TESL-EJ

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    1/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 (

    !"# %'()*+,' -*.)+/& 0*) %+1&,2" /2 / 3#'*+4 5/+1./1# 

    "#$ %&'( ) *+,-./ '01 2-.3/4 '

    566 789: ;/?=@A "/=#8?9

    ;=4#=/9$ G@/ #?> F/#>8?9 H4+E8A. B C3778@D8+ !89-:+ =#;

    EF-.*G3454-7HA-7ID*8JIK

     C3@=4#: :AIJ. >4?8:A>5-A8J AG8 78A-D354>A>?8 -L-@848:: -4J @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: I:8 3M G>5G

    :DG33N%-58J "45N>:G N-45I-58 N8-@48@: O"$$:P -4J AG8 @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 "$$ @8-J>45

    :A@-A85. I:8 -4J @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. -: 78-:I@8J R. - :A-4J-@J>S8J @8-J>45 A8:A -4J

    :8NM%@-A8J @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D.* T8:INA: @8?8-N AG-A Q-@A>D>Q-4A: @8Q3@A8J 73J8@-A8 I:8 3M

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: 3?8@-NN* U@3RN87%:3N?>45 :A@-A85>8: L8@8 73:A Q@8M8@@8J R. "$$:+

    M3NN3L8J R. VN3R-N T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -4J #IQQ3@A T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8:* ;NAG3I5G AG8

    J>MM8@84D8: >4 :A@-A85. I:8 R. @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. L8@8 43A :A-A>:A>D-NN. :>54>M>D-4A+ "$$:

    L>AG >4A8@78J>-A8 Q@3M>D>84D. >4 @8-J>45 @8Q3@A8J I:>45 73@8 :A@-A85>8:* W>4-NN.+ "$$:

    LG3 D34:>J8@8J AG87:8N?8: -J?-4D8J @8-J8@: @8Q3@A8J I:>45 73@8 :A@-A85>8:*

    I/$ K+4>@X @8-J>45 :A@-A85.+ @8-J>45 D37Q@8G84:>34+ "$$ -J3N8:D84A

    6+()*4.'(,*+!G8 Q3QIN-A>34 3M "45N>:G N-45I-58 N8-@48@: O"$$:P D34A>4I8: A3 5@3L >4 A3J-.Y: :DG33N:

    >4 AG8 =4>A8J #A-A8: O6-A>34-N CN8-@>45G3I:8 M3@ "45N>:G $-45I-58 ;DZI>:>A>34+ /0(([

    6-A>34-N C3I4D>N 3M !8-DG8@: 3M "45N>:G+ /00)P* ;DD3@J>45 A3 - @8D84A @8Q3@A+ (0\ 3M

    A3A-N 84@3NN784A 3M QIRN>D :DG33N: OU@8%]%(/P >4 /00^%/0(0 L8@8 "$$:+ LG>DG >: /\

    G>5G8@ AG-4 >4 /000%/00([>4 3AG8@ L3@J:+ AG8@8 >: - /(\ >4D@8-:8 3M "$$: 3?8@ AG8

    J8D-J8 O6-A>34-N C84A8@ M3@ "JID-A>34 #A-A>:A>D:+ /0(/P* T8:8-@DG >4J>D-A8: AG-A 7-4.

    "$$: M-D8 DG-NN8458: >4 :DG33N:+ >4DNIJ>45 J8?8N3Q>45 "45N>:G N-45I-58 :F>NN :-4J @8-J>45

    -4J D37Q@8G84:>34 Q@3M>D>84D. O#G3@A < W>AS:>7734:+ /00_P* `4 - :A-@AN>45 :A-A>:A>D+ AG8

    6-A>34-N ;::8::784A 3M "JID-A>34-N U@35@8:: O6;"U+ /0((P @8Q3@A8J AG-A 34N. a\ 3M AG8

    8>5GAG%5@-J8 "$$: :D3@8J -A Q@3M>D>84A 3@ -J?-4D8J N8?8N: 34 AG8 @8-J>45 -::8::784A >4

    /0((* =4M3@AI4-A8N.+ AG>: Q8@D84A-58 G-: 43A DG-458J 7IDG 3?8@ AG8 .8-@:+ MNIDAI-A>45

    34N. /\ :>4D8 (^^)[ >4 (^^) AG8 Q8@D84A-58 L-: a\ -4J @8-DG8J - G>5G 3M b\ >4 /00a

    OC3NA@-48+ /00/[ 6;"U+ /0((P*

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    2/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 /

    ;NAG3I5G D34:>J8@-RN8 -AA84A>34 G-: R884 5>?84 A3 -J3N8:D84A N>A8@-D. >4 -4 8MM3@A A3

    @8:Q34J A3 AG8 N>A8@-D. D@>:>: 3M -J3N8:D84A: 3?8@ AG8 .8-@:+ N>AAN8 -AA84A>34 G-: R884

    M3DI:8J 34 AG8 N>A8@-D. J8?8N3Q784A 3M -J3N8:D84A "$$:* !3 84G-4D8 3I@ -L-@848:: 3M

    AG8:8 >::I8: -4J D34D8@4:+ AG>: :AIJ. >4?8:A>5-A8: AG8 78A-D354>A>?8 -L-@848:: -4J

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -: I:8J R. -J3N8:D84A "$$:+ -: L8NN -: AG8 @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884

    :AIJ84A:Y @8-J>45 :A@-A85. I:8 -4J AG8>@ @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. -: 78-:I@8J R.:A-4J-@J>S8J @8-J>45 -DG>8?8784A 78-:I@8: -4J - :8NM%@-A8J -::8::784A* !G>: :AIJ.

    ->7: A3 M>NN - 5-Q >4 DI@@84A $/ @8-J>45 :DG3N-@:G>Q R. 89-7>4>45 AG8 N>A8@-D.

    J8?8N3Q784A 3M - Q3QIN-A>34 AG-A G-: @8D8>?8J N>AAN8 :DG3N-@N. -AA84A>34* !G8 -@8-: 3M

    N>A8@-D. J8?8N3Q784A 3M -J3N8:D84A "$$: -@8 >4A8@D3448DA8J+ -4J R@3-J84>45 AG>:

    I4J8@:A-4J>45 D-4 D34A@>RIA8 A3 AG8 J8?8N3Q784A 3M :AIJ84A: -4J 8JID-A3@:* W3@

    8JID-A3@:+ AG>: :AIJ. 3MM8@: Q8J-535>D-N >7QN>D-A>34: M3@ J8A8@7>4>45 LG-A :A@-A85>8: A3

    87QN3.+ LG84 A3 I:8 AG8:8 :A@-A85>8:+ -4J G3L A3 I:8 AG8:8 :A@-A85>8: L>AG AG8>@

    :AIJ84A:*

    5,(#)/(.)# 7#8,#9

    F/#>8?9 ;=4#=/98/@ G@/

    #DG3N-@:G>Q >4 $/ @8-J>45 G-: :G3L4 AG-A @8-J8@: -DA>?8N. >4A8@-DA L>AG A89A: .8A J>MM8@

    >4 AG8>@ @8-J>45 :A@-A85. I:8 J8Q84J>45 34 LG8AG8@ AG8 @8-J>45 >: Q@8:84A8J >4 AG8 M>@:A

    N-45I-58 O$(P 3@ :8D34J N-45I-58 O$/P* W3@ >4:A-4D8+ >4$( @8-J>45+ 7-4. 78A-D354>A>?8

    :A@-A85>8: -4J @8-J>45 Q@3D8::8: -@8 -IA37-A>D M3@ AG8 :AIJ84A[ G3L8?8@+ 7-4. $/

    @8-J8@: J3 43A I4J8@:A-4J -4J I:8 AG8:8 -IA37-A>D-NN.+ LG>DG @8:INA: >4 AG87 3MA84

    :A@I55N>45 L>AG >4M8@84D>45+ :DG87-A-+ R-DF5@3I4J F43LN8J58+ I4M-7>N>-@ ?3D-RIN-@.+

    :.4A-9+ A89A A.Q8:+ -4J @8-J>45 A-:F: OV@-8::8@+ V8@4:R-DG8@+ < V3NJ7-4+ /00a[ 23@>R-

    /000[ ]3J- /00b[ c3:G>J-+ /0(/P* WI@AG8@73@8+ 78A-D354>A>34 >: 3MA84 :.434.73I:L>AG @8-J>45 -L-@848:: OC-@@8NN+ V-dJI:8F+ < e>:8+ (^^)[ U-@>: < &-D3R:+ (^)1P*

