Tuvalu

TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO

SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA 2020Fenua Foliki Tuputupu Ake (SIDS)

MEa I lOTO

1 FaKaMaTalaaGa TOETOE

2 MaFauFauGa Taaua

3 FaKaTOMuaGa

4 FaKalavElKavE TuPu MaI Tau OTE aSO KOla Ka POKOTIa KIEI TE Ola lEI IO ME KO TE Ola MalOSI

7 POKOTIaGa OTE Ola lEI MaI TE FaKaMaSEIGa aTE MaFulIFulIGa O Tau O aSO

9 TE POKOYIaGa OTE Ola lEI MaI TE MaFulIFulIGa O Tau O aSO

11 TalI aTE MaTaNGaluEGa OTE Ola lEI: FuaFuaGa OTE FaKaTElEGa KI Mua

TaliagaTe tusitusiga tenei ne ati ake I loto ite sokotakiga mot e Minisituli Ote Ola Malosi. Fesoasoani ki mea tau tupe mote atiakenga tenei ne maua mai ite Norwegian Agency for Development Cooperation (NORAD).

TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA ii

FaKaMaTalaaGa TOETOETinga te foliki ote keesi tela e sao kitua mai te fakaogaga o mea kola e tupu mai ei te mafulifuliga o tau o aso, ako tino kola e nofa i fenua foliki kae tupu ake ko latou muamua loa ka fepaki mote pokotiaga o mafulifuliga o tau o aso. Tuvalu, se atu fenua foliki e tasi iloto i atu fenua foliki tuputupu ake, ko leva ne matea neia fakamaseiga ate mafulifuliga o tau o aso ki luga i ona fenua mo ona tino i aso katoa- mai fakamaseiga mai mea tupu mai tau o aso ki te solooki ake ki luga ote solo mo te pisi o masaki mo famai, pela foki mea tupu ki galuega mo te ola lei. Ka fakafesagai Tuvalu mo ne mea tupu i loto ise taimi toetoe io me ise taimi leva, tela ka aofia iei, tau ote aso fai fakaatea, lofiaaga, taulaa, oge vai, afaa, mo te fanofano malie ei o mea selei pela mote soloki ake ki lunga te vela ote tau ote aso mo te fanakeega ote maluga o tai fanaka.

Pela eloa mo fenua foliki tuputupu ake, Tuvalu ko leva eloa ne maua ne ia se avega maluga i masaki kola e pisi mo masaki foki kola se pisi tela e mafua mai ite masei ote mafulifuliga o tau o aso. E ui eloa, ako te atu fenua e too i loto i fenua kola e lasi mea e tupu kae fakamaataku aua me se lasi tona maumea kae seai foki sona puipuiga ki luga i teleakeega o mea tupu mai tau o aso mo fakamaseiga mote fakalailaiga. I loto i tausaga ko olo atu, te leo o tuvalu tela ko ia se fenua e tasi mai te ukega o fenua foliki ka lasi tena pokotiaaga ko fai pela mese malosi e tasi i loto i faipatiiga o malo mo se kilooga taua fakavave tausiiga lei ki tino katoa i koga katoa kola e nofo iei, aua me ite olaga o latou ko pokotia ne mea tupu.

Ite iloaaga ote taaua o fakalavelave fakapoi konei e fesaagai mo fenua foliki, tela ko tali mai ne te WHO i tena fakaasiga mai i tena tusitusiga tela e fakatomua penei te WHO Small Island Developing States (SIDS) Initiative On Climate Change and Health. Ne kamata te faiga tenei ia Novema 2017 fakatasi mote United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) mo te Pelesitene o Fiiti ite COP23 i Bonn Siamani, mo te kilooga me ka oko kite tausaga 2030 katoa fakanofonofoga mo fakateleleegai loto i fenua foliki tupu ake (SIDS) ka maua ne latou o fakafesagai ki fakamaseiga o tau o aso io me kote mafulifuliga o tau o aso. E isi se mafaufauga tuku fakatasi mo te palani ne fakatoka ne te WHO tela e fakaasi mai ei me faa tulaga e tau o galue kiei ko te mea ke

mafai o maua se kilooga mo te loto taumafai: kite fakamalosiga o latou kola e takitaki ite galuega mo te ola lei i loto ite atu fenua io me mai tua atu ote atu fenua katoa; ne fakatalitonuuga kise fautuaaga mo se tagi mo faka ngalue kae fakamalosi kise auala tela e maua vave mai iei se ola filemu mai fakalavelave o mafulifuliga o tau o aso; ia pela foki mo ilooga taua kola e mafai o maua mai ei ne fesoasoani tupe mai tau o aso.

Ite masina o mati 2018 te Minisita mo te Ola Lei fakatasi mote ofisa tokotasi mai te vasa Pasefika ne fakatasi latou i Fiiti o ati ake se Pacific Action Plan mo fakanonofooga ki te fakangaluengaga o fenua foliki tupu ake mo olotou fakai ke maua ne latou o iloa kae matea o fai te mea ke lei ia latou eloa ake matea kae iloa foki ne latou fakasinooga ki mea mo te fenua mo mea mo te atu fenua ki fakailoaaga mo ngasuesuega ki mua. Ona la ko tatou e kau iloto ite palani ote atu fenua, tela ko fenua foliki katoa ko oti ne talia ne latou te palani ate WHO UNFCCC kite ola lei mo mafulifuliga o tau o aso mo se iloiloga mose tusitusiga mo te atu fenua o avaka ne fakatalitonuga io mene fakamaoniga pela foki mo kilokiloga io me ko molimauga ote tele ki mua ote ola lei mo te mafulifuliga o tau o aso.

