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Presentation at Conference room of Angkor Paradise Hotel: 20-24 September 2016, Siem Reap, Cambodia

Technology Dissemination of Virus-free

Seed Potato Production using Hydroponic

Production systems in Thailand

AFACI Program Workshop on Food Crops

Orathai Wongmetha

Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Center (CMRARC)

Horticultural Research Institute (HRI)

Department of Agriculture (DOA), Thailand

Introduction

Potato in Thailand

Main Activities

Results and Discussion

Suggestions for project

Project Impacts & Recommendations

Future Plan

2 (https://www.google.co.th, 2013)

Thailand Background

Thailand, officially the Kingdom of Thailand,

formerly known as Siam.

Bangkok is capital of Thailand.

Thailand is the world's 51st-largest country.

An area of 513,000 km2 (198,000 sq mi).

Bhumibol Adulyadej (Rama IX) is the king of

Thailand.

Flag

Emblem

(Wikipedia, 2013)

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4 4

Thailand is located in the center of peninsular Southeast Asia, 76 provinces.

Agricultural regions divided into

5 regions, namely:

1) North

2) Central

3) East

4) Northeast

5) South

Geographically Thailand

(Sripinta et al., 2008)

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Climate

Seasons Months Temperature (oC)

%RH Monsoon

Hot and dry Feb - May 34 75 -

Rainy Jun - Sep 29 87 Southwest

Cooler and dry

Oct - Jan 20 - 32 - Northeast

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Potato in Thailand is an important in the north and

northeastern part of Thailand because potato chip

consumption is an increasing rapidly.

The potato farmer income: 2,679-4,464 $US/hec

(15,000-25,000 baht/rai).

The entrepreneur required more potato production for

processing and farmer also required basic seed

production (G1) and certified seed production (G2-G3)

to support them.

Potato in Thailand

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Potato production in Thailand

Table 1. Thailand production of potato in 2011-2016 (Office of

Agricultural Economics, 2012).

Year Processing Fresh consumption

Area

(ha)

production

(tons)

Yield

(kg/ha)

Area

(ha)

production

(tons)

Yield

(kg/ha)

2011 8,741.6 124,808 14,275 880 14,863 16,887.5

2012 8,447.4 126,044 14,918.8 854.1 13,116 15,356.3

2013 6,589.9 96,096 14,581.3 646.4 9,064 14,025

2014 5,684.6 89,925 15,937.5 644 9,790 15,200

2015 7,158.7 115,141 14,206.3 672.3 10,522 15,650

2016 6,350.7 129,760 20,431.3 660.3 12,543 18,993.8

%Growth -7.72 -4.87 3.09 -7.88 -9.36 -2.14

Table 2. Quantity of seed potato imported in 2011-2015.

8 ศกล.ชม กวก.

Year Processing Fresh consumption

Quota Imported Quota Imported

2011 6,062.65 4,659.15 262.7 262.5

2012 8,135.28 3,846.03 237.7 237.7

2013 7,967.53 6,898 237.5 237.5

2014 10,422.95 6,824.08 237.6 237.5

2015 6,124.95 1,421 237.5 237.5

%Growth 2.72 -16.49 -2.00 -1.99

Unit: tones

Potato Varieties in Thailand

9 ศกล.ชม กวก.

Spunta for consumption Atlantic for processing

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DOA produced pre-basic seed (G0) and basic seed

(G1) for farmer but it not adequate.

The enterprises of potato chip are imported certified

seed >>> high unit cost and difficult for a

management system.

Farmers are stored low quality (virus, bacteria, scab

etc.) certified seed potato for planting in next

season.

The effect to the quantity and quality of potato, by

reduce the total yield and also reduce the

marketable quality.

Problem of potato production in Thailand

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To find technology or protocol are produced high

yields, more easy, rapid, flexible, more security for

the phytosanitary quality and at lesser cost through

research and development.

The purpose of this study to find the new technology

of propagate potato plantlets by tissue culture

technique in solid media or microtubers production

by bioreactor and pre-basic seed production under

aeroponic system that improve quality and quantity

and lower costs.

How to solve the problem

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Main activity

Location of experimental site:

Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Centre

(CMRARC), MaeWang, ChiangMai, Thailand.

The climate condition:

At 1,250 m above sea level, a cooler, dry season,

lasts from November to February, with an average

temperatures ranging from 13.9oC, 11.5 mm rain fall level

and 84.3% relative humidity (RH).

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บา้น VIP 3 หลงั

บา้นพกัรับรอง หลงัใหญ่

ร้านกาแฟ

สโมสร/โรงครัว

เอเฟรม 7 คน 2 หลงั

และ เอเฟรม 4 คน 1 หลงั

อาคารส านกังาน

Meeting room.

