texnooikonomikh meleth aiolikou parkou

: TAULANT SHEMBILLI :

2010

I - .. , , . . . , , . ... (). . .

:

2

, , . . , . , . . , , . , .

:

3

: ....................................................................... 3 ....................................................................................... 9

1: 1.1. .................................................................................................. 11 1.2. ........................................................ 12 1.3. .................................................................... 13 1.3.1. - 2009 . 14 1.3.2. ....................................................... 14 1.3.4. ........................................................... 15 1.4. ................................................................................. 16 1.4.1. ....................................................................................... 16 1.4.2. 2009 .............................. 16 1.4.3. 2010 ....... 18 1.4.4. ................................................ 19

2: 2.1. .............................................................................................................. 21 2.2. .................................. 21 2.3. ....................................................................... 21 2.3.1. .................................................................................. 21 2.3.2. ............................................... 22 2.4. ................................................................................ 22 2.4.1. ..................................................................... 23 2.4.2. 26 2.4.3. .............................................................................................. 27 2.4.4. ........................................................................................ 29: 4

2.4.5. ......................................... 30 2.4.6. . .......................................................................................................... 31 2.5. ............................................................................................. 32 2.6. ................................................................................................. 33 2.7. 34 2.8. ............................................................................................... 35 2.8.1. ................................................................................ 35

3: 3.1. .............................................................................................................. 37 3.2. ................................................................................ 37 3.3. ............................................................................................. 38 3.3.1. ...................................................................... 38 3.3.2. .................................................................................................... 39 3.4. ......... 40 3.4.1. ........................................................ 40 3.4.2. ................................................................ 40 3.4.3. ................................ 40 3.5. ........................................................................................... 42 3.5.1. .................................................................................................. 42 3.6. ..................................................................... 43 3.6.1. ................................................................................................... 43 3.6.2. ........................................................................................... 44 3.7. .................................................................... 45 3.7.1. ........................................................................... 45 3.7.2. ................................................................................................. 45 3.7.3. ........................................ 46 3.7.4. ............................................................. 47 3.7.5. .............................. 48 3.7.6. (capacity factor) ................................................ 48 3.8. ......................................................... 49: 5

3.9. Wasp.......................................................................... 51 3.10. ............................................................................................. 52 3.10.1. .......................................... 52 3.10.2. ................................................................ 55

4: 4.1. .............................................................................................................. 56 4.2. .................................................................. 56 4.3. ................................................................... 57 4.4. ....................................................... 58 4.5. ............................................................................ 58 4.6. ............................................................................ 63 4.6.1. ............................................................................... 63 4.7. ............................................... 64 4.8. ....................................................... 66 4.8.1. .......................................... 68

5: 5.1. / ..................... 70 5.2. / ................................................................................. 70 5.3. / ................................................................. 71 5.4. , ..................... 71 5.5. ........................................ 72 5.6. ................................................................................ 73 5.7. . ........................ 73 5. 8. / .............................................................................. 74 5.9. / ........................................................................................... 74 5.10. ....................................................................... 75 5.11. .................................................................................... 75 5.12. / ....................................................................................... 77: 6

5. 13. .............................................................................................. 78 5.14. .. 80

6: / 6.1. .............................................................................................................. 83 6.2. ................................... 83 6.3. ................................................................................ 99 6.4. ............................................................................................................. 103 6.5. ........................................................................................................ 106 6.6. ................................................................................................... 106 6.7. .......................................................................... 106 6.8. . ... 106

7: 7.1. ............................................................................................................ 107 7.2. (, , , , IRR, NPV, ERR, ).................................................................................. 107 7.3. ................................................................. 109 7.4. / ....................... 110 7.4.1. /.............................. 110 7.4.2. ........................................................................... 111 7.4.3. ........................... 112 7.4.4. .............................................................. 112 7.4.5. ............................................................................................... 113 7.4.6. ................................................................................... 120 7.5. ................................................................. 125

8: 8.1. ............................................................................................................ 127: 7

8.2. ............................................................................. 127 8.3. ................................ 127 8.4. - ................................................................................. 129 - .................................................................... 131 ....................................................................................................... 132

:

8

1 . . 2 ( ..., , NATURA ). ( ). 3 3 , Wasp, 3 : a. , , . b. OWC Wizart c. 4 4 14 Wasp, : 1. . . 2. . 5 5 : a. , ( ) b. c. , d. .. 6 . , : a. b. ( ) / .: 9

7 7 . . . , : a. b. - c. - .. 8 8 / .

:

10

1 1.1.

. , , . . , . , . 17 , , . . , kWh , , . , , , .