Te iloilooga mote tusitusiga mo Tuvalu, ne ati ake mo te WHO mo te fakanofoga e iloa lei tela ne ngalue fakatasi kiei mo te UNFCCC, tela ka maua ne fakamatalaga ki molimau tonu e uiga mo fakalavelave e tupu mai ite tau o aso,fakamaseiga ki luga ite ola lei, pokotiaga ote ola lei mote telega ki mua ke oko mai kite aso nei i loto ite matagaluega ote ola lei mo tena taumafaiga ke maua iloanga kise fakafesangaiga io mene auala kola e vave maua iei o fakagata mea tupu mai te masei o mafuliga o tau o aso. Tusitusiga mo fakamaumauga one tala mo te ola lei mo te mafulifuliga o tau o aso mo Tuvalu, se atiakeega mote WHO pela mese ngaluega ne fai fakatasi mo te UNFCCC, ke maua ne fakamataalaga mo molimau ki luga i mea tupu mai te tau o aso, mo maseiga kiluga ite ola lei, te pokotiaaga kiluga ite ola lei mote teletelega ki mua ke oko mai eloa kite aso nei ki taumafaiga ate matagaluega kite ola lei mo te iloaga ki ne auala lei ona kote fakamasei tela e maua mai ite mafulifuliga o tau o aso.

“KA fakaola ne tatou Tuvalu, ka fakaola ne tatou te lalolagi” Enele Sosene Sopoaga, Malo mua o Tuvalu

WHO/YOSHI SHIMIZU

Tuvalu 1

MaFauFauGa Taaua

TE FaKaMalOSIIGa MOTE FaKaNGaluENGaGa O TulaFONO MO PalaNI

Fakaotiga mo te fakagaluega ote atufenua ola lei mo mafulifuliga o tau o aso palani 2020–2024.

FaKaTauTauGa KITE FaKaMaSEIGa OTE Ola lEI, POKOTIaaGa MO aOFaGa MalOSI KITE MaFulIFulIGa O Tau O aSO

Fakatoka kae katoatoa lei se tusitusiga mo te atufenua kite fakamaseiga mai te tau o aso, pokotiaaga mo aofaga kola ne maua o fakafesagai kiei i Tuvalu. E tau ikunga o fakamatalanga konei o fakaaonga i te fainga o fuafuanga taaua kite fakaaongaanga o te maumea.

FaKaMalOSIGa TuKuFaKaTaSI MO MEa TuPu FaKaMaTaKu KE alaMaTI KaE KE FaKaSalalau ISE TaIMI vavE

Ke faulu ki loto i mesiini kola e maua o iloa ei fakalavelave kite vela (onon kite itulau e 9) kote mea ke mafai o fai ne aofaga ate matangaluenga mo te ola lei mo mea kola ka tupu mai ite mafulifuliga o tau o aso.

PuKE GaSuESuE O TauMaFaI O FaI SE FaIGa KE Maua O ulu KI lOTO KOTE MEa KE Maua NE TuPE FESOaSOaNI MaI TuPE FESOaSOaNI O Tau O aSO

Te fakalavelave i Tuvalu e iloa nei kote se lava o tala ki tupe fesoasoani e maua mai tupe fesoasoani mai tau o aso, ko te se lei te sokotakiga o tino galue ite ola lei ki fakateletelega mo fakanofonofoga ote mafulifuliga o tau o aso mote se lava te iloa o fakatoka manakooga mo mafaufauga ote atu fenua ki ona manakoooga.

FaITE NE KOGa MOTE Ola lEI KOTE MEa KE Maua FaKavavE lEIGa KI MEa MaSEI MaI TE MaFulIFulIGa O Tau O aSO

Ke fakaoga ne faiga o fakagata mea kola e mafai o lasi fakamaseiga mo pokotiaga mai te mafulifuliga o tau o aso ki luga i ngaluega mo fakatelega ote ola lei, fakatasi mo fakatokaaga mo iloaaga o mea tupu, iloaga lei o tau o aso mo ona palani fakataugatupe, fakamalosiga ke lei te olaga seai ne mea e tupu, palani mo mea aka ki te tausiga mo fakatelega o ( iti, mea fakavela, mea faka moko,mea e faka tele ei te ea , fakasoaaga o vai, galuega kite tuu maa, tausiga ki kaiga mo galuega kite sokotasi). Se mea e tau o fai kite fakafolikiiga ote keesi tela e sao ki tua ite ea, ke fakalei o aofaga mo faiga ke tumau te lei o mea e fakaoga, ke lago malo kite fakaleiga ote koga e ola ei tino mo manu mo lakau, kae ke taumafai malosi o fakafoliki pogai kola e mafua mai iei pokotiaaga mai te mafulifuliga o tau o aso.

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TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA 2

FaKaTOMuaGa

Tuvalu se atu fenua e pule loa iaa ia kae tu ite Vasa Pasefika ki Saute mote lasi o ona laukele katoa e 26 sikuea kilomita katoa iluga i ona fenua e iva mo te maluga 2 mita i luga ote tai (1) i mafaufauga me se atufenua foliki kae mao ako Tuvalu se atufenua foliki mo tena Malo tuputupu ake tela se lasi io me se uke atiakega iei.

Fakalavelave e tupu ka tu pela mene mea fakamataku ki luga ite olaga faka Tuvalu. Ite pokotiaga o te atufeua o Tuvalu ne te matagi malosi tela e igoa kite Cyclone Pam ite tausaga 2015, kaati e nofo pela mese 45 pasene o tino Tuvalu katoa kola ne pokotia ako te atufenua ne puapuaga mai te fakamaseiga ate matagi tenei tela e nofo kise US $10.3 miliona, tela e fakatautau pela mese 26.9 pasene ote GDP (2). Katoa loa fenua o Tuvalu e maua faeloa ne latou pokotiaaga mai tai lasi mo matagi malosi mo afaa kola e mafua mai iei a lofiaaga kola e fakamasei ei olaga o lakau kaina io pela foki mo koga e nofo iei a tino. A matagi malosi mo afaa e pokotia saale iei Tuvalu mai te vaa o Novema kia Apelila kae masani saale o tupu ite i taimi mo tausaga o te El Nino kae se na ko uke e tupu i tausaga ote La Nina (3).

Mai fakamaumauga o tau o aso e fakaasi mai me i Tuvalu ko leva ne iloa ne ia te fanakeega ote vela ote tau, pela foki mo tai lasi mote fakamaseiga kae fakalailai ote moana tela e maua mai ite mafulifuliga ote tau ote aso (3). Pogai taau e maua mai fakamaseiga o te ola lei mai pokotiaaga ne te mafulifuliga o tau o aso ka aofia kiei ko te masaki ko te sana (tela e maua mai ite fakamaseiga o meakai mo te vai), masaki kite manavaga (kola e pisi), te se fakamaoni ki tausiiga ke malu meakai ( pela mo pokotiaaga ki luga i mea taaua iloto i meakai pela foki mo masaki kola se ti pisi (NCDs), masaki kola e maua e maua mai i manu pela mo namu, lago,mo manu foliki kola se matea ki mata, masaki ki lunga ite mafaufau, pakiaaga, mate mai te masei o tau o aso, te muu i ika, masaki ote pakili (4). Te fakalavelave mai te vela (onono kite itulau e 9) ko tupu pela mese pokotiaaga ki luga ite ola lei ona ko te mafulifuliga o tau o aso i loto i Tuvalu.