ทางเขา้

Chiang Mai Royal Agricultural Research Centre (CMRARC), MaeWang, ChiangMai

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Atlantic Variety

Characteristics of selected cultivar:

Early late maturity (90-120 days after planting)

Round shape

Shallow eye

White flesh

Light tan skin

Consistently 4 to 9 cm diameter

The yield 15.175 tones/hec (2,428 kg/rai)

High solid gross >17.5%

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Main activity

Time

schedule

Activity and process

Year 1:

(Jan 2017-Dec

2017)

1. Establishment and research of aseptic techniques (Jan-

Apr 17)

- Prepare material for micropropagation plantlets.

2. Induction and multiplication of shoots in vitro (May-Aug 17)

- To find out the suitable medium for multiplication of potato

shoots and roots for produce potato plantlet production form in

vitro micropropagation technique. Including monitoring virus

infection of plantlet.

3. Mother plant production in net house (Jul-Sep 17)

- Tissue plantlets are transplant to a tray, soil media in net-

house. The Stem cutting of mother plant is transplant in aeroponic

system in 30-45 days after planting. To find out the suitable

fertilizer for produce mother plant in soil media. Including

monitoring virus infection of mother plant.

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Time

schedule

Activity and process

Year 2:

(Jan 2018-

Dec 2018)

4. Microtubers production in vitro (Jul-Apr 18)

- Potato plantlets are induce microtubers by using tissue

culture method in solid media or bioreactor system in liquid

media under aseptic condition in laboratory. In additional, to

find out the suitable medium for microtuber production in both

media.

5. Pre-basic seed production (G0)

5.1 G0 from stem cutting in Aeroponic system (Nov17-Apr

18)

- Stem cutting of tissue plantlet are inserted to a spongy in

holes of form plastic sheets and connected with aeroponic

system in net-house. To find out the suitable fertilizer or

technique for minituber production in aeroponic

system. Including monitoring virus infection of G0 production.

6. Publication paper or leaflet or book (Apr-Sep 18)

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Time

schedule

Activity and process

Year 3:

(Jan 2019-

Dec 2019)

5.2 G0 from microtuber in vitro in soil media (Nov 18-

Apr 19)

- Microtubers from in vitro are transplant to a tray, soil

media in net house. To find out the suitable fertilizer or

technique for G0 production. Including monitoring virus

infection.

6. Basic seed production (G1) in the field (Nov 18-Feb

19)

- G1 production from G0 minituber in the research field or

farmer field (field demonstration).

7. Publication paper or leaflet or book (Jul-Dec 19)

8. Training course for enterprise, student, farmer (Apr-

Sep 18)

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Time schedule Activity and process

Year 3:

(Jan 2019-Dec

2019)

7. G1 and G2 production in the field (Nov18-Apr 19)

7.1 G1 production from G0 microtuber in the research

field. To find out the suitable technique for G1

production. Including monitoring virus infection.

7.2 G2 production from G1 minituber in the research

field or farmer field (field demonstration). To find out the

suitable technique for G2 production. Including

monitoring virus infection.

Year 4:

(Jan 2020-Dec

2020)

8. Potato production for processing (Nov19-March

20)

- Potato production for processing from G1 and G2

minituber in the research field or farmer field (field

demonstration).

โรงเรือนกันแมลง (Net house)

โรงเรือนกันแมลง (Net house)

Protocols of Seed Potato Production in Thailand

19 ศกล.ชม กวก.

แปลงผลิตหัวพันธ์ุ (Field Seed production)

โรงเรือนกันแมลง (Net house)

ห้องปฏิบัติการ (Lab)

การผลติต้นอ่อนปลอดเช้ือ (Pathogen free in vitro plantlets)

การเพาะเลีย้งเน้ือเย่ือในอาหารแขง็ (Tissue culture)

การใช้ระบบไบโอรีแอคเตอร์จมช่ัวคราว (Temporary Immersion Bioreactor ; TIB)

การผลติต้นแม่พนัธ์ุ (Mother plants production)

การขยายต้นปักช า (Stem cuttings production)

การผลติหัวพนัธ์ุหลกั G0 (Pre-basic seed production) โรงเรือนกนัแมลง

(Net house) การผลติหัวพนัธ์ุขยาย G1

Basic seed production

ผลติหัวพนัธ์ุรับรอง G2 (Certified seed production)

ระบบแอโรโปนิค (Aeroponic)

Determine - Virus - bacteria - late blight

ระบบไฮโดรโปรนิค (Hydroponic)

วสัดุปลกู (Soil Media)

Year 1

Year 1 Year 2

Year 1

Year 1/2

Year 2/3

Year 3/4 การผลติมนัฝร่ังส่งโรงงาน (Potato production for processing๗

Year 4/5

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1. Pathogen fee In vitro plantlets