:

11

1.1: .

1.2. 20 5 MW, , , . . , .

1.1: .

, .

:

12

1.2: ()

10.000 . (, , , .), . N. G. Calvert : , . . , . . , , , , , , ..

1.3. , , .

:

13

1.3.1. 2009

-

..., : 1. , 265 MW, 6 , 4 Diesel, 5 2. , 348 MW, 1 5 3. , 200 MW, 2 Diesel 2 . 3 ( , ). , 165 MW. 1.3 .

1.3: 2009.

1.3.2. ... .. 2008. 1.4.

:

14

1.4: 2008.

1.1 2008. 1.1: 2008.

2008

(MW) 644,90

(MW) 143,80

(MWh) (MWh) 3.010.878,50 8.248,98

1.3.4. : a. (86%) . b. ( ), . c. ( ). d. . : . . . Diesel 2008 2:1 . diesel 15

:

. 2008: a. : 60 /MWh b. diesel: 44 /MWh c. : 127 /MWh d. : 165 /MWh.

e. ( ). , , . f. . (56% 68%)

1.4.

1.4.1. ... 1993. 17 300 kW 3 500 kW 6,6 MW. , , 145.000 MWh CO2 123.250 . 2244/94 10 MW. 1998 , 17 600 kW . 165 MW 70 MW 5 .

1.4.2. 2009 2009 1.2. 1.1.

:

16

1.2 : 2009.

/ 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 31

(MW) ... A.E. .. 5,10 ... A.E. .. 1,00 ... A.E. .. 0,50 ... A.E. . 4,80 ... A.E. . 5,40 ... A.E. . 3,00 A.B.E.E. 3,00 A.B.E.E. . 15,00 AEOLOS .. 9,90 .. 10,00 .. 10,00 .. 5,00 - 0,50 .. IWECO .. 4,95 ENERCON .. 2,50 .. 5,94 .. 5,96 WRE .. 2,40 WRE .. 0,60 .. 5,95 .. . 2,70 .. 9,35 IWECO .. 4,50 .. . 14,45 .. () . 5,25 ENVITEC .. . 5,40 ENVITEC .. . 5,40 .. . 7,20 . 3,60 .... - 0,50 .. - . ... 6,30 166,15

:

17

1.1. : .

, 1.2, 1.5. 59% . , .16%

0% 59% 25%

1.5.: 2009.

1.4.3. 2010 (...) ( 2010) . , 2010 : 18

(...) ... , 1-2-2007, 199,52 MW ( ). 1.6.16,09% 24,51%

14,08%

45,32%

1.6.: .

1.4.4. , , , . : (steady state voltage level) (voltage variations or fluctuations) (transients) (harmonics) (power frequency variations).

, . , . (1.2) (1.3) .

:

19

f =

PL fn R Pn

(1.1)2

Q = i f PL Pn fn R Q i V d

(V ) V cos() Xd Xd

(1.2)

.

, , , (1.1) (1.2), . , , . : , , , ( , ), , . . , . . , .. , , .

:

20

2 2.1. . ..., NATURA, . .

2.2. : a. , b. (, ) c. d. ... ( NATURA, , ) e. . .

2.3. .

2.3.1 . , .: 21

2.3.2. 1937 . 856/1937 " ". . .1465/1950, . 996/1971, . 2637/1998. (.1650/1986) " ", . 3010/2002 97/11 . 96/61 .. , , . "NATURA 2000

"NATURA 2000" , , (, ) . 79/409/ 92/43/, . , " ", . , 270 . NATURA 2000 , , , . , , . ,

2.4. , , . . .

:

22

2.4.1. 80. , , , . . : 1. , 2. NATURA (Special Protected Areas) . . , . : () : . . , , , ( 2.1).

:

23

2.1: .

. . , . . . , , . . , . 2.1 .

:

24

.

2.1: .

, : () . , 100 200 . , . . , .

:

25

2.4.2. , . 99% , . . , , . , ( 2.2 2.3).

2.2: .

2.3: .: 26

2.4.3. , . . , , , . [1]: . , , , , . , ( 500 kW, 50 m, 40 m) . , . . , ( , ). , , , . . . . , , . , , . . . , . ( 27

:

), . , , , . ( 2.4).

2.4: .

. [2]. . 80 m, 800 m. . , ( , ), 400 , 80 m, 32 km. , 5 km, , ( 2.1).

