Technische universität dortmund fakultät für informatik informatik 12 Embedded Systems Jian-Jia Chen (slides are based on Peter Marwedel) TU Dortmund,

technische universität dortmund

fakultät für informatikinformatik 12

Embedded Systems

Jian-Jia Chen(slides are based on

Peter Marwedel)TU Dortmund,Informatik 12 © Springer, 2010

2014 年 10 月 07 日These slides use Microsoft clip arts. Microsoft copyright restrictions apply.

- 2 -technische universitätdortmund

fakultät für informatik

JJ Chen and P.Marwedel, Informatik 12, 2014

Motivation for course (1)

According to forecasts, future of IT characterized by terms such as

Disappearing computer, Ubiquitous computing, Pervasive computing, Ambient intelligence, Post-PC era, Cyber-physical systems.

Basic technologies: Embedded System technologies Communication technologies

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Motivation for Course (2)

“Information technology (IT) is on the verge of another revolution. …..

networked systems of embedded computers ... have the potential to change radically the way people interact with their environment by linking together a range of devices and sensors that will allow information to be collected, shared, and processed in unprecedented ways. ...

The use … throughout society could well dwarf previous milestones in the information revolution.”

National Research Council Report (US)Embedded Everywhere, 2001:

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Motivation for Course (3)

The future is embedded, embedded is the future

Graphics: © Microsoft (clip arts)




What is an embedded system?





Embedded Systems & Cyber-Physical Systems

“Dortmund“ Definition: [Peter Marwedel]

Embedded systems are information processing systems embedded into a larger product

Berkeley: [Edward A. Lee]:Embedded software is software integrated with physical processes. The technical problem is managing time and concurrency in computational systems.

Cyber-Physical (cy-phy) Systems (CPS) are integrations of computation with physical processes [Edward Lee, 2006].

Cyber-physical system (CPS) =Embedded System (ES) + physical environment




Cyber-physical systems and embedded systems

CPS = ES + physical environment

Embedded systems ("computers in physical environments")Embedded systems

("small computers")

Cyber-physical systems




What is a Cyber-Physical System?

Extreme view:

PhysicalCyber

Digital Controls Systems, ca. 1980Digital Controls Systems, ca. 1980

Cyber-Physical Systems, 2010+ !Cyber-Physical Systems, 2010+ !

© Marco Di Natale




Definition according to National Science Foundation (US)

Cyber-physical systems (CPS) are engineered systems that are built from and depend upon the synergy of computational and physical components. Emerging CPS will be coordinated, distributed, and connected, and must be robust and responsive. The CPS of tomorrow will need to far exceed the systems of today in capability, adaptability, resiliency, safety, security, and usability.Examples of the many CPS application areas include the smart electric grid, smart transportation, smart buildings, smart medical technologies, next-generation air traffic management, and advanced manufacturing.

cps-vo.org




CPS: Integration of Cyber and Physics

Cyber

Physics

CPS





Definition according to akatech

The physical world and the virtual world – or cyber-space – are merging; cyber-physical systems are developing. Future cyber-physical systems will contribute to security, efficiency, comfort and health systems as never before, and as a result, they will contribute to solving key challenges of our society, such as the aging population, limited resources, mobility, or energy transition.

[Akatech: Cyber-Physical Systems. Driving force for innovation in mobility, health, energy and production, http://www.acatech.de/de/ publikationen/stellungnahmen/kooperationen/detail/artikel/cyber-physical-systems-innovationsmotor-fuer-mobilitaet-gesundheit-energie-und-produktion.html]




Extending the motivation: Embedded systems and ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing: Information anytime, any-where. Embedded systems provide fundamental technology.

Communication Technology

Optical networkingNetwork management

Distributed applicationsService provision

UMTS, DECT, Hiperlan, ATM

© Graphics: European Commission

Embedded Systems Techn.

RobotsControl systemsFeature extraction and recognitionSensors/actuatorsA/D-converters

Pervasive/Ubiquitous computingDistributed systems

Embedded web systems

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Growing importance of cyber-physical/ embedded systems

49.7% of Americans own smartphones[www.itfacts.biz, March 31, 2012]

…, the market for remote home health monitoring is expected to generate $225 mln revenue in 2011, up from less than $70 mln in 2006, according to Parks Associates. [www.itfacts.biz, Sep. 4th, 2007]

Funding in the 7th European Framework Funding in Horizon 2020 Creation of the ARTEMIS Joint Undertaking in Europe Funding of CPS research in the US Joint education effort of Taiwanese Universities ….