Fakamatalaga ne maua mai fakamatalaga tausi (4).

WHO/YOSHI SHIMIZU

MEA TAFASILI ITE ILOGA O TAU OTE ASO MO TE OLA LEI I MEA TUPU MO TUVALU

Fakasinoga tonu

Pokotiaga ote ola lei mai te malosi oo mea tupu mai te tau o aso

Masaki e mauaa mai te vela (kilo kite itulau e 9)

Ne tupu mai pokotiaaga

Tausiga ote vai ke lei (aofia iei masaki kola e ulu ilote ite vai)

Tausiga mo puipuiga o meakai kise tulanga nofoga malie (aofia kiei ko te sogea mo meakai kola e maua mai iei a masaki)

Masaki kola e maua mai ite ea

Masaki pisi mai manu mo tino

Masaki ote mama

Fakalavelave e tupu ki mata, taliga, pakili mo nisi konga ote foitino

Masaki ote mafaufau

Masaki ote mafaufau/pela foki mote lei katoa ote foitino e ola lei1

Masaki kola se pisi

Fakalavelave fakatelega ote ola lei

Fakalavelave faigata mai tino

Tuvalu 3

FaKalavElKavE TuPu MaI Tau OTE aSO KOla Ka POKOTIa KIEI TE Ola lEI IO ME KO TE Ola MalOSI

Kiloga kite fakamasei ate tau o aso mo TuvaluFakaasi atu mai lalo ko kilooga mo te Atu Fenua ke oko loa kite tausaga 2100 mo fakamaseiga ate tau ote aso mai lalo ote ‘business as usual’ tela kote ata kite lasi ote keesi e sao ki tua fakatau kite kilooga tela e nofo mailalo ote ‘two-degree’ tela e tele vave ki lalo io me vave fanaifo o foliki te keesi tela e sao ki tua.

Ata fakatusa mo tau o aso konei mai lalo ko kilooga kite fakamasei mai te tau o aso mai lalo ote maluga ote keesi tela e sao ki tua, (RCP8.5 kilo ki laina olenisi), kote lua o ata fakatusa ka matea ei te foliki ote keesi e sao ki tua tela (RCP2.6 kilo ki laina lanu launiu).a Te tusiga konei e fakaasi mai te kilooga ki mafuliiga mai se 20 o ata o tau o aso ote lalolagi (laina kona matolu). A atab konei e fakaasi mai ne laua te kese o fakaasiga iei fakatasi mote 90% (kona e fakapouli) tela e fakaasi iei te seiloa tonu io meko te falotolotolua se pela mote fano sako tela e matea ite telega i loto ite tausaga (onono kite lanu lanu moana).c Ite tusitusiga tenei e tusi atu me ite laina mai lalo i aso nei e fakauiga kite 30 tausaga katoa mai 1981–2010 ako te gataga o te senituli e faka uiga kite 30 tausaga katoa mai 2071–2100.

Fakatusatusaga fakalotolotolua fakatasi mo te fakapauga o siikela ki ata fakatusa mo fenua foliki e semaua o faka tu tonu. Aua me isi foki ne fakatautauga e aofia iei kite mauaaga mote sui mo tusitusinga mo kilooga mo koga penei.

Mai lalo ite fanakeega ote keesi sali ki tua tela kote vela iloto ite tausaga ka fanaka ki luga tona vela kise 2.9 tikulii centigrade kite fakaotiinga o te senituli 9 (i.e. 2071–2100 fakatusa ki tausaga mai 1981–2010) kafai e foliki te keesi e sao ki tua, te vela ka foliki tena fanakega ka gata fua ite 0.9 tikuli C.

Te siu katoa ite tausaga ka fanaka kite 9 pasene katoa ote lasi ote keesi e sao ki tua, kae e ui eloa, ite seiloa tonu te kiloga lasi me (-15% kite +48%). Kafai te sao ki tua ote keesi e vave fanaifo ki lalo ka foliki te fanakeega kiluga: e 5% katoa mote kiloga se mautinoa tela -6% kite +20%.

TausagaTausaga

Tausaga Tausaga

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Pasene o aso

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ATA 1: te vela i loto itausaga 1900–2100 ATA 2: te aofaki ote siuga ite tausaga 1900–2100

Fanakega ote vela Te foliki ote siuga

TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA 4

FaKaMauGa a Ata lomi mo kiloga ne maua mai ite CMIP5 mote RCP8.5 (te maluga ote sao ote keesi ki tua) mote RCP2.6 te foliki ote keesi sao ki tua) kiloga mote

fakatau faopopo ki lipooti i taimi ko teka.b Iloaga mai te maga o poto mo tau o aso, University o East Anglia,2018.8.c Kiloga ki lipooti mua mote tau vela ne maua mai CRU-TSv3.26 ako te aofaki ote siu ne maua ite GPCC. Kilonga ki tusitusiga taaua mote vela mai te

JRA55 kite tau ako te GPCC-FDD mote siu.d Te “aso vela” (“po vela”) se aso tela e vela malosi io me vela malie te tau tela ko silia mote 90% iloto ote taimi ote tausaga tena.e Te aofai o (%) o vaiua too iloto ite tausaga i taimi o aso siu, tela e fakamatala mai mene aso ka; lasi te siuga tela kote 5% ote aso e lasi te siuga. f SPI e seai ne ana vaega kae mafai o fakaoga mo fakamatea ei a te malosi o taulaa (siu): mai luga +2.0 ‘siu kii; +2.0 ki te +1.5 matugaa ‘siu masei;

+1.5 ki te +1.0 ‘siu malie; +1.0 ki te +0.5 siusiu malie; +0.5 ki te -0.5 tai pilipili ki tulaga masani; -0.5 ki te -1.0 tai taulaa malie; -1.0 ki te -1.5 tai lei loa te taulaa; -1.5 ki te -2.0 taulaa kii; mai lalo o te -2.0 siliga te masei te taulaa.