2.1: . : 28

2.4.4. , . , , . . . , . , ( ). , , ( ). . , . / , . 10% 1980. . , . , . (. ) . , . 95 105 dB . , , . . : 29

. . . 2.1 . 2.1:

(dB) 105 100 95

45 dB 350 m 200 m 120 m

40 dB 575 m 350 m 200 m

35 dB 775 m 575 m 350 m

2.2 . 2.2: .

(dB) 65 35 40 75 100 30

. 45 dB 40 dB. 5 dB . 40 dB. . . 8 m/sec, ( , ). 3 8 m/sec. . , . , , .

2.4.5. : 30

. , ( FM) . . . , . , , . , .. . , , , , . , "" . 40 50 . . , , . .

2.4.6. , . , , . . , , : 31

500 m. . , , , . . , 22 m 4,8 km. . , 2 MW, 45 m 2 m, 1,4 km, 2 km. , . , , . . , . , , . , ( , , ), 18

2.5. , : a. b. c. . (150 kV) 2.2. .

:

32

11/

3 150 KV . 66 KV . . A/ / / /

108 6 1

/

13

4 12

2/ Aeolos

7/ IWECO

5

9

2.2:

2.6.

. , () . ( ), . , . . . 2.3 , ... , (80) [28].

2.3: (: ... , www.wel.gr).

8,5 m/sec (capacity factor) 40%. : 33

, , , . , , . 3 MW, 8 m/sec, 2 GW.

2.7. . , , ( 2.4) . 389.106,44 m2 ( ). , 1:5.000, 1 CD . ... 96406 96408. : a. , b. , c. ().

:

34

2.4.: .

2.8.

, . .

2.8.1. A , 1:5.000 (..) RASTER Design 2009 on AutoCAD 2009. . , 1:5.000 AutoCAD 2009, . , , . 2.5.

:

35

2.5.: .

2.6 .

2.5: , .

:

36

3 3.1. , . , , . . ISO 17025:2005, . , . , (OWC Wizard), Wasp . Wasp.

3.2.

, , : a. b. c. . , , , . , . , .

:

37

, , .

, . , , . , , , , . Beaufort, . .

3.3. . . , , . , . (shear) . .

3.3.1. . . , (3.1), [7, 9].

:

38

I=

1 z ln( ) zo

(3.1)

z0 z . 3.1. . . Wasp Engineering .

3.1: ,( =0,1 0,001, European Wind Atlas RISOE

3.3.2. . ( /) / . .: 39

3.4. 3.4.1. . . , .

3.4.2. . , . .

3.4.3. , . . , 3.2. (600 m) , . .

:

40

3.2: .

(.. Bernoulli), , , . . , , ( 3.3).

3.3: .

, , . , . , : 41

() , , .

3.5. . , , , . 10 , .

3.5.1. , , .

10 , . . 60 (10 m, 30 m, 45 m, 60 m). 50 m. . ( ) , , . (data logger) ( 3.1 & 3.2) . , . , 1 10 . 10 .

:

42

3.1: Data logger.

3.2: Data logger.

3.6. , 01/07/08 3.1. 10 m , , , WGS 84 350106,60 251656,00 489 m . ( 3.3).

3.3.: .

3.6.1. . , . . ( 3.4).: 43

3.4: .

3.4: .

( 3.4 3.4) . , . , . , : a. , b. , , ' c. , , d. , .

3.6.2. . ( 3.4). , , , . : 44

: a. b. , c. . d. e. . , , .

3.7. 3.7.1. . , m (kg), u (m/sec) [5, 6]:

=

1 mu 2 2

(3.2)

3.7.2. [5, 6]:

P=

dEk 1 dm 2 1 = u P = Au 3 2 dt 2 dt

(3.3)

: 3 kgr/m 2 m .

:

45

CP, [5, 6]: / = 1 CPV 3 2(3.4)

CP 16/27. Betz.

3.7.3. . [5, 6, 7] , [7, 9]: u ( h) = ( U* h h )[ln( ) ( )] k zo k (3.5)

, h1 h2 : h2 ) zo u (h2 ) = u (h1 ) ln( h1 ) zo ln(

(3.6)

60 m . z=0,3 m [7, 9]. : u (h2 ) h = ( 2 )a u (h1 ) h1

(3.7)

: u(h1): u(h2): h2. h2=10m : , =1/7 =1/4. 3.5 3.6.

:

46

3.5:

. /, . , , . 10 , 50 .

3.7.4. 0 = 1.255 kg/m3. . / 40% , . , . , / / (Stall). IEC 61400-12 : / (pitch) [10]:

V: VM

M

P =V PO

1/3

(3.8)

47

:

Po

3.7.5. Weibull 100 m . Weibull C k. Weibull [7, 9]:

f (u ) =

k u k 1 u *( ) *exp[( ) k ] c c c

(3.9)

k 1,5 2,5, k=2, Rayleigh. 1,5 2,0.