Growing importance of cyber-physical & embedded systems (2)

.. but embedded chips form the backbone ofthe electronics driven world in which we live ... they are part of almost everything that runs on electricity[Ryan, EEDesign, 1995]

Foundation for the “post PC era“

CPS & ES hardly discussed in other courses

CPS & ES important for TU Dortmund

CPS & ES important for many industries

Scope: sets context for specialized courses

Importance of education



Application areas and examples

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Application area automotive electronics:clearly cyber-physical

Multiple networks

Multiple networked processors

Functions by embedded processing:

ABS: Anti-lock braking systems

ESP: Electronic stability control

Airbags

Efficient automatic gearboxes

Theft prevention with smart keys

Blind-angle alert systems

... etc ...

© P. Marwedel, 2011

[Based on slide by J.Engblom]




Application area avionics: also cyber-physical

Flight control systems,

anti-collision systems,

pilot information systems,

power supply system,

flap control system,

entertainment system,

…

Dependability is of outmost importance.

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More application areas:

railroad

water ways

Dependability is of outmost importance.

©Photos: P. Marwedel




Forestry machines: cyber-physical

© Jakob Engblom

Networked computer system

Controlling arms & tools

Navigating the forest Recording the trees

harvested Crucial to efficient

work




Logistics

Applications of embedded/cyber-physical system

technology to logistics:

Radio frequency identification (RFID) technology provides easy identification of each and every object, worldwide.

Mobile communication allows unprecedented interaction.

The need of meeting real-time constraints and scheduling are linking embedded systems and logistics.

The same is true of energy minimization issues




Internet of Things

Internet of things and services

Energy Harvesting, 400lx Solar cell

Energy storage7.000 Telegrams without re-charging

ePaper-Grafik-Display

256bit Crypto processor

32 Bit μProcessor <=25 MHz, 512kRAM

Innovationspartner:Würth Industrie Services GmbHDebrunner Koenig Management AG © Fraunhofer IML, Dortmund




Fabrication

Production resources are self-configuring and distributed social machines

Industry 4.0

© Fraunhofer IML, Dortmund




Structural safety

Sensors + data analysis

Taipeh 101Bridge at Vancouver

Kilauea, Hawaii

Möhne lake dam

©Photos: P. Marwedel




Smart Home

Zero energy building, generates as much energy as it consumes

Provides safety and security Supports owners Provides maximum comfort ambient assisted living

© P. Marwedel




Smart Medicine

Diagnosis Support of therapy

• Surgery• Aids, e.g. Artificial eye:

- Camera attached to glasses; computer worn at belt; output directly connected to the brain, was at [www.dobelle.com]

- Translation into sound; claiming much better resolution, http://www.seeingwithsound. com/etumble.html

evaluation risk analysis Information about patients




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power station

control station

sensors and local control

Decentralized Control

centralized control

long distance communication

Local Process control

Centralized control and monitoring

Smart Grid

© DFG-Forschergruppe 1511, TU Dortmund, Wietfeld, Rehtanz et al.




Integration of Physics and Cyberin Physical Experiments

© CERN, 2010




Smart Beer Glass

8-bit processor

Capacitive sensor for fluid level

Inductive coil for RF ID activation &

power

CPU and reading coil in the table. Reports the level of fluid in the glass, alerts servers when close to empty

Contact less transmission of power and

readings

© Jakob Engblom

Integrates several technologies: Radio transmissions Sensor technology Magnetic inductance for

power Computer used for

calibrationImpossible without the computerMeaningless without the electronics




More application areas

Telecommunication

Consumer electronics

Robotics

Public safety

Military systems

Mostly cyber-physical

© Graphics: P. Marwedel, 2011




Connecting previously isolated systems

© Design: P. MarwedelComponents: Microsoft



Educational concept

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Broad set of topics

1. Introduction

2. Specification and modeling

3. CPS/ES hardware

4. CPS/ES system software

5. Evaluation

6. Mapping of applications to execution platforms

7. Optimizations

8. Test




Concept of CPS & ES Education at Dortmund

Integrated as a specialization into CS curriculum

Pro-gramming

algorithms computerorganization

Matheducation

EEfundamentals

first course on embedded & CP systems

lab

controlsystems

DSP machine vision

real-timesystems

project

applications

Lego, µC

graduatelevel

thesis

undergraduate

OS &networks

middle-ware

Lab

+ courses for minordegree




Structure of the CS curriculum at Dortmund- 3 year bachelor program -

Term

1 Computer organization

Programming & semantics

Math education

2 Circuits & communication

OS Algorithms

3 HW lab Networks SW lab

4 Databases …

5 Embedded systems fundamentals

Software engineering

…

6 Bachelor project+ Thesis

… … All dependences met




Scope avoids problems with narrow perspectives reported by ARTIST

“The lack of maturity of the domain results in a large variety of industrial practices, often due to cultural habits”

“curricula … concentrate on one technique and do not present a sufficiently wide perspective.”

