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8/20/2019 Temas selectos de salud pública: revisiones panorámicas
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© Pk`ks hks @iridnks risirvf`ks. Mcmgumf pfrti `i istf pubhcdfdcôm pui`i sir riprk`udc f̀k trfmslctc`f im mcmgumf jkrlf y pkr mcmgõm li`ck ihidtrômcdk, `i jktkdkpcf, grfbfdcôm yktrks scm pirlcsk privck pkr isdrctk `i hks futkris y i`ctkris.
Pìtuhk Krcgcmfh `i hf Kbrf5 Pilfs sihidtks `i sfhu` põbhcdf5rivcsckmis pfmkrælcdfs
Futkris5 Lfrdk Fmtkmck Ufvfhf-GkmzæhizLfrìf Fmgãhcdf Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz,Fhixcs Dnæviz-@ìfz,Lfrìf `ih Dfrlim Dkrtãs-Hôpiz,
Lfrìf `i hks Æmgihis Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõ`iz,Csfurf Lftch`i Gfrdìf-Nirmæm`iz,Lfrìf `ih Qchfr Gôliz-Gkmzæhiz,Ghkrcf Qftrcdcf Zihæzquiz-Lktf
CTBM 645 37>-696>>74229CTBM 615 696>>74227
@csiök cmtirckris y pkrtf`f5 Tkhi`f` Buch
skhi`f`.buchAyfnkk.dkl
Zirscôm i`ctf`f pkr5 cLi`Qub cmjkAcli`.pub nttp5//cli`.pub/
Qrclirf i`cdcôm 2169
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Ufvfhf-Gkmzæhiz, Lfrdk Fmtkmck (Dklpchf`kr)
Lã`cdk Dcruefmk, @cphklf`k im Cmvistcgfdcôm im Dcimdcfs `i hf Tfhu` dkm Pidmkhkgìf @c-gctfh, Lfistrk im I`udfdcôm y Dfm`c`ftk f @kdtkr im Dcimdcfs ̀ i hf Tfhu` Qõbhcdf. Bidfrck`ih Dkmsiek Mfdckmfh `i Dcimdcf y Pidmkhkgìf `i Lãxcdk. Tkdck jum`f`kr `i hf TiddcômFdf`ãlcdf `i Cmvistcgfdcôm im I`udfdcôm Lã`cdf `i hf Fskdcfdcôm Lixcdfmf `i Jfduh-
tf`is y Isduihfs `i Li`cdcmf. Tus prcmdcpfhis hìmifs `i cmvistcgfdcôm skm5 fmtrkpklitrìfmikmftfh, jkrlfdcôm `i ridursks nulfmks pfrf hf sfhu`, fspidtks bckpscdkskdcfhis `ihimvieidclcimtk, ipc`ilckhkgìf dhìmcdf im ftimdcôm prclfrcf y utchczfdcôm `i li`cdflim-tks im ftimdcôm prclfrcf. Futkr `i 0: frtìduhks cm`ixf`ks im EDR/TDC Pnklskm Riutirs,Li`Hcmi/QubLi`, Tdkpus, TdcIHK, Ri`FHyD i Clbckli`. Duimtf dkm 74 dctfs `i 2117f 2169 y um ìm`cdi N `i 9. Dk`cridtkr `i tiscs `i hcdimdcfturf y lfistrìf. Qrkjiskr `ilitk`khkgìf `i hf cmvistcgfdcôm, bckistf`ìstcdf y jfrlfdkhkgìf im hf Ymcvirsc`f` EuærizFutômklf `i Pfbfsdk y ih Cmstctutk `i Dcimdcfs y Istu`cks Tupirckris `i Pflfuhcpfs. Tufdtcvc`f` dklk cmvistcgf`kr nf sc`k ridkmkdc`f f trfvãs `ih mklbrflcimtk dklk Cmvistc-gf`kr Istftfh `i Pfbfsdk, Lãxcdk. Dkrrik ihidtrômcdk5 zglf[961>4Ayfnkk.dkl.lx
Lfrdk Fmtkmck Ufvfhf-Gkmzæhiz
Lfrìf Fmgãhcdf Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz,
Fhixcs Dnæviz-@ìfz,
Lfrìf `ih Dfrlim Dkrtãs-Hôpiz,
Lfrìf `i hks Æmgihis Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõ`iz,
Csfurf Lftch`i Gfrdìf-Nirmæm`iz,
Lfrìf `ih Qchfr Gôliz-Gkmzæhiz,
Ghkrcf Qftrcdcf Zihæzquiz-Lktf
Bidfrcks `ih Dkmsiek Mfdckmfh `i Dcimdcf y Pidmkhkgìf (DKMFDSP) `iLãxcdk, f`sdrctks fh Qrkgrflf `i @kdtkrf`k im Dcimdcfs `i hf Tfhu`Qõbhcdf `ih Dimtrk Ymcvirsctfrck `i Dcimdcfs `i hf Tfhu` (DYDT) `i hf
Ymcvirsc`f` `i Guf`fhfefrf (Y`iG), im Guf`fhfefrf, Efhcsdk, Lãxcdk.
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Ìm`cdi
Qrôhkgk. Rkbhis-Tchvf, Hitcdcf .....................................................................6
Dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis im pirskmfh `cridtcvk `ih prclir mcvih`i ftimdcôm. Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz, Lfrìf Fmgãhcdf .............................................9
Bõsqui`f tfr`ìf `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf y `ilkrf im hf `itiddcômpfrf ih `cfgmôstcdk `i dæmdir `i lflf. Dnæviz-@ìfz, Fhixcs ...................26
Jfdchctf`kris y kbstfduhczf`kris `ih dkmsulk `i i`uhdkrfmtisfrtcstdcfhis im f`uhtks dkm k scm `cfbitis.Dkrtãs-Hôpiz, Lfrìf `ih Dfrlim .............................................................46
Lfsduhcmc`f` y nklksixufhc`f` im hf hctirfturf dcimtìstdfhftcmk- y dimtrk- flircdfmf. Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõ`iz,Lfrìf `i hks Æmgihis ...............................................................................06
Tfhu` limtfh im cm`ìgimfs. Gfrdìf-Nirmæm`iz, Csfurf Lftch`i .................96
Qftirmc`f` im f`khisdimtis5 tilf `i cmtirãs `i sfhu` põbhcdf.Gôliz-Gkmzæhiz, Lfrìf `ih Qchfr ............................................................:7
Fdtctu`is im tkrmk f hf pruibf `i `itiddcôm tilprfmf `ih
dæmdir dãrvcdk-utircmk. Zihæzquiz-Lktf, Ghkrcf Qftrcdcf...........................7:
Qrisdrcpdcôm cmf`iduf`f `i li`cdflimtks im ih trftflcimtk`ih sìm`rkli litfbôhcdk im ftimdcôm prclfrcf. Ufvfhf-Gkmzæhiz, Lfrdk Fmtkmck ............................................................>0
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Qrôhkgk
‘Rivcsckmis pfmkrælcdfs“ pk`ræ lcrfrsi dklk um tìtuhk ixtrfök pfrf um
tixtk `i sfhu` põbhcdf, pirk mk hk is. Hf sfhu` põbhcdf is um ærif cmtirisf`fim `isdrcbcr hf `cstrcbudcôm y dfusfhc`f` `i hf imjirli`f` im pkbhfdckmisnulfmfs, fsì dklk im ivfhufr hf rispuistf lã`cdf krgfmczf`f pfrf dkm-tim`ir dkmtrf hf imjirli`f`. Hf cmvistcgfdcôm im sfhu` põbhcdf nf gimirf`kum dõluhk `i dkmkdclcimtk, tikrìfs y litk`khkgìfs pfrf ixphcdfr hf imjir-li`f` y hfs rispuistfs skdcfhis pfrf imjrimtfrhf. Istf kbrf, si ubcdf im istfcmtirsiddcôm, hf `i hf sfhu` põbhcdf y su prk`uddcôm dcimtìjcdf, fh dkmgrigfrkdnk rivcsckmis `i hf hctirfturf.
Ih tãrlcmk ‘rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf“ fhu`i f riumcr im um lcslk sctck ihdkmkdclcimtk privck gimirf`k y prk`udc`k f pfrtcr `i hf cmvistcgfdcôm rifh-czf`f im um ærif `i hf dcimdcf k skbri um tilf im pfrtcduhfr. Bidoir _6\ im suhcbrk `i`cdf um dfpìtuhk f hf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf tctuhf`k ‘Ftirrkrczf`kspkr hf hctirfturf“, um tìtuhk ivkdftcvk skbri hk `cjìdch `i rihfdckmfrmks dkm hksfutkris qucimis mks fmtidi`cirkm im ih dkmkdclcimtk, pirk `i hf clpkrtfm-dcf `i rivcsfr ih dkmkdclcimtk privck. Mf`ci istæ iximtk `i dkmkdir quã si
nf prk`udc`k im su dflpk `i cmtirãs, y pkr isk Bidoir cmscsti im qui ‘scsfbilks hk qui si dkmkdi, cmdhusk fquihhk ixcstimti fmtis `i qui mfdcãrf-lks, imtkmdis nfrilks um usk fprkpcf`k `ih dkmkdclcimtk“. Qkr isk rivcsfrih dkmkdclcimtk privck nf sc`k utchczf`k dkm tris stmfhc`f`is5 nfdir buimfcmvistcgfdcôm, tklfr `idcsckmis cmjkrlf`fs pfrf hf `istmcdcôm `i prkgrflfsk pkhìtcdfs `i sfhu`, y ivfhufr f hf dcimdcf.
Nfdir buimf cmvistcgfdcôm, clphcdf dkmkdir hks istu`cks privcks fdirdf`ih jimôlimk istu`cf`k, yf sif hf imjirli`f`, sus dfusfs k hfs li`c`fsprivimtcvfs k durftcvfs ixcstimtis. Rivcsfr hf hctirfturf mk sôhk is sfbir quãsi nf istu`cf`k, scmk, skbri tk`k, dkmkdir hfs jkrtfhizfs y `ibchc`f`is `i`cdnk dkmkdclcimtk pfrf ubcdfr ih pumtk `ih dufh mksktrks fvfmzfrilks,
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pirk tflbcãm is fprim`ir `i hks fdcirtks y hks irrkris litk`khôgcdks `iqucimis mks fmtidi`cirkm. Mk dkmkdir hf hctirfturf skbri muistrk prkbhilf`i cmvistcgfdcôm is frrcisgfrsi f ripitcr hks lcslks irrkris y f ripitcr umdkmkdclcimtk kbskhitk. @i fnì qui, im hf jkrlfdcôm ̀ i hks cmvistcgf`kris, si
imjftczf hf clpkrtfmdcf `i fprim`ir nfdir hf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf. Bkkti& Bichi _2\ siöfhfm qui umf substfmtcvf y skststcdf`f rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturfis umf pridkm`cdcôm pfrf rifhczfr umf cmvistcgfdcôm substfmtcvf y skststcdf`f,yf qui mk si pui`i rifhczfr buimf cmvistcgfdcôm sc prclirk mk dkmkdilks yimtim`ilks hf hctirfturf `ih jimôlimk qui mks cmtirisf. Qkr isk, pripfrfrf hks istu`cfmtis y juturks cmvistcgf`kris pfrf fmfhczfr y scmtitczfr hf hctirf-turf, is pri-riqucsctk mk sôhk `i umf buimf tiscs `kdtkrfh, scmk `i um buimcmvistcgf`kr.
Pklfr `idcsckmis cmjkrlf`fs pfrf hf `istmcdcôm `i prkgrflfs k pkhìtcdfs `i sfhu` bfsf`fs im ih dkmkdclcimtk `ih dkmeumtk `i hf cmvistcgfdcôm, is umf `ihfs tim`imdcfs læs ridcimtis f mcvih cmtirmfdckmfh. Nfstf umfs `ãdf`fs ftræs,ludnfs `i hfs pkhìtcdfs `i sfhu` juirkm `istmc`fs f pfrtcr `i hks risuhtf`ks`i um skhk istu`ck k `i hf kpcmcôm `i um ixpirtk, istrftigcf f hf dufh si hif`eu`cdfm vfrcks rcisgks dklk qui um istu`ck is cmsustdcimti pfrf tklfr `idc-sckmis? hks ixpirtks jfvkridim dcirtk tcpk `i dkmdhusckmis? hfs dkm`cdckmis `ih
dkmtixtk skm ixdhuc`ks? hf fprkxclfdcôm tiôrcdf is umf skhf y? hks tklf`kris`i `idcsckmis riqucirim sfbir mk sôhk dufhis cmtirvimdckmis jumdckmfm scmktflbcãm bfek dufhis dkm`cdckmis fsì dklk sus dkstks-bimistdcks _4\. Im istkstãrlcmks, hfs rivcsckmis `i hf hctirfturf si nfm dkmvirtc`k im um cmsulk im hftklf `i `idcsckmis fh kjridir umf bfsi `i cmjkrlfdcôm læs dkmstfbhi pfrf hftklf `i `idcsckmis im ih dflpk `i hfs pkhìtcdfs skdcfhis im ih ærif `i hf sfhu`.Cmdhusk si dkmsc`irf qui hfs rivcsckmis `i hf hctirfturf mk sôhk skm õtchis pfrfhks tklf`kris `i `idcsckmis scmk tflbcãm pfrf qucimis clphilimtfm `cdnks
prkgrflfs y pfrf hks pfdcimtis lcslks, qucimis pui`im tklfr `idcsckmisliekr cmjkrlf`fs skbri ih lfmiek `i su imjirli`f` _0\.
Ivfhufr f hf dcimdcf is umf `i hfs prikdupfdckmis dimtrfhis fh cmtirckr `ihf fdf`ilcf y `i hks krgfmcslks stmfmdcf`kris `i hf cmvistcgfdcôm. Hf ivfhu-fdcôm `i hf dcimdcf tcimi hf stmfhc`f` `i ivfhufr hf prk`uddcôm, ih clpfdtky hf dfhc`f` `ih dkmkdclcimtk gimirf`k im um ærif `ih dkmkdclcimtk k hfprk`uddcôm dcimtìstdf `i cmvistcgf`kris `i umf cmstctudcôm, pfìs k rigcôm `ih
lum`k. Ysufhlimti hf dklpfrfdcôm y ivfhufdcôm `ih dkmkdclcimtk gim-irf`k f trfvãs `i riumcr hfs pubhcdfdckmis ixcstimtis pirlctim krcimtfr hfspkhìtcdfs skbri hf dcimdcf y su stmfmdcflcimtk, pirk tflbcãm pfrf ixphcdfr hfsrihfdckmis imtri hks dflpks `ih dkmkdclcimtk, hks vìmduhks imtri hks dcimtì-
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stdks y, hf drifdcôm k ih `isfrrkhhk `i muivks dflpks `i dkmkdclcimtk _9\.Im isti dkmtixtk hf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf mk dkmscsti im dkhkdfr eumtks
istu`cks ̀ i um dflpk ̀ ih dkmkdclcimtk, scmk clphcdf ih usk ̀ i litk`khkgìfsispidìstdfs pfrf riumcr y fmfhczfr `cdnf bcbhckgrfjìf y dkmstrucr um pfmkrflf
ivfhuftcvk ̀ i hk qui fdkmtidi im ̀ cdnk dflpk. Mk pkr isk im hks õhtclks 21föks nilks prisimdcf`k um dridclcimtk im hfs litk`khkgìfs pfrf rifhczfrrivcsckmis `i hf hctirfturf. Ofstmir it fh. _:\ c`imtcstdfm 29 tcpks `i rivcsckmis`i hf hctirfturf duyfs litk`khkgìfs ridupirfm mk sôhk istu`cks dufhctftcvks,dufmtctftcvks y lcxtks, scmk su kbeitk `i fmæhcscs `cstiri `i fduir`k f hf stmfhc-`f` `i `cdnf rivcscôm. F isti dkmeumtk `i tcpks `i rivcsckmis si föf`im hfsrivcsckmis bcbhcklãtrcdfs qui nfm trfmsctf`k `i hks fmæhcscs `i clpfdtk `i hf`ãdf`f `i 6391 f hk qui nky si dkmkdi dklk ‘wiblitrcdf“ qui ridkmkdi
hf clpkrtfmdcf `ih jimôlimk `i hf Wib im hf dcimdcf y su prk`uddcôm dcimtì-stdf _:\. @i imtri istf luhtcphcdc`f` `i tcpks `i rivcsckmis, hf prisimti kbrfsi ubcdf im hk qui si dkmkdi dklk ‘rivcsckmis pfmkrælcdfs“ k ‘ sdkpcmgrivciw “ im su fdipdcôm im cmghãs.