3.6: Weibull k. c =10 m/sec.

3.7.6. (capacity factor) , (capacity factor) PR [11]:

C.F . =

E T i PR

(3.10) 48

:

. 0,25 0,35, . , .

3.8. 3.1, , . 3.1: .

(m) (m) ( 87) () (m/sec) Weibull (m/sec) k Weibull (m/sec)

489 10 616833,63 3875540,39 01/07/08 06/07/09 12 8,50 9,6 1,76

(OWC Wizard) , . 3.1, 10 m Umean=8,50 m/sec, , P =829 W/m2, Weibull C=9,6 m/sec Weibull k=1,76. 3.2 . 3.7 : 49

, 3.7 Weibull .

:

50

3.2: .

Weibull C Weibull k / (m/sec) (%) (m/sec) () 1 0 97,9 9,6 1,76 8,54 2 30 0,1 7,5 3,54 6,77 3 60 0 2,2 4,55 2,04 4 90 0 2,4 2,41 2,16 5 120 0 1,8 1,86 1,62 6 150 0,5 6,2 5,66 5,74 7 180 0 3,4 1,44 3,11 8 210 0 3,1 2,73 2,79 9 240 0 3,9 2,73 3,45 10 270 0 3,9 1,91 3,45 11 300 0,1 5,6 3,21 4,98 12 330 1,3 8 1,55 7,17 8,5

(W/m) 838 246 6 10 5 130 54 20 37 50 102 586 829

3.7: .

3.8: Weibull .

3.9. Wasp Wasp ( RISOE).: 51

WAsP 7. . : a. , , . b. c. d. e. , . f. , .

3.10. ( ) . . , . , . . 250 . : a. b. c. d. . .

3.10.1. , 3.1.: 52

3.1: .

3.2 3.3 Weibull C k .

:

53

3.2: Weibull-C .

:

54

3.3: Weibull-k .

3.10.2. , , , . , , , . 8,5 m/sec, .

:

55

4 4.1. (/), Wasp. , , , .

4.2. , , . , : a. . Weibull . b. /, . c. /, . . / , / . , / /, / ... .: 56

/ . , . : / , / e. f. . , , : a. b. , , . c. . : a. b. , c. Weibull. a. b. c. d.

4.3. / / : a. / b. c. d. (.. ) e. .

:

57

4.4. , , / .

4.1:

. , Weibull V k.

4.5. . 4.2.

:

58

4.2: .

, Vestas V90 / 3MW. Enercon E82 / 3 MW. ( 4.4), ( 4.1), .

:

59

4.3: Vestas V90 / 3MW..

1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8.

5 VMP-Top service .

Vestas CD .

:

60

4.4: Vestas V90 / 3MW.

4.1: Vestas V90 / 3 MW.

(m) (m2) (rpm) (rpm) (m) (m/sec) (m/sec) (m/sec) (kW) (Hz) (V) (tn) (tn) (tn):

90 6.362 16,1 8,6 18,4 3 Pitch optispeed (pitch) 80 4 15 25 optispeed 3.000 50 1.000 70 41 160 61

4.1 4.2. .

4.1: Vestas V90 North Pickenham .

4.2: Vestas V90 / 3 MW.

:

62

4.6.

, ' .

4.6.1. / : a. b. /. .

4.5: /

, '', . L 8D 10D, D /. 11,5 12,5. (default) :

L=10D =12.

, 4.5, : a. L b. D 0 c. D+2L12 / , : 63

/ , .

4.7. , , 270 m ( 90 m). , , 4.1. 4.2 .

4.1.: 14 / Wasp

:

64

4.2: .

/

/ '87 616857,48 617094,73 617310,23 617082,62 616855,76 616636,00 616429,04 616003,01 616224,55 616942,98 616362,73 616574,06 616761,48 616937,71 3876221,09 3876296,49 3875606,92 3875607,00 3875562,21 3875613,30 3875414,43 3875016,34 3874977,53 3874962,81 3874648,66 3874582,40 3874460,85 3874320,34

/ WGS 84

/ (m) 451 469 485 485 492 486 468 470 470 453 481 462 431 426

/ 1 / 2 / 3 / 4 / 5 / 6 / 7 / 8 / 9 / 10 / 11 / 12 / 13 / 14

35 0128,14 350130,49 350108,02 350108,12 350106,76 350108,51 350102,14 350049,40 350048,05 350047,27 350037,32 350035,08 350031,05 350026,42

25 1657,29 251706,68 251714,84 251705,86 251656,88 251648,24 251639,98 251622,97 251631,69 251700,02 251636,97 251645,28 251652,61 251659,49

, 1:5.000, 1 CD . ... 96406 96408. 4.1 / Vestas V90 / 3 MW , ... 87 (.... 87).