    ,8A-D354>A>34 >4DNIJ8: AG>4F>45 -R3IA N8-@4>45 Q@3D8::8:+ AG8 QN-44>45 -4J 734>A3@>45

    3M N8-@4>45+ -4J AG8 8?-NI-A>34 3M AG-A N8-@4>45 Of9M3@J+ (^^0[ U>4A@>DG+ (^^^P* `4 AG8

    D34A89A 3M $/ @8-J>45+ 78A-D354>A>34 >4DNIJ8: AG8 -DZI>:>A>34 3M $/ @8-J>45 -4J @8-J>45

    :A@-A85>8: O$> < e-45+ /0(0[ U>4A@>DG+ (^^^P* T8-J8@: I:8 AG8>@ 78A-D354>A>?8 -L-@848::

    -4J F43LN8J58 A3 7-4-58 -4J -QQN. AG8>@ @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: A3 AG8 A-:F+ LG>DG D-4 N8-J

    A3 N>A8@-D. :IDD8:: OCG-73A+ (^^)[ $88 < f9M3@J+ /00)P*

    =:>45 78A-D354>A>?8 :A@-A85>8: D-4 R8 8?84 73@8 DG-NN845>45 LG84 "$$: I4J8@A-F8

    @8-J>45 -: >4J8Q84J84A @8-J8@: -4J N8-@48@:* `4 AG>: >4J8Q84J84A D34A89A+ @8-J8@: J@-L

    34 Q-@A>DIN-@ :A@-A85>8: A3 N8-@4+ I4J8@:A-4J+ -4J Q@3D8:: >4M3@7-A>34+ -4J AG8:8 :F>NN::IQQ3@A @8-J8@: -: AG8. Q@8Q-@8+ 89-7>48+ -4J -::8:: 48L >4M3@7-A>34 Og38F-8@A:+

    (^^_[ gIAN8@+ /00/[ C3G84+ (^^)[ C3G84 < ,-D-@3+ /00_[ W>4FR8>48@+ /00b[ h>778@7-4+

    /00/P*!G>: @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 @8-J8@ -4J A89A >: @8M8@@8J A3 -: - D3%D34:A@IDA>34 3M

    78-4>45 3@ D37Q@8G84:>34 O]N8AS>84+ (^^(P* !3 5->4 MINN D37Q@8G84:>34+

    D37Q@8G84:>34 :A@-A85>8: -@8 A-I5GA+ -: AG8>@ I:8 J38: 43A -NL-.: 3DDI@ -IA37-A>D-NN.

    L>AG @8-J8@:* U@8::N8.+ eG-@A34%,Di34-NJ+ 2-7Q:34+ -4J "DG8?-@@>- O(^^)P -MM>@7 AG-A

    :>7QN. @8-J>45 A89A: 3@ -JJ>A>34-N A89A: J38: 43A >4D@8-:8 :AIJ84A:Y D37Q@8G84:>34[

    @-AG8@+ AG8. M3I4J :AIJ84A: LG3 I:8 @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: >7Q@3?8J AG8>@ D37Q@8G84:>34*

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    3/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 a

    `4 AG8 D34A89A 3M "$$:+ W>4FR8>48@ O/00bP -4J c3:G>J- O/0(/P :A-A8 AG-A $/ @8-J>45 >: -4

    3Q8@-A>34-N Q@3D8:: AG-A @8N>8: 34 AG8 I:8 3M AG8:8 D37Q@8G84:>34 :A@-A85>8: :>7>N-@ A3

    $( @8-J>45* !G8:8 :A@-A85>8: D34A@>RIA8 A3 AG8 >4A8@-DA>?8 845-58784A R8AL884 A89A -4J

    @8-J8@+ LG>DG G8NQ: AG8 @8-J8@ MINN. I4J8@:A-4J AG8 A89A* c8A -DD3@J>45 A3 C3G84 O(^^)P+

    :378 N8-@48@: I:8 :A@-A85>8: A3 I4J8@:A-4J - D37Q@8G84:>34 >::I8 L>AG>4 - A89A RIA

    G-?8 ?8@. N>7>A8J :IDD8::* !G>: N>7>A-A>34 D3INJ :A87 M@37 - N-DF 3M F43LN8J58 3@ :F>NN:488J8J A3 QIA >4A3 3Q8@-A>34 AG8 :8N8DA8J :A@-A85>8: 3@ R8D-I:8 AG8 :8N8DA8J :A@-A85>8:

    -@8 43A @8N8?-4A* W>4FR8>48@+ ]4>8@>7+ #7-:-N+ -4J $IJL>5 O/0(/P :A-A8 AG-A

    D37Q@8G84:>34 :F>NN: -@8 D34:>J8@8J ?>A-N >4 A3J-.Y: 5N3R-N >4M3@7-A>34 :3D>8A. -4J 34D8

    AG8:8 :F>NN: -@8 N8-@48J+ @8-J8@: D-4 I:8 AG87 >4 AG8 N345 A8@7*

    "/=# F/#>8?9

    `4 @8D84A :AIJ>8: 3M 78A-D354>A>34+ @8:8-@DG8@: :A-A8 AG-A AG8 D34D8QA 3M 78A-D354>A>34

    G-: R8D378 - A@84J >4 8JID-A>34 Og3INL-@8%V33J84+ C-@@8F8@+ !G3@4G>NN+ < &3:G>+ /00_[

    g@3L4+ (^)_P* ]IG4 O/000P J8M>48: 78A-D354>A>34 -: j84G-4D>45 O-P 78A-D354>A>?8

    -L-@848:: 3M LG-A 348 R8N>8?8: -4J G3L 348 F43L: -4J ORP 78A-:A@-A85>D D34A@3N >4-QQN>D-A>34 3M AG8 :A@-A85>8: AG-A Q@3D8:: 48L >4M3@7-A>34k OQ* (_)P* `4 3AG8@ L3@J:+ AG8

    @8:8-@DG8@: :A-A8 AG-A AG8 I:8 3M 78A-D354>A>?8 Q@3D8::>45 G8NQ: :AIJ84A: @8MN8DA 34 AG8>@

    AG>4F>45 R8M3@8+ JI@>45+ -4J -MA8@ AG8. @8-J* fAG8@ @8:8-@DG8@: G-?8 -DF43LN8J58J AG-A

    Q@3M>D>84A @8-J8@: 3MA84 I:8 78A-D354>A>?8 :A@-A85>8: A3 D37Q@8G84J A89A:+ :A@-A85>8:

    LG>DG >4D@8-:8 -: @8-J8@: @8-N>S8 LG>DG :A@-A85>8: 73:A 8MM8DA>?8N. :IQQ3@A

    D37Q@8G84:>34 OU@8::N8.+ eG-@A34%,Di34-NJ+ ,>:A@8AA-%2-7Q:A34+ < "DG8?-@@>-+

    (^^)P* `4 -JJ>A>34+ c>4 -4J ;548: O/00(P >4J>D-A8 AG-A :A@345 @8-J8@: I:8 AG8>@

    78A-D354>A>?8 -L-@848:: -N345 L>AG AG8>@ @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8:* W>4-NN.+ ,-@SR-4 O/00lP

    -4J ,3FGA-@> -4J #G83@8. O/00)P D34DNIJ8 AG-A 78A-D354>A>?8 MI4DA>34: >7QN8784A8J

    R. @8-J8@: D34A@>RIA8 5@8-AN. A3 N8-@4>45 "45N>:G*

    F/#>8?9 ;=4#=/9$ G@/ #?> F/#>8?9 H4+E848 AG8 @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 @8-J>45

    :A@-A85. I:8 -4J @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. O2345%6-7 < U-58+ /0(1[ ]N8AS>84+ (^^([ ,3FGA-@>

    < T8>DG-@J+ /00/[ U33N8+ /00^P* !G8 7-d3@>A. 3M :AIJ>8: G-?8 :G3L4 - Q3:>A>?8

    @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 AG8 AL3 ?-@>-RN8:* W3@ >4:A-4D8+ G>5G :DG33N :AIJ84A: L>AG

    -J?-4D8J @8-J>45 :F>NN: >4 ]N8AS>84Y: O(^^(P :AIJ. @8Q3@A8J I:>45 73@8 @8-J>45

    :A@-A85>8: AG-4 :AIJ84A: L>AG Q33@ @8-J>45 :F>NN:* #AIJ>8: D34JIDA8J L>AG D3NN858

    :AIJ84A: @8Q3@A AG8 :>7>N-@ M>4J>45:* $/ D3NN858 :AIJ84A: >4 R3AG "#$ -4J "W$ D34A89A:

    LG3 @-A8J AG87:8N?8: -: 533J @8-J8@: -N:3 @8Q3@A8J G>5G J85@88 3M @8-J>45 :A@-A85. I:8O2345%6-7 < $8-?8NN+ /00_+ /0(([ 2345%6-7 < U-58+ /0(1[ #G83@8. < ,3FGA-@>+ /00(P*

    `4 :I7+ AG8 D84:I:8: 3M @8:8-@DG >4 AG>: -@8- >4J>D-A8: AG-A AG8 -QQ@3Q@>-A8 I:8 3M

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: @8N-A8: A3 @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D.[ @8-J8@: LG3 G-?8 - G>5G8@ I:8 3M

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: J3 L8NN 34 @8-J>45 A8:A: -4J Q8@D8>?8 AG87:8N?8: -: G>5G >4 AG8>@

    @8-J>45 -R>N>A.*

    ;: :A-A8J -R3?8+ AG8 7-d3@>A. 3M :AIJ>8: 34 -J3N8:D84A:Y :A@-A85>D @8-J>45 -4J @8-J>45

    :A@-A85. I:8 -@8 -::3D>-A8J L>AG 4-A>?8 "45N>:G :Q8-F8@:[ G3L8?8@+ N>AAN8 @8:8-@DG A3 J-A8

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    4/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 1

    G-: R884 J348 34 G>5G :DG33N "$$ @8-J8@:Y 78A-D354>A>?8 -L-@848:: -4J AG8>@ :A@-A85.*

    !3 R@>J58 AG>: 5-Q+ AG8 DI@@84A :AIJ. -JJ@8::8: AG8 M3NN3L>45 @8:8-@DG ZI8:A>34:X

    (*  eG-A @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -@8 @8Q3@A8J R. G>5G :DG33N "$$:m

    /*  eG-A >: AG8 @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 G>5G :DG33N "$$:Y @8Q3@A8J :A@-A85. I:8 -4J

    AG8>@ @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. -: 78-:I@8J R. - :A-4J-@J>S8J @8-J>45 -DG>8?8784AA8:Am

    a*  eG-A >: AG8 @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 G>5G :DG33N "$$:Y @8-J>45 :A@-A85. I:8 -4J AG8>@

    :8NM%@-A8J @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D.m

    :#("*42

    H#4=8D>Q-4A: >4DNIJ8J ^l G>5G :DG33N :AIJ84A: >4 V@-J8: ^ AG@3I5G V@-J8 (/ LG3 L8@8

    84@3NN8J >4 "45N>:G N-45I-58 DN-::8: >4 AL3 :IRI@R-4 G>5G :DG33N: >4 AG8 #3IAGL8:A8@4

    =4>A8J #A-A8:* #AIJ84A: LG3 L8@8 84@3NN8J >4 AG8:8 DN-::8: L8@8 :8N8DA8J M3@ AG>: :AIJ.R8D-I:8 AG8. L8@8 >J84A>M>8J -: :AIJ84A: L>AG N>7>A8J "45N>:G Q@3M>D>84D. O$"UP

    -DD3@J>45 A3 AG8 :DG33N J>:A@>DAY: N-45I-58 Q@3M>D>84D. A8:A*

    ;: :G3L4 >4 !-RN8 (+ Q-@A>D>Q-4A: D34:>:A8J 3M 11 7-N8: O1l\P -4J b/ M87-N8: Ob1\P*

    W@8:G7-4 :AIJ84A: @8Q@8:84A8J AG8 N-@58:A 5@3IQ Obl\P -7345 AG8 -D-J87>D N8?8N:+

    M3NN3L8J R. :3QG373@8: O/(\P+ dI4>3@: O(b\P+ -4J :84>3@: O)\P* !G8 Q-@A>D>Q-4A: I:8J

    "45N>:G -: $/ >4 AG8>@ J->N. N>?8:+ -4J AG8. @8Q3@A8J I:>45 AG8>@ $( -A G378* #Q-4>:G L-:

    AG8 $( I:8J R. AG8 7-d3@>A. 3M AG8 Q-@A>D>Q-4A: Ol^\P -A G378+ M3NN3L8J R. "45N>:G -4J

    AG8>@ $( D37R>48J O(a\P+ "45N>:G 34N. O(/\P+ ]3@8-4 Oa\P+ n>8A4-78:8 O/\P+ -4J

    3AG8@ N-45I-58: O/\P* eG84 -:F8J A3 @-A8 AG8>@ @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D.+ 1( :AIJ84A: O1a\PD34:>J8@8J AG87:8N?8: A3 R8 533J @8-J8@: -4J a1 :AIJ84A: Oab\P D34:>J8@8J AG8>@

    @8-J>45 -R>N>A. A3 R8 -?8@-58* W3I@ :AIJ84A: O1\P D34:>J8@8J AG87:8N?8: A3 R8 5@8-A

    @8-J8@:+ LG>N8 (1 :AIJ84A: O()\P @-A8J AG8>@ @8-J>45 :F>NN: -: Q33@*

    M#3,/ 'N ;-..#4$ +E O/.+94#L:8< P?E+4.#=8+? +E H#4=8D c8-@ V@-J8 ^ b1 bl

    V@-J8 (0 /0 /(

    V@-J8 (( (1 (b

    V@-J8 (/ ) )

    2378 $-45I-58 #Q-4>:G ll l^

    "45N>:G o $( (/ (a

    "45N>:G 34N. (( ((

    ]3@8-4 a a

    n>8A4-78:8 / /

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    5/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 b

    *#48#3,/ !  Q

    fAG8@ / /

    !;]#p $8?8N C37784J8J O;R3?8 /+

    100P

    b b

    #A-4J-@J Og8AL884 /+

    (00%/+ 100P

    /) /^

    g8N3L #A-4J-@J

    Og8N3L /+ (00P

    la ll

    #8NM%T-A8J T8-J>45

    U@3M>D>84D.