Hf rivcscôm pfmkrælcdf tcimi hf stmfhc`f` `i kjridir umf vcscôm `i dkm- eumtk `i istu c̀ks im um dflpk k tilf im pfrtcduhfr i cmdhuyi istu`cks tfmtkdufhctftcvks dklk dufmtctftcvks y istu`cks lcxtks, fsì dklk umf vfrci`f` `i
`csiöks litk`khôgcdks, yf sif trfmsvirsfhis k ixpirclimtfhis, itmkgrfjìfs kistu`cks bfsf`ks im tikrìf jum`flimtf`f. Ih pfmkrflf qui kjridi is umfvcscôm gimirfh `i hks cmtirisis `i hf cmvistcgfdcôm im um dflpk k tilf impfrtcduhfr, pkr hk dufh ih hidtkr fddi`i f umf bcbhckgrfjìf scstilftczf`f y kr-gfmczf`f im tilfs rihivfmtis pfrf um dcirtk pirìk`k `i tcilpk _7\.
Hfs kdnk rivcsckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf prisimti kbrf si ubcdfm im istf tim-`imdcf, hf `i kjridir umf vcscôm `i dkmeumtk `i hk fmfhczf`k im tilfspfrtcduhfris hcgf`ks f hf sfhu` põbhcdf. @ks ieis riõmim istks trfbfeks `i
rivcscôm, um prclir grupk skm hfs rivcsckmis skbri hfs dkm`cdckmis `i sfhu`im pkbhfdckmis nulfmfs pfrtcduhfrlimti skbri hfs dkm`cdckmis lôrbc`fs `igrupks ispidìstdks, prkdisks pscdkhôgcdks y skdcfhis `i hfs dkm`cdckmis `isfhu` y imjirli`f`, y skbri sfbiris y prædtcdfs `ih lfmiek `i hf imjirli-`f`. Ym sigum`k iei skm hfs rivcsckmis skbri sirvcdcks `i sfhu`, hks dufhissi dimtrfm im hf ivfhufdcôm `i hfs prædtcdfs `ih pirskmfh `i sfhu`. Flbksieis skm rihivfmtis pfrf ixphcdfr ih dklpkrtflcimtk y krcgim `i hf imjir-
li`f`, fsì dklk ih `isilpiök `ih pirskmfh `i hks sirvcdcks `i sfhu`. Hkshidtkris imdkmtrfrfm im istfs rivcsckmis mk skhk riumc`k ih dkmkdclcimtk imtkrmk f um tilf im pfrtcduhfr, scmk tflbcãm cmspcrfdckmis pfrf `isfrrkhhfrsus prkpcfs c`ifs, `ftks `i cmtirãs pfrf sus istu`cks k tilfs pfrf fgim`fs
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`i cmvistcgfdcôm juturfs. Hfs pkscbchc`f`is skm cmstmctfs f pfrtcr `i riumcr imum lcslk sctck bcbhckgrfjìf prk`udc`f im `cjirimtis dkmtixtks y `i fdf`ãlc-dks `ih lum`k. Lc cmvctfdcôm is imtrfr fh lum`k `i hfs pkscbchc`f`is dkm hfhidturf `i istf kbrf.
Hitcdcf Rkbhis-TchvfYmcvirsc`f` ̀ i Guf`fhfefrfGuf`fhfefrf, Efhcsdk, Lãxcdk
2: `i mkvcilbri `i 2169
Bcbhckgrfjìf6. Bidoir N. Wrctcmg jkr skdcfh sdcimtcsts. Nkw tk stfrt fm` stmcsn ykur tniscs, bkko, kr frtcdhi.Dncdfgk5 Ymcvirscty kj Dncdfgk Qriss. 63>:.2. Bkkti @, Bichi Q. Tdnkhfrs bijkri risifrdnirs5 Km tni dimtrfhcty kj tni `cssirtftckm hctirf-turi rivciw cm risifrdn pripfrftckm. I`ud Ris. 2119?40(:)54-69.4. Tnih`km P. Lfocmg ivc`imdi symtniscs lkri usijuh jkr lfmfgilimt fm` pkhcdy-lfocmg.E Nifhtn Tirv Ris Qkhcdy. 2119?61(suph.6)56-9.0. Lfys M, Qkpi D, Qkpfy E. Tystilftcdfhhy rivciwcmg qufhctftcvi fm` qufmtctftcvi ivc`im-di tk cmjkrl lfmfgilimt fm` pkhcdy-lfocmg cm tni nifhtn stih`. E Nifhtn Tirv Ris Qkhcdy.
2119?61(Tupph6)5:-21.9. Pnihwfhh L. Bcbhcklitrcds tk wibklitrcds. E Cmjkrl Tdc. 211>?40(0)5:19-26.:. Ofstmir L, Prcddk F, Tkkbcfn D, Hchhci I, Qirrcir H, Nkrshiy P, Wihdn Z, Dkgk I, Fmtkmy E,Ttrfuss T. Wnft cs tni lkst fpprkprcfti omkwhi`gi symtniscs litnk` tk dkm`udt f rivciw;Qrktkdkh jkr f sdkpcmg rivciw. BLD Li` Ris Litnk`kh. 2162?62(60)56-61.7. Frosiy N, K–Lfhhiy H. Tdkpcmg stu`cis5 tkwfr`s f litnk`khkgcdfh jrfliwkro. Cmt E TkdRis Litn. 2119?>(6)563-42.
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Dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhisim pirskmfh `cridtcvk `ih
prclir mcvih `i ftimdcôm
Fhkmsk-Æhvfriz, Lfrìf Fmgãhcdf
Cmtrk`uddcôm
Ti rifhczô umf rivcscôm scstilætcdf `i hf hctirfturf pfrf nfdir jrimti f hfduistcôm gimirfh `i f`lcmcstrfdcôm `i hks sirvcdcks `i sfhu`, dkm ih kbeitcvk`i c`imtcstdfr istu`cks skbri hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis im pirskmfh `c-
ridtcvk `ih prclir mcvih `i ftimdcôm.Hf f`lcmcstrfdcôm `i hks sirvcdcks `i sfhu` `i ftimdcôm prclfrcf is fhgk
dklphiek qui ixcgi ̀ i hks f`lcmcstrf`kris dkmkdclcimtk, nfbchc`f`is y fdtc-tu`is mkrlfhlimti midisfrcfs im dufhqucir gistkr. Ih ærif `i sfhu` dkmvcvidkm isdfsis `i girimdcf prkjisckmfhczf`f im gistcôm, is `idcr hks prkjisck-mfhis qui f`lcmcstrfm hks dimtrks `i ftimdcôm prclfrcf midisctfm `klcmfrdkmtimc`ks im ih ærif `i gistcôm. Hks prkjisckmfhis qui fdtõfm im ih scstilf
`i sfhu` skm hks rispkmsfbhis `i hf istdcimdcf `ih lcslk, f sif, su dfpfdc`f``i cmtirvimdcôm is `cridtflimti prkpkrdckmfh f hf dfhc`f` `i su jkrlfdcômy/k dfpfdctfdcôm pfrf `isfrrkhhfr fdtcvc`f`is im hks sirvcdcks `i sfhu`. Qkr hktfmtk, hks sirvcdcks ̀ i sfhu` ̀ ibiræm dkmtfr dkm pirskmfh ̀ cridtcvk qui duim-ti dkm hfs dklpitimdcfs midisfrcfs pfrf ktkrgfr um sirvcdck `i dfhc`f` f hfdklumc`f`. _6\. Qfrf sfbir duæhis skm hfs dklpitimdcfs midisfrcfs y ivfhuf-`fs `i um `cridtcvk `i ftimdcôm prclfrcf pfrf qui hhivi f dfbk umf gistcômf`lcmcstrftcvf f`iduf`f si rifhczô umf rivcscôm scstilætcdf `i hf hctirfturf
ixcstimti. Qfrf sustimtfr ih tilf `i cmvistcgfdcôm qui si pritim`i fbkr`frixcsti hf midisc`f` `i rivcsfr hf cmvistcgfdcôm rifhczf`f f hk hfrgk `ih tcilpkskbri ih lcslk, c`imtcstdfm`k ih pfmkrflf `ih tilf y fsì ktkrgfrmks dkmk-
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nifhtn dfri KR Qrclfry dfri. Qrkjissckmfh dklpitimdi KR Dklpitimdcis KRDklpitimdy KR Qrkstdcimdy FM@ Nifhtn Jfdchcty F`lcmcstrftckm KR Nifhtnwkrojkrdi FM@ Qrclfry nifhtn dfri KR Qrclfry dfri. Qrkjissckmfh dklpi-timdi KR Dklpitimdcis KR Dklpitimdy KR Qrkstdcimdy FM@ Dfsi stu`y
KR Dkmstfmt dklpfrcskm KR Dkmtimt fmfhyscs KR Dkmvirsftckm fmfhyscs KR@isdrcptcvi stu`y KR @csdkursi fmfhyscs KR Itnkgrfpny KR Ixphkrftkry stu`yKR Jilcmcst KR Jkdus grkup KR Grkum`i` tnikry KR Nirlimiutcd KR Cmtir-vciw KR Mfrrftcvi fmfhyscs KR Mfturfhcstcd stu`y KR Qfrtcdcpfmt kbsirvftckmKR Qnimklimkhkgy KR Vufhctftcvi litnk` KR Vufhctftcvi risifrdn KR Pni-lftcd fmfhyscs FM@ Qrclfry nifhtn dfri KR Qrclfry dfri.
Dklk drctircks `i cmdhuscôm pfrf hf hctirfturf si sihiddckmfrkm sôhk istu-`cks rifhczf`ks im pirskmfh f`lcmcstrftcvk k `cridtcvk `i umc`f`is lã`cdfs
`i ftimdcôm prclfrcf f hf sfhu`, hf bõsqui`f mk istuvk hclctf`f f fhgõm tcil-pk im ispidìstdk, sihiddckmfm`k rijirimdcfs im ispfökh cmghãs k pkrtuguãs,ripkrtis `i cmvistcgfdcôm dufmtctftcvf y dufhctftcvf pubhcdf`f im dufhqucirpfìs. Qfrf hf sihiddcôm `i hfs rijirimdcfs si istfbhidcirkm dklk drctircks `icmdhuscôm pkr tìtuhk? qui dkmtuvcirf `ks k læs `i hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvis, susscmômclks, tãrlcmks rihfdckmis k jkrlfs fhtirmftcvfs `i isdrcturf. Qkr risu-lim? qui dulphf dkm hks drctircks ̀ i sihiddcôm ̀ ih tìtuhk y f`ilæs dkmtimgf
hks tãrlcmks ispidcfhczf`ks. Qkr tixtk dklphitk? qui ivfhõim hfs dklpi-timdcfs prkjisckmfhis `ih pirskmfh `cridtcvk `i dimtrks `i ftimdcôm prclfrcff hf sfhu`, hks frtìduhks qui mk dulphim dkm ih kbeitcvk `i hf rivcscôm skmihclcmf`ks.
Ti imdkmtrfrkm 614 rijirimdcfs, `i hfs qui si ihclcmfrkm 36 pkr mk sirfrtìduhks ilpìrcdks, mk fbkr`fr ih kbeitcvk `i hf rivcscôm k mk dkmtfr dkm ihtixtk dklphitk. Ti cmdhuyirkm stmfhlimti 62 frtìduhks ilpìrcdks (Jcgurf C).
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>
614 istu`cks c`imtcstdf`ks
62 istu`cks cmdhuc`ks
47 frtìduhks mk ilpìrcdksihclcmf`ks
4 trfbfeks `i rivcscômihclcmf`ks
23 frtìduhks ihclcmf`ks ftixtk dklphitk
22 frtìduhks ihclcmf`ks pkrsir feimks fh kbeitcvk
Jcgurf C. Qrkdisk `i sihiddcôm `i frtìduhks pfrf hf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf. Juimti5 Ihfbkrf-dcôm `i hf futkrf.
Hf ridupirfdcôm `i tixtk dklphitk si hhivô f dfbk li`cfmti hf bfsi `i`ftks `i hf Ymcvirsc`f` `i Guf`fhfefrf yf qui grfm pfrti `i hks frtìduhkssihiddckmf`ks pkr tìtuhk y risulim mk si imdkmtrfbfm dkm `cspkmcbchc`f` imhf bfsi `i `ftks `i prkdi`imdcf.
Hf ixtrfddcôm `i hks `ftks rihivfmtis pfrf hf rivcscôm bcbhckgræstdf si hhivô
f dfbk dkm hf scstilftczfdcôm `i hfs lcslfs im umf lftrcz, qui dkmstfbf `iduftrk fpfrtf`ks5 futkr/fök, kbeitcvk, litk`khkgìf y risuhtf`ks. Qfrtcduhfr-limti, hf litk`khkgìf dkmstfbf `i hks scgucimtis fpfrtf`ks5 tcpk `i istu-`ck, pkbhfdcôm, luistrf, vfrcfbhis/`climsckmis, cmtirvimdcôm, ridkhiddcôm ̀ i`ftks, trfbfek `i dflpk, trfmsjkrlfdcôm `i `ftks y fmæhcscs.
Ih fmæhcscs `i hks `ftks si hhivô f dfbk scgucim`k sciti ieis5 kbeitcvks `ihks istu`cks, dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis ivfhuf`fs, cmstrulimtks ̀ i ivfhuf-dcôm, `istmcdckmis `i dklpitimdcf, mcvih `i dklpitimdcf i cmtirvimdckmis
pfrf liekrfr dklpitimdcfs. Im isti simtc`k, si kbtuvk istf`ìstcdf `isdrcptc-vf pfrf prisimtfr hf cmjkrlfdcôm.
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Risuhtf`ks y `csduscôm
Im ih Duf`rk C si imhcstfm hks istu`cks cmdhuc`ks im hf rivcscôm, hfs pkbhf-dckmis im hfs qui si ivfhufrkm hfs dklpitimdcfs y hfs luistrfs im hfs qui si
rifhczfrkm. Im isti duf`rk, si kbsirvf qui ih istu`ck læs fmtcguk `ftf `ihfök 2111, qui hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis si nfm ixphkrf`k im lõhtcphisprkjisckmfhis `i `cvirsks puistks f`lcmcstrftcvks `i ftimdcôm prclfrcf, y quihfs ivfhufdckmis si nfm rifhczf`k im luistrfs prclkr`cfhlimti lfsduhcmfs.
Duf`rk C. Istu`cks `i dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis im pirskmfh `cridtcvk `iftimdcôm prclfrcf
Qrclir futkr,fök
Qkbhfdcôm kbeitk `i istu`ckLuistrf
Jilimcmk Lfsduhcmk
Hôpiz, 2160 Ilphif`ks põbhcdks ̀ i hfF`lcmcstrfdcôm Qõbhcdf Ispfökhf
229 4>>
Si`c`cf, 2111 @cridtkris lã`cdks ̀ i ftimdcômf`lcmcstrf`f y `cridtkris `i prkgrflf`i risc`imdcf
1 634
Guk, 2114 @cridtcvks ̀ i prclir mcvih ̀ i ftimdcôm 1 61
Dzfbfmkwsof,2162
@cridtcvks, lã`cdks Gimirfhis / Lã`cdksJflchcfris
1 7
Crvcmi, 2119 Qrkjisckmfhis ̀ i ̀ criddcôm ̀ i ftimdcômprclfrcf im sfhu`
72 1
Ttfmoumfs, 2162 @cridtkris gimirfhis, sus ̀ cputf`ksy eijis `ihigfdckmfhis tirrctkrcfhis `icmstctudckmis põbhcdfs `i sfhu`
69 01
Lchcdivcd, 2161 Fhtks ̀ cridtcvks, eijis ̀ i imjirlirìf y
eijis `i sirvcdcks
76 21
Nuirtf, 2113 @cridtcvks ̀ i hf ri` fscstimdcfh ̀ ihTirvcdck `i Tfhu` Pfhdfnufmk `i Dnchi
1 47
Grknlfmm, 2162 Girimtis nkspctfhfrcks 66 64
Juruofwf, 2166 Imjirlirfs gistkrfs y sus ̀ cridtkris 6: 3
Hcbfr`k, 211> Girimtis ̀ i hfs imtc`f`is pristf`krfs`i sirvcdcks `i sfhu`
62 9:
Húibhicm, 2113 Girimtis `i hfs umc`f`is bæscdfs `i
sfhu`
23 1
Juimti5 Qubhcdfdckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf.