:

65

4.2: / Vestas V90 / 3 MW 1:5.000

4.8. /, / / =i, (i) / ( 4.3, 4.4 4.5).

:

66

4.3: .

/

/ 12,090

/ 10,862

/ 13,607

(Net AEP) [GWh] (Gross AEP) [GWh] (Wake loss)[%]

169,256

179,907

12,850

12,210

13,649

5,92

-

-

-

/ : E P =169,2560*1000/8760*42= 0,46 C.F . = = 8760i PR PR

:

67

4.4: /.

Site / 001 / 002 / 003 / 004 / 005 / 006 / 007 / 008 / 009 / 010 / 011 / 012 / 013 / 014

(Location) [m] (616857,0, 3876222,0) (617094,3, 3876297,0) (617476, 3875582) (617042,6, 3875542,0) (616818,5, 3875428,0) (616558,5, 3875654,0) (616483,3, 3875377,0) (615899,6, 3874957,0) (616195,6, 3874987,0) (616978,6, 3874934,0) (616384,7, 3874634,0) (616602,5, 3874542,0) (616794,7, 3874438,0) (616950,5, 3874281,0)

[m] a.s.l. 460 480 480 500 481 480 480 480 480 480 480 480 443 456

[m] a.g.l. 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80 80

(Net AEP) [GWh] 12,870 13,002 12,730 12,270 11,664 12,394 11,526 13,607 13,268 11,066 11,513 11,607 10,877 10,862

(Wake loss)[%] 0,04 0,03 1,9 6,75 6,71 0,98 7,49 0,31 1,23 13,32 10,38 9,7 10,92 14,16

V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW V30_3MW

4.8.1. Vm, C(), k, RIX.

:

68

4.5: A, k, U, E, RIX, dRIX.

A/A

[m]

Weibull C (m/sec) 10,8 10,9 10,9 11,0 10,6 10,6 10,6 11,3 11,1 10,7 10,8 10,8 10,4 10,7

Weibull k 2,20 2,20 2,21 2,20 2,20 2,20 2,16 2,21 2,21 2,20 2,21 2,21 2,21 2,21

(m/sec) 9,56 9,64 9,61 9,72 9,37 9,37 9,38 10,00 9,87 9,51 9,54 9,54 9,20 9,43

(W/m)

/ 001 / 002 / 003 / 004 / 005 / 006 / 007 / 008 / 009 / 010 / 011 / 012 / 013 / 014

(616857,0, 3876222,0) (617094,3, 3876297,0) (617476, 3875582,08) (617042,6, 3875542,0) (616818,5, 3875428,0) (616558,5, 3875654,0) (616483,3, 3875377,0) (615899,6, 3874957,0) (616195,6, 3874987,0) (616978,6, 3874934,0) (616384,7, 3874634,0) (616602,5, 3874542,0) (616794,7, 3874438,0) (616950,5, 3874281,0)

935 961 948 984 880 880 898 1066 1027 921 925 926 831 895

:

69

5 5.1. / .

, / , , /. / / (VESTAS) : a. : 5 m. b. : 14%. c. : 3,5%. d. 70: 18 m. e. : 3%. /.

3.000 m 1.500 m. 2000 m / 5, / 6, / 7, / 8, / 9, / 11. / 1, / 2, / 10 1.500 m. 2.

5.2.

/

, 14 , V90-3MW, .: 70

, 50 m x 50 m , , . / . , . , 3 15 cm. .

5.3.

/

25 /, 14 . . . C12-15 C25-30. ( ) 12 . 30 (95% ).

5.4. , / ( ) /, . , . VESTAS.

:

71

5.5.

.

( 2 CD ) , , , , , . . 80 m2. :

, SCADA , , W.C. . :

(20 kV) (20 kV) ... / 50 kVA, 20 kV/400 V, , ( , , , , , , , UPS, , ). UPS (Uninterruptible Power Sypply) (.. /, SCADA, ) . , (SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition), , , modem, interface ., (RTU) : 72

. SCADA ...

5.6.

690 volts. /, . . ( ), ( ). 20 kV 20 cm . ... , . ... 5.1 .

5.1: .

5.7.

.

