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Abstract
he subject of this paper is resource capacity bottlenecks
involved in a business process (and chain of value), way(s) of
their removal and managing the process of this removal of
bottlenecks. The idea is to point towards the possibility of
bottlenecks within different resources of one operation of a
certain business process as well as in different operations
(phases) of a business process, as well as towards the possibility
and the means to manage those types of bottlenecks in cases of
maintenance and growth of the capacity of (business) processes as
well as within the value chain. It is the intention to show
different models of bottlenecks (of one operation as well as the
whole business process), by looking at the business process of an
organizational system (an enterprise) and the remaining (adjacent
to it) participants links in the value chain (its procurers and
buyers), as well as to point to the specific types of managing
different types of bottlenecks. This paper is intended for those
who are making the projects and managing the process so that they
can, in balancing the flow of the work at hand, have insight into
all the relevant resources, in all operations of the business
process, as well as in interacting with procurers and buyers.
Verbal, graphical and mathematical models are shown, and certain
bottleneck removal management methods are pointed out.
Keywords: processes management, resources/operations/processes
cappacities, bottlenecks, bottlenecks removal.
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, .). .
1.
, . ( ) (, ), , , . , , ( ) , . , : , - . , ( ). - . e - ( , .)
. , . , : - , ( ), ( .). - . ( 180 ) , .
1.1.
. . , . , . .1.
1 - Figure 1 - The bottleneck of a supply chain which limits
capacity
: J&R Softdrinks 80.000 , . 750 ml, 20.000 , 12 . . 8 300 4
() , 7 . , 30.000 . ( ). ? J&R ?
: , , /. 80.000 /, :7 80.000/0,75 = 746.666 /a 20.000 /, :5 12
20.000 = 1.200.000 /a 300 /1, :7 4 8 300 12 = 806.400 /a 30.000 /a,
:2 30.000 12 = 720.000 /a . 720.000 /a (.2).J&R . . , , . , ()
. . 2 - J&R SoftdrinksFigure 2 - capacity in distribution
company J & R Softdrinks
. . , , , . , .
1.2. ( ) ( ) (). (), . : I =1, 2, ..., ,- , I () I = 1, 2, ...
:
u= {N}, () , . ( ) . u= { - N} ( N ). , ( , ...) ( ) , . . . , .
N() 100%. . 75 90 % . . . .3.
3 - (, 1997)Figure 3 - Development of the confidentiality of
equipment (Malindzhak, 1997)
2.
(). PP :
KV= PP =1, 2, ...,
V :1) V> 0 2) V< 0 3) V = 0 1 ( ), . , . PREEMPT OF
COMPETITION.
4 - PREEMPT OF COMPETITION. ( 1997)
. . Apple COMPUTER, Mc.Donald. 2 (, ), . WAIT AND SEE .
5 - WAIT AND SEE ( 1997)
:) ,) . 3 ( 80 90 %), SNAKE .
6 - SNAKE (, , 2005)
3.
( ) . (Q) (t).
. : . :
1 - (k)
1 Ku
2 Kr
3 Kp
4 Ko
. ( - ) 24 , , :
[/] :365 ( 366)- (r.m.) [/(r.m.*)], 24- [/], i- (i=),m- [1],- i-
[r.m.],(i=),- () i- , [/(r.m.*)], (i=),- () :
[/] ( ) ( ) ( ), () :rd - [/(r.m.*)],- i- [sm./], (i=),s - , i-
[/sm], (i=),- ( , , .) [/]- ( / ) [/]- ( , ) [/]
:
[/]
/ ( / ) ( ), :
[/]
( ) :- j- [k.j./v.j.] ( [ /]), (j=),- i- j- [v.j./k.j.] ( [/]),
(i=), (j=). () / , () :
[ /].
Ku, Kr, Kp Ko :O1: Ku > Kr, , Ku Kr, ; 2: Ku Kp, - () ( - Ku
< Kp); O3: Ku > Ko, ( O2) : Ku < Ko;4: Kr Kp, ( O2) : Kr
< Kp;5: Kr Ko, ( O2) : Kr < Ko;6: Kp Ko, ( ), / , . , , ( 2).
2 -
(), , , :
U= (/)/ x 100 [%], () () (, , , ). ( ) (, , ), - ( / ) . () / ,
. , , . , , - , . , KpKr, :
(i=), - . - Kp > Kr, :
(i=), - . , () - (100%). S.Nahmias, , . :1. - , ;2. . , .