ATA 3: pasene ote vela ote aso (vela mo fakalavelave) 1900–2100

Te pasene o aso velad e matea me ka soso aka ki luga kite 25% o aso katoa i loto ite tausaga 1981–2010 (10% maI 1961–1990). Mai lalo ote lasi ote keesi e sao ki tua pela mote fakasiga a te ata kaati e 100% o aso katoa ko la ka iloa lei me ne aso vela kite fakaotiga ote senituli. Kafai la te sao ote keesi ki tua e vave fanaifo o foliki, e 75% o aso katoa ka vela.masaua me i kilooga i lua tausaga ko teka ne matea atu te maluga ote fakatautau kite fanakeega o aso vela. E isi foki ne mateaga ki po velad (se sae iloto ite ata).

Mai lalo ote lasi ote keesi e sao ki tua , te vaega o vaiua too ite tausaga tela ko aso siu malosie (kaati 30% mo 1981–2100) kae e maua o fanake malie ki luga kite fakaotiga ote senituli (kite 40% o aso katoa mo te seiloa tonu tela ka nofo kite 15% kite 60%), mo te mafuliga foliki mafai e vave o foliki te saoga ote keesi ki tua, a kilooga ki mafulifuliga konei e aumai tasi mo kilooga foliki kite fanakeega o vaiua too ite tausaga (onono kite ata napa 2).

TausagaTausaga

Tausaga Tausaga

° mm

%

C

Pasene o aso

1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100

1900 1950 2000 2050 2100 1900 1950 2000 2050 2100

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ATA 4: tukuga fakatasi ote aofaki o vaiua ne too ite tausaga tela ko lasi te siuo aso (te lasi o vaiua mo lofiiaga) 1900–2100

ATA 5: Fakapauga fakatupuga fakasologa (taulaa) 1900–2100

Te Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) se mea e lasi tena fakaaogaga ki luga I mea tau ote oge, vaiua toopela foki mote seai ne vaiua, I so se taimi kamata mai ite 1 masina kite 36 masina (ikonei e 12 masina, i.e. SPI 12).f E fakaasi mai ei me pefea I so se taimi te maloo pela foki mote lasi ote siu I so se taimi mo tau I taimi penei ki tena mai tena mafulifuli mote fai soko /io me kote lasi.

Mai Lalo ote maluga ote keesi sao ki tua te, SPI 12 mo tona malosi ka fakatautau ke fanaifo ki lalo kite 0.8 katoa, kite fakaotiga ote senituli (2071–2100) mote uke o fakatauga kola ka fakaasi me kamafai o lasi a fanaifoga kae ka soko te mau ote oge. I tausaga ki tausaga te mafulifuli ka nofo ite lasi kite siuga tela ka tumau o tupu ki aso mai mua.

−3.0

−1.5

0.0

1.5

3.0

very

dr

y

very wet

very dry

fakasino

SPI

Tausaga

1900 1950 2000 2050 2100

Lasi

te si

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Tau ote vela Se fanakeega malie kite tooga o vaiua

Tuvalu 5

Matagi malosi mo afaa i fenua ote tau velaAfaa kola e poko ki Tuvalu e kamata ite va o Novema kia Apelila. Kaati e tusa mo te 8 aofaki o afaa ise sefulu tausaga kola e mafua mai iloto io me e tele i loto o tuakoi o tuvalu kote Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) mai te va o 1969/70 mote 2010/11 i tau o afaa (kilo kite ata napa 6).te lasiga o afaa e masani o poko i taimi ote El Nino kae foliki e poko i taimi ote La Nina (3).

Te levolo ote tai fanake e fanaka ki lugaTe levolo ote fanakega o tai lasi semea e fakamataku ki fenua foliki kae malalo. I sukesukega e fakaasi ei te fanakega ote tai o malunga ite lalolangi se mea e tonu kae ne mafua mai ite mafulifuliga o tau o aso, se taimi loa tai leva te velaaga kite lalolagi tela ko tona uiga me ite levolo ote tai e tumau te fanake ki luga ise taimi e tai leva mai tua ifo ote fakafolikiga ote keesi tela e sao ki tua.

a Tusitusiga mo tala mote mainaaga ki luga I matagi lasi mo afaa, mai kilooga fakatautauga ki ata o tau o aso pela me ko gasolo o lei I loto I tausaga ko teka. E ui iei, te malosi mote kilooga ki isi vasa io me ko mafulifuliga ki iloaaga o auala o afaa ko oko eiloa ite faigata. Pela mote fakaasiga ikonei mese fakatusaaga kite mafulifuliga tela e iloa I te sikela ote lalolagi.

ATA 6: Taimi mo mateaga o aofai o kamataaga o afaa i loto io me kola e tele iloto ite tuakoi o Tuvalu kote EEZ i taimi o tau o afaa. Te 11 tausaga kote gasuesuega katoa tena lanu olenisi ite ata

0.4–0.9 mToe fanaka tai lasi I tuvalu ite 2090 (3)

Te maluga o keesi sao ki tua (RCP8.5) fakatasi mote kese I ata o saoga o keesi I mateaga.

Te a

ofak

i o a

faa

4

3

2

1

0

1969

/70

1972

/73

1975

/76

1978

/79

1981

/82

1984

/85

1987

/88

1990

/91

1993

/94

1996

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/00

2002

/03

2005

/06

2008

/09

2011/

12

Afaa 11-tausaga ote gasuesuega katoa

Fakamatalaga ne maua mai te Australian Bureau of Meteorology mo te CSIRO. Kesekesega o ‘tau, Tulaga fai malosi mo Maafuliga i te Togalaa o te Pasefika: Saienisi Fou mo Lipoti Fakafou a Atufenua 2014 (3).