.. SF6, UNISWITCH, , . : a. (2) , UNISWITCH/CBC 24, / SF6: 73

630 A , SF6 HAD US 24 KV, 630 A, 16 , , , / . b. / 20/0,4 kV, 25 kVA , 24 KV, 630 A, 16 , , ( ), /, . c. (1) ... UNISWITCH /SMC 24 / SF6 630 A , HAD US 24 KV, 630 A, 16 , / - 400/1 20 1A cl 0,5 15 VA & 5P10 10 A, / / 3 0,1 0,1 / KV, 50 VA, cl 0,5, , 3 3 REF 541, (, , ) (, , , , , / ) . d. / 20 kV/0,4 KV, 25 kVA /.

5. 8.

/

, , /. Vestas.

5.9.

/

/ 20 KV, XLPE, 12/20 KV, IEC 502, 3x(1x240 mm2). / 3 , 5 / 2 , 4 / 1. , 0,60x1,0 m, ... , , .

:

74

, 20 KV, /, (..) (150 KV). ( ), , . 400 V, , / 20 KV/0,4 KV.

5.10. 0,6 m 1,0 m , . 0,10-0,15 m. 0,20 m. , 0,15 m . 0,20 m. .

5.11. , , . : a. . b. . c. . D

5.1 D.

:

75

5.1.: E D. D = 10 mm 3xD D = 10 25 mm 4xD D > 25 mm 6xD 1 KV 6xD 8xD 1 KV 20xD 15xD 20 V 12xD

. . 50 t/mm2 , 30 t/mm2. . . D .

150 mm2. . . . , . . , . . A . 30 . , (, , , ).

:

76

..

. . 50x5 mm2. 10, 5,8.

215 mm, . , . 5.2: 215 mm. (kV) 20 (kV) 24

1 min (kV) 1,2 5 sec (kV)

50 125

5.12. / (..) 14 , 3 MW . / , 1.000 V, 50 Hz. 1-0,4/20kV, 3.158 kVA. / , ( ). , , . / (off-load tap changer) 2x2,5% . (/) . , 20 kV . / , 14 .

:

77

5. 13. /

. ..: 119 / D-23 ASP 3/1988 1197/2002, : IEC 61936-1. First edition. 2002-10. Power installations exceeding 1kV a.c.- Part 1 IEC 62305-1. Protection against lightning - part 1: general principles. Edition 1.0, 01/00/06. IEC 62305-3. Protection against lightning - part 3: physical damage to structures and life hazard. Edition 1.0, 01/00/06. IEC 62305-4. Protection against lightning - part 4: electrical and electronic systems within structures. Edition 06, 04/30/08. IEC 61400-24, Wind turbine generator systems - part 24: lightning protection. Edition 1.0, 07/00/02. /. /

/ , , , ... 8/1525/31-12-73. ( 6 m (min.16)). : :

, /. :

. : (50 mm Cu) 1 1 (50 mm Cu) 2 ( 6 m (min.16)), 180 : 78

(50 mm Cu) 2 ( )

, , : 2 10 m 6 m 2 (90 4 ). /

/ , , /, / ( I.E.C 61024-1). , . .. / ( over voltage category III DIN VDE 0110-1:1997-04).

(/ ..) , 1 m 1 m (I.E.C. 1024-1clause 2.3.5 installation of earth electrodes). 0,7 m / 5 cm 10 cm, 4 . Cu 30x3 mm2. / .. (). , 30 cm , / , .. , /, .. / ... (, ). IEC 60298. -

(1). (95 mm2 Cu), 0,6 m .. ( ). / . IEC 60298.

:

79

CEI/DPR 547, , .

, , IEC 60129. . . .

5.14. , 42 MW ... . ...: 1. ( ) /-/ (12,1 km). . .... 2x(3x210/50 mm2). O . 2. /-/ (4 km), . 150 kV.1. / .. ...

... 20 kV 12.1 km. (ACSR) 210 mm2, GR 86/. 5/12/83 . .. / / -.. . 5.1 Google earth / .

:

80

5.1.: . /-/ .. ( Google earth)

2. / /

(/) , 3 . / . : 150KV, : 3 (/) 150 KV , 1.200 . / ....

150

/ . 150 V / .

/ 150 KV / 20 kV .. :: 81

/ 150V// 40/50 V. 3 150 KV, 1.200 31,5 . 3 / 150 KV, / , / / 150 V, 1.200 . / / /. 150 KV / 150 V . / . / ..., ... - 30917 ( IV). , / . / / /0,4 V /, 150 VA. / . / / . .

:

82

6 / 6.1. . . / .

6.2.

1.

.1: 11 12.

:

83

.2: 10.

