ ld6/ prfO – @=& b]lv #=% ld6/

cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xsf prfO{ nx/] afnLdf a9fpg' kb{5 . ef}uf]lns prfO{ x]/]/ of] 3/sf] sd prfO ePsf]df If]qdf #–#=% ld6/ / a9L ef}uf]lns prfO÷cUnfO{ prfO{ ePsf]df # ld6/ eGbf sd /fVg' k5{ .

lbO{Psf] nDafO{ / rf}8fO{ ePsf] cl;gf ;/If0f u[x;Fu l8«k ;lhn} :yfkg ug{ ;lsG5 . cl;gf ;'/If0f u[x / hfnLsf] nfut hDdf nfut -sfnf df5f hfnL / ;'/If0f u[x_ Ö ?=(&#).– hDdf nfut -l;Nkf]plDng / ;'/If0f u[x_ Ö?=!!$$%.–

;'/If0f u[x agfpg rflxg] ;fdfgx? -hfnL afx]s_ ;+/If0f u[x agfpgsf] nflu :yfgL ?kdf kfOg] afF; g} d'Vo ;fdfg xf] . o;sf] k|of]u vDaf l/h / ¥ofˆ6 agfpg ul/G5 .

afF; –!%–@) yfg afFWg] tf/ –@ s]=hL= hL=cfO{=tf/–# s]=hL= Knfl:6s 8f]/L–* Kofs]6

;+/rgfsf k|sf/ s/fnf] -le/fnf]_ 5fgf

cw'{j[Q 5fgf

cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xdf l5g]{ k|sfzgsf] dfqf

cl;gf ;'/If0f u[xdf k|z:t k|sfz l5g]{ u/L agfpg a9L Wofg lbg' kb{5 . sd k|sfz l5gf{n] ljleGg k|sf/sf /f]u b]lvg] ;Defjgfx? /xG5 .

hf]lvd

b'O{ y/L hfnL -l;Nkf]pnLg / sfnf df5f hfnL_ k/fj}hgL ls/0faf6 ;'/lIft u/L agfPsf] x'g' kb{5 .

–;dfKt–