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Kbeitcvks `i hks istu`cks
Hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis si nfm ixphkrf`k dkm `cjirimtis kbei-tcvks5 c`imtcstdfdcôm 22%, ivfhufdcôm :0% i cmtirvimdcôm pfrf su liekrf
60% (Græstdf 6).613>7:904
261
C`imtcstdfdcôm`i dklpimtimdcfs
4
3
2
Ivfhufdcôm`i dklpimtimdcfs
Cmtirvimdcôm pfrf hfliekrf `i dklpitimdcfs
M õ l i r k
` i f r t ì d u h k s
KbeitcvksGræstdf 6. Kbeitcvks `i hks istu`cks. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `i hf futkrf.
Dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis
Im ih Pfbhf 6 si imhcstfm hfs dklpitimdcfs prkjisckmfhis qui si nfm ivf-
huf`k im hf hctirfturf ixcstimti. Im tktfh, si nfm ixphkrf`k 60> dklpitim-dcfs, imtri hfs dufhis, hfs læs jriduimtis nfm sc`k5 trfbfek im iqucpk >4.4%,dklumcdfdcôm 79% y hc`irfzgk :7%. Hf lfykrìf ̀ i hfs dklpitimdcfs prkji-sckmfhis ixphkrf`fs, nfm sc`k ivfhuf`fs sôhk umf viz.
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Pfbhf 6. Dklpitimdcfs `isdrctfs pkr hfs `cjirimtis pubhcdfdckmis
Dklpitimdcf Jriduimdcf Qkrdimtfei
Prfbfek im iqucpk 61 >4.4%
Dklumcdfdcôm 3 79%
Hc`irfzgk > :7%Qhfmcstdfdcôm : 91%
Istfbhidclcimtk ̀i rihfdckmis 4 29%
Migkdcfdcôm 4 29%
Pklf `i `idcsckmis 4 29%
Ãtcdf 4 29%
Lkmctkr 4 29%
Lfmiek ̀ i dkmflcdtks 4 29%
Istdfdcf 4 29%
Dkmkdclcimtk im ipc`ilckhkgcf 4 29%
Lfmiek ̀ i tidmkhkgìfs ̀ i cmjkrlfdcôm y dklumcdfdcôm 4 29%
Gistcôm 2 67%
Krgfmczfdcôm 2 67%
Lktcvfdcôm 2 67%
Dkkr`cmfdcôm 2 67%
Istdcimti 2 67%
Lãtk`ks y nirrflcimtfs 2 67%
Dklprklcsk 2 67%
Ilpftìf 2 67%
Dkmkdclcimtk im ridursks nulfmks 2 67%
Tkhudcôm ̀ i prkbhilfs 2 67%
@isfrrkhhfr hf cmcdcftcvf y hf futkmklìf 2 67%
Gistcôm ̀i lftircfhis y sulcmcstrks 2 67%
Futkdkmtrkh y istfbchc`f` ilkdckmfh 6 >.4%Futkdkmstfmzf y sigurc`f` im sì lcslk 6 >.4%
Riscstimdcf f hf f`virsc`f` 6 >.4%
Cmfluimdcf 6 >.4%
Cmcdcftcvf 6 >.4%
Krcimtf`f `i Risuhtf`ks 6 >.4%
Dfpfdc`f` `i fmæhcscs 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk ̀i hf krgfmczfdcôm 6 >.4%
Zcscôm y fmtcdcpfdcôm 6 >.4%Dcu`f`fmk y jumdckmfrck krcimtf`k 6 >.4%
Fpirturf 6 >.4%
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Dklpitimdcf Jriduimdcf Qkrdimtfei
C`imtcstdfdcôm dkm hf krgfmczfdcôm 6 >.4%
Liekrf dkmtcmuf ̀i hf dfhc`f` 6 >.4%
Gistcôm ̀ i utchczfdcôm 6 >.4%
Dkkr`cmfdcôm ̀i hf ftimdcôm 6 >.4%
Dkhfbkrfdcôm 6 >.4%
Idkmklìf 6 >.4%
Imhfdi 6 >.4%
Fscgmf`kr `i ridursks 6 >.4%
Gistcôm ̀ i kpirfdckmis 6 >.4%
Istrftigf 6 >.4%
Isdudnf 6 >.4%
Ftimdcôm fh pfdcimti y sigurc`f` 6 >.4%
Iquc`f` 6 >.4%
@isfrrkhhk prkjisckmfh dkmtcmuk 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtks im dflbck ̀ i dklpkrtflcimtk 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtks im istchk ̀i vc`f 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im ih prkdisk ̀ i hf imjirli`f` 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk tikrìfs ̀ i prklkdcôm ̀ i sfhu` 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i cmjkrlætcdf 6 >.4%Dkmkdclcimtk tikrìfs i`udfdcôm/ fprim`czfei 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im dcimdcfs skdcfhis 6 >.4%
Ilpk`irflcimtk 6 >.4%
Dkmdcimdcf ̀ i sì lcslk 6 >.4%
Rifhcslk 6 >.4%
Qksturf prkfdtcvf 6 >.4%
Nkhcslk 6 >.4%
Rispitk pkr hfs pirskmfs 6 >.4%Riflixcôm 6 >.4%
@ijimsf 6 >.4%
Lfmiek 6 >.4%
Ivfhufdcôm ̀ i hfs midisc`f`is 6 >.4%
Dkmdcimdcf pkhìtcdf 6 >.4%
Qrisimdcf `i hf dklumc`f` 6 >.4%
Jcmfhczf`kr 6 >.4%
Clphilimtf`kr 6 >.4%Lkh`if`kr 6 >.4%
Ispidcfhcstf 6 >.4%
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Dklpitimdcf Jriduimdcf Qkrdimtfei
Cmvistcgf`kr ̀ i ridursks 6 >.4%
Dkhfbkrfr 6 >.4%
Dklprklitir 6 >.4%
Ivctfr 6 >.4%
Dklphfdcimti 6 >.4%
Istfbhidclcimtk ̀ i prckrc`f`is 6 >.4%
Ivfhufdcôm `ih `isilpiök 6 >.4%
Krcimtfdcôm fh usufrck 6 >.4%
Dkmstfmzf im sì lcslk 6 >.4%
F`fptfdcôm fh dflbck 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im pkhìtcdfs ̀ i sfhu` 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im lcscôm y kbeitcvks 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im sirvcdcks ̀ isfrrkhhf`ks 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk midisc`f`is ̀ i hf dklumc`f` 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ isfrrkhhk ̀ i hf prkgrflfdcôm 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i hfs cmstfhfdckmis jìscdfs 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im mkrlfs y prkdi`clcimtks 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im iqucpflcimtk 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i lftircfhis ̀ i dkmsulk 6 >.4%Dkmkdclcimtk ivfhufdcôm ̀ i sirvcdcks sfhu` 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk trfbfek ̀ i sirvcdcks ̀ i sfhu` 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im f`lcmcstrfdcôm pfrtcdcpftcvf 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk `i gistcôm `i trfbfek `i sirvcdcks `isfhu`
6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk girimdcf li`cks ̀ i prk`uddcôm 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk im f`lcmcstrfdcôm istrftãgcdf 6 >.4%
Dkmkdclcimtk ̀ i dfhc`f` ̀ i sirvcdck pristf`k 6 >.4%C`imtcstdfdcôm ̀ i prkbhilfs 6 >.4%
Driftcvc`f` 6 >.4%
Qrklkvir y lfmtimir rihfdcôm dkm iqucpk/usufrcks 6 >.4%
Lktcvfr fh iqucpk 6 >.4%
Qrivcimi y skhudckmf prkbhilfs lfqucmfrcf 6 >.4%
Cmtucdcôm fh ̀ isfrrkhhk ̀ ih trfbfek 6 >.4%
Migkdcfr dkm ih iqucpk, supirckris y usufrcks 6 >.4%
Ãtcdk dkm ih iqucpk supirckris y usufrcks 6 >.4%Cmmkvf`kr y fgimti ̀ i dflbcks 6 >.4%
Girimdcfr hks prkgrflfs ̀ isfrrkhhf`ks 6 >.4%
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Dklpitimdcf Jriduimdcf Qkrdimtfei
Girimdcfr ih trfbfek ̀ i iqucpk 6 >.4%
Tir eustk dkm su iqucpk y usufrcks 6 >.4%
Tir fjidtcvk, ̀ fm`k ftimdcôm fh iqucpk y usufrcks 6 >.4%
Istfr fbcirtk f hf migkdcfdcôm 6 >.4%
Istfr fbcirtk f hks dflbcks 6 >.4%
Tir driftcvk y istcluhfr hf driftcvc`f` ̀ ih iqucpk 6 >.4%
Istfr fbcirtk fh ̀ cæhkgk y sfbir isdudnfr 6 >.4%
Tir jfdchctf`kr (iqucpk y grupks dklumctfrcks) 6 >.4%
Cmdimtcvfr hf driftcvc`f` (iqucpk y grupks dklumctfrcks) 6 >.4%
Tir um hì`ir i`udf`kr 6 >.4%
Pimir pfrtcdcpfdcôm dkm ih trfbfek 6 >.4%
@ilkstrfr nulch`f` 6 >.4%
Qrcvchigcfr ih trfbfek im iqucpk 6 >.4%
Tfbir fdiptfr drìtcdfs 6 >.4%
Imjkqui im hks pfdcimtis 6 >.4%
F`qucscdcôm ̀ i dkmkdclcimtks 6 >.4%
Gistcôm `i ridursks 6 >.4%
Ilprim`clcimtk 6 >.4%
Gistcôm `i prkdisks 6 >.4%Zcscôm istrftãgcdf 6 >.4%
Dulphcr ̀ cspkscdckmis pkr hf eumtf ̀ cridtcvf 6 >.4%
Ieirdir hf riprisimtfdcôm higfh 6 >.4%
Istfbhidir dkmtrftks dkm ktrfs cmstctudckmis 6 >.4%
Tir mklcmf`kr ̀ i hf cmstctudcôm 6 >.4%
Kr`imfr ih gfstk 6 >.4%
Rim`cr cmjkrlis 6 >.4%
Ihfbkrfr ̀ cfgmkstcdk sctufdckmfh krgfmczfdcôm 6 >.4%@cspkmir ̀ i hks ridursks cmstctudckmfhis 6 >.4%
@csiöfr ih scstilf ̀ i dkmtrkh ̀ i prkdisks 6 >.4%
Ytchczfdcôm ̀i tidmkhkgìfs hivis 6 >.4%
Ytchczfdcôm ̀i tidmkhkgìfs ̀urfs 6 >.4%
Fmæhcscs ̀i hfs dkm`cdckmis ̀i sfhu` 6 >.4%
Qrkgrflfdcôm y dkmtrkh5 vcgchfmdcf sfmctfrcf 6 >.4%
Qrkgrflfdcôm y dkmtrkh 6 >.4%
Qrkgrflfdcôm y dkmtrkh `i fddckmis `i fduir`k dkm hf`ilfm`f ispkmtæmif
6 >.4%
Fdiptfr hfs `cjirimdcfs 6 >.4%
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Dklpitimdcf Jriduimdcf Qkrdimtfei
Dfpfdc`f` dflbcks 6 >.4%
Dfpfdc`f` ̀i ridupirfdcôm 6 >.4%
Jcmfhczfdcôm `i cmjkrlis 6 >.4%
Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `i hf futkrf dkm cmjkrlfdcôm `i hks frtìduhks dctf`ks
Imtri hfs dklpitimdcfs `isdrctfs fmtirckrlimti, gistcôm, sc bcim mk ishf læs jriduimti, is hf õmcdf qui si nf ixphkrf`k `i `cjirimtis jkrlfs im`cvirsks istu`cks5 gimirfh, `i utchczfdcôm, `i kpirfdckmis, `i gistcôm `i ri-dursks y `i prkdisks (Græstdf 2).
904261
Gistcôm Gistcôm ̀ i
utchczfdcôm
Gistcôm `i
kpirfdckmis
Gistcôm `i
ridursks
Gistcôm `i
prkdisks
2
6 6 6 6 M õ l i r k ` i
f r t ì d u h k s
Pcpks `i dklpitimdcfs `i gistcôm
Græstdf 2. Dklpitimdcf `i gistcôm, tcpks y jriduimdcf im hfs pubhcdfdckmis. Juimti5 Ihfbk-rfdcôm `i hf futkrf.
Cmstrulimtks `i ivfhufdcôm
Im ih Duf`rk CC, si ixpkmim hks `cjirimtis cmstrulimtks f trfvãs `i hksdufhis si nfm ivfhuf`k hfs dklpitimdcfs im hf hctirfturf. Ih læs jriduimti-limti utchczf`k is ih duistckmfrck, y im hf lfykrìf ̀ i hks dfsks mk si ̀ isdrcbium prkdisk `i vfhc`fdcôm.
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6:
Duf`rk CC. Cmstrulimtks utchczf`ks pfrf ivfhufdcôm `i dklpitimdcfs
Qrclir futkr, fök Cmstrulimtk Dkistdcimti ̀ i stfbchc`f`
Hôpiz, 2160 Duistckmfrck DklpiPIF ζ < 1.319 girimtis
ζ < 1.>>> jumdckmfrcks 8 rfmgk
Si`c`cf, 2111 Imduistf Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm
Ttfmoumfs, 2162 Duistckmfrck Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm
Lchcdivcd, 2161 Duistckmfrck ζ < 1.71 f 1.31
Nuirtf, 2113 Cmstrulimtk ̀ i dklpitimdcfs Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm
Grknlfmm, 2162 Duistckmfrck ̀ i Hfzfrkttk Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm
Juruofwf, 2166 Duistckmfrck Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc̀ fdcôm
Hcbfr`k, 211> Duistckmfrck ̀ i Grcsfhis Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc`fdcôm
Húibhicm, 2113 Duistckmfrck silc-istrudturf`k Mk ̀ isdrcbi hf vfhc̀ fdcômJuimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `i hf futkrf.
@istmcdckmis `i dklpitimdcf
Im ih Duf`rk CCC, si ixpkmim hks `cjirimtis dkmdiptks `i dklpitimdcfilphif`ks im hf hctirfturf pkr hks futkris dkmsuhtf`ks. Im isti hcstf`k, si
nfdi ivc`imti hf nitirkgimic`f` `i hfs `istmcdckmis, lcslfs qui si imjkdfmim duistckmis hfbkrfhis, `i `isilpiök, prk`udtcvc`f`, istdcimdcf y prkjisck-mfhc`f`. Qisi f istf nitirkgimic`f`, si kbsirvfm ihilimtks dklumis imtriistfs `istmcdckmis qui dkcmdc`im im5 dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`f`is y fdtctu`is.
Duf`rk CCC. Dkmdiptk `i dklpitimdcfs `isdrctk pkr futkr
Qrclir futkr, fök Dkmdiptk
Ttfmoumfs, 2162 Dklpitimdcfs ‘hf dklbcmfdcôm ̀ i dkmkdclcimtks tãdmcdks,nfbchc`f`is y dklpkrtflcimtks“
Hôpiz, 2160 Dklpitimdcf is mk sôhk hf nfbchc`f` ̀ i sir dfpfz ̀ i rifhczfrdkm ixcstk tfrifs ispidìstdfs `ih puistk `i trfbfek, scmk tflbcãmjumdckmfr im ludnfs sctufdckmis limks prkgrflf`fs im umimtkrmk cmistfbhi
Lchcdivcd, 2161 Dklpitimdcfs skm hf dklbcmfdcôm f`iduf`f ̀ i dkmkdclcimtks,nfbchc`f`is y dklpkrtflcimtks qui pksiim hks cm`cvc`uks ypui`im sir umf juimti `i vimtfef dklpitctcvf skstimc`f pfrf hfkrgfmczfdcôm
Si`c`cf, 2111 Dklpitimdcfs im hf liekrf ̀ i hf dfhc`f` skm drudcfhis pfrf hksprkjisckmfhis `i hf sfhu` dkm ih stm `i jklimtfr ih duc`f`k `ihpfdcimti
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Qrclir futkr, fök Dkmdiptk
Nuirtf, 2113
‘Ymf dfrfdtirìstcdf jum`flimtfh `i umf pirskmf quiistæ dfusfhlimti rihfdckmf`f f um drctirck `i istdfdcf y/k`isilpiök supirckr im um trfbfek k sctufdcôm“
Grknlfmm, 2162 Dklpitimdcfs girimdcfhis, rihfdcôm dkm dkmkdclcimtk,nfbchc`f`is y fdtctu`is qui jkrlfm hf trìf`f `i hf dklpitimdcfgirimdcfh
Juruofwf, 2166 Dklpitimdcfs cm`cvc̀ ufhis, istridnf rihfdcôm dkm hfs istrftigcfsy dklpitimdcfs krgfmczfdckmfhis. Ixcgi f qui hks prkjisckmfhistklim dkmdcimdcf `i sus rkhis
Hcbfr`k, 211> Dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`f`is, fdtctu`is, fptctu`is, vfhkris y`istrizfs qui pirlctim hhivfr f dfbk `i lfmirf ixctksf sufdtcvc`f` hfbkrfh
Guk, 2114 Dkmeumtk ̀ i nfbchc`f`is, tãdmcdfs y rkhis pfrf hhivfr fdfbk dkmistdfdcf um trfbfek
Dzfbfmkwsof, 2162 Dklpitimdcf is umf sìmtiscs `i dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`f`isy fdtctu`is qui pirlcti f fh pirskmfh `i sfhu` imtrigfr umfftimdcôm `i fhtf dfhc`f`
Crvcmi, 2119 Ymcstdfdcôm ̀ i umf sirci ̀ i ftrcbutks gimirfhis, tfhis dklkdkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`f`is y fdtctu`is, ispidìstdflimti pfrfnfdir jrimti f hfs midisc`f`is
Húibhicm, 2113 Dkmeumtk ̀ i dfrfdtirìstcdfs pirdcbc`fs im hfs pirskmfs qui
cmvkhudrfm dkmkdclcimtks, nfbchc`f`is y fdtctu`is quidkm`udim f um `isilpiök supirckr
Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `i hf futkrf.