    V@8-A 1 1

    V33J 1( 1a

    fF-. a1 ab

    63A :3 5@8-A (_ ()

    ;*(#* 6 q ^l[ p!;]# @8Q@8:84A: AG8 !89-: ;::8::784A 3M ]43LN8J58 -4J #F>NN:*

    P?@=4-./?=@

    !G8 :A-A8%7-4J-A8J !89-: ;::8::784A 3M ]43LN8J58 -4J #F>NN: O!;]#P L-: I:8J A3

    78-:I@8 :AIJ84A:Y @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D.* f4 AG8 @8-J>45 D37Q@8G84:>34 :8DA>34 3M AG8

    !;]# @8-J>45 A8:A+ -: :G3L4 >4 !-RN8 (+ b\ 3M Q-@A>D>Q-4A: G-J -DG>8?8J

    C37784J8Jr;J?-4D8J :A-AI:+ -DD3@J>45 A3 AG8 :A-A8 5I>J8N>48: M3@ 4I7R8@ 3M >A87:

    7>::8J* #A-4J-@Jr;?8@-58 :A-AI: L-: -AA->48J R. /^\ 3M AG8 "$$:+ -4J ll\ @8D8>?8J

    g8N3L #A-4J-@J :A-AI:*

    !G8 ZI8:A>344->@8 D37QN8A8J R. Q-@A>D>Q-4A: D34:>:A8J 3M AL3 Q-@A:* !G8 M>@:A Q-@A 3M AG8

    ZI8:A>344->@8 >4DNIJ8J M>?8 >A87: @85-@J>45 :AIJ84A:Y R-DF5@3I4J >4M3@7-A>34+>4DNIJ>45 -58+ 584J8@+ -D-J87>D .8-@+ N-45I-58 I:8J -A G378 -4J :DG33N* !G8 M>MAG >A87

    -:F8J :AIJ84A: M3@ - :8NM%@-A>45 3M @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. O(q63A :3 5@8-A+ /qfF-.+ aqV33J+

    1qV@8-AP*

    !G8 :8D34J Q-@A 3M AG8 ZI8:A>344->@8 >4DNIJ8J AG8 ,8A-D354>A>?8 ;L-@848:: 3M T8-J>45

    #A@-A85>8: `4?84A3@. 3@ ,;T#` O,3FGA-@> < T8>DG-@J+ /00/P* !G8 ,;T#` >: - :8NM%@8Q3@A

    ZI8:A>344->@8 D34:>:A>45 3M a0 >A87: AG-A 78-:I@8 AG8 R8G-?>3@: -4J :A@-A85>8: @8-J8@:

    87QN3. LG84 AG8. @8-J -D-J87>D 3@ :DG33N%@8N-A8J 7-A8@>-N: O8*5*+ A89AR33F: 3@ N>R@-@.

    R33F:P* sI8:A>34: -@8 5@3IQ8J >4A3 AG@88 D-A853@>8:X O-P VN3R-N T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8:

    O78A-D354>A>?8P+ ORP U@3RN87%:3N?>45 :A@-A85>8: OD354>A>?8P+ -4J ODP #IQQ3@A T8-J>45

    :A@-A85>8:* VN3R-N T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: O(a >A87:P @8M8@ A3 >4A84A>34-N @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8::IDG -: 734>A3@>45 D37Q@8G84:>34 -4J QN-44>45 M3@ @8-J>45* U@3RN87%:3N?>45 :A@-A85>8:

    O8>5GA >A87:P >4DNIJ8 :A@-A85>8: J>@8DAN. @8N-A8J A3 >4M3@7-A>34 >4 AG8 A89A+ :IDG -: Q-.>45

    DN3:8@ -AA84A>34 A3 A89A+ -JdI:A>45 @8-J>45 :Q88J+ -4J ?>:I-N>S>45 >4M3@7-A>34* #IQQ3@A

    T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: O4>48 >A87:P >4?3N?8 R-:>D ->J: A3 >7Q@3?8 @8-J>45 D37Q@8G84:>34+

    :IDG -: I4J8@N>4>45 3@ G>5GN>5GA>45 >4M3@7-A>34+ I:>45 - J>DA>34-@.+ -4J A-F>45 43A8:*

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    6/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 l

    !G8 ,;T#` I:8: - M>?8%Q3>4A $>F8@A :D-N8 :.:A87 M3@ 8-DG :A@-A85. @-45>45 M@37 ( A3 b O(

    q 6 +#8#) *) /&5G :DG33N :AIJ84A: >4 AG>: :AIJ.* U8@7>::>34 M@37 AG8 D84A@-N 3MM>D8 L-:

    3RA->48J*

    !G8 :I@?8. Q-DF8A L-: -J7>4>:A8@8J R. AG8 A8-DG8@: JI@>45 DN-:: A>78* !G8 A8-DG8@:

    Q@3?>J8J Q-@A>D>Q-4A: L>AG - R@>8M 89QN-4-A>34 -R3IA AG8 QI@Q3:8 3M AG8 :AIJ. -4J G3L

    AG8>@ D34M>J84A>-N>A. L3INJ R8 84:I@8J* !G8 A8-DG8@: -N:3 G8NQ8J :AIJ84A: LG3 :A@I55N8J

    A3 I4J8@:A-4J AG8 :A-A8784A: 34 AG8 ZI8:A>344->@8 R. Q@3?>J>45 73@8 89QN-4-A>34:-R3IA AG8 :A-A8784A:* !G8 :AIJ84A: L8@8 >4M3@78J AG-A AG8. L8@8 M@88 A3 L>AGJ@-L M@37

    AG8 :AIJ. -A -4. A>78 L>AG3IA Q84-NA. -4J AG-A AG8>@ @8:Q34:8: A3 AG8 ZI8:A>344->@8

    L3INJ 43A -MM8DA AG8>@ 5@-J8:* !G8 A8-DG8@: @8AI@48J AG8 D3NN8DA8J J-A- J>@8DAN. A3 AG8

    @8:8-@DG8@: M3@ -4-N.:>:* ;MA8@ J>:D-@J>45 :I@?8.: L>AG 7>::>45 J-A-+ AG8 M>4-N ^l

    :AIJ84A: L8@8 :8N8DA8J M3@ AG>: :AIJ.* !G8 @8-J>45 A8:A :D3@8: M3@ AG8 :AIJ84A:

    Q-@A>D>Q-A>45 >4 AG>: :AIJ. L8@8 D3NN8DA8J AG@3I5G AG8 :DG33N J>:A@>DA 3MM>D8: A3 J8A8@7>48

    AG8 4-AI@8 -4J J>@8DA>34 3M AG8 @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. -4J :A@-A85.