.3: 10.

:

84

.4: 14.

.5: 9.

.6: 8 9. : 85

.7: .

:

87

.8: 5 6.

.9: 6 7.

:

89

.10: 1 2 ( 3.480 m).

:

91

.11: 3 4.

.12: 5 ( 3.450 m).

:

93

.13: 1 2.

:

95

.14: . ( 1) 3.050 m.

:

97

6.3.

Google Sketch Up Google Earth. , . , , , , . .

6.1: ( 3.050 m).

:

99

6.2: ( 2.490 m ).

6.3: ( 920 m).

:

100

6.4: ( 1.510 m).

6.5: - ( 250 m).

:

101

6.6: . .

:

102

6.4. Echo ... . : a. ( 9 m/sec) b. . c. . 1 CD . 6.1 .

6.1.: .

6.1, 6.2, 6.3 .

:

103

6.1.:

. 34,9 37,4 db, 40,5 db 37,5 42 db.

:

104

6.2.: .

6.3.:

.: 105

6.5. . 14 , , 30 . . , .

6.6. , , . , 1.000 m. , .

6.7. , . NATURA (Special Protected Area) .

6.8. , .

:

106

7 7.1.

: ; , ; / . , ... 100% (VALOREN). , / 40% . , / , .

7.2. (, , , , IRR, NPV, ERR, ) .

(I.I.C) :

, . [14]: = . +

(7.1)

:

( )

/ (). (, ), ,

:

107

/ .

: :

... .. , . 0,095 /kWh.

: :

, , , .

: :

[14]: = (7.2)

:

IRR (%): (Internal Financial Rate of Return).

IRR . ( ) .

NPV (): .

. , ( ).

:

108

ERR (%): Economic Rate of Return.

IRR , () , (r).

(): () (Pay Back Period).

( ), ' . : a. b. 1 ( ) (0). c. ( ) d. . e. (0).

7.3. / : a. b. c. d. , e. f. g. / . / , . / : 109

. : a. b. c. d. e. f. g. / / / .

, .

7.4.

/

.

7.4.1. / (capacity factor) , 7.1. 7.1.:

Weibull C (m/sec) 10,80 10,90 10,90 11,00 10,60 10,60 10,60 11,30 11,10 10,70 10,80 10,80 10,40 10,70

Weibull k 2,20 2,20 2,21 2,20 2,20 2,20 2,16 2,21 2,21 2,20 2,21 2,21 2,21 2,21

/ (m/sec) 9,56 9,64 9,61 9,72 9,37 9,37 9,38 10,00 9,87 9,51 9,54 9,54 9,20 9,43

/ (kWh) 12.861.723 13.022.185 13.034.995 13.180.107 12.533.343 12.533.343 12.490.226 13.654.241 13.349.839 12.698.762 12.873.750 12.873.750 12.204.263 12.710.012

/ (capacity factor) (%) 48,94 49,55 49,60 50,15 47,69 47,69 47,53 51,96 50,80 48,32 48,99 48,99 46,44 48,36

:

110

7.1: Weibull .

7.4.2. . (turn key) . : a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. i. / / / / , , . , / .

. . 7.2:

(/MW): / ():

1.500.000,00 42,00 63.000.000,00

:

111

7.4.3.

, 7.4.1. , . 7.3: .

(): (%): (%): (%): (kWh): (/kWh): ():

20 98,00 97,00 95,00 162.571.155,69 0,0920 14.956.546,32

7.4.4.

. , . . 7.4: .

: : :

(%): 40,00 20,00 40,00

(): 25.200.000,00 12.600.000,00 25.200.000,00

:

112

7.4.5.

. . 7.5: .

(/- & ): (%): (): (%): (%): : (% ) (/): (/): (/):

6,00 10 45,00 3,00 0,40 100.000 50.000 50.000

, , 7.6.

:

113

7.6: . () () () ()1 14.956.546 2 14.956.546 3 14.956.546 4 14.956.546 5 14.956.546 6 14.956.546 7 14.956.546 8 14.956.546 9 14.956.546 10 14.956.546 11 14.956.546 12 14.956.546 13 14.956.546 14 14.956.546 15 14.956.546 16 14.956.546 17 14.956.546 18 14.956.546 19 14.956.546 20 14.956.546 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696 448.696

() () () () () () () () () ()252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 252.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 100.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 50.000 1.260.000 4.987.761 7.600.393 7.356.152 1.260.000 4.987.761 7.600.393 7.356.152 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 4.830.261 7.792.893 7.163.652 1.260.000 5.600.632 6.851.328 8.105.217 1.260.000 5.600.632 6.851.328 8.105.217 1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 7.356.152 14.712.305 21.875.957 29.039.610 36.203.262 43.366.915 50.530.567 57.694.220 64.857.872 72.021.525 80.126.742 88.231.960 96.298.677