Mcvih `i dklpitimdcf
Im hf Pfbhf 2, si prisimtfm hfs dklpitimdcfs ivfhuf`fs dkm lfykr jri-duimdcf im hf hctirfturf dkmsuhtf`f. Im ihhf si kbsirvf qui ih lãtk`k `i ivf-hufdcôm is nitirkgãmik, im tfmtk qui, im umks dfsks si `itirlcmf ih mcvihli`ck `i dklpitimdcf, lcimtrfs qui im ktrks si nf kbtimc`k hf prkpkrdcôm`i prkjisckmfhis qui lfmcstistfm `cdnf dklpitimdcf, pkr hk qui hks risuh-tf`ks mk skm `ih tk`k iqucpfrfbhis imtri sì. Im tk`k dfsk, im hf lfykrìf `ihks istu`cks si nf `itirlcmf`k ih mcvih li`ck ̀ i dklpitimdcf, scm ̀ istmcr su`cstrcbudcôm mkrlfh.
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Pfbhf 2. Dklpitimdcfs ivfhuf`fs dkm lfykr jriduimdcf
Dklpitimdcf Qrclir futkr, fök Li`cf @isv. ist. Qkrdimtfei
Hc`irfzgk Hôpiz, 2160 22.24 4.9> MR
Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.:4 MR MR
Grknlfmm, 2162 4.79 1.>0 MR
Juruofwf, 2166 2 2.9 MR
Húibhicm, 2113 MR MR 00.>>%
Prfbfek imiqucpk
Hôpiz, 2160 29.30 2.3> MR
Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.74 MR MR
Nuirtf, 2113 >.7 MR MR
Grknlfmm, 2162 4.32 1.77 MR
Juruofwf, 2166 4 4.4 MR
Ttfmoumfs, 2162 MR MR 7.4%
Húibhicm, 2113 MR MR 9>.:%
Dklumcdfdcôm Hôpiz, 2160 21.30 2.>2 MR
Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.2: MR MR
Nuirtf, 2113 >.> MR MR
Grknlfmm, 2162 4.32 1.76 MR
Juruofwf, 2166 7 2.> MR
MR5 Mk ripkrtf`k. Juimti5 Qubhcdfdckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf.
Cmtirvimdckmis pfrf liekrfr dklpitimdcfs
Jcmfhlimti, im ih Duf`rk CZ si prisimtfm hks risuhtf`ks `i hfs cmtirvimdck-
mis `kdulimtf`fs pfrf liekrfr ih mcvih `i hfs dklpitimdcfs læs jriduim-tilimti ivfhuf`fs. Im isti si kbsirvf qui hfs `cjirimdcfs pri- y pkst- li-`cdcôm skm lìmclfs, hk qui ivc`imdcf qui hfs cmtirvimdckmis rifhczf`fs nfmrisuhtf`k pkdk ijidtcvfs pfrfr liekrfr hfs dklpitimdcfs.
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Duf`rk CZ. Dklpitimdcfs `cridtcvfs dkm lfykr jriduimdcf im istu`cks `icmtirvimdcôm
Dklpitimdcf
Mcvih `i dklpitimdcfli`ck
Qrclir futkr, fökQri-
li`cdcômQkst-
li`cdcôm @cjirimdcf
Dklumcdfdcôm Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.2: 0.40 1.1>
Nuirtf, 2113 >.> 3.9 1.7
Prfbfek im iqucpk Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.74 0.7: 1.4
Nuirtf, 2113 >.7 3.1 1.4
Lfmiek `idkmflcdtks
Lchcdivcd, 2161 0.:9 0.72 1.17
Nuirtf, 2113 3.1 3.9 1.9
Juimti5 Qubhcdfdckmis cmdhuc`fs im hf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf.
Dkmdhusckmis
Mk ixcsti hf sustdcimti hctirfturf rihfdckmf`f dkm dklpitimdcfs prkjisck-mfhis im pirskmfh `cridtcvk `i prclir mcvih `i ftimdcôm, hk dufh `ief f cm-tirpritfdcôm hk pkdk qui si nf fbkr`f`k ih tilf, dfbi `istfdfr qui grfmpfrti `i hks istu`cks ixdhuc`ks `i hf rivcscôm mk dkmtfbfm dkm ih drctirck `icmdhuscôm sustdcimti pfrf jkrlfr pfrti `i hf lcslf, mk kbstfmti, is dkmsc`i-rfbhi cmdhucrhks f jfhtf `i frtìduhks ilpìrcdks ktkrgæm`kmks um lfykr fpkrtiskbri ih tilf.
Ym pumtk clpkrtfmti f `istfdfr skbri ih prkdisk `i rivcscôm bcbhckgræstdf,is qui ih tilf `i dklpitimdcfs is fbkr`f`k imtri ktrfs duistckmis nfdcfprkjisckmfhis `i imjirlirìf y sfhubrcstfs, scm ilbfrgk, mk dkmtfbfm dkm ih
drctirck `i cmdhuscôm `i sir `cridtcvks pfrf jkrlfr pfrti `i hf rivcscôm. Qu`cãm-`ksi dkmsc`irfr ktrf hìmif `i cmvistcgfdcôm dkm istks prkjisckmfhis.
C`imtcstdfm`k hfs hfgumfs `i dkmkdclcimtk ixcstimtis skbri ih tilf, isclpkrtfmti dklimzfr f trfbfefr im ih lcslk, pirk fmtis si tcimi qui hhivfrf dfbk umf muivf rivcscôm qui fbkr`i hfs dklpitimdcfs ispidìstdfs `i um`cridtcvk hfs dufhis si `isprim`im `i hfs Jumdckmis Isimdcfhis `i Tfhu` Qõ-bhcdf, im istf rivcscôm si `isghksfm hfs dklpitimdcfs gimirfhis `ih `cridtcvkhfs dufhis tcimi qui hhivfr fdfbk im su jumdcôm dklk `cridtkr.
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Rijirimdcfs bcbhckgræstdfs
6. Grknlfmm LU, Bfttcstihhf HJ, Bfrfttk ET. Dklpitimdcfs `ih gistkr nkspctfhfrck5 istu`ckim um nkspctfh põbhcdk brfschiök. Imjirlirìf Ghkbfh 2162?2:(0)5636-21>. 2. Bifdn LD, Qrcdi IG, Gfry PH, Rkbcmskm OF, Gkzu F, Qfhfdck F, it fh. Duhturfh Dklpi-
timdy5 F Tystilftcd Rivciw kj Nifhtn Dfri Qrkvc`ir I`udftckmfh Cmtirvimtckms. Li`cdfh Dfri.2119?04(0)549:-74. 4. Tchvf SD, Rkquiti JJ. Dklpitåmdcfs ̀ k gistkr il sirvcçks ̀ i sfõ`i5 fmæhcsi ̀ f prk`uçäkdcimtìst df, mk pirìk`k ̀ i 2116 f 2166. Rivcstf ̀ i F`lcmcstrfçäk il Tfõ`i. 2164?69(9>)52-62. 0. Riy-Gflirk FD, Fdkstf-Rflìriz M. Ih imjkqui `i dklpitimdcfs pfrf hks iquc-pks `i Ftimdcôm Qrclfrcf im Tfhu`. Ymf rivcscôm `i hctirfturf. Riv. Girimd. Qkhct. Tfhu`2164?62(29)52>-43. 9. Jirmæm`iz-Tfhcmirk LD. Hfs dklpitimdcfs im ih lfrdk `i hf dkmvirgimdcf iurkpif5Ym muivk dkmdiptk pfrf ih `csiök `i prkgrflfs i`udftcvks. Imdkumtirs km I`udftckm.
211:?75646-94. :. Lchhir EI. Pni Dncdfgk Guc`i tk Wrctcmg fbkut Mulbirs. Cm5 Dncdfgk Guc`is tk WrctcmgIfQ, i`ctkr. Pidnmcdfh but clpkrtfmt5 stvi lkri bfscd prcmdcphis.2110. p. 93-:>. 7. Dzfbfmkwsof O, Burfzirc G, Ohilimd-Oitcs U, Ocekwsof Z, Pklfsco P, Brfm` N. Vufhctyclprkvilimt dklpitimdy gfps cm prclfry dfri cm Fhbfmcfm, Qkhcsn fm` Thkvimcfm dkmtixts5f stu`y prktkdkh. Fdtf Cmjkrl Li`. 2162?21(0)5290—>. >. Jirmfm`is-Húibhicm. HD, Lfdnf`k-Uflbrfmk. R, Fmsdnfu-Khcvicrf. G. Giråmdcf `i sir-vcçks `i sfõ`i5 dklpitåmdcfs `isimvkhvc`fs i `cstduh`f`is imdkmtrf`fs mf ftimçäk bæscdf.Dcåmdcf & Tfõ`i Dkhitcvf. 2113?60(6)56906-92. 3. Juruofwf QK, Khl-Dumnf CD. Qrksthi fm` Dklpitimdcis kj Mursi Lfmfgirs ft Fddri`c-
ti` Nkspctfhs. Riv. Hftcmk-Fl. Imjirlfgil. 2166?63(6)561:-60.61. Grknlfmm LU, Bfttcstihhf HJ, Bfrfttk ET. Dklpitimdcfs `ih gistkr nkspctfhfrck5 istu`ckim um nkspctfh põbhcdk brfschiök. Imjirlirìf Ghkbfh 2162?2:(0)5636-21>.66. Guk OH. F stu`y kj tni sochhs fm` rkhis kj simckr-hivih nifhtn dfri lfmfgirs. Nifhtn DfriLfmfgir. 2114?22(2)5692->.62. Nuirtf-Rcvirks QD, Hiytkm-Qfviz DI, Tfh`cf-Bfrfnkmf N. Fmæhcscs `i hfs dklpitimdcfs`cridtcvfs `i umf ri` `i sfhu` põbhcdf. Riv. sfhu` põbhcdf. 2113?66(:)5373->7.64. Crvcmi J. Ixphkrcmg `cstrcdt murscmg dklpitimdcis cm nifhtn prklktckm5 tni usi kj tni@ihpnc tidnmcqui. Ekurmfh kj Dhcmcdfh Murscmg. 2119?60(>)53:9-79.60. Hcbfr`k F, Gcrfh`k G, Hcmf L, Grcsfhis J, Krtcz Q. Rihfdcôm imtri ih mcvih `i `isfrrkhhk `i
hfs dklpitimdcfs im hks girimtis `i hfs CQT y hf dfhc`f` cmstctudckmfh, Fmtckqucf, 2119. Riv.Jfd. Mfd. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf 211>?2:(2)5694-:4.69. Hôpiz-Lfrtìmiz QF, Lkmtfök-Lkrimk EE, Bfhhistir-Brfgi H. Fmfhyscs kj prkjissckmfhdklpitimdcis cm tni Tpfmcsn pubhcd f`lcmcstrftckm lfmfgilimt. Ekurmfh kj Wkro fm` Kr-gfmczftckmfh Qsydnkhkgy. 2160?415:6-:.6:. Tfmtrcd-Lchcdivcd LL, Beigkvcd-Lcofmkvcd ZL, Pirzcd-Tupcd UE, Zfscd Z. Dklpitimdcisgfp kj lfmfgilimt tifls cm prclfry nifhtn dfri. Pni Iurkpifm Ekurmfh kj Qubhcd Nifhtn.2161?26(2)5207—94.67. Ttfmoůmfs L, Tfuhcůmi· T, Tlctn P, Fviry L, šulsofs H, Dzfbfmkwsof O. Ivfhuftckm kjhif`irsncp dklpitimdcis kj ixidutcvis cm Hctnufmcfm pubhcd nifhtn cmstctutckms. Li`cdcmf
(Ofumfs). 2162?0>(66)59>6-7.6>. Si`c`cf LE, Gchhispci DD, Lkkri GP. Tpidcstd Dhcmcdfh Dklpitimdcis jkr Lfmfgcmg DfriZciws kj Risc`imdy @cridtkrs fm` Lfmfgi` Dfri Li`cdfh @cridtkrs. EFLF. 2111?2>0(3).
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Istrftigcf `i bõsqui`f
Qfrf istf rivcscôm si dkmsc`irfrkm5 6) Istu`cks qui lc`cirfm ih tcilpk `i`ilkrf im hf bõsqui`f `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf pkr pfrti `i hfs lueiris f pfrtcr
`ih lklimtk qui ihhfs tcimim fhgõm tcpk `i scmtklftkhkgìf, 2) Istu`cks qui`itirlcmfrfm hks jfdtkris fskdcf`ks f hf `ilkrf pkr pfrti `i hfs lueirispfrf hf bõsqui`f `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf, y 4) Istu`cks qui c`imtcstdfrfm hksjfdtkris pfrf umf `itiddcôm y `cfgmôstcdk tfr`ìk pkr pfrti `i hks scstilfs`i sfhu`.
Hf rivcscôm `i frtìduhks si nczk f trfvãs `i bfsis `i `ftks dklk Qub-Li`, TFGI Ekurmfhs, Tdcimdi@cridt, IBTDK y BCRILI, utchczfm`k hf scgucimtidklbcmfdcôm `i pfhfbrfs dhfvi5 ifrhy ̀ cfgmkscs FM@ `ihfyi` ̀ cfgmkscs FM@
brifst mikphfsls KR siidocmg nihp FM@ `ihfyi` ̀ cfgmkscs FM@ brifst mik- phfsls.
Tihiddcôm `i hfs rijirimdcfs
Ti cmdhuyirkm ripkrtis `i cmvistcgfdcôm ilpìrcdf scm hìlcti im hf litk`k-hkgìf, is `idcr, dufmtctftcvks, dufhctftcvks y lcxtks, qui juirkm ihigc`ks `i
fduir`k f hks drctircks `i cmdhuscôm dklk juirkm5 frtìduhks pubhcdf`ks im cm-ghãs y ispfökh, hf tilpkrfhc`f` jui ̀ is`i ih dklcimzk ̀ i hf cm`czfdcôm nfstf`cdcilbri `i 2160, su krcgim mk si dkmsc`irô dklk hìlcti, y tflpkdk hksgrupks itfrcks `i hfs lueiris. Im ih tìtuhk y ih risulim hks frtìduhks `ibìfmdkmtimir hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi phfmtif`fs pfrf isti sdkpcmg rivciw . Im ih tixtkdklphitk df`f frtìduhk `ibìf dkmtimir ih lãtk`k `i istu`ck, hks kbeitcvks`ih istu`ck, hfs luistrfs/feustis y nfhhfzgks qui ivc`imdcfrfm ixphìdctflimtihf bõsqui`f ̀ i ftimdcôm lã`cdf, fsì dklk hf ̀ ilkrf im hf `itiddcôm y ̀ cfg-môstcdk kpkrtumk k tfr`ìk `ih dæmdir `i lflf. Ti ixdhuyirkm hks istu`cks `icmvistcgfdcôm ilpìrcdks `km`i mk istfbf ixphìdctf hf cmjkrlfdcôm `itfhhf`fskbri hf bõsqui`f `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf y hf `ilkrf `ih `cfgmôstcdk, fsì dklkih trftflcimtk `ih dæmdir `i lflf.
