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Termodinamika s statisztikus mechanikaNagy, Kroly
Termodinamika s statisztikus mechanikaNagy, Kroly
Publication date 1991Szerzi jog 1991 Dr. Nagy Kroly
Dr. Nagy Kroly - tanszkvezet egyetemi tanr, a Magyar Tudomnyos Akadmia rendes tagja
A knyv brli:
DR. LOVAS ISTVN - egyetemi tanr, a Magyar Tudomnyos Akadmia rendes tagja
DR. KONDOR IMRE - egyetemi tanr, a fizikai tudomny doktora
Brlk:
DR. KETSKEMTY ISTVN - a fizikai tudomny doktora, egyetemi tanr
DR. NAGY ELEMR - az MTA levelez tagja, egyetemi tanr
Kszlt a mveldsi s kzoktatsi miniszter rendeletre
Dr. Nagy Kroly, Budapest 1991
Tanknyvkiad Vllalat A kiadsrt felels: Vilhelm Jzsef igazgat Szedte a Fnyszed Kzpont Kft (910422/10) 91/0004 Franklin Nyomda, Budapest Felels vezet: Mtys Mikls igazgatRaktri szm: 42 326 Felels szerkeszt: Trk Erzsbet Mszaki vezet: Telekes Gyrgy igazgathelyettesMszaki szerkeszt: Pkozdy Katalin A kzirat nyomdba rkezett: 1991. janur Megjelent: 1991. augusztus Pldnyszm: 2000 Terjedelem: 31,46 (A/5) v Kszlt fnyszedssel, ves ofszetnyomssal
iii
TartalomELSZ ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... viii
BEVEZETS ....................................................................................................................................................................................... viii1. A FENOMENOLGIAI TERMODINAMIKA ................................................................................................................................................. 1
Alapfogalmak ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 1A hmrsklet ............................................................................................................................................................................... 3Hmennyisg. Hkapacits, mlh ................................................................................................................................................ 4
A termodinamika els fttele ............................................................................................................................................................... 6A munka ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 8Az entalpia .................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
A hkapacits. Fajh ........................................................................................................................................................................... 12Az idelis gzok llapotvltozsai ........................................................................................................................................................ 16
Izotermikus folyamatok ................................................................................................................................................................ 16lland trfogaton vgbemen (izochor) folyamatok ..................................................................................................................... 18Izobr folyamatok ........................................................................................................................................................................ 18Adiabatikus llapotvltozsok ....................................................................................................................................................... 19
Carnot-fle krfolyamat idelis gzzal .................................................................................................................................................. 21A termodinamika msodik fttele ....................................................................................................................................................... 25
A Carnot-ttel .............................................................................................................................................................................. 25A Carnot-fle hatsfok fggetlensge az anyagi minsgtl .......................................................................................................... 27Termodinamikai hmrsklet ....................................................................................................................................................... 28Az entrpia ................................................................................................................................................................................. 29Irreverzbilis folyamatok ............................................................................................................................................................... 32A msodik fttel matematikai megfogalmazsa ........................................................................................................................... 35
Az idelis gz entrpija ..................................................................................................................................................................... 37A msodik fttel nhny kvetkezmnye ............................................................................................................................................ 38A termodinamikai egyensly felttelei ................................................................................................................................................... 42Termodinamikai egyenletek ................................................................................................................................................................. 44Makroszkopikus rendszerek vltoz anyagmennyisggel ...................................................................................................................... 48A termodinamika harmadik fttele ...................................................................................................................................................... 52Egyfajta anyag tbb fzisnak termodinamikai egyenslya .................................................................................................................... 58Ktfzis rendszerek. Elsrend fzistalakulsok ............................................................................................................................... 61Msodrend fzistalakulsok. Para- s ferromgneses anyagok ......................................................................................................... 72Tbbkomponens rendszerek egyenslya. A Gibbs-fle fzisszably .................................................................................................... 80Idelis gzok keverknek termodinamikai egyenslya. A tmeghats trvnye ..................................................................................... 84Hg oldatok egyenslya ....................................................................................................................................................................... 92
Termodinamika s statisztikus mechanika
iv
Oldatok fagyspontjnak cskkense, forrspontjainak emelkedse .............................................................................................. 96Oldatok gznyomsnak cskkense ........................................................................................................................................... 99Az ozmzisnyoms .................................................................................................................................................................... 100Szdavz (dtitalok) ................................................................................................................................................................ 102
A hmrskleti sugrzs termodinamikai lersa ................................................................................................................................. 105A termodinamikai egyensly. Kirchhoff trvnye ......................................................................................................................... 108A sugrnyoms ......................................................................................................................................................................... 114A Stefan-Boltzmann-trvny ....................................................................................................................................................... 116A sugrzs entrpija ................................................................................................................................................................ 119A sugrzs llapotnak adiabatikus vltozsa ............................................................................................................................ 120A Wien-fle eltoldsi trvny .................................................................................................................................................... 122
2. A GZOK KINETIKAI ELMLETE .......................................................................................................................................................... 131Az eloszlsfggvny .......................................................................................................................................................................... 131A Maxwell-