MEA E MAFAI O MAFULI I TAIMI MAI MUA KI LUGA I AFAA KILOGA ATE LALOLAGI (5–12)a

TelasiTeaofaki Tulaga o taimi foki soks e 4 kite 5 taimi

Te tulaga ote siuga katoa pili ki loto ite

galoto ote afaaFanaifoFanaka

Pokotiaga e mafai o poko i tai lasi e aofia iei mea konei

Kaina o tafataiFakamaseiga o mea ola ite tai

Lasi o afaaTe seai ne koga mo nofo tino

Fakamaseiga kite vai

Ola lei kite mafaufau

TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA 6

13. Tau O aSO MO GaSuEGa

Tufaga o tino e ola mativa. Fakatoka mai ne te atufenua laina mativa (2010) (13)

1. SEaISE MaTIva

26.3%

Te aofaki o afaa ne fakamau mai te 2000 kite 2016c (18)

Te aofaki o tino ne pokotia ne fakalavelave mai ise tau o aso ite vaa o 2000 mote 2018 (2015)c (18)

13 (fakatauga e.42%o tino katoa)4 613

3. lEI TE Ola lEI MOTE MalOSI

Ite taimi nei a te ola lei mo ana fakamaumauga e fakaasi pela mese GDP pasene (2016) (15)

15.5Mai lalo ote lima tino e mate ite 1000 o tamaliki ne fanau mai (2017) (16) (aofaki o te mafai)

24.9Katotoaga ot ola lei mo puipuiga. Galuega mo puipuiga (2017)a (14)

64

78%

Te vaega ote aofaki o tino e fakaoga ne latou vai inu-galuega mo vai (2017)b (17)

Te vaega ot aofaki o tino e fakaoga ne latou te tuu maa. Galuega tuu maa (2017)b (17)

6. vaI Maa MO TE Tuu Maa

99%a Te fakaaofakiiga ne maua mai fakamatalaga kola ne mafai o maua. Aofaki e lasi atu io me pau mo

te 80 e fakaasi atu pela me >80 me i te fakaaofakiga e se maua mai ei a likilikiga o fuainumela lasi; 80 e se tau o lau pela me se tapula.

b Fakamatalaga mo te SDG6 vai inu kola e atafai mo sevesi tumaa e se na ko te toka i taimi katoa mo SIDS katoa it e taimi nei, tela la “sevesi masani manakogina” ko oti ne lipotigina ke fai se fakapaupauga ki ei.

c Fakamatalaga mo te SDG13.1 e sea ii te vaitaimi nei. Nisi o fakailoga mo fakamatalaga aka ko oti ne fakaasi atu.

FAKAMASAUAGA: Fakatautauga e avatu i konei e mafai o kese mai fakatautauga o te atufenua.

POKOTIaGa OTE Ola lEI MaI TE FaKaMaSEIGa aTE MaFulIFulIGa O Tau O aSO

Fakasinoga ate SDG e uiga kite ola lei mo te mafulifuliga o tau o asoTe lasiga o mea ki luga ite ola lei o tino kola ko oti ne fai ne tatou I tusaga ko teka ka tupu ne fakalavelave kiei ona kote fepakiga tonu io me kote setonu te pokotiaga o tau o aso kesekese mot e mafulifuliga o tau o aso. Fakaolaolaga o atiakega iloto I feitu o matagaluega ka fakamalosi ne latou o fai aofaga ke lei atu ate ola lei kite mafulifuliga o tau o aso.

Tuvalu 7

11Fale ote ola1

1Fakaimasaki

Galuega fakaimasaki mofakatautauox 11 000 population (2017) (22)

Ona kote se patino tonu te WHO mo ana fakasinooga kite Malo ki luga ite lasi ote matagaluega kite Ola Lei ako te “Workload Indicators of Staffing Need” (WISN) tela se mea galue tela e fakaoga ke maua ne kilooga ki luga I fakagaluegaga o tino pela foki ki fakaikuga o tonu.Faopop atu kiei, te National Health Workforce Accounts (NHWA) se aula foki e tasi tela e maua ne fenua o gasolo ki mua o momea ake te avanoaga lei mot e fakaaogaga o iloiloga mote matagaluega ote Ola Lei iloto I kilooga o set fakasino ke fesoasoani kite Universal Health Coverage (UHC), Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) mo nisi mea taua ote Ola Lei. Te pogai ote NHWA ke fakamama ke fakapau mote galue fakatasi ei ki tusitusiga mo tino galue ite Ola Lei. Ka maua ne tusitusiga ki mea e lua konei: https://www.who.int/activities/improving-health-workforce-data-and-evidence.

Te ola lei mo ona fale galuMafulufuliga o tau o aso ka tupu neia ne fakamaseiga kite galuega o mea taua kit e Ola Lei.Tau o aso kola e fai fakatea mea tupu iei tela ka lasi te manokomia o galuega fakavave kae ke masau me lasi foki te pokotiaga ki mea faigaluega mo fale mot e fakatelega. Ka fanaka ki luga te fakamataku ki famai pisi mai te tau o aso, tela ka lasi foki te manakogina ne fesoasoani mai te matagaluega tela ko lasi foki tona pokotiaga. I loto I fenua foliki tupu ake a fale o koga galue e tuu I koga malalo kola ka vave pokotiaga I lofiaaga mo kaumatagi kola ka maua ne latou ne fakamaseiga.

Tino galue ote ola lei Te matagaluega mot e ola lei pela foki tino galue iei e manakogina ne akoakoga ke fai mo latou kote mea ke maua ne poto mo aofaga o faite ne auala mot e ola lei mo ona pokotiaga. Tela e aofia iei te iloa mote maina o mea tupu mai mafulifuliga o tau o aso mo so se tino, fakapotopotoga mo koga galue ote ola lei mo kilooga ke puipui kae fakasalalau te ola mot e taimi tena mo kiloga ki pokotiaga mai mafulifuliga o tau o aso.