Tihiddcôm `i hfs rijirimdcfs Im ih prkdisk `i ihiddcôm y sihiddcôm si cmcdcôdkm hf ivfhufdcôm `ih tìtuhk, ih dufh si vircstdô dkm rispidtk fh dulphclcimtk`i hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi `imtrk `i ãsti, pkstirckrlimti si ivfhufrkm hks risõ-
limis, hks dufhis `ibìfm timir hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi pfrf nfdir hf sihiddcôm si-gõm isti drctirck. Ymf viz rifhczf`k istk, si prkdi`cô f nfdir hf ridupirfdcôm`i hks tixtks dklphitks, f hks dufhis si his rifhczô ih prkdisk `i vircstdfdcôm
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`i dulphclcimtk `i cmdhuscôm `i litk`khkgìf, kbeitcvk, qui cmdhuyirfm hksrisuhtf`ks skbri hf `ilkrf `i bõsqui`f `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf y ih hfpsk `itcilpk pfrf ih `cfgmôstcdk.
Qfrf ih prkdisk `i ridupirfdcôm `ih tixtk dklphitk, im hf lfykrìf `i hks
dfsks, si midisctô nfdir hf bõsqui`f f trfvãs `i hf bcbhcktidf `i hf Ymcvir-sc`f` `i Guf`fhfefrf, y `ih tktfh `i frtìduhks qui dulphìfm dkm hks drctircks`i cmdhuscôm pfrf tìtuhk y risulim, 41 mk juirkm ridupirf`ks. Ih prkdisk `ibõsqui`f y sihiddcôm si chustrf im hf Jcgurf C.
Istu`cks imdkmtrf`ksim hf bõsqui`f
Pìtuhks y risõlimisrivcsf`ks5 :1
Frtìduhks tixtk dklphitk
rivcsf`ks5 41
Frtìduhks cmdhuì`ks5 64
@uphcdf`ks ihclcmf`ks5 6>1
Frtìduhks ridupirf`ks5 41
Frtìduhks ixdhuc`ks5 67
Jcgurf C. Qrkdisk `i bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm `i frtìduhks. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `ih futkr.
Ixtrfddcôm y fmæhcscs `i `ftks
Huigk `i nfdir umf hidturf `i hks tixtks dklphitks si ixtrfeirkm hks sc-gucimtis `ftks5 futkr, fök y hugfr `ih istu`ck, litk`khkgìf, tflfök `i hfluistrf, tcpk `i pkbhfdcôm, jkrlf `i ridkhiddcôm `i `ftks, tilfs ilirgim-tis, fmæhcscs y risuhtf`ks sigõm hks tilfs phfmtif`ks. Qfrf isti prkdisk si
utchczô umf lftrcz `cstrcbuc`f pkr futkr, kbeitcvk, litk`khkgìf y risuhtf`ks.
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Risuhtf`ks y `csduscôm
Ti imdkmtrfrkm 64 frtìduhks, hks dufhis prkvcimim `i `cjirimtis pfìsis57.7% (m < 6) Fhilfmcf, 7.7% (m < 6) Dkhklbcf, 94.>% (m < 7) Istf`ks
Ymc`ks `i Flãrcdf, 7.7% (m < 6) Lãxcdk, 7.7% (m < 6) Hcbcf, 7.7% (m < 6)Lfhfscf, 7.7% (m < 6) Qfocstfm y 7.7% (m < 6) Pfcwfm. Hf litk`khkgìf juidufmtctftcvf im 3>% `i hks istu`cks sihiddckmf`ks.
Hks `kdulimtks ivfhuf`ks prkvcimim `i istu`cks ilpìrcdks pubhcdf`ksimtri 2112 y 2160, `km`i si c`imtcstdô qui ih prcmdcpfh prkpôsctk `i hksfutkris jui fbkr`fr ih prkbhilf `i `itiddcôm tfr`ìf `i dæmdir `i lflftimcim`k im duimtf qui ixcstim `ks tcpks prcmdcpfhis `i `ilkrf. @ilkrfim rihfdcôm fh pfdcimti skbri ih ritrfsk im hf bõsqui`f `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf
`ispuãs `i futk-`isdubrclcimtk `i um pkscbhi sìmtklf `i dæmdir `i lflfk ih jrfdfsk f hfs dctfs y ih ritfr`k `ih scstilf `i sfhu` im dkmsigucr dctfs,hf prkgrflfdcôm `i hfs pruibfs `i `cfgmôstcdk, ridcbcr um `cfgmôstcdk `ist-mctcvk, y ih cmcdck `i hf tirfpcf? hk dufh si prisimtf tfmtk im ih sidtkr põbhcdkdklk prcvf`k.
Jfdtkris qui cmtirvcimim im hf `ilkrf `i hf ftimdcôm
lã`cdf `ispuãs `i hf `itiddcôm `ih prclir sìmtklfnfstf ih `cfgmôstcdk
Hf `ilkrf im hf bõsqui`f `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf im hfs lueiris si nf dfrfd-tirczf`k pkr `iefr pkr um hf`k hf rispkmsfbchc`f` `i hf lueir fh cmtirisfrsiy lkstrfr fpigk f hfs li`c`fs privimtcvfs skbri tk`k im ih dfsk `i luei-ris f`uhtks lfykris hfs lueiris lfykris `i :9 föks `i i`f` (20.7%) qui
imtri hfs lueiris limkris `i 91 föks `i i`f` (7.6%), fsì dklk jfdtkrisfskdcf`ks f hf jfhtf ̀ i cmjkrlfdcôm y hks scgmks y sìmtklfs ̀ isdkmkdc`ks pkrhfs lueiris. Im rihfdcôm fh istf`ck im dæmdir `i lflf im istf`ck tfr`ìk siimdkmtrô im ih 96.:% `i tk`ks hks pfdcimtis y si tim`cô f sir læs jriduimtiimtri hfs lueiris dkm ritrfsk `i 04 lisis (9>.1%) qui imtri hfs lueirisqui dkmsuhtfrkm f um lã`cdk `imtrk `i 6 lis `ispuãs `i hf fpfrcdcôm `i hkssìmtklfs (0>.3%) _62\.
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Jfdtkris rihfdckmf`ks dkm hf `ilkrf im hf `itiddcôm y`cfgmôstcdk `is`i hf pirspidtcvf hks sirvcdcks `i sfhu`
Hks istu`cks qui nfm `ilkstrf`k ih clpfdtk qui tcimim im ih scstilf `i
sfhu` pfrf hf `itiddcôm y `cfgmôstcdk fstrlfm qui ih tcilpk `is`i hf prcli-rf dkmsuhtf fh lã`cdk, hf rijirimdcf fh prkjisckmfh `i hf sfhu` ispidcfhcstf,dfrfdtirìstcdfs skdck`ilkgræstdfs, istf`ck y `cjirimdcfdcôm `i tulkr juirkm`itirlcmfmtis pfrf hf `ilkrf y hf dkmstrlfdcôm `ih `cfgmôstcdk. Ih prkli-`ck `ih tcilpk `is`i ih dklcimzk `i hks sìmtklfs jui `i >.0 lisis dkm umpirck`k lìmclk pfrf um `cfgmôstcdk kpkrtumk `i 7.9 lisis y >.: lisispfrf ih istf`ck tfr`ìk _69\.
Hfs bfrrirfs `i fddisk f hf ftimdcôm lã`cdf tfhis dklk hf prkxclc`f` `i
hfs umc`f`is `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf, hf `cspkmcbchc`f` `i dctfs, ih rãgclim dkm-trcbutcvk y hf sigurc`f` skdcfh dkm hf qui dkmtfbfm mk juirkm `itirlcmfmtispfrf hf `ilkrf im hf ftimdcôm lã`cdf, yf qui si imdkmtrô qui fquihhksdfsks dkm `cfgmôstcdk im itfpf tfr`ìf pirtimidìfm f hf dftigkrìf `i limkrtcilpk `i vcfei fh dimtrk `i `cfgmôstcdk, hk dufh dkrrispkm`ìf f limks `i61 lcmutks _6:\.
Ti nf imdkmtrf`k qui fhgumks pfìsis nfm istfbhidc`k tcilpks læxclks
pfrf dkmtfr dkm ih `cfgmôstcdk `istmctcvk i cmcdck `ih trftflcimtk `i umf lu- eir dkm skspidnf `i dæmdir `i lflf, `ilkstrfm`k fsì istu`cks im dæmdir`i lflf dimtrf`ks im hf `ilkrf `cfgmôstcdf, dkm grfm vfrcfbchc`f`, dkm`ilkrfs qui ksdchfm imtri 6.0% y 63% læs `i hk ispirf`k _67\.
Im hfs umc`f`is lã`cdfs fõm si imtcim`i qui ixcstim grfm`is bridnfsim hf ftimdcôm cmtigrfh `i hf pfdcimti, im rihfdcôm dkm ih imtrimflcimtk yhf jkrlfdcôm `i ridursks nulfmks dkm fptctu`is y dklpitimdcfs qui `i-luistrim ijidtcvc`f` y sustdcimdcf. @urfmti im ih prkdisk `i `cfgmôstcdk si
imdkmtrfrkm `ftks, tfhis dklk ih 41% `i hfs lueiris lfmcjistô qui dkmsuh-tfrkm `ks k læs vidis pkr ih sìmtklf prcmdcpfh fmtis `i cmcdcfr hks ixælimis`cfgmôstcdks, 03.9% `i hfs lueiris kbtuvk su `cfgmôstcdk im um tcilpk `itris lisis k limks, im 2:.6% si `ilkrô imtri 4 y : lisis y im 20.0 % si`ilkrô læs `i sics lisis _67\.
Fumqui si nfm clphilimtf`k prkgrflfs `i `itiddcôm kpkrtumf y `cfg-môstcdk is clpkrtfmti ridfhdfr ih tcilpk is fprilcfmti y si riqucirim timir
liekris istrftigcfs pfrf `cslcmucr fsì hf jriduimdcfs im ih ritrfsk `ih `cfg-môstcdk qui fum fquiefm `i læs `i 4 lisis jui `ih 72.:% y hf jriduimdcf`ih ritrfsk `cfgmôstcdk `i læs `i : lisis jui `ih 09.9% _6>\.
Im Hcbcf si imdkmtrô qui ih `cfgmôstcdk tfr`ìk si fskdcô jfdtkris tfhis
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dklk hf i`f`, ih tilkr f hf cmjkrlfdcôm y hf lfhf fdtctu` `ih prkjisckmfh`i hf sfhu`, fsì dklk lci`k fh trftflcimtk qui cmdc`i `cridtflimti im ihistf`ck im qui si `cfgmkstcdf hf imjirli`f` `i fduir`k f hf dhfscstdfdcômPML y ih istf`ck dhìmcdk dkm juirtis fskdcfdckmis dkm hf fdtctu` `i hf lueir
nfdcf ih `cfgmôstcdk `i hf imjirli`f` imdkmtrfm`k rfzkmis sustdcimtis pfrftklfr clpkrtfmdcf y lfgmctu` im ih tcilpk `ih `cfgmôstcdk fskdcf`k dkm hffpfrcdcôm `i gfmghcks rihfdckmf`k `cridtflimti dkm dfrfdtirìstcdfs dhìmcdfsim hfs lueiris fjidtf`fs. Hks futkris prkpkmim imtim`ir qui isti prkbhilfvcsufhczf`k im hks scstilfs `i sfhu` `cjirimtis ‐tfmtk põbhcdk dklk im ihælbctk prcvf`k‐ jui ftim`cim`k im rihfdcôm hf `ilkrf im hf bõsqui`f `iftimdcôm lã`cdf y ih `cfgmôstcdk `i hf imjirli`f`. Dkm ihhk si kbtuvcirkmdkcmdc`imdcfs im `ftks rihfdckmf`ks dkm fhtfs tfsfs `i lkrtfhc`f`, `cslcmu-
yim`k fsì, hf skbrivc`f `i hf imjirli`f` yf qui si nfdim `cfgmôstcdks imistf`cks tfr`ìks.
Dkmdhusckmis
Is ivc`imti qui fõm ixcstim grfm`is bridnfs im ih prkdisk `i ftimdcômlã`cdf hf dufh si prkdurf pkr liekrfr im fspidtks `i sustdcimdcf y ijid-
tcvc`f`, scm ilbfrgk, si riquciri umf ftimdcôm cmtigrfh qui dkmtilphi ihtcilpk, ftimdcôm, cmjkrlfdcôm y lfykr i`udfdcôm dkm rispidtk f hf privim-dcôm `ih dæmdir `i lflf. Hks `cfgmôstcdks tfr`ìks mk sôhk si rihfdckmfm dkm`istdcimdcfs im ih scstilf `i sfhu`, scmk tflbcãm dkm jfdtkris prkpcks `i hflueir, tfhis dklk hks dkmkdclcimtks, driimdcfs i cmdhusk lctks y tilkrisskbri hf imjirli`f`.
Ih gkbcirmk tcimi hf tfrif `i umcr isjuirzks pfrf hf kpkrtumf ftimdcôm pkr
li`ck `i istrftigcfs `i vfmgufr`cf mk sôhk krcimtf`fs f hf tidmkhkgìf, scmkqui tflbcãm im jumdcôm `i hf li`cdcmf privimtcvf `ktfm`k f hfs krgfmczf-dckmis `i sfhu` `i prkgrflfs istdcimtis y `ktfm`k dkm ih sustimtk `i hfspkhìtcdfs põbhcdfs f jfvkr dkm litfs ispidìstdfs. Ih dkmdiptk `i privimdcôm`ibi cmdhucr hf `cslcmudcôm `ih tcilpk im qui ridcbim ftimdcôm lã`cdf hfslueiris.
Jcmfhlimti, y nfdcim`k um dkmsimsk skbri hf clpkrtfmdcf `i hks prkgrf-lfs `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf `criddckmf`ks im hf `itiddcôm pridkz `i dæmdir,
cmdhuyim`k ih prkdisk `i ftimdcôm lã`cdf, hfs tidmkhkgìfs utchczf`fs, fsìdklk hfs pruibfs `cfgmôstcdfs, si tcimi ih `ibir `i sir `crcgc`ks ispidìst-dflimti tklfm`k im duimtf hfs dfrfdtirìstcdfs jìscdfs, skdck`ilkgræstdfs y
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skdckduhturfhis `i hf pkbhfdcôm im duistcôm, kbtimcãm`ksi liekris risuhtf-`ks fdkr`is fh pirsth ipc`ilckhôgcdk `i df`f pkbhfdcôm y busdfr fsì kbtimirliekris risuhtf`ks im hf `cslcmudcôm `i hf lkrtfhc`f` `i istf imjirli`f`y dkmtrcbuyim`k dkm liekr gfrfmtìf f umf `itiddcôm kpkrtumf k pridkz yf
qui is umf imjirli`f` drômcdf y `igimirftcvf `i hf qui fdtufhlimti mk sitcimi durf gfrfmtczf`f. Qkr hk tfmtk, dkmdhuyk qui istk fpkrtf f hf bõsqui`fy kbtimdcôm `i istrftigcfs pfrf liekrfr hf ftimdcôm lã`cdf y ih prkdisk `i`cfgmôstcdk f`iduf`k y dkm liekris risuhtf`ks, pfrf fsì clphilimtfrsi imhks prkgrflfs y phfmis `i sfhu`.