“As a result, industry has difficulty finding adequately trained engineers, fully aware of design choices.”

Source: ARTIST network of excellence:Guidelines for a Graduate Curriculum on Embedded Software and Systems,http://www.artist-embedded.org/Education/Education.pdf, 2003:




Scope consistent with ARTIST guidelines

"The development of ES cannot ignore the underlying HW characteristics. Timing, memory usage, power consumption, and physical failures are important."

"It seems that fundamental bases are really difficult to acquire during continuous training if they haven’t been initially learned, and we must focus on them."

dtP

© Graphics: P. Marwedel, 2012




Textbook(s)

Several editions/translations: 1st edition

• English• Original hardcover version• Reprint, soft cover, 2006

• German, 2007• Chinese, 2006• Macedonian, 2010

2nd edition, with CPS• English, Dec. 2010/Jan.

2011• Translated Chinese edition,

2013

PeterMarwedel Peter

Marwedel

PeterMarwedel

© Graphics: Springer, Science Publishers, Ad Verbum

PeterMarwedel

PeterMarwedel Peter

Marwedel




Slides

Slides are available at the course web site

• http://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de/daes/de/lehre/lehrveranstaltungen/wintersemester-20142015/es-1415.html

• Master format: (mostly) Powerpoint (2010 –new-);

• Derived format: PDF

Course announcements

http://ls12-www.cs.tu-dortmund.de/daes/de/lehre/lehrveranstaltungen/wintersemester-20142015/es-1415.html






Schedule (1)

Date Book Topic Lecturer Slides

Oct. 7th Preface,1.1-2 Intro, definitions, area, characteristics

Chen

Oct. 8th 1.3-2.2 Design flows, MoC Chen

Oct. 14th 2.1-2.4.1 Early phases, statecharts Neugebauer

Oct. 21st 2.4.2.1-2.4.3 timed automata, synchronous languages

Kleinsorge

Oct. 22nd 2.4.4-2.5.3 SDL, data flow, SDF, Kahn process netw.

Chen

Oct. 28th 2.6-2.7 Petri nets, Discrete event model

Chen

Oct. 29th 2.8, 2.10 Imperative model, comparison of MoCs

Chen

Nov. 4th 3.1-3.2 Sensors & sampling Chen




Schedule (2)


Nov.5th 3.3.1-3.3.3.2 Execution platforms Chen

Nov.12nd 3.3.3.3-3.4 Execution platforms Chen

Nov. 13th 3.5-3.7 Communication, sampling theorem

Chen

Nov. 19th 4.1 System SW, RTOS Chen

Nov. 20th 6.1-6.2.3 Aperiodic Scheduling Chen

Nov. 26th 6.2.4-6.3 Periodic Scheduling Chen

Nov. 27th 4.1 Priority Inheritance Chen

Dec. 2nd 4.2-4.5 Evaluation, Pareto optimality, Integer Linear Programming

Kleinsorge

Dec. 3rd 5.1-5.2.2 WCET Kleinsorge




Schedule (3)


Dec. 9th 5.2.3 Real-Time Calculus Chen

Dec. 10th 5.3-5.4 Energy and power models, thermal models

Chen

Dec. 16th 5.5-5.8 Dependability/simulation

Neugebauer

Jan. 6th 6.3.2 Hardware/Software Partitioning

Chen

Jan. 7th 6.4 Mapping Chen

Jan. 13th Real-Time Communication

Chen

Jan. 14th 7.1, 7.2 Optimization I Chen

Jan. 20th 7.3 Optimization II Chen

Jan. 21st 7.4 Optimization III: Low-Power Design

Chen




Schedule (4)


Jan. 22nd TBD Chen

Jan. 28th 8 Test Chen




Summary

A look at the future of IT

Definition: embedded & cyber-physical (cy-phy) systems

Growing importance of embedded & cy-phy systems

Application areas & examples

Curriculum

Documents

Technische universität dortmund fakultät für informatik informatik 12 Embedded Systems Jian-Jia Chen (slides are based on Peter Marwedel) TU Dortmund,