    I:8*

    #8?8@-N :A-A>:A>D-N A8DG4>ZI8: L8@8 87QN3.8J M3@ J-A- -4-N.:8:* i8:D@>QA>?8 :A-A>:A>D:OM@8ZI84D>8:+ 78-4:+ -4J :A-4J-@J J8?>-A>34:P L8@8 D-NDIN-A8J A3 :I77-@>S8

    J8735@-QG>D >4M3@7-A>34 -4J J8:D@>R8 :AIJ84A:Y @8-J>45 :A@-A85. I:8* `4 3@J8@ A3

    J8A8@7>48 -4. ?-@>-A>34 >4 :A@-A85. I:8 @8N-A8J A3 :AIJ84A:Y @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. -:

    78-:I@8J R. AG8 !;]# -::8::784A -4J :AIJ84A:Y :8NM%@-A8J @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D>8:+ -4

    ;4-N.:>: 3M n-@>-4D8 O;6fn;P A8:A L-: D34JIDA8J* !;]# @8-J>45 A8:A N8?8N: -4J :8NM%

    @-A8J @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. :8@?8J -: AG8 >4J8Q84J84A ?-@>-RN8:[ :A@-A85. I:8 L-: AG8

    J8Q84J84A ?-@>-RN8*

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    7/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 _

    7#2.&(2

    SB/4#,, ;=4#=/9$ G@/

    U-@A>D>Q-4A:Y @8:Q34:8: L8@8 5@3IQ8J >4A3 AG@88 D-A853@>8: O2>5G+ ,8J>I7+ -4J $3LP*

    !G8 5@3IQ>45 L8@8 R-:8J 34 AG8 78-4 :D3@8: -4J I:8J A3 89-7>48 AG8 :AIJ84A:Y :A@-A85.

    I:-58* ;: :G3L4 >4 !-RN8 /+ ab\ 3M Q-@A>D>Q-4A: @8Q3@A8J G>5G I:8 3M @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8:

    O,ta*b0P -4J b(\ @8Q3@A8J 78J>I7 :A@-A85. I:8 O/*b0u,ua*1^P* $-:AN.+ (1\ @8Q3@A8J

    N3L :A@-A85. I:8 O,u/*1^P*

    M#3,/ %N "/#? ; SB/4#,, ;=4#=/9$ G@/

    !  Q "    #$ 

    2>5G O: ta*b0P a1 ab a*(b 0*l)(

    ,8J>I7O/*b0u: ua*1^P 1^ b($3L O: u/*1^P (a (1

    !3A-N ^l (00

    !G8 78-4 :D3@8:+ :A-4J-@J J8?>-A>34:+ -4J ;6fn; M3@ AG@88 D-A853@>8: 3M :A@-A85>8: -@8

    Q@8:84A8J >4 !-RN8 a*!G8 ;6fn; @8?8-N8J - :A-A>:A>D-NN. :>54>M>D-4A J>MM8@84D8

    O> q(1*0a+ ?q*00P >4 :A@-A85. I:8 -A ?E0*0b N8?8N* !G8 #DG8MMv Q3:A%G3D A8:A :G3L8J AG8

    G>5G8@ I:8 3DDI@@8J M3@ U@3RN87%#3N?>45 :A@-A85>8: L>AG N8:: I:8 M3@ AG8 3AG8@ AL3

    5@3IQ: OVN3R-N T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -4J #IQQ3@A T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8:P -A ?E0*0b N8?8N+

    >4J>D-A>45 AG-A AG8 Q-@A>D>Q-4A: @8Q3@A8J I:>45 U@3RN87%#3N?>45 :A@-A85>8: 73:A+M3NN3L8J R. VN3R-N T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -4J #IQQ3@A T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8:*

    M#3,/ TN UJ=/@=@ E+4 "/#? O8EE/4/?

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    8/16

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    9/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 ^

    F#?W P=/. ;=4#=/9$

    M$L/

    O/@

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    10/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 (0

    M#3,/ XN O8EE/4/?8?9 ;=4#=/9$ G@/ 3$ F/#>8?9 H4+E8

    Z! [ \T]

    ;=#?>#4>

    Z! [ %0]

    R+../?>/>

    Z! [X]

    %    &  O8EE/4/?45

    a*0( 0*_b a*(^ 0*1) /*)l 0*)l 0*)_l 0*1/ B

    U@3RN87%

    #3N?>45

    a*1_ 0*)l a*l/ 0*ba a*a) 0*l( 0*1/_ 0*lb B

    #IQQ3@A

    T8-J>45

    a*0a 0*)/ a*0/ 0*b1 /*/_ 0*^_ /*a)1 0*(0 B

    f?8@-NN a*(1 0*_l a*/b 0*11 /*)/ 0*_^ 0*^0) 0*1( B

    ;*(#* p 63 :>54>M>D-4A J>MM8@84D8: O ? E *0bP L8@8 3R:8@?8J*

    F/#>8?9 ;=4#=/9$ G@/ #?> ;/,EJF#=/> F/#>8?9 H4+E84 :A@-A85. I:8 -DD3@J>45 A3 :8NM%@-A8J

    @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D.* ;7345 AG8 M3I@ 5@3IQ: O;*( 3* E**4 +FG + E**4 + -4J E)#/( P+ "$$ G>5G

    :DG33N :AIJ84A: @-A>45 AG8>@ @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. -: V33J @8Q3@A8J 73:A M@8ZI84A I:8 3M

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: O: qa*1^P+ M3NN3L8J R. AG8 AL3 Q@3M>D>84D. 5@3IQ: 3M E)#/(  O: qa*/_P

    -4J FG  O: qa*0/P* !G8 :AIJ84A: LG3 @-A8J AG8>@ @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. -:;*( 3*

    E**4   @8Q3@A8J I:>45 AG8 N8-:A 4I7R8@ 3M @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: O: q(*/1P AG-4 3AG8@ AG@88

    5@3IQ:* !G8 J>MM8@84D8: >4 :A@-A85. I:8 -7345 @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. 5@3IQ: L8@8

    :A-A>:A>D-NN. :>54>M>D-4A O> q/a*)/+ Qq0*00P -A AG8 ? E 0*0b N8?8N*

    eG84 N33F>45 -A AG8 J>MM8@84D8: >4 :A@-A85. I:8 R. D-A853@.+ AG8 J>MM8@84D8: L8@8

    :A-A>:A>D-NN. :>54>M>D-4A >4 -NN D-A853@>8:+ L>AG D8@A->4 :A@-A85. D-A853@>8: R8>45 I:8J 73@8

    3MA84 R. -J?-4D8J 5@3IQ:* W3@ >4:A-4D8+ VN3R-N T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: O> q/0*l^+ ?q0*00P -4J

    U@3RN87%:3N?>45 :A@-A85>8: O> q/0*_0+ ?q0*00PL8@8 @8Q3@A8J -: R8>45 I:8J 73@8 R. AG8

    AG@88 -J?-4D8J 5@3IQ: OE)#/( + E**4 + -4J FG P AG-4 R. AG8 ;*( 3* E**4  5@3IQ* #IQQ3@A

    T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: L8@8 I:8J 73@8 3MA84 R. AG8 E**4  -4J FG  5@3IQ: AG-4 R.

    AG8 E)#/(  -4J ;*( 3* E**4  5@3IQ: O> q(l*)(+ ?q0*00P*

    M#3,/ \N O8EE/4/?8?9 ;=4#=/9$ G@/ 3$ ;/,EJF#=/> F/#>8?9 H4+E845

    (*a

    )

    0*1

    a

    a*1

    0

    0*l

    (

    a*)

    0

    0*l

    0

    a*l

    ^

    0*b

    ^

    /0*_

    0

    0*0

    0

    /+ a+ 1 K (

    aK/

    #IQQ3@A (*( 0*( /*) 0*b a*a 0*l /*) 0*l (l*) 0*0 /+ aK(

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    11/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 ((

    ;=4#=/9$ 2+= ;+

    ^++>

    Z! [(]

    SI

    Z! [(']

    ^++>

    Z! [T(]

    ^4/#=

    Z! ['_]

    %    &  O8EE/4/?45 ( a ^ ^ ) _ _ _ ( 0 aK/

    f?8@-NN (*/1

    0*/_

    a*0/

    0*1)

    a*1^

    0*b_

    a*/_

    0*b1

    /a*)/

    0*00

    /+ a+ 1K(aK/

    ;*(#* p W3@ i>MM8@84D8:X (q63A #3 V33J[ /qf][ aqV33J[ 1qV@8-A+ -AQ E 0*0b O#DG8MMv