Rijirimdcfs bcbhckgræstdfs
6. Gkmzæhiz-Qcir I, Gutcãrriz-@ihgf`k D, Ttivims G, Bfrrfzf-Hhkrãms L, Qkrrfs-Dkm`iy R,Dfrvfhnk M, it fh. @istmcdcôm `i prckrc`f`is pfrf hfs cmtirvimdckmis `i sfhu` im ih Tcstilf`i Qrktiddcôm Tkdcfh im Tfhu` `i Lãxcdk. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf `i Lãxcdk. 2117?303547-92. 2. Rkbhis TD, Gfhfmcs I. Brifst dfmdir cm Hftcm Flircdf fm` tni Dfrcbbifm. Rivcstf Qfmf-lircdfmf `i Tfhu` Qõbhcdf. 2112?66(4)567>->9. 4. Hi Gfhis-Dflus D, Bifghinkhi R, Ippcmg-Ekr`fm E. Qrivimtcmg dnrkmcd `csifsis5 f vctfhcmvistlimt. Gimivf5 Wkrh` Nifhtn Krgfmczftckm? 21190. Dôr`kvf-Zchhfhkbks EÆ, Bfrrcguiti-Lihãm`iz EF, Hfrf-Isqui`f F, Bfrquirf T, Rksfs-
Qirfhtf L, Nirmæm`iz-Ævchf L, it fh. Hfs imjirli`f`is drômcdfs mk trfmslcscbhis im Lãxcdk5
scmkpscs ipc`ilckhôgcdf y privimdcôm cmtigrfh. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf ̀ i Lãxcdk. 211>?91(9)5063-27. 9. Lftnirs D@, Hkmdfr @. Yp`fti` prkeidtckms kj ghkbfh lkrtfhcty fm` bur`im kj `csifsi,2112-21415 `ftf skurdis, litnk`s fm` risuhts. Gimivf Wkrh` Nifhtn Krgfmczftckm? 2119. :. Ctrcfgk GH, Tchvf CM, Dkrtis JG. Dæmdir im Dnchi y ih lum`k5 umf lcrf`f ipc`ilckhôgcdf,prisimti y juturk. Rivcstf Lã`cdf Dhìmcdf Hfs Dkm`is. 2164?20(0)5946-92. 7. KLT. Qrivimtcmg dnrkmcd `csifsis5 WNK ghkbfh ripkrt. Gimkvf, Tuczf5 WNK? 2119. >. KLT, KQT. Dæmdir im hf Flãrcdfs, cm`cdf`kris bæscdks 2164. KLT/KQT? 2164. 3. Dfphfm H. @ihfy cm brifst dfmdir5 clphcdftckms jkr stfgi ft `cfgmkscs fm` survcvfh. Jrkm-tcirs cm pubhcd nifhtn. 2160?2(>7).61. Lfrtìmiz-Lkmtföiz KG, Yrcbi-Uõöcgf Q, Nirmæm`iz-Ævchf L. Qkhìtcdfs põbhcdfs pfrf hf
`itiddcôm `ih dæmdir `i lflf im Lãxcdk. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf `i Lãxcdk. 2113?965491-:1.66. Frosiy N, K–Lfhhiy H. Tdkpcmg stu`cis5 tkwfr`s f litnk`khkgcdfh jrfliwkro. Cmtirmf-tckmfh Ekurmfh kj Tkdcfh Risifrdn Litnk`khkgy. 2119?>6(6)563-42.62. Frm`t Z, Ttørlir P, Ttiglfcir D, Ucighir N, @nkl G, Brimmir N. Qftcimt ̀ ihfy fm` stfgikj `cfgmkscs flkmg brifst dfmdir pftcimts cm Girlfmy—f pkpuhftckm bfsi` stu`y. BrctcsnEkurmfh kj Dfmdir. 2112?>:(7)56140-01.64. Dfphfm HT, Nihzhskuir OE, Tnfpcrk T, Wishiy, L. M., I`wfr`s BO. Rifskms jkr `ihfy cmbrifst dfmdir `cfgmkscs. Qrivimtcvi Li`cdcmi. 633:?29(2)526>-20.60. Dnfmg N-E, Dnim W-^, Hcm ID-H, Pumg S-S, Jitzir T, Hcm L-J. @ihfy cm siiocmg li`cdfhivfhuftckms fm` pri`cdtkrs kj sihj-ijstdfdy flkmg wklim wctn miwhy ̀ cfgmksi` brifst dfm-dir5 F hkmgctu`cmfh stu`y. Cmtirmftckmfh Ekurmfh kj Murscmg Ttu`cis. 2160?96(7)5614:-07.69. Brcgnt O, Bfrgnfsn L, @kmfdn L, `i hf Bfrrirf LG, Tdnmic`ir RE, Jkrlimtc TD. Pnirkhi kj nifhtn systil jfdtkrs cm `ihfycmg stmfh `cfgmkscs fm` triftlimt kj brifst dfmdir cmLixcdk Dcty, Lixcdk. Pni Brifst. 2166?Tupphilimt 2(1)5T90-T3.6:. Nimry O, Bksdki J, Eknmskm D, Gkh`birg @, Tnirlfm R, Dkdoburm L. Brifst Dfmdir Ttf-
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gi ft @cfgmkscs5 Cs Prfvih Pcli Clpkrtfmt; Ekurmfh kj Dkllumcty Nifhtn. 2166?4:(:)5344-02.67. Qcöirks L, Tæmdniz R, Qirry J, Gfrdìf KF, Kdflpk R, Dim`fhis R. @ilkrfs im ih `cfg-môstcdk y trftflcimtk `i lueiris dkm dæmdir `i lflf im Bkgktæ, Dkhklbcf. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf`i Lãxcdk. 2166?94(:)507>->9.6>. Mkrsf–f`fn B, Rflpfh OG, Rfnlfn LF, Mfcmg MM, Bcswfh BL. @cfgmkscs `ihfy kjbrifst dfmdir fm` cts fsskdcfti` jfdtkrs cm Lfhfyscfm wklim. BLD Dfmdir. 2166?66(6)5606.
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Jfdchctf`kris ykbstfduhczf`kris `ih dkmsulk
`i i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis imf`uhtks dkm k scm `cfbitis
Dkrtãs-Hôpiz, Lfrìf `ih Dfrlim
Cmtrk`uddcôm
Hf Krgfmczfdcôm Lum`cfh `i hf Tfhu` istclf qui 407 lchhkmis `i pirsk-mfs vcvim dkm `cfbitis lihhctus im ih lum`k _6\. Im isti simtc`k, hf privim-
dcôm prclfrcf y sidum`frcf `i istf imjirli`f` is fhtflimti dkstk-ijidtcvf,puis clphcdf li`c`fs idkmôlcdfs dklk umf `citf f`iduf`f y fdtcvc`f` jì-scdf riguhfr, qui tcimim um grfm clpfdtk lã`cdk, idkmôlcdk y skdcfh qui,mk kbstfmti, skm `cjìdchis `i clphilimtfr im lfsf pisi f hf prklkdcôm `ihf sfhu` _2, 4\.
Ymf `i hfs istrftigcfs pfrf hkgrfr um istchk `i vc`f sfhu`fbhi im hf pk-bhfdcôm, is hf `cslcmudcôm `i hf `imsc`f` dfhôrcdf `i hks fhclimtks li`cfmtif`cdcôm `i i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis, pfrf sustctucr hks fzõdfris i clpfdtfr im
ih dkmtrkh `ih pisk dkrpkrfh y hfs dcjrfs `i ghudksf sfmguìmif, qui skm vfrcf-bhis `cridtflimti rihfdckmf`fs dkm hf dfmtc`f` `i fzõdfris im hf `citf _0\.Ilpirk, ixcstim dkmtrkvirscfs skbri ih dkmsulk `i i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis,im tfmtk qui fhgumks futkris ristirim qui fulimtf ih fpitctk _9\, ktrks, quicm`udi gfmfmdcf `i pisk _:\, ktrks læs, qui fulimtf ih rcisgk `i pf`idir`cfbitis lihhctus tcpk 2 _7\, i cmdhusk, nfy qucimis siöfhfm qui prk`udicmtkhirfmdcf f hf ghudksf fskdcf`f f lk`cstdfdckmis `i hf flkrf lcdrkbcfmf
cmtistcmfh _>\. Tcm ilbfrgk, f pisfr `i `cdnfs dkmtrkvirscfs, ih dkmsulk `ii`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis si ridklcim`f, pkr hk qui si nfm rifhczf`k `cvirsks
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istu`cks skbri ih lcslk im f`uhtks dkm k scm skbripisk u kbisc`f` _3-26\,`isdkmkdcãm`ksi ripkrtis im f`uhtks pkrtf`kris `i `cfbitis lihhctus tcpk 2.
Dkm bfsi im hk fmtirckr, si rifhczô umf sdkpcmg rivciw dkm ih kbeitcvk `i`isdrcbcr ih dkmkdclcimtk dcimtìstdk skbri jfdtkris jfdchctf`kris y kbstfduhczf-
`kris ̀ ih dkmsulk ̀ i i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis im f`uhtks dkm k scm ̀ cfbitislihhctus tcpk 2.
Lftircfhis y lãtk`ks
Ti rifhczô umf rivcscôm `i hf hctirfturf im frtìduhks im hks qui si istu`cfrkmjfdtkris jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris `ih dkmsulk `i i`uhdkrfmtis frtcst-
dcfhis im f`uhtks dkm k scm `cfbitis lihhctus tcpk 2. Ti utchczô hf litk`khkgìf`i sdkpcmg rivciw , qui si usf pfrf scmtitczfr ih dkmkdclcimtk dcimtìstdk ic`imtcstdfr hfgumfs skbri um tilf _22\.
Istrftigcf `i bõsqui`f
Hf bõsqui`f bcbhckgræstdf si rifhczô im hks ìm`cdis y bfsis `i `ftks5 Qub-Li`, IRCD, TFGI, Tdcim@cridt, Tprcmgir, JTPF, Imduimtrf, Dflbrc`gi Dk-hhidtckm, Tdkpus, CTC Wib kj Omkwhi`gi, Wchiy, Estkr, IBTD, i CTC IlirgcmgLfroits? `is`i ih dklcimzk `i hf cm`ixfdcôm `i df`f umf nfstf fgkstk `i2160, cmdhuyim`k sôhk frtìduhks ilpìrcdks isdrctks im cmghãs, ispfökh k pkrtu-guãs, pubhcdf`ks im dufhqucir pfìs. Qkstirckrlimti, si rifhczô umf bõsqui`flfmufh `i hfs rijirimdcfs `i hfs rijirimdcfs y `i hfs dctfs `i hfs rijirimdcfskbtimc`fs im hf bõsqui`f cmcdcfh. Ti utchczfrkm hfs pfhfbrfs dhfvi5 swiitimcmgfgimts, mkm-mutrctcvi swiitimirs, frtcstdcfh swiitimirs, swiitimi` bivirf-
gis, skjt `rcmos, typi 2 `cfbitis lihhctus, `cfbitis lihhctus, dnrkmcd chhmiss,dkmsulptckm pfttirms, dkmsulptckm, dkmsulptckm prijirimdis, hcji dnfmgiivimts, pirdiptckm, niftn, omkwhi`gi, fttctu`is, prfdtcdi, cmtirvciw fs f tk- pcd , qufhctftcvi risifrdn, qufhctftcvi litnk` i cmtirvciw , qui si busdfrkm imih duirpk f tixtk dklphitk `i hks `kdulimtks. Ti usfrkm kpirf`kris hksbkkhifmks fm` y kr pfrf dklbcmfr hfs pfhfbrfs, y si istfbhidcirkm dklk hìlc-tis ̀ i bõsqui`f, istu`cks rifhczf`ks im f`uhtks, ixdhuyim`k cmvistcgfdckmisim pirskmfs `i i`f` limkr f 6> föks.
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Tihiddcôm `i hfs rijirimdcfs
Im prclir hugfr, si ihclcmfrkm hks istu`cks `uphcdf`ks. Hf cmdhuscôm `ihristk `i hfs rijirimdcfs si `idc`cô fmfhczfm`k su tìtuhk, risulim y tixtk dkl-
phitk, `i fduir`k f hks scgucimtis drctircks `i sihiddcôm. Im dufmtk fh tìtuhk,si sihiddckmfrkm frtìduhks qui dkmtimìfm fh limks umf pfhfbrf dhfvi. Ris-pidtk fh risulim, si cmdhuyirkm fquihhks qui f`ilæs `i sftcsjfdir hks drcti-rcks pfrf ih tìtuhk, `isdrcbìfm ih i`uhdkrfmti frtcstdcfh istu`cf`k y hks jfdtkrisfskdcf`ks fh dkmsulk `i istks, juirfm jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris. Jc-mfhlimti, im hk tkdfmti f hks tixtks dklphitks, si cmdhuyirkm fquihhks im hksqui si cmjkrlfbfm dkm `itfhhi hks lãtk`ks utchczf`ks, fsì dklk hfs tãdmcdfs`i fmæhcscs `i `ftks dkm hks risuhtf`ks qui eustcstdfrkm hf `istmcdcôm `i hks
jfdtkris dklk jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris `ih dkmsulk `i i`uhdkrfm-tis. Hf Jcgurf C, luistrf ih prkdisk `i sihiddcôm `isdrctk. Hks tixtks dklphi-tks si kbtuvcirkm f trfvãs `i Wib kj Tdcimdi.
Rispidtk f hks tixtks dklphitks, si ixdhuyirkm fquihhks im hks qui siistu`cô ih dkmsulk `i bibc`fs fzudfrf`fs scm i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis _64,67\, hfs dfrfdtirìstcdfs krgfmkhãptcdfs `i hks prk`udtks scm fbkr`fr hfs dfrfd-tirìstcdfs `i su dkmsulk _21\, dflpföfs `i lfroitcmg _26\, prijirimdcfs `i
`uhzurf imtri dkmsulc`kris scm fhuscôm f hks i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis _63\,clpuistks f hfs bibc`fs fzudfrf`fs dkm k scm i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis _24\, hfrispuistf bckhôgcdf fh dkmsulk `i i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis scm ftim`ir f sucmfluimdcf skbri su dkmsulk _20\, fsì dklk hks istu`cks skbri privfhimdcf `idkmsulk `i bibc`fs dkm i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis scm fhuscôm f hks jfdtkrisfskdcf`ks f ãsti, juirkm jfdtkris jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris _6>\.
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Rivcscôm futklftczf`fim bfsis `i `ftks
Rivcscôm lfmufh `irijirimdcfs `i hfs rijirimdcfs
Rijirimdcfs cmdhuc`fs im tktfh
Rivcscôm lfmufh `idctfs ̀ i hfs rijirimdcfs
63> tìtuhks imdkmtrf`ks
00 risõlimis fmfhczf`ks
690 ixdhuc`ks
44 ixdhuc`ks
7 ixdhuc`ks
1 `uphcdf`fs
66 tixtks dklphitks fmfhczf`ks
0 tixtks dklphitks cmdhuc`ks
9 rijirimdcfs ̀ i rijirimdcfs 4 dctfs ̀ i hfs rijirimdcfs
0 risõlimis fmfhczf`ks
0 tixtks dklphitks fmfhczf`ks
0 tixtks dklphitks cmdhuc`ks
6 mk ridupirf`f
1 ixdhuc`ks
66 istu`cks cmdhuc`ks im hf sdkpcmg rivciw
Jcgurf C. Qrkdisk `i sihiddcôm `i frtìduhks im hf rivcscôm bcbhckgræstdf. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm`i hf futkrf.
Ixtrfddcôm y fmæhcscs `i `ftks
Qfrf fmfhczfr hf cmjkrlfdcôm si ihfbkrô umf lftrcz `i ixtrfddcôm `i `ftkspfrf tk`ks hks istu`cks (Fmixk 6) im hf qui si cmdhuyô ih prclir futkr, fök ypfìs `i hf pubhcdfdcôm, ih tcpk `i pkbhfdcôm istu`cf`f, tcpk `i istu`ck rifhc-
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2. Nirmæm`iz-Ævchf L, Gutcãrriz E, Riymksk-Mkvirôm M. @cfbitis lihhctus im Lãxcdk. Ihistf`k `i hf ipc`ilcf. Tfhu` Qõbhcdf `i Lãxcdk. 2164?99(Tup2)5T623-T4: 4. Wkrh` Nifhtn Krgfmczftckm. Wnft cs tni `cfbitis; Twctzirhfm`. 2169. @cspkmcbhi im5nttp5//www.wnk.cmt/`cfbitis/im/ . 0. Rcvirf EF, Luökz-Nirmæm`iz K, Rksfs-Qirfhtf L, Fguchfr-Tfhcmfs DF, Qkpocm BL, Wc-hhitt WD. Dkmsulk ̀ i bibc`fs pfrf umf vc`f sfhu`fbhi5 ridklim`fdckmis pfrf hf pkbhfdcômlixcdfmf. Bkh Li` Nksp Cmjfmt Lix. 211>?:9521>-47. 9. Fb`fhhfn H, Dnfbirt L, Hukcs-Tyhvistri E. Dipnfhcd pnfsi rispkmsis tk swiit tfsti. FlE Dhcm Mutr. 6337?:95747-04. :. Enkmskm D, Ttivims B, Jkriyt E. Pni rkhi kj hkw-dfhkrci swiitimirs cm `cfbitis. YT Im-`kdrcmkhkgy. 2164?3(6)564-9. 7. Jfgnirfzzc G, Zchcir F, Tfrtkrihhc @ it fh. Dkmsulptckm kj frtcstdcfhhy fm` sugfr-swiiti-mi` bivirfgis fm` cmdc`imt typi 2 `cfbitis cm tni Itu`i Ipc`ãlckhkgcqui fuprîs `is jil-lis `i hf Lutuihhi Gãmãrfhi `i h–I`udftckm Mftckmfhi-Iurkpifm Qrkspidtcvi Cmvistcgftckmcmtk Dfmdir fm` Mutrctckm dknkrt. Fl E Dhcm Mutr 2164?375967-24. >. Tuiz E, Okril P, Uiivc @, it fh. Frtcstdcfh swiitimirs cm`udi ghudksi cmtkhirfmdi by fhti-rcmg tni gut lcdrkbcktf. Mfturi. 2160?96056>6-637.3. Qipcmk S, Limmihhf E. Jfdtkrs dkmtrcbutcmg tk cm`cvc`ufh ̀ cjjirimdis cm sudrksi prijirim-
di. Dnil Timsis. 2119?415463-421.61. Lfnfr F, @uczir H. Pni ijjidt kj jriquimdy kj dkmsulptckm kj frtcstdcfh swiitimirs kmswiitmiss hcocmg by wklim. E Jkk` Tdc. 2117?72(3)5760-76>.66. @i Lfrdnc R, Ld@fmcih LR, Fm`ri NL. Jkrluhftckm f miw pfssckm jruct eucdi bivirfgiwctn `cjjirimt swiitimirs systils. E Tims Ttu`. 2113?205 :3>—766.62. Fm`riyivf P, Dnfhkupof JE, Brkwmihh O@. Istclftcmg tni pktimtcfh kj tfxis km su-gfr-swiitimi` bivirfgis tk ri`udi dkmsulptckm fm` gimirfti rivimui. Qriv Li`.2166?925064-:.