E foliki te atiakegaI te polokalame ate Malo kite atiakega mot e faka akogaga o tino e galue ite Ola Lei ki luga I pokotiaga ote ola lei I mafulifuliga o tau o aso (20)

TE MALOSI O TINO GALUE (2018)

Te malosi o tino galue e fai pela mese fakatauga mafaufauga, me tino galue emanakogi a ke fakafesagai ki mea e pogai mai tau o aso (20)

E se katoa faka lei

TINO GALUE OTE OLALEI (MO 10 000 AO FAKI O TINO 2014) (21)

9.2Tokit

37.6Neesi mo Tino Fakafanau

1Galuega ite Eniviamenta mo Galuega

ite Tuu Maa (aofaki)

Malo soko mo fakanofonofoga mo faitioga ki fakagaluega O Malosi O tina Tino Galue (19)

80%

1 Tuvalu e lua fale ote ola Lei I Funafuti e lua foki I Vaitupui, kae taki tasi I luga I iona fenua e fitu.

TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA 8

TE POKOYIaGa OTE Ola lEI MaI TE MaFulIFulIGa O Tau O aSO

Pisiiga o manu masaki mai te ea Masaki pisi mai te ea ko latou loa ko lasi te maua mai tau o aso, mai te fanaka ki luga ote vela tela ka vave o fanafanau a namu pela foki mote mafuaga o nisi masaki, pela foki ma too vaiua ka mafua foki o uke koga ka fanafanau iei a namu, ke oko ki taimi tela ko lofia koga konei kola e fanafanau ei a namu (23,24). E lua vaega masaki e maua mai ite ea I loto I Tuvalu tela ko: degue fever mote lymphatic filariasis (LF) (25). Te fanaka ki lug ate tau, pela foki mo tai lasi, lofiaga mo afaa kola e mafua mai ite mafulifuliga o tau o aso kola ka mafua o maluga aka ki lug ate masei o masaki pisi mai te ea I tausaga mai mua nei. E pela nei mo tau o aso mo ona kiloga me ka fano pela o lei kite fakapisiiga o masaki io me ko manu o famai, e isi se fakalavelave ka tupu me I taimi nei mo taumafaiga ke fakafoliki te pisi o masaki ka fanofano malie. Ko tona uiga ka lasi te pokotiaga o tino mafia ko se lei te tausiga. E isi se sukesukega ne fai taluai tela ne salasala kite malosi ote oge ki luga ite fakapisiiga ote masaki tenei kote sana (diarrhea) I loto I Tuvalu (26). Te ikuga ote sukesukega me isi se manakogina kise maina mote iloa kite sokoga ite va ote oge mote mafua ote masaki tenei.

Ona la ko tulaga o te ‘tau e kilogina me ka faigofie kii i ei a te pisi o masaki, e isi se kiloga me i taumafaiga fakamuli nei ke fanaifo te faigata o te pisi o masaki ka fanofano malie. Mai kona, ka isi se fanaka i te aofaki o tino kola e tuu i se tulaga faigofie o pokotia mafai e se atafai kae se fakamalosi foki a taumafaiga ke lei.

Mea ne tupu: Degue-1 Mafuaga, Tuvalu 2019 I fakamauga mai pokotiaga ot Degue-1 I loto I Tuvalu e fakasi mai fakatasi me I vaa o vaiaso ne too ei vaiua ne mafua ei te Degue-1 mai te vaa o Ianuali kia Iuni 2019 (onono kit ata napa 7) (27). Tiga loa te toetoe ote taimi e fakaasi mai, ako te ata e fakamatala mai me ite taimi e lasi ei vaiua ne too (kilo kite laina lanu moana) tela e tautali kiei te aofaki sili o fakamaoni kite masaki kote Degue-1 virus ite taimi ne mafua ei; mote taulasiga ote 210 pokotiaga ne fakamaoni ki tamaliki ne pokotia mai te 5 tausaga kite 9 tausaga te matua (kilo kite ata napa 8) (27).

Mafa ote velaTe mafulifuliga o tau o aso e fakatautau pela me ka fanaka ki lug ate vela ite tausaga mote lasi mote fokifoki ote vela tela ka tokouke tino ka pokotia I masaki aua kote lasi ote vela. Te mafa ote vela, i.e. te loa o taimi e lasi ei te vela,ka fakatupu neia se fakamaseiga ki luga I tino,manu mo lakau ola, tela ka mafua mai ei te mate, se lei fiafiaga, ko foliki maumea e maua,foliki mea e maua o fai, te tele aka o togi o mea fakamoko, pela foki ka fesoasoani kite fakamaseiga ki luga ite ola lei (e.g. te lei ote ea, laukele,mote vai).Pokotiaga ote Vela mafa ka aofia iei:• mafole mai te vela/ piki o taganoa• seai ne vai ote foitino• tigaina mai te vela/mate ote foitino• mate

Latou kola ka too iloto ite pokotiaga tenei:• tino matua• tamaliki• latou kola e isi ne olo tou masaki(i.e. maua ne te suka)• latou kola e nofo loa ia latou

FIGURE 7: Fakamaoiga ote degue-1 ne tupu mo tusiga o aaofakio vaiua ne too ivaiaso mo Tuvalu Ianuali-Iuni 2019

FIGURE 8: Degue keisi I fakasologa I tausaga, Tuvalu, Mati25 kia Iulai 28,2019

7-Ja

n14

-Jan

21-J

an28

-Jan

4-Fe

b11

-Feb

18-F

eb25

-Feb

4-M

ar11

-Mar

18-M

ar25

-Mar

1-Ap

r8-

Apr

15-A

pr22

-Apr

29-A

pr6-

May

13-M

ay20

-May

27-M

ay3-

Jun

10-J

un17

-Jun

24-J

un1-

Jul

8-Ju

l15

-Jul

22-J

ul29

-Jul

5-Au

g12

-Aug

19-A

ug26

-Aug

2-Se

p9-

Sep

16-S

ep23

-Sep

30-S

ep

020406080

100120140160180200220240260280300320340360380400

Vaiu

a to

ol (m

m)

Aofaki vaiua ite masinaAofaki vaiua ite vaiasoAofaki o dnv1 ne tupu

DNV1 ne aumai?

Aofa

ki o

tino

ne

poko

tia

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

0–1 2–4 5–9 10–19 20–29 30–39 40–49 50–59 60–69 70–79 Seiloa

Tausaga

9

Puipuiga katoatoa mai masaki se ‘pisi, meakai mo te niutilisiniFenua foliki koi atiake (SIDS) e fakafesagai mo faigataaga kola e pogai ei te vaaivai o latou ki tulaga o fakalavelave maua mai te mafulifuliga o tau o aso maise i tulaga puipui i meakai mo niutilisini, aofia i ei: tino kola e nofogina ne latou fenua foliki kae ‘tu ‘mao; tino nofo tokouke i fenua mo fakai foliki mo tafa o tai; enivalomene se lei kae se lava laukele mo toki fatoaga; lasi te mafai o pokotia ne mafulifuliga o tau o aso, fakalavelave tau te maumea; te lasi o te fakanaa ki meakai togi mai tua; te fakalagolago ki fakapotopotoga fai sene kola e se uke; mo te ‘mao mai te taulasiga o maketi a te lalolagi. The taulasiga o SIDS e fakafesagai foki mo ‘fakalavelave-fuifui tolu’ o te sogee tela e sae tatolu i ei a te se lava niutilisini, mativa i niutilisini taaua mo te putalefe kae ola tasi i loto i se fenua, i tafa o te fanaka o masaki se ‘pisi kola e isi se sokoga o latou ki meakai.