    Q3:A%G3D A8:AP*

    D,2'.22,*+

    !G8 DI@@84A :AIJ. 89QN3@8J G>5G :DG33N "45N>:G N-45I-58 N8-@48@:Y 78A-D354>A>?8

    -L-@848:: -4J @8-J>45 :A@-A85. I:8 LG84 @8-J>45 -D-J87>D 7-A8@>-N:* !G8 :AIJ. -N:3

    89-7>48J AG8 @8N-A>34:G>Q R8AL884 Q-@A>D>Q-4A:Y :A@-A85. I:8 -4J AG8>@ @8-J>45

    Q@3M>D>84D. -: 78-:I@8J R. - :A-A8 A8:A -4J :8NM%@-A8J Q@3M>D>84D.* T8:INA: >4J>D-A8 AG-A

    >4 AG8 D34A89A 3M 3?8@-NN :A@-A85. I:8+ :AIJ84A: I:8J 78J>I7 A3 G>5G%N8?8N @8-J>45

    :A@-A85>8:* i-A- -N:3 >4J>D-A8 AG-A :AIJ84A: I:8J :IDG @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -: @8%@8-J>45

    -4J I4J8@N>4>45 -4J D>@DN>45 3M >4M3@7-A>34 A3 G8NQ AG87 R8AA8@ I4J8@:A-4J -4J

    @8787R8@ >4M3@7-A>34 >4 AG8 A89A:*

    T8:INA: 3M AG8 Q@8:84A :AIJ. :IQQ3@A M>4J>45: 3M ;4J8@:34 O(^^(P+ V84D O/0((P+ -4J

    V3NJ:7>AG -4J !@-4 O/0(/P* ;4J8@:34 O(^^(P M3I4J AG-A :A@-A85>8: >4DNIJ>45 @8%@8-J>45+

    @8-J>45 :N3LN. -4J D-@8MINN.+ 3@ ?>:I-N>S>45 >4M3@7-A>34 L8@8 @8Q3@A8J 73:A M@8ZI84AN.

    R. "$$:* V84D O/0((P >J84A>M>8J @8-J>45 :A@-A85. -DA>34: R. "$$ N8-@48@: -: @8%@8-J>45+

    Q-.>45 DN3:8@ -AA84A>34 A3 AG8 A89A+ -4J @8-J>45 -N3IJ* V3NJ:7>AG -4J !@-4 O/0(/P M3I4J

    AG-A "$$ :AIJ84A: I:8J :IDG @8-J>45 :A@-A85. :F>NN: -: @8D354>S>45 3@5-4>S-A>34-NQ-AA8@4: >4 A89A:+ 7-F>45 D34DNI:>34: R-:8J 34 LG-A L-: @8-J -4J I:>45 8?>J84D8 A3

    :IQQ3@A I4J8@:A-4J>45* !G8 "45N>:G N-45I-58 N8-@48@: >4 3I@ :AIJ. L8@8 M3I4J A3

    -DA>?8N. IA>N>S8 :A@-A85>8: A3 -::>:A AG8>@ D37Q@8G84:>34[ -JJ>A>34-NN. AG8 DG3>D8 3M

    :A@-A85>8: :8@?8: A3 84G-4D8 AG8 "$$Y: F43LN8J58 3M "45N>:G N-45I-58 .8A :887:

    >4MNI84D8J R. AG8>@ @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. N8?8N*

    ;DD3@J>45 A3 AG8 78-4 :D3@8: 3M :A@-A85. I:8+ AG8 Q-@A>D>Q-4A: >4 AG8 @-458: 3M #A-4J-@J

    O78-:I@8J R. !;]#P @8Q3@A8J -DA>?8N. I:>45 ?-@>3I: @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: 73@8 AG-4 3AG8@

    AL3 5@3IQ: Og8N3L #A-4J-@J -4J C37784J8JP* !G>: M>4J>45 >: :>7>N-@ A3 ;4J8@:34Y:

    O(^^(P @8:8-@DG+ LG3:8 :AIJ. :G3L8J AG-A R3AG G>5G -4J N3L Q@3M>D>84A @8-J8@:-QQ8-@8J A3 R8 IA>N>S>45 :>7>N-@ D37Q@8G84:>34 :A@-A85>8: LG>N8 -4:L8@>45 AG8

    D37Q@8G84:>34 ZI8:A>34:* c8A AG8 :AIJ. -N:3 >4J>D-A8J AG-A @8-J8@: >J84A>M>8J -: G>5GN.

    Q@3M>D>84A @8-J8@: -QQN>8J @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: 73@8 :IDD8::MINN. -4J AG-A L8@8 M>AA>45*

    #G83@8. -4J ,3FGA-@> O/00(P -4J fS8F -4J C>?8N8F O/00lP M3I4J D37Q-@-RN8 @8:INA:+

    LG>DG :G3L8J AG-A @8-J8@: -A G>5G%Q@3M>D>84A N8?8N -4J Q@3M>D>84A N8?8N: I:8J :A@-A85>8:

    73@8 3MA84 AG-4 N3L%N8?8N Q@3M>D>84A @8-J8@:* !G8 Q@8:84A J-A- @8:INA: :IQQ3@A AG8:8

    Q@8?>3I: M>4J>45: -: :AIJ84A: @-A8J -: #A-4J-@J OQ@3M>D>84AP 845-58J >4 IA>N>S>45 ?-@>3I:

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: AG-4 g8N3L #A-4J-@J ON3L%N8?8N Q@3M>D>84AP* `4 D34A@-:A A3 AG8 J-A- 3M

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    12/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 (/

    AG8 784A>348J @8:8-@DG8@:+ J-A- @8:INA: 3M AG>: :AIJ. @8?8-N AG8 C37784J8J OG>5G%N8?8N

    Q@3M>D>84AP Q-@A>D>Q-4A: 3M AG>: :AIJ. L8@8 N8:: 845-58J >4 I:>45 ?-@>8J @8-J>45

    :A@-A85>8: AG-4 #A-4J-@J OQ@3M>D>84AP @8-J8@:* !G>: J-A- >4M3@7-A>34 >: -QQ8-N>45 -: >A

    -JJ: - J.4-7>D A3 "$$ -J3N8:D84A @8:8-@DG+ LG>DG D-4 R8 MI@AG8@ >4?8:A>5-A8J >4 MIAI@8

    @8:8-@DG*

    6348AG8N8::+ AG>: :AIJ. L-: N>7>A8J R. AG8 :-7QN8 :>S8[ AG8 :-7QN8 :>S8 3M AG8

    C37784J8J 5@3IQ L-: :>54>M>D-4AN. :7-NN8@ AG-4 AG8 :-7QN8 :>S8: 3M AG8 g8N3L

    #A-4J-@J -4J #A-4J-@J 5@3IQ:* ; N-@58@ :-7QN8 :>S8 3M C37784J8J L3INJ G-?8 -

    J>MM8@84A >7Q-DA 34 AG8 @8:INA: R8D-I:8 - N-@58@ :-7QN8 :>S8 73@8 @8N>-RN. @8MN8DA: AG8

    Q3QIN-A>34 78-4*

    W>4J>45: M@37 AG>: :AIJ. 3MM8@ :8?8@-N >7QN>D-A>34: M3@ A8-DG>45* W>@:A+ "45N>:G N-45I-58

    N8-@48@: -A J>?8@:8 N8?8N: ?-@. AG8>@ @8-J>45 :A@-A85. I:8* !8-DG8@:Y @8:Q34:8 A3 AG>:

    >4M3@7-A>34 D3INJ >4DNIJ8 89QN>D>AN. -::>:A>45 "$$: >4 AG8>@ D34A>4I8J 8MM3@A >4 I:>45

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8:* !3 @8-N>S8 AG-A 7-4. :AIJ84A: -DF43LN8J58 AG8. -@8 -A J>?8@584AN8?8N:+ A8-DG8@: D3INJ -N:3 D34:>J8@ -QQ@3-DG>45 N>A8@-D.%R-:8J -DA>?>A>8: M@37 AG-A Q3>4A

    3M ?>8L -4J :D-MM3NJ @8-J>45 :A@-A85. Q@-DA>D8: A3 5I>J8 :AIJ84A: A3L-@J: @8-J>45

    >4J8Q84J84D8 -4J D37Q@8G84:>34*

    eG84 N33F>45 -A AG8 J>MM8@84D8 >4 :A@-A85. I:8 >4 :A@-A85. D-A853@>8:+ J-A- >4J>D-A8 AG-A

    AG8@8 L-: 73@8 I:8 3M D8@A->4 :A@-A85>8: R. -J?-4D8J 5@3IQ:* !G>: >4M3@7-A>34 D3INJ

    :>54>M. AG-A :AIJ84A: QINN M@37 AG8>@ D-A-N35 3M :A@-A85. F43LN8J58* W3@ 8JID-A3@:+ AG>:

    J-A- Q@8:84A: AG8 3QQ3@AI4>A. M3@ D34A>4I8J D37Q@8G84:>?8 @8-J>45 :A@-A85. >4:A@IDA>34

    M3@ "$$ :AIJ84A:+ -: >A >: F43L4 AG-A @8-J>45 A89A: M@8ZI84AN. @8ZI>@8: -J?-4D8J

    78A-D354>A>?8 :F>NN:* !8-DG8@: D3INJ G8NQ :AIJ84A: N8-@4 LG>DG :A@-A85>8: A3 87QN3.+

    LG84 A3 I:8 AG8:8 :A@-A85>8:+ -4J G3L A3 I:8 AG8:8 :A@-A85>8:*

    #IQQ3@A T8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: L8@8 I:8J 73@8 R. AG8 f] -4J V33J 5@3IQ: AG-4 3AG8@ AL3

    5@3IQ: O63A #3 V33J -4J V@8-AP* #AIJ84A: LG3 @8Q3@A AG8. -@8 AG8:8 3@ 3AG8@ N8?8N:

    :G3INJ @8-N>S8 AG-A AG8 I:8 3M @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -4J AG8 ?-@>-A>34 3M AG8 :A@-A85>8: I:8J

    >: 34 - D34A>4II7 R-:8J 34 AG8 89Q8@>84D8: 3M AG8 @8-J8@+ AG8 D37QN89>A. 3M AG8 A89A+ AG8

    :A@-A85>8: 488J8J A3 -I5784A D37Q@8G84:>34 3M AG8 A89A+ -4J AG8 MI4J-784A-N 53-N 3M

    AG8 @8-J>45* !8-DG8@: D3INJ :G3L :AIJ84A: LG>DG :A@-A85>8: A3 -QQN.+ 73J8N 8MM8DA>?8

    :A@-A85>8:+ 3MM8@ -NA8@4-A>?8 :A@-A85>8:+ -4J 84D3I@-58 :AIJ84A: A3 DG33:8 -4J I:8

    :A@-A85>8: AG-A -@8 -QQ@3Q@>-A8 M3@ AG87:8N?8: -4J AG8 @8-J>45 -A G-4J* ;NN 3M AG8:8

    M-DA3@: D-4 N8-J A3 :8NM%:IMM>D>84D.*

    $-:AN.+ A8-DG8@: D-4 D@8-A8 :>AI-A>34: >4 LG>DG :AIJ84A: D-4 -QQN. AG8:8 :A@-A85>8: A3

    @8-J>45* "JID-A3@: :G3INJ -N:3 QN-4 A3 734>A3@ AG8>@ :AIJ84A: 3?8@ AG8 .8-@: >4 3@J8@ A3

    >J84A>M. >4 LG>DG AG8. -@8 G-?>45 J>MM>DINA>8:* !G>: :I558:A>34 >: R-:8J 34 AG8 >J8- AG-A

    A89A: 3MA84 R8D378 73@8 J>MM>DINA -: :AIJ84A: -J?-4D8 AG@3I5G :DG33N*

    ;: AG8 "$$ Q3QIN-A>34 >4 :DG33N: D34A>4I8: A3 5@3L+ >A >: >7Q8@-A>?8 M3@ 8JID-A3@: A3

    I4J8@:A-4J :AIJ84A:Y 78A-D354>A>?8 -L-@848:: -4J @8-J>45 D37Q@8G84:>34 :A@-A85.

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    13/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 (a

    I:8* C34A>4I3I: 734>A3@>45 3M AG8 N>A8@-D. J8?8N3Q784A 3M -J3N8:D84A "$$: >: 48D8::-@.

    -: AG8. >4A8@-DA L>AG ?-@>3I: A89A: -4J -J?-4D8 >4 AG8>@ 78A-D354>A>34 -4J @8-J>45

    :A@-A85. F43LN8J58 -4J :F>NN:* !G8 DI@@84A :AIJ. 3MM8@: R@3-J :I558:A>34: A3 A8-DG8@:

    43A 34N. - 78-4: A3 84G-4D8 AG8 F43LN8J58 3M AG8>@ :AIJ84A: RIA -N:3 - 78-4: A3 5I>J8

    @8:8-@DG8@: M3@ MIAI@8 @8:8-@DG*

     C3+-= =:/ C-=:+4

    ]-. 2345%6-7+ >: ;::>:A-4A U@3M8::3@ >4 AG8 i8Q-@A784A 3M CI@@>DINI7 < `4:A@IDA>34+

    !89-: ;?8@:>A.+ C3778@D8* #G8 @8D8>?8J - UG*i* >4 "JID-A>34+ -4J - ,-:A8@Y: 3M

    $>R@-@. #D>84D8 M@37 AG8 =4>?8@:>A. 3M 63@AG !89-:+ i84A34* 28@ Q@3M8::>34-N >4A8@8:A:

    -@8 >4 78A-D354>A>34 -4J @8-J>45 :A@-A85.+ "#$ N>A8@-D. J8?8N3Q784A+ D34A84A -@8-

    N>A8@-D.+ :A@-A85. >4:A@IDA>34+ -J3N8:D84A N>A8@-D.+ A8-DG8@ 8JID-A>34+ N-45I-58 A8-DG>45

    -4J N8-@4>45*

    F/E/4/??>JI-N J>MM8@84D8: >4 :A@-A85. I:8 >4 :8D34J N-45I-58 @8-J>45

    -4J A8:A>45* !"# :*4#)+ 5/+1./1# -*.)+/&C HI + 1l0%1_/*

    g38F-8@A:+ ,* O(^^_P* #8NM%@85IN-A8J N8-@4>45X ; 48L D34D8QA 87R@-D8J R. @8:8-@DG8@:+

    Q3N>D. 7-F8@:+ 8JID-A3@:+ A8-DG8@:+ -4J :AIJ84A:*5#/)+,+1 /+4 6+2().'(,*+C H O/P+ (l(%

    ()l*

    g3INL-@8%V33J84+ T*+ C-@@8F8@+ #*+ !G3@4G>NN+ ;*+ < &3:G>+ T* ,* O/00_P* `4:A@IDA>34 3M

    78A-D354>A>?8 :A@-A85>8: 84G-4D8: @8-J>45 D37Q@8G84:>34 -4J ?3D-RIN-@. -DG>8?8784A

    3M AG>@J%5@-J8 :AIJ84A:* !"# 7#/4,+1 !#/'"#)C JKO(P+ _0%__*g@3L4+ ;* $* O(^)_P* ,8A-D354>A>34+ 898DIA>?8 D34A@3N+ :8NM%@85IN-A>34+ -4J 3AG8@ 73@8