64. Ekr`fm F, Qcktrkwsoc EP, Bhifohiy F, it fh. @ivihkpcmg li`cf cmtirvimtckms tk ri`udi nku-sinkh` sugfr swiitimi` bivirfgi dkmsulptckm. Fmm Fl Fdf` Qkh Tkd Tdc. 2162?:01566>-49.60. Eui EET, Qriss LE, Ld@kmfh` @, it fh. Pni clpfdt kj prcdi `csdkumts fm` dfhkrci lissf-gcmg km bivirfgi dkmsulptckm5 F luhtc-scti stih` stu`y. Qriv. Li`. 2162?995:23-:44.69. Hiosrcsklpkmg Q, Hkpitdnfrft O, Gutnrci B, it fh. Qrijirimdi lfppcmg kj hilkm hclidfrbkmfti` bivirfgis wctn riguhfr fm` `cit bivirfgi dkmsulirs. E Jkk` Tdc. 2164?7>5421->.6:. Qcirmfs D, Pfti @, Wfmg ̂ , it fh. @kis ̀ cit-bivirfgi cmtfoi fjjidt ̀ citfry dkmsulptckmpfttirms; Risuhts jrkl tni Dnkksi Nifhtny Kptckms Dkmsdckushy Iviry`fy (DNKCDI) rfm`k-
lczi` dhcmcdfh trcfh. Fl E Dhcm Mutr. 2164?375:10-66.67. Ukihhmir E, Orzisoc I, Nfr`im T, it fh. Vufhctftcvi fpphcdftckm kj tni tnikry kj phfmmi`binfvckr tk um`irstfm` bivirfgi binfvckr flkmg f`uhts. E Fdf` Mutr @cit. 2162?66256770->0.6>. Jrimdn T, Rksimbirg L, Wkk` H, it fh. Tkjt `rcmo dkmsulptckm pfttirms flkmg wis-tirm Fustrfhcfms. E Mutr I`ud Binfv. 2164?09(:)5929-42.63. Purmir-LdGrcivy G, Pfti @, Lkkri @, it fh. Pfocmg tni bcttir wctn tni swiit5 Rihftckm-sncp kj supirtfstcmg fm` swiit prijirimdi wctn litfbkhcd sym`rkli fm` `citfry cmtfoi.E Jkk` Tdc. 2164?7>(2)5T44:-02.21. Gfutfl F, Enf F, Tcmgn R. Timskry fm` tixturfh prkpirtcis kj dnnfmf oniir lf`i wctn
tnrii frtcstdcfh swiitimirs. Cmt E @fcry Pidnmkh. 2162?::(6)5613-6>.26. Bfrrfgæm MD, Mkhhir FE, Rkbhis B, it fh. Pni „–sugfr pfdo–– nifhtn lfroitcmg dflpfcgmcm Hks Fmgihis Dkumty, 2166-2162. Nifhtn Qrklkt Qrfdt. 2164?69(2)521>-6:.
http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/http://www.who.int/diabetes/en/
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FMI^KT
Fmixk 6. Lftrcz `i ixtrfddcôm `i `ftks pfrf jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`k-ris `ih dkmsulk `i i`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis
Qrclir futkr, fök QfìsPcpk `i
pkbhfdcôm
Pcpk `i
istu`ck
Jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris
Qirskmfs scm `cfbitisQirskmfs dkm
`cfbitis
Lihk, 2161 _2:\ Istf`ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfsdkm y scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Imsfykdhìmcdk
Jfdchctf`kris. Bfekdkmtimc`k dfhôrcdk.Kbstfduhczf`kris. Tfbkr`isfgrf`fbhi, pridckihivf`k, fhtk dkmtimc`kdfhôrcdk
Jfdchctf`kris. Dkmtimc`kmutrclimtfh,dkmtimc`k `i fzõdfr,hiyim`f ‘pfrf`cfbãtcdks“ im ihprk`udtk
Kbstfduhczf`kris.Tfbkr `isfgrf`fbhi,pridck ihivf`k
Dkhhcms, 211: _29\ Istf`ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfsdkm `cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Imsfykdhìmcdk
Mk fphcdf Jfdchctf`kris. Fpfrcimdcf brchhfmti.Kbstfduhczf`kris.
Fpfrcimdcf lfti.
Mgcfm-Gcfp, 211:_27\
Tcmgfpur Qirskmfsdkm `cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Prfmsvirsfh
Mk fphcdf Jfdchctf`kris. Dkmsulcr limksfzõdfr, c`if `i liekr
dkmtrkh `i hf `cfbitisKbstfduhczf`kris.@föks f hf sfhu`,virgøimzf, sfbkr`isfgrf`fbhi
Chbfdo, 2114 _2>\ Tuidcf Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Prfmsvirsfh
Jfdchctf`kris. Tixkjilimcmk, prisimtfdcôm `ihi`uhdkrfmti im pkhvkKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk
Mk fphcdf
Fm`riyivf, 2116_62\
Istf`ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfsdkm y scm
`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Prfmsvirsfh
Jfdchctf`kris. McmgumkKbstfduhczf`kris. Qridck
ihivf`k
Jfdchctf`kris. Mcmgumk
Kbstfduhczf`kris.
Qridck ihivf`k
Eui, 2162 _60\ Istf`ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Dufsc-ixpirclimtfh
Jfdchctf`kris. Qkstirscmjkrlfm`k `isduimtk,cmjkrlfdcôm skbri limksdfhkrìfs, ridklim`fdcôm `iieirdcdckKbstfduhczf`kris.
Dkm`cdckmis dhclftkhôgcdfsf`virsf
Mk fphcdf
@i Lfrdnc, 2113_66\
Brfsch Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Prfmsvirsfh
Jfdchctf`kris. Lfykrcmtimsc`f` `i hf `uhzurfKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk
Mk fphcdf
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Qrclir futkr, fök QfìsPcpk `i
pkbhfdcôm
Pcpk `i
istu`ck
Jfdchctf`kris u kbstfduhczf`kris
Qirskmfs scm `cfbitisQirskmfs dkm
`cfbitis
Hiosrcsklpkmg,2164 _69\
Istf`ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Prfmsvirsfh
Jfdchctf`kris. Cmjkrlfdcômskbri dkmtimc`k dfhôrcdk,
lfrdfKbstfduhczf`kris.
Timsfdcôm `i pisf`iz imhf himguf, prijirimdcf pkrfhclimtks ̀ uhdis
Mk fphcdf.
Lfnfr, 2117 _61\ Istf̀ ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvktrfmsvirsfh
Jfdchctf`kris. Qkdk gustkpkr hk `uhdi, sixk jilimcmkKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk
Mk fphcdf
Qipcmk, 2119 _3\ Istf`ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvktrfmsvirsfh
Jfdchctf`kris. Lizdhf `ii`uhdkrfmtis frtcstdcfhis
y mfturfhis, rfzf bhfmdfk frcfKbstfduhczf`kris.
Nkgfris dkm mcöks, rfzfsfjrkflircdfmfs y hftcmfs
Mk fphcdf
Qcirmfs, 2164 _6:\ Istf`ksYmc`ks
Qirskmfs scm`cfbitis
Dufmtctftcvk.Imsfykdhìmcdk
Jfdchctf`kris. Limkrdkmtimc`k dfhôrcdk,cmjkrlfdcôm mutrclimtfhKbstfduhczf`kris. Mcmgumk
Mk fphcdf
Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `i hf futkrf.
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Lfsduhcmc`f` ynklksixufhc`f` im hf
hctirfturf dcimtìstdf hftcmk- ydimtrk-flircdfmf
Dkvfrrubcfs-Birlõ`iz, Lfrìf `i hks Æmgihis
Cmtrk`uddcôm
Hf dkmstruddcôm `i hf lfsduhcmc`f` dklk c`imtc`f` `i gãmirk `i vfrkmisqui tcimim sixk dkm ktrks vfrkmis is um tilf `i cmtirãs `ibc`k su ripirdu-scôm im su sfhu` jìscdf, limtfh y `isfrrkhhk skdcfh _6\? hf hctirfturf ripkrtf qui
dkmdipdckmis `i hf lfsduhcmc`f` sustimtf`fs im ih vfrôm juirti, vcrch y mkilktcvk, hclctfm hf ixpriscôm `i lfhistfris jìscdks pkr hk qui mk busdf ftim-dcôm lã`cdf y mk prkdurf ih duc`f`k `i su sfhu`? ripirduti im sus rihfdckmisjflchcfris, hclctfm`k ih ieirdcdck `i su pftirmc`f`, f`ilæs `i sir sigrigf`kpkr mk fhcmifrsi fh istiriktcpk lfsduhcmk _2\? fhgumks vfrkmis mk cmdkrpkrfmsus dkm`udtfs nklksixufhis dklk pfrti `i su c`imtc`f` `i gãmirk hk qui`cstduhtf ivctfr hfs prædtcdfs `i fhtk rcisgk _4\.
Dklprim`ir hf c`imtc`f` `i gãmirk y sixufh `i hks vfrkmis qui tcimim
sixk dkm vfrkmis is sulflimti dklphiek, im prcmdcpck pkr qui flbfs c`im-tc`f`is suihim sir pkdk `cjirimdcf`fs? hf c`imtc`f` `i gãmirk si nf fsulc`kdklk umf dkmstruddcôm skdcfh rispidtk f hk qui is lfsduhcmk, lcimtrfs quihf c`imtc`f` sixufh si trf`udi f hf dkm`cdcôm bckhôgcdf y simtc`k `i pirtimim-dcf rispidtk fh sixk bckhôgcdk _0\.
Ih cmtirãs `i isti istu`ck si imduimtrf im hks istu`cks rifhczf`ks im Flã-rcdf Hftcmf skbri hf lfsduhcmc`f` `i vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm vfrkmis?
ih prkpôsctk `i cmdhucr istu`cks sôhk `i istf rigcôm risc`i im qui hf dkms-truddcôm `i hfs lfsduhcmc`f`is is um kbeitk qui `ipim`i `i `climsckmisskdckduhturfhis. Flãrcdf Hftcmf si dfrfdtirczf pkr ih ridnfzk f hf mk nitirk-
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sixufhc`f` _9\, f`ilæs `i dklpfrtcr ih nfbhf ncspfmf y lk`ihks jflchcfris yduhturfhis sclchfris? ktrf rfzôm clpkrtfmti is ih trfbfek dcimtìstdk `cspfr imdklpfrfdcôm dkm ktrfs umcvirsc`f`is `ih lum`k rispidtk fh tilf gãmirk,pkr ieilphk, hfs umcvirsc`f`is mkrtiflircdfmfs dimtrfm su ftimdcôm im gru-
pks lcmkrctfrcks, `iridnks nulfmks, istu`cks `i hf lueir y tcimim lfykrprisimdcf rispidtk f lkvclcimtks skdcfhis _:\.Qkr tfmtk, isti trfbfek pritim`i ixphkrfr hf dkmstruddcôm `i hf lfsduhcmc-
`f` `i vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm ktrks vfrkmis im tãrlcmks `i dftigkrìfs`i gãmirk y `i c`imtc`f` sixufh.
Lftircfhis y lãtk`ks
Nfdcim`k usk ̀ i hf litk`khkgìf ̀ i sdkpcmg rivciw , si rifhczô umf rivcscôm`i hf hctirfturf `i istu`cks dufhctftcvks y lcxtks (ixdhuyãm`ksi hks dufmtctf-tcvks, `f`k qui mk kjridim umf dklprimscôm `i hfs lfsduhcmc`f`is), tiscs ydfpìtuhks `i hcbrks rifhczf`ks im y `i pkbhfdcôm im Flãrcdf Hftcmf, im c`cklfispfökh, cmghãs y pkrtuguãs. Im hf Jcgurf C si prisimtfm hks `isdrcptkris utchc-zf`ks, fsì dklk ih prkdisk `i bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm `i hks frtìduhks.
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Qfhfbrfs dhfvi(@iDT)5
lfsduhcmc`f`,c`imtc`f` `i gãmirk,
nklksixufh, gfy
Busdf`kris5IBTDK, QubLi`,TdcIHK, Ri`FHyD,Tdnkhfr Gkkghi
Qrkdisk `i bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm `ifrtìduhks
Rijirimdcfs `irijirimdcfs5 469
Cmdhuì`ks pkrrisulim5 2
Cmdhuì`ks pkrtìtuhk5 9
Cmdhuì`ks f tixtkdklphitk5 6
Risuhtf`k `i hfbõsqui`f5 6.6>:
Cmdhuì`ks pkrrisulim5 47
Cmdhuì`ks pkrtìtuhk5 603
Cmdhuì`ks f tixtkdklphitk5 3
Cmdhuì`ks im ih
istu`ck5 61Jcgurf C. @isdrcptkris y prkdi`clcimtk `i bõsqui`f y sihiddcôm `i frtìduhks. Juimti5 Ihfbk-rf`k pkr hf futkrf.
Hf sihiddcôm `i hks istu`cks si `ck im sciti jfsis. Qrclirf jfsi5 sihiddcôm pkr tìtuhk. Ti tklfrkm im duimtf fquihhks qui dkmtuvcirfm fh limks umk `ihks `isdrcptkris dhfvi. Tigum`f jfsi5 sihiddcôm pkr dkmtimc`k `ih risulim.Juirkm ihigc`ks fquihhks qui ̀ isdrcbcirfm hfs lfsduhcmc`f`is ̀ is`i ih pumtk`i vcstf `i hks fdtkris, is `idcr, qui hfs luistrfs `i hks istu`cks istuvcirfmdklpuistfs pkr vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm ktrks vfrkmis `i dufhquciri`f`, ilpirk si ixdhuyirkm cmvistcgfdckmis qui trfbfefrkm dkm pkbhfdcômtrfmsixufh i cmtirsixufh. Pirdirf jfsi5 sihiddcôm pkr dkmtimc`k `ih tixtk dkl- phitk. Ti ixdhuyirkm hfs dfrtfs fh i`ctkr, imsfyks y rivcsckmis `i hctirfturf.Dufrtf jfsi5 sihiddcôm `i rijirimdcfs `i hfs rijirimdcfs. @i hks istu`cks quidulphcirkm dkm hks drctircks `i hfs tris prclirfs jfsis, si rilctcô f sus ri-
jirimdcfs pfrf hf bõsqui`f `i frtìduhks õtchis pfrf hf rivcscôm, f hks dufhisjuirkm fphcdf`ks hks lcslks drctircks `isdrctks fmtirckrlimti. Vucmtf jfsi5kbtimdcôm `i hks tixtks dklphitks. Ih >1 % `i hks istu`cks si kbtuvcirkm f
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Duf`rk C. Dfrfdtirìstcdfs `i hks istu`cks cmdhuc`ks im hf rivcscôm
Dfrfdtirìstcdfs Jriduimdcf
Fök `i pubhcdfdcôm 633: _>\, 211> _3, 61\, 2113 _66, 62\,2161 _64-69\, 2162 _6:\, 2164 _67\ 61
Hugfr `i rifhczfdcôm`ih istu`ck
Brfsch _66, 62, 69\Dnchi _64\Iduf`kr _60\Lãxcdk _>-61, 6:\Qirõ _67\
46606
@csiök `ih istu`ck Dufhctftcvk _>-6:\Lcxtk _67\
36
Qirspidtcvf tiôrcdf Itmkgrfjìf _>, 66\Pikrìf jum`flimtf`f _69\
Riprisimtfdckmis skdcfhis _64\Jimklimkhkgìf _3, 61, 6:\Mk ispidcstdf _62, 60, 67\
26
644
Ridkhiddcôm `i hfcmjkrlfdcôm*
Imtrivcstf cm`cvc`ufh silcistrudturf`f _3-66,64-6:\Imtrivcstf f grupk jkdfh _67\Kbsirvfdcôm pfrtcdcpfmti _66\@cfrcks `i dflpk _66\Imduistf _67\
76666
Prftflcimtk `i hfcmjkrlfdcôm Pikrìf jum`flimtf`f _69, 67\@csiök `cflfmti _64\Fmæhcscs `i tcpk dufhctftcvk mk ispidcstdf`k _>-61,62, 60, 6:\Fmæhcscs istf`ìstcdk _67\
26:
6
Qkbhfdcôm `iistu`ck*
Zfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm vfrkmis _6-61\Prfvistcs _3, 62, 60\Bfchfrcmis `ismu`cstfs _3\
6146
@climsckmisc`imtcstdf`fsrispidtk f hflfsduhcmc`f`*
Migkdcfdcôm `i hf dkmstruddcôm _>-61, 62, 60-67\Tcgmcstdf`ks _>, 61, 66, 64, 67\Dkmvimdckmis skdcfhis _>, 66, 62, 60\
>90
* Istu`cks ripkrtfm læs `i um ìtil. Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `i hf futkrf.