Prepare MS media

1.1 Tissue culture of CMRARC

21 Year 1

3 weeks–1 month,

transplant or sub culture

Sub Culture 1 week

2 weeks 22

Culture room

Transfer room

ศกล.ชม กวก. 23

1.2 Tissue culture by using Temporary Immersion bioreactor (TIB)

ศกล.ชม กวก. 24

Year 2

ศกล.ชม กวก. 25

Prepare 300 ml of MS media

- Autuclave in 20 min

Prepare bottles 24 oz. and equipments

ศกล.ชม กวก. 26

- Wait until cool

Single node cutting in bottle

and connect with TIB system,

Feed media 2 times, 2

min/time

Prepare TIB

equipments in

laminar flow clean

bench

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3 weeks 1 week

1.5 months after planting

10x10 cm

2. Mother Plants Production

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3 weeks–1 month, transplant

Year 1

ศกล.ชม กวก. 29

2. Soak knife in alcohol 50%

1. Mother plant

3. Cut potato stem

4. 2 leaves and 2-3 nodes stem cutting

5. Soak in Trichoderma + Chitosan 5 min

6. Transplant in media or aeroponic 30

Stem cuttings production

Year 2

31 ศกล.ชม กวก.

3.1 G0 production in Aeroponic

Year 2

32 ศกล.ชม กวก.

33 ศกล.ชม กวก.

34 ศกล.ชม กวก.

3.2 G0 production in soil media

35 Year 2

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4. Basic Seed Production (G1-G2)

Year 3

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Important Diseases/ Pests in Thailand

Fungus Bacterial Virus & Nematode Pests

-Late blight

(Phytophthora

infestans)

-Bacterial wilt

(Ralstonia

solanacearum),

Mosaics (PVX, PVY,

PYS) and Potato

leaf roll virus (PLRV)

Aphid (Myzus persicae

Sulzer and Ahis

gossypii)

Early blight

(Alternaria solani)

Black leg and soft rot

(Erwinia carotovora and

E. chrysanthemi)

Root-knot nematode

(Meloidogyne

incognita)

Thrips (Thrips palmi,

Scirtothrips dorsalis)

-Downy mildews

(Peronospora

destructor)

Ring rot (Clavibacter

michiganensis)

Potato tuber moth

(Phthorimaea

operculella)

Fusarium dry rot and wilt

(Fusarium spp.)

Common scab

(Streptomyces scabies)

Leaf miner flies

(Liriomyza brassicae)

Stem rot (Sclerotium

rolfsii)

Cutworm (Spodoptera

exigua, Spodoptera

litura, Agrotis ipsilon Stem canker and black

scurf

(Rhizoctonia solani)

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Late blight detection

CIP

scale

value

Blight (%)

Symptoms mean limits

1 0 - No late blight observed.

2 2.5 Traces < 5 - Late blight present. Maximum 10 lesions per plant.

3 10 5 < 15 -Plants look healthy, but lesions are easily seen at closer distance.

Maximum foliage area affected by lesions or destroyed corresponds to

no more than 20 leaflets.

4 25 15 < 35 - Late blight easily seen on most plants. About 25 % of foliage is covered

with lesions or destroyed.

5 50 35 < 65 - Plot looks green; however, all plants are affected. Lower leaves are dead.

About half the foliage area is destroyed.

6 75 65 < 85 - Plot looks green with brown flecks. About 75 % of each plant is affected.

Leaves of the lower half of plants are destroyed.

7 90 85 < 95 - Plot neither predominantly green nor brown. Only top leaves are green.

Many stems have large lesions.

8 97.5 95 < 100 - Plot is brown-colored. A few top leaves still have some green areas.

Most stems have lesions or are dead.

9 100 100 - All leaves and stems dead.

(Henfling, 1987)

Virus Glift kit of mother plants

40 Virus Glift kit

Determined every

1 month

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2-3 bands = virus detection

Bacteria Test kit of G0-G1

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2 bands = bacteria detection

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Project Impacts & Recommendations

The high temperature and unsuitable fertilizer ratio are affected

to impact crops.

Potato virus are seed-borne, reduce mass production of seed

potato.

The technique of in vitro micropropagation in potato cv. Atlantic

will be done.

The technique of induce microtuber in solid and liquid media

should be develop.

The minituber production under aeroponic system should be

improves technique, lower costs and increase the farmers’

income.

Aeroponics is a soilless method for producing pre basic potato

seed.

The method can produce higher yields, easier, rapid, flexible

and more security for the phytosanitary quality.

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Future plan

Activities 2017 2018 2019

1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12

1. Project Activities

Preparation

2. Preparation of material

3. Establishment and

Research of Aseptic

Techniques

4. Tissue plantlets

production/ Microtubers

production

5. Mother plant production

in net house

6. G0 production from stem

cutting in aeroponic system

and microtuber in vitro

culture in soil media under

net house

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Activities 2017 2018 2019

1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12 1-3 4-6 7-9 10-12

7. G1 production in the field

8. Certified seed production

(G2) in the field

9. Potato production for

processing

10. Virus and disease

elimination

11. Publication paper or

leaflet or book etc.

12. Training/Visiting

scientists/Workshop/Confer

ence meeting (1-2 weeks)

13. Training course for

enterprise, student, farmer

14. Report Preparation

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Results and Discussion

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Suggestions for project