Mafulifuliga o tau o aso e mafai o atili fakamasei atu ne ia a fakalavelave-fuifui tolu o te sogee mo te kai mo tulaga se lei o te olaga e mafai ei o maua masaki se ‘pisi mai meakai. E fakamoemoe ke fakafoliki ne ia a tulaga puipui i taimi vave mo taimi leva atu o meakai mo niutilisini, e auala i ana pokotiaga tonu ki luga i toki lakau mo kau faika, mo nisi pokotiaga kola e fakatupu nisi fakalavelave pela mo tulaga se lei o vai, te fakalagolago ki luga i meakai togi mai tua, te kosugina o fesoasoani mo te ola lei e mafua mai te solo o tino ki taulaga.

MASAKI KOLA SE PISI I TUVALU

TE OLA LEI O MATUA MO

vaaivai te foitino i tamaliki mai lalo o te

5 tausaga (33)

oge toto mai te se lava o fiti i loto i

fafine kola koi tau o fanafanau (32)

se tupu lei i tamaliki mai lalo o te

5 tausaga (2012) (33)

10%

te fanaka o te putalefe i tamaliki

mai lalo o te 5 tausaga (2012) (33)

6.3% FAKAMATAL AGA SE

51%aofaki o tino matua amanaiagina putalefe (2016) (30)

Aofaki o tino matua amanaiaginasogee (29)

[Fakamatalaga se maua]

te leva fakatautau o te ola (28)

[Fakamatalaga se maua]

FAKAMATAL AGA SE

Fakamasauaga: Fakatautauga o tamaliki sogee e avatu i konei ne maua mai te fakatautauga fakatasi a te UNICEF-WHO-mo te polokalame a te World Bank mo tamaliki sogee (33) kae mafai o kese mai fakatautauga a te atufenua me ko nisi tusitusiga. Penei, noono ki te: World Bank. 2018. E Pefea Te Tupu Aka o Tamaliki Tuvalu? Fautuaga Mo Se Fakanofoga Fakatuaga Mo Te Atiakega o Tamaliki i Akoga Kamata o Tuvalu.

23.1%te isi o te sukaa it e aofaki o tino matua (2014) (31)

TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA 10

Palaniga a te atufenua mo te ola lei mo mafulifuliga o tau o aso

Kai isi se palani a te atufenua mo te ola lei mo mafulifuliga o tau o aso ko oti ne faite?a MEA KOI FAI NEI

Ulu tala: Te Palani a te Malo o Tuvalu mo Te Ola Lei mo Mafulifuliga o Tau o Aso 2020–2024

Mea i loto mo te fakataunuga

A fakamoemoega fakapitoa o te ola lei e agai atu ei ki fakalavelave e fakamatea i loto i te palani? TBA

A penefiti o te ola lei i tulaga gasue o te agai atu e amanaiagina i loto i te palani? TBA

Fakailoga o te galue e fakamaina TBATe tulaga o te fakataunuga o te palani N/ATe fakatauga tupe mo te ola lei it e vaitaimi nei e lava i ei a te togi o te fakataunuga o te palani N/A

Galue fakatasi o vasega kesekese o agai atu ki te mafulifuliga o tau o aso E isi se feagaiga ko oti ne fai i ta vaa o te minisituli o te ola lei mo nisi vasega aka i tulaga tau fakanofoga mo te ola lei mo mafulifuliga o tau o aso?

VaegabFeagaiga

e isi

Mea fakateletele

Fakamauaga o te iti

Enetise e maua ne fale taki tasi

Toki lakau mo te fagai manu

Fesoasoani mo sevesi mo tulaga tau te olaga

Vai, tumaa & te atafai o vai lailai

b A tiute fai i te vaa o te matagaluega o te ola lei mo se vaega mai tua e fakaasi i loto it e feagaiga.

=ao, =ikai, O=se iloa, N/A=se tauliai, TBA= toe fakailoa atu

a I te feitu tenei, a te palani se fakamunaga lauefa tela e aofia i ei ko palani mo te ola lei mo te ‘tau pela foki mo te vaega o te ola lei i loto i palani agai (H-NAPs).

TalI aTE MaTaNGaluEGa OTE Ola lEI: FuaFuaGa OTE FaKaTElEGa KI Mua

Te vaega tenei mai lalo e fakamatala i ei a te tulaga ko nofo nei ei i te fakafesagai atu o te ola lei ki fakalavelave gasolo. Fakamatalaga konei e fakavae ki luga i fakamatalaga kola ne maua it e 2018 i te savea a te WHO ki luga i te ‘tau mo te ola lei (20). Fakailoga fakamau e laina tasi mo fakailoga fakau kola i loto it e Palani a Fenua Foliki Koi Atiake.

Fakamalosiga: Fesoasoaniga o lago a takitakiga i mea tau te ola lei

Tuvalu 11

Fakapatonuga: Faitega o te keisi

Iloiloga o te Tulaga Vaaivai mo te Agai mo te Ola Lei

Kai isi se sukesukega likiliki o te tulaga vaaivai o te ola lei mo pokotiaga e maua mai te mafulifuliga o tau oa so ne fai ki te atufenua saukatoa?