J.Heizer B.Render, . ( 7) ( ), : P ( 5 / / ) 4000 [/ ], 1 . (, , )
: 4000, 2000, 5000, 4000, 3000 [/ ], . , . ( O2) () 2000[/ ].
7 - Figure 7 - Graphical model of bottleneck
1 2, ( ). 3, 4 5 , 3 . 1?. , .
4.
:a) / / ( );b) ( /);c) . ( ) .a) ( ), , . ( 7) . / . / ( ): (, ,
, ); - ( - , - , - , - / ); - ( 1 , 5 ); ( 8), ( ) , , . () , , .
()
8- Figure 8 - Participants in the supply chain
- ( 9) ( );
9 - ( )Figure 9 - Graphical model of the whole reproduction
("basin" of business partners)
, ( 10), ( ) - , .
10 - () Figure 10 - Model of network (matrix) connection to the
partners
b) - , ( ). : , , , , . , ( 11) ().
11 - Figure 11 - Matrix of capacity resources of a process
( 11) - , , : , , , . , . - , , . . . ( ) . , . , , ( , , , , ,
, , , .). (), : (1 100%), (1 100%) , .c) . , , . ( ) ( , ). ( ) . ,
, . - , ( , , - ) . . . , . , : , ? ( ). () (). ( 1) (, ). / : ?. (
) ( ) ( ).
5.
. Buffa E.S , , , , : , - .Kaj Mileusnica : ; ( ) ; ; - ( ); ; ;
, ;Mileusnic (, ) . . , . . , . ( ) :1. 2. 3. (, ) . : , , . . . .
. - ( ) . : . , . . . , , . , . . .Goldrat , / (Theory of
constraints-TOC). ( ) - . ( ), Goldrat :1) ( ) ; 2) , ( );3) ;4) (
) - ;5) , ; , Goldrat : ? ? ? / (Theory of constraints-TOC): . /
Slack N., Chambers S. Johnston R., . Goldrat - . Heizer J. Render .
, , . , , , , . : , , ; ; , ; , ;
6.
. , ( ) - . .
6.1.
, ( 12) , : , , , (, ). - ( ), ( , 20 ).
12: , () Figure 12: Graphical model of management, like moving
from the current system to the desired (green) state
, , . Black J.S. Porter L.W. : , , , . :a) b) : 1. ( ), ( ) (
""), () ;2. ( ) ;3. : ( , - " ") , ( ) ( )4. : (: , ( ), ) ( ) . :
- ( ( )), - ( - , , ...) , (, , ...) - , , , , , , , . - ( ) : , (
13). ( ) . : ( ) ( ) (, , ) - , - , .
13 - Figure 13 - Double Pyramid Management6.2.
. Goldrat ( .. ). , Buffa E.S. , . . Chambers and Johnston o :
(), . ( ), . , , ? : ( ) ( ). (, ) , ( ). , . . Krajewski - : () ,
: , , , , . . Krjewski - , , ( ), , . : ? , , . ( Goldrat ). .
Wild. R. Goldrat- O: O . O , . O:1) , 2) () , 3) 4) 5) . 6) 7) , ()
8) , 9) - . : , ? Buffa : . , , . . Slack, Chamber Johnston ( 14),
- 15.
14 - 15 - Figure 14 - Model management of Operation Figure 15 -
Model management of OTG
i- 1 n, n ( ) , n , . . co Gunther N. J. : . : ( , ) ( , ) ( ..
- ) ( ).
7.
1. : 15 . , . . . , .
, . , . . , . : : =2 ( =30 /) : =20 ( =3 /) : =5 ( =12 /) (), ,
. , ( ). .
. , : 2+20+5=27 . . 27 . , , . (work in process-WIP) Little: =
() x ( ), . =5 :5 = 3 / x 1,67 . 27 , 100 . 27% ( / ). , . . ( 5 2
), . . . , . . : 1: lead time ( ) . , .
, 100 , 1.35% () . . , () Y, () () . , ( , ). , . , . , , . 2: (
) , . ( ). , , ( ), , , ( ). . , : : =2 : =15 : =10 , .. 27 . , ()
() , .
, , . , , . . , . 2. . . , , . (). . : , . :
() . () . , . a) 40?b) .c) ? , .
:a) =40, =30 , t=0.25 . S+tB . B/ (S+tB) :
, 60 . b) 30+0.25 . 20+0.2 . 0. 30+0.2520+0.2. , . , .c)
=150.
150 , . , .
- .. . . ( ) , , , ( ) ( ) . .
42