    7.:A8@>3I: 78DG-4>:7:* `4 W* "* e8>48@A < T* 2* ]NIL8 O"J:*P+ :#(/'*1+,(,*+C NN:J-N8+ 6&X $-L@84D8 "@NR-I7 ;::3D>-A8:*

    gIAN8@+ i* $* O/00/P* `4J>?>JI-N>S>45 >4:A@IDA>34 >4 :8NM%@85IN-A8J N8-@4>45* !"#*)= ,+(*

    L)/'(,'#C MKO/P+ )(%^/*

    C-@@8NN+ U*+ V-dII:8F+ $*+ < e>:8+ !* O(^^)P* ,8A-D354>A>34 -4J "W$r"#$

    @8-J>45* 6+(#)+/(,*+/& 3',#+'#C NJ+ ^_%((/*

    CG-73A+ ;* =* O(^^)P* !8-DG>45 N8-@4>45 N-45I-58 :A@-A85>8: A3 N-45I-58 :AIJ84A:*

    OT8Q3@A 63* "if%W$%0/b%^_lP*"T`C CN8-@>45G3I:8 34 $-45I-58 -4J $>45I>:A>D:+e-:G>45A34+ i*C* O"T`C i3DI784A T8Q@3JIDA>34 #8@?>D8 63* "i 1aa_(^P*

    C3G84+ ;* i* O(^^)P* 3()/(#1,#2 ,+ /)+,+1 /+4 .2,+1 / 2#'*+4 &/+1./1#* $34J34+ =]X

    $3457-4*

    C3G84+ ;* i*+ < ,-D-@3+ "* O/00_P* 5/+1./1# /)+#) 2()/(#1,#2O PQ =#/)2 *0 )#2#/)'" /+4

     ?)/'(,'#* f9M3@J+ =]X f9M3@J =4>?8@:>A. U@8::*

    C3NA@-48+ g* O/00/P* "45N>:G N-45I-58 N8-@48@: -4J G>5G%:A-F8: A8:A:X ;4 3?8@?>8L 3M AG8

    >::I8:* T8A@>8?8J M@37 GAAQXrrLLL*D-N*3@5r@8:3I@D8:rJ>58:Ar0/0_D3NA@-48*GA7N

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    14/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 (1

    W>4FR8>48@+ C* O/00bP* 6+(#)#2(2 /+4 2()/(#1,#2 ,+ 0*)#,1+ &/+1./1# )#/4,+1O R*9 ?.?,&2

    )#/4 /+4 '*

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    15/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 (b

    6-A>34-N ;::8::784A 3M "JID-A>34-N U@35@8::* O/0((P* !"# +/(,*+\2 )#?*)( '/)4 * T8A@>8?8J

    M@37

    GAAQXrr4-A>34:@8Q3@AD-@J*53?r@8-J>45x/0((r:A-A8x5)*-:Qm:IRA-Rx>Jq!-Rx((JqA-

    R(DG-@A

    6-A>34-N C84A8@ M3@ "JID-A>34 #A-A>:A>D:* O/0(/P* !"# '*+4,(,*+ *0 #4.'/(,*+O %+1&,2"

    &/+1./1# /)+#)2 ,+ ?.B&,' 2'"**&2] T8A@>8?8J M@37

    GAAQXrr4D8:*8J*53?rQ@35@-7:rD38rQJMrD38x8NN*QJM

    6-A>34-N CN8-@>45G3I:8 M3@ "45N>:G $-45I-58 ;DZI>:>A>34* O/0((P* !"# 1)*9,+1 +.34-N C3I4D>N 3M !8-DG8@: 3M "45N>:G O/00)P* %+1&,2" &/+1./1# /)+#)2O S ?*&,'=

    )#2#/)'" B),#0 * T8A@>8?8J

    M@37GAAQXrrLLL*4DA8*3@5rN>R@[email protected]!"W>N8:rT8:3I@D8:rU3N>D.T8:8-@DGr"$$T8:8-@DG

    g@>8M*QJM

    f9M3@J+ T* $* O(^^0P* 5/+1./1# /)+,+1 2()/(#1,#2O @"/( #8#)= (#/'"#) 2"*.&4 W+*9 *68LRI@.+ 68L c3@FX 23I:8 UIRN>:G8@*

    fS8F+ c*+ < C>?8N8F+ ,* O/00lP* ; :AIJ. 34 AG8 I:8 3M D354>A>?8 @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: R. "$!

    :AIJ84A:* !"# S2,/+ %>5 -*.)+/&C K%/l*

    U-@>:+ #* V*+ < &-D3R:+ &* "* O(^)1P* !G8 R848M>A: 3M >4M3@78J >4:A@IDA>34 M3@ DG>NJ@84Y:

    @8-J>45 -L-@848:: -4J D37Q@8G84:>34 :F>NN:* X",&4 D#8#&*?4A@>DG+ U* T* O(^^^P* !G8 @3N8 3M 73A>?-A>34 >4 Q@373A>45 -4J :I:A->4>45 :8NM%@85IN-A8J

    N8-@4>45* 6+(#)+/(,*+/& -*.)+/& *0 %4.'/(,*+ 7#2#/)'"C PK+ 1b^%1_0*

    U33N8+ ;* O/00^P* !G8 @8N-A>34:G>Q 3M @8-J>45 Q@3M>D>84D. A3 34N>48 :A@-A85. I:8X ; :AIJ.

    3M =*#* D3NN858 :AIJ84A:* -*.)+/& *0 X*&# 5,(#)/'= /+4 5#/)+,+1C PI + a%((*

    U@8::N8.+ ,*+ eG-@A34%,Di34-NJ+ T*+ 2-7Q:34+ &* ,*+ < "DG8?-@@>-+ ,* O(^^)P* !G8 4-AI@8

    3M N>A8@-D. >4:A@IDA>34 >4 A84 5@-J8%1rb DN-::@337: >4 IQ:A-A8 68L c3@F* 3',#+(,0,'

    3(.4,#2 *0 7#/4,+1C N+ (b^%(^(*

    #G83@8.+ T*+ < ,3FGA-@>+ ]* O/00(P* i>MM8@84D8: >4 AG8 78A-D354>A>?8 -L-@848:: 3M

    @8-J>45 :A@-A85>8: -7345 4-A>?8 -4J 434%4-A>?8 @8-J8@:* 3=2(#AS:>7734:+ #* O/00_P* D*.B ("# 9*)WO X"/&+1#2 /+4 2*&.(,*+2 (*

    /'[.,),+1 &/+1./1# /+4 /'/4#

  • 8/20/2019 TESL-EJ

    16/16

    !"#$%"& ()*(+ ,-. /0(1 2345%6-7 (l

    h>778@7-4+ g* &* O/00/P* g8D37>45 - :8NM%@85IN-A8J N8-@48@X ;4 3?8@?>8L* !"#*)= ,+(*

    L)/'(,'#C MKO/P+ l1%_0*

    C3Q.@>5GA y (^^1 % /0(1 !"#$%"&+ `##6 (0_/%1a0a

    C3Q.@>5GA @8:A: L>AG AG8 -IAG3@:*