TULAGA NEI: Te iloiloga ne kamata i te 2018 kae ko te toe iloiloga mo te fakataliaga tenei koi fai

Kai fakaoga aka loa a ikuga o te iloiloga mo toe kilo ei ki te ‘taaua o fakanofoga io me ko te tufatufaga o fesoasoani mai tino mo maumea e fesoasoani ei kit e fakaseaiga o fakalavelave tau te ola lei e maua mai

Fakataauaaga o fakanofoga

Tufatufaga o fesoasoani mai tino mo tulaga

Te lasi mo te foliki o te aiaa o ikuga o

Seai Tai pelaMumea Malosi

Fakataunuga: Te toka mo fakalavelave mai te ‘tau Galue tasi o ata iloilo a pogai o fakalavelave mo fakailoaga muamua

Masaki mo ikuga o te ola lei mafua mai te ‘tau

Fakatokaga mo iloilo te galuega

ko isia

Fakatokaga mo Iloilo e aofia i ei a fakamatalaga mai

te ‘tau o asob

Fakailoaga muamua mo auala puipui ko isi ke mafai o fakaoko ki

tino kola pokotia?

Fakalavelave maua mai te ‘vela N/A

Masaki mafua mai manu

Masaki mafua mai meakai

Masaki mafua mai i vai

Niutilisini (penei, te sogee e isi sena sokoga ki pokotiaga ‘mafa loa o te ‘tau)

Pakiaga (penei, a pakiaga kit e foitino io me ko se mapu aka mai fakalavelave o tau o aso)

Olaga lei o te mafaufau mo te ola lei saukatoa

=ao, =ikai, O=se iloa, N/A=se taulia

a A tavaega e fakaasi mai ei me isi se aofaga ki te iloiloga e fakagalue, kae ka fakamatea i ei a fakalavelave e maua mai mafuliga it e ola lei KAE ka kamata ne ia gasuega.

b Fakamatalaga tau te ‘tau o aso e fakasaga ki fakamatalaga a mo tau o aso i se taimi toetoe, fakamatalaga o te ‘tau i vaitau IO me ko fakamatalaga o tau o aso i taimi leva.

Tiga te isi o fakamatalaga tau te ola lei mo tau o aso mo nisi o tapula o te ola lei, a fakamatalaga konei e seki katoatoa te fakaoga ona ko te timomo o fesoasoani mo te se lava te iloa i loto i te atufenua.

N/A

TE OLA LEI & MAFULIFULIGA O TAU O ASO SE KILOOGA MO TE ATU FENUA 12

Te ‘toka i taimi o fakalavelave fakavave

Fakalavelave mai te ‘tauFakamatalaga fakailoa

muamua e isi?Te palani agai a te

ola lei e isi?Palani agai mo te ola lei e aofia i

ei fakamatalaga o tau o aso?

Vaitau vela kii N/AMatagi malosi (pela mo alikeni, monsoon mo afaa)

Lofiaga N/A N/A N/ATaulaa N/A

=ao, =ikai, O=se iloa, N/A=se taulia

Fesoasoani: Fesoasoani o fakafaigofie te mafai o maua fesoasoanni tau tupe mo tau o aso mo te ola leiFakatupega o tulaga o ‘tau o aso i te lalolagi

A alagaa tupe fesoasoani ki galuega mo mafulifuliga o tau o aso mo te ola lei e iloilo nei?

Kafai ao, mai fea?

Tupe Fesoasoani (TF) Te fale o envaemeta oti lalolagi Niisi taugasoa fesoasoani mai fenua e uke

Taugasoa fesoasoani mai fenua taki tatasi Niisi: ___________________________________________

Fakalavelave mai mea tau fakatupega

Fakalavelave lasi loa e maua mai te taumafai ke maua ne tupe mai alagaatupe a te lalolagi

Se lava o fakamatalaga ki luga i avanoaga Tulaga o te se fakamalie ne te atufenua a manakoga

Se lava o te sokoga o tino aofia i galuega o te ola lei mo galuega mo mafulifuliga o tau o aso

Se lava te atamai i te fakatokaga o pepa fakatagi a atufenua

Se lasi te manuia o fakatagi kola e ave Seai (seai ne fakalavelave/fakalavelave ne se uke)

Niisi (fakamolemole fakamatala): Se fakaoga

Tuvalu 13

DISCLAIMERA harum ex entinve llitatquos et laborescim haruptium harumque odis alique et idem re nessume dolorestrum, cone prerum a quia voloruptat omnia volore, sollori sciendam quia conse magnit, nobisquo veriandesto vent ad unte laccabo ratiisTem. Nat ped ut quia plibus, nonsect atusape llenienecus di alita quam quis et quosae il estiam vit dignati que perspid eatur mincto eos magnistem quate sus eturibus andi illesentium rehe.Um quae re nossi offictur am ate cusanturem esequi ad que quae vid quibeatur sequam quo cone adicienis et dipiciliquat fuga. Sed ut id quostrum iuntiss iminihi citatet evendempos rescit qui doloreicab idisquam iustis rat dolendam lab id et latistios archicillor repudit ex et aruntur senihil luptat re, que excepero et de exerrum quis experit abor millige nieniae prae nobis dolorit ma comnimo etum cum ditaquis enissum nestrum ides est, omnis dolori ra ditaqui vid que nis aut rem et volorios voluptatur, vernam dolores et expe evenis estrum cus, iur ma seque venissi millesti dolora dolorupta debis eos maximus alitatu saepelicae quatus nobis de cullupi simus, eiusandit, sequis excersp ietur? Assusan-tur arum quis dipiendam quiatem evernate vellutem illis et quatiasin conesequia cuptas molut doluptaquam ab incti consedi remquid igenihi lloritaquis nonectat.

COPYRIGHTA harum ex entinve llitatquos et laborescim haruptium harumque odis alique et idem re nessume dolorestrum, cone prerum a quia

FaKaMaTala1. Central Intelligence Agency. The World Factbook: Tuvalu. 2019.

(https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/tv.html, accessed 22 May 2019).

2. Pacific Economic Monitor. Asian Development Bank; 2018. (https://www.adb.org/publications/pacific-economic-monitor-december-2018, accessed 9 October 2019)

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WPR/DPS/2020/001

© World Health Organization and the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 2020

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All reasonable precautions have been taken by WHO and UNFCCC to verify the information contained in this publication. However, the published material is being distributed without warranty of any kind, either expressed or implied. The responsibility for the interpretation and use of the material lies with the reader. In no event shall WHO and UNFCCC be liable for damages arising from its use.

Most estimates and projections provided in this document have been derived using standard categories and methods to enhance their cross-national comparability. As a result, they should not be regarded as the nationally endorsed statistics of Member States which may have been derived using alternative methodologies. Published official national statistics, if presented, are cited and included in the reference list.

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