Hks risuhtf`ks `i hks istu`cks juirkm krgfmczf`ks rispidtk f dkcmdc`im-dcfs im sus nfhhfzgks, `imtrk `i isti prkdisk si c`imtcstdfrkm ihilimtks `ihf c`imtc`f` `i gãmirk y sixufh (Duf`rk CC) qui si `isdrcbim f dkmtcmufdcôm.
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Duf`rk CC. Kbeitks y `climsckmis c`imtcstdf`fs im hks istu`cks
Kbeitks `i istu`ckFstrlfdcôm
nitirksixufhQrkxclc`f`
f hk jilimcmk
C`imtc`f` sixufh NitirksixufhBcsixufh
Nklksixufh
C`imtc`f` `i gãmirkMigkdcfdcômHìlctis sixufhis
Fdtcvk‘@fr“
Qfscvk‘Ridcbcr“
Tcgmcstdf`ksClfgim
Tcgmcstdf`k
Mk fjilcmf`k*
Zcrchc`f`Fgriscvc`f`Qk`ir
Nklbrìf
Fjilcmf`k
@ãbch@ihcdf`kHhflfr hf ftimdcôm
Dkmvimdckmis skdcfhis ‘Nklbri gfy“ _67\‘Nklbrf`k“ _>\‘Lfyfti“ _>\
‘Qutk“ _61\‘Gfy“ _62\‘Ektk“ _>\‘Hkdf tkrdc`f“ _3\‘Hkdf juirti“ _60\‘Hkdf dnkhf fjilcmf`f“ _69\‘Zcf`k“ _62\‘Lueir sulcsf“ _62\**‘Lueir sõpir si`udtkrf“ _62\**‘Qutf“ _6:\** ‘Bfncfmfs“(66\
‘Gfy lfsduhcmk“ _67\Mcmgumf dftigkrìf _64\
Juimti5 Ihfbkrfdcôm `i hf futkrf. *Ysfr rkpf qui pirlctf c`imtcstdfrsi dklk vfrôm. **Ris-pidtk f trfbfef`kris sixufhis.
DkmdhusckmisHf lfsduhcmc`f` lkstrf`f im hks istu`cks cmdhuc`ks si rilctcô fh prkdisk
`i migkdcfdcôm, hfs clægimis, scgmcstdf`ks y dkmvimdckmfhcslks skdcfhis? scmilbfrgk, dklk limdckmf Mõöiz-Mkrcigf _6>\ si fsuli ih dkmdiptk `i vf-rôm dklk fhgk ivc`imti, imdfef`k im hf fpfrcimdcf `ih cm`cvc`uk y mk f pfrtcr`i su prkpck `csdursk, `i istf lfmirf jui dklõm imdkmtrfr ih fmæhcscs `i hflfsduhcmc`f` im jumdcôm `ih dklpkrtflcimtk sixufh.
Rispidtk fh tilf `i c`imtc`f` y lfsduhcmc`f` Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz _63\limdckmf `cvirsks duistckmflcimtks im tkmk f hf tilætcdf? imtri ihhk hk quilktcvf f hf dkmstgurfdcôm `i hf c`imtc`f`, pfrf qucimis si prisimtfm, su ri-
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hfdcôm dkm ktrfs jkrlfs c`imtctfrcfs, sus ijidtks im ih cm`cvc`uk y su vìmduhkdkm hks fspidtks skdck-duhturfhis.
Fh rispidtk pui`i dkmdhucrsi f pfrtcr `i hks istu`cks qui `cdnfs c`imtc-`f`is si dkmstruyim tfmtk pfrf ih cm`cvc`uk dklk pfrf hf skdci`f` qui his
rk`if, is umf jkrlf `i prisimtfdcôm fmti ih lum`k, qui hks `cjirimdcf yf`nciri f um grupk pfrtcduhfr? imtri hfs lktcvfdckmis pu`k c`imtcstdfrsi hfmidisc`f` `i lfmtimir um stftus (sigucr pirtimidcim`k fh grupk lfykrctfrcknitirksixufh), pkr lci`k fh ridnfzk, ih istcglf y hf sigrigfdcôm? qui`f dhfrkqui istfs c`imtc`f`is prisimtf`fs si imduimtrfm istridnflimti rihfdckmf-`fs f lk`ihks trf`cdckmfhis skbri hk lfsduhcmk y hk jilimcmk? rispidtk fhks ijidtks si kbvcf hf ixdhuscôm, fgriscôm y vcdtclczfdcôm, lcimtrfs qui hfilktcvc`f` si lfmtcimi im ih lci`k y hf dkmjuscôm.
Ktrk `i hks pumtks hhflftcvks is ih ãmjfscs im pkbhfdckmis sigrigf`fsdklk trfbfef`kris sixufhis, `isdrcbcim`k `ks tcpks `i lfsduhcmc`f`is fstr-lfdcôm nitirksixufh y fprkxclfdcôm f hf jilcmc`f`, qui pui`im sir rifhc`f-`is pfrdcfhczf`fs yf qui mk riprisimtfm f ktrks grupks `i vfrkmis qui tci-mim sixk dkm vfrkmis. F`ilæs, ih usk `i hks tãrlcmks c`imtc`f` `i gãmirky sixufh juirkm usf`fs pkr fhgumks futkris dklk scmômclk, y hf lfykrìf mknczk umf `cstcmdcôm dhfrf imtri flbks fh lklimtk `i prisimtfr risuhtf`ks.
Jcmfhlimti, pui`i kbsirvfrsi qui ixcstim vfdìks clpkrtfmtis im ih dkmk-dclcimtk rispidtk f hf dkmdiptufhczfdcôm `i quã is sir nklbri y hf lfsduhc-mc`f` `i vfrkmis qui tcimim sixk dkm vfrkmis qui mk pirtimidim f grupks`i sirvc`kris sixufhis.
Rijirimdcfs bcbhckgræstdfs
6. Dfrrchhk N. Mictnir lfdnks mkr lfrcdkmis5 Lfsduhcmctcis fm` ilirgcmg lfhi nklk-
sixufh c`imtctcis cm Lixcdk. Cm5 Gutlfm LD, i`ctkr. Dnfmgcmg Lim fm` Lfsduhcmctcis cm HftcmFlircdf. Istf`ks Ymc`ks @urnfl5 @uoi Ymcvirscty Qriss? 2114. p. 496—:3. 2. Oicezir B. Nfstf `km`i ih duirpk fgufmti5 gãmirk, duirpk y sfhu` lfsduhcmf. Cm5 Niri-`cf YQD, i`ctkr. Hf sfhu` dklk `iridnk dcu`f`fmk5 pirspidtcvfs y prkpuistfs `is`i Flãrc-df Hftcmf. Qirõ2116. 4. @kwssit G. ‘Sk ti imsiök ih lìk sc tõ li imsiöfs ih tuyk5 nklbris gfy, cmvistcgfdcômskbri lfsduhcmc`f`is, istu`cks skbri nklbris y sixufhc`f`“. Cm5 Fludnæstiguc F, Tzfsz C,i`ctkrs. Tudi`i qui li dfmsk `i sir nklbri Rihftks y riflixckmis skbri nklbris y lfsdu-hcmc`f`is im Lãxcdk. Ih Dkhigck `i Lãxcdk5 Lãxcdk 2117. 0. Gc``ims F. Tixufhc`f` y gãmirk Cm5 Gc``ims F, i`ctkr. Tkdckhkgìf Ispföf5 Fhcfmzf I`c-
tkrcfh 2161. p. :61-:1. 9. Lkm`cmi JL. Ymf ncstkrcf mfturfh `i hf nklksixufh Ispföf5 Qfc`ôs? 211>. :. Wfhhirsticm C. Fbrcr hfs dcimdcfs skdcfhis. Lãxcdk Tcghk ^^C I`ctkris 2112. 7. Lcihis-Bfrrirf L@, Pkmkm G, Fhvfrf`k-TFhgf`k TZ. Cmvistcgfdcôm dufhctftcvf5 ih fmæhcscstilætcdk pfrf ih trftflcimtk `i hf cmjkrlfdcôm `is`i ih imjkqui `i hf jimklimkhkgìf sk-
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dcfh. Ymcvirsctfrcfs Nulfmìstcdf. 2162?70(2)5639-229. >. Qrciur F. @klcmftckm fm` `iscri5 Lfhi nklksixufhcty fm` tni dkmstrudtckm kj lfsduhc-mcty cm Lixcdk. Cm5 L. L, O.F. T, i`ctkrs. Lfdnks, lcstrissis fm` lf`kmmfs5 Dkmtistcmg tnipkwir kj Hftcm Flircdfm gim`ir clfgiry. Jrfmdcf5 Zirsk? 633:. p. >4-617. 3. Dôr`kvf-Qhfzf R. C`imtc`f`is sixufhis y prædtcdfs dkrpkrfhis imtri trfbfef`kris `ihsixk `i hfs duc`f`is `i ^fhfpf y Zirfdruz. Muivf Fmtrkpkhkgìf. 211>?26(:3)5>4-614.
61. Qfrrcmc R, Fludnæstiguc F. Ym mklbri prkpck, um hugfr dklõm. Tubeitcvc`f`, dcu`f`f-mìf y sixufhc`f` im Lãxcdk5 ih Dhub Gfy Flfzkmfs. @ibfti Jilcmcstf. 211>?47(2)5673-3:.66. Fhburquirqui `i Brfz D. Lfdnks f hf li`cf huz5 lcrf`fs `i umf fmtrkpkhkgìf prkpcfRivcstf `i Fmtrkpkhkgìf Cbirkflircdfmf. 2113?0(4)5004-:7.62. Zcicrf-Gfrdìf LR. C`imtcty fs f ‘pftdnwkro5 fspidts kj c`imtcty flkmg hkw-cmdkliBrfzchcfm trfsvistcs. Duhturi, Nifhtn & Tixufhcty. 2113?66(:)5:66-24.64. Rksfhis-Fstu`chhk IL. @i hf dkmstruddcôm subeitcvf `i hf lfsduhcmc`f` im nklbris nk-lksixufhis. Nfdcf hf luhtcphcdc`f` `i hks gãmirks. Dnchi Ymcvirscf`` `ih Bck-Bck? 2161.60. Tfmdnk-Kr`ômiz J. ‘Hkdfs“ y ‘juirtis“5 duirpks pridfrcks im ih Gufyfquch `ih scghk^^C. Ìdkmks. 2161?43(9)537-661.
69. Zkkm-Dncm Q. Tncjtcmg sixufh bkum`frcis5 dklpfrcmg gfy-c`imtcsti` fm` mkm-gfy-c`imtc-sti` lim wnk nfvi six wctn lim cm Brfzch fm` cm tni YTF. Tixufhctcis. 2161?64(9)59>4-3>.6:. Lim`kzf D. Biykm` six turcsl5 gfy turcsts fm` lfhi six wkroirs cm Quirtk Zfhhfrtf(Wistirm Lixcdk). Cmtirmftckmfh Ekumfh kj Purcsl Risifrdn. 2162?69(6)5622-47.67. Dhfro E, Tfhvftcirrf E, Tigurf I, Tfhfzfr ^, Okm`f O, Qiriz-Brulir F, it fh. Lk`irmkhkvi5 sixufh rkhi-bfsi` c`imtctcis fm` NCZ/TPC privimtckm flkmg lim wnk nfvi six wctnlim cm Hclf, Qirõ. FC@T Binfvckr. 2162?67(6)56464-2>.6>. Mõmiz-Mkrcigf G. Hks ‘nklbris“ im hks istu`cks ̀ i gãmirk ̀ i hks ‘nklbris“5 um ritk`is`i hks istu`cks quiir. Cm5 Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz ED, Yrcbi-Zæzquiz G, i`ctkrs. Lfsduhcmc`f-`is5 ih euigk `i gãmirk `i hks nklbris im ih qui pfrtcdcpfm hfs lueiris. Lãxcdk 211>.
63. Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz ED. Ieis istrudturfhis y tilætcdks `i fmæhcscs `ih gãmirk `i hks nkl-bris. Ymf fprkxclfdcôm. Cm5 Rflìriz-Rk`rìguiz ED, Yrcbi-Zæzquiz G, i`ctkrs. Lfsduhcmc`f-`is5 ih eui`k `i gãmirk `i hks nklbris im ih qui pfrtcdcpfm hfs lueiris. Lãxcdk 211>.
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Tfhu` limtfh im cm`ìgimfs
Gfrdìf-Nirmæm`iz, Csfurf Lftch`i
Cmtrk`uddcôm
Hf sfhu` limtfh `ibi imtim`irsi dklk ‘um istf`k `i bcimistfr im ih
dufh ih cm`cvc`uk is dkmsdcimti `i sus prkpcfs dfpfdc`f`is, pui`i fjrkmtfrhfs timsckmis mkrlfhis `i hf vc`f, pui`i trfbfefr `i jkrlf prk`udtcvf yjrudtìjirf y is dfpfz `i nfdir umf dkmtrcbudcôm f su dklumc`f` “ _6\. Istidkmdiptk pritim`i cmdhucr f tk`k tcpk `i pkbhfdcôm y skdci`f` im ih lum`k.Tcm ilbfrgk, is midisfrck dkmsc`irfr ih dkmtixtk. Fh nfbhfr `i pfìsis skdcfh-y duhturfhlimti ̀ cvirsks, im kdfsckmis si kbsirvf qui hf pkbhfdcôm cm`ìgimfis qucim prisimtf hks limkris mcvihis `i isdkhfrc`f`, ilphik, idkmklìf,
vcvcim`f y sfhu` _2\, hk qui dkmtrfstf dkm hf `istmcdcôm cm`cvc`ufhcstf `i hfKrgfmczfdcôm Lum`cfh `i hf Tfhu`. Quis, f`ilæs `i hfs prkpcfs dfpfdc`f`is`i fjrkmtflcimtk, hfs pirskmfs ixpirclimtfm sudisks y ivimtks ispidìstdksprkpcks ̀ i hfs dkm`cdckmis skdcfhis y duhturfhis qui his gimirfm simtclcimtks`i fmgustcf y istrãs, y istfs ixprisckmis f`qucirim scgmcstdf`k sigõm ih dkm-tixtk `km`i si lfmcstistfm _4\.
Fh dkmsc`irfr hf `cvirsc`f` duhturfh, mks imdkmtrflks ispidìstdflimti dkmhks cm`ìgimfs qui trfim dkmscgk umf dkmvcvimdcf y dkslkvcscôm prkpcf, qui
si vi fjidtf`f pkr jfdtkris skdcfhis, idkmôlcdks, y pscdkhôgcdks qui c`imtcst-df midisc`f`is luy pfrtcduhfris im sfhu` limtfh. Dkm bfsi f hk fmtirckr isqui si phfmtiô ih kbeitcvk `i istf rivcscô