0 1.711.936 756.000 0 1.711.936 698.643 350.000 1.711.936 637.846 350.000 1.711.936 573.400 350.000 1.711.936 505.088 350.000 1.711.936 432.677 350.000 1.711.936 355.922 350.000 1.711.936 274.561 350.000 1.711.936 188.319 350.000 1.711.936 350.000 350.000 420.000 420.000 420.000 420.000 420.000 420.000 420.000 420.000 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 96.902 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 104.365.394 1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 112.432.112 1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 120.498.829 1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 128.565.547 1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 136.632.264 1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 144.698.982 1.260.000 5.569.132 6.889.828 8.066.717 152.765.699

:

115

7.1: .

:

117

7.2: .

7.3: .

7.4: .: 119

7.4.6.

, , . 7.7. , . , : 1. (NPV). 2. (IRR). 3. . 4. . , , . .

7.7: .

(%): ():

5,50 0,00

7.8 . 7.8: .

- N.P.V. (): - I.R.R. (%): (): (): - R.O.I. (%): - R.O.. (%): (/kWh):

64.790.424,28 28,82 3,46 3,95 142,84 357,10 0,0407

:

120

7.5: .

7.6: .

:

121

7.7: .

7.8: .: 122

7.9: .

7.10: .: 123

7.11: .

:

124

7.5.

. , :

(IRR)

. 28,82%,

(N.P.V)

. 64.790.424,28 .

(. . )

. 3,46 , 3,95 , .

(. P.C)

, . 0,0407 /KWh .

:

125

88.1. . .

8.2.

(IRR) . 28,82 % 3,95 7. . / . / , . A . . / .

8.3.

/ , : 1. . / 42 MW : 120 . 30 40 % . 5-6 , .: 127

, , / , , , .. , ( , ), , , : ("Wind Energy: The Facts", 1999), 10 MW 150-190 , . /:2. / (3% ), . 42 MW :

63 . 6,87 . , , , , . , , 7,4 . , 216.000 ( 3%) , , . 20 . , 150.000 ( , , ..).

3. / , . : / , , ( , , ). , ( ) , , , , .., . , , .. ( , ). 4. , , : 128

(, , ). kWh , , . 8.1.8.1: KWh .

SO2 CO2 NOx CO HC

kWh (gr) 19,40 1.062,50 1,50 0,18 0,05 1,00

8.4.

-

, : , 3. , . ( , , , 6). . . . , , , . 5-10 . . , , .: 129

. . . . , , , .

:

130

- /: /: .: .: /: /: .. : .: .: : / : .. : . : ..: ..: ..: : S.C.A.D.A : Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition P.W.M : Pulse Width Module WAsP : Wind Atlas Analysis and Application Program G.R.P : Glass Reinforced Plastic U.P.S : Uninterruptible Power Supply R.T.U : Remote Terminal Unit

:

131

[1] . , , : INTERREG IIIC NORTH Regional Wind Technology and Knowledge Transfer Strategies , : 2008. [2] Ian D. Bishop, David R. Miller. Visual assessment of off-shore wind turbines: The influence of distance, contrast, movement and social variables. Renewable Energy 2007; 32: 814-831. [3] [4] M.. , , , 1997. V. Akhmatov, Analysis of Dynamic Behavior of Electric Power Systems with Large Amount of Wind Power, PhD Thesis, Technical University of Denmark, April 2003.

[5] , [6] SURVEY OF PROBES, PRESSURE-TEMPERATURE AND FLOW DIRECTION MEASUREMENTS, F.A.E. Breugelmans, G.H. Junkhan, Von KARMAN INSTITUTE for Fluid Dynamics, Rhode-Saint-Genese, Belgium [7] Papathanassiou S.A., Papadopoulos M.P., Dynamic Behaviour of Variable Speed Wind Turbines under Stochastic Wind, IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 14, issue: 4, December 1999, pp. 1617 -1623. [8] M.R. Patel, Wind and Solar Power Systems, CRC Press, 1999. [9] . , . , , . [10] Eduard Muljardi and C.P. Butterfield, Pitch -Controlled Variable Speed Wind Turbine Generation, IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, Vol. 37, No. 1, January / February 2001, pp. 240 -246. [11] Power Quality Improvements of Wind Farms, Fredericia, June 1998. [12] T. Petru and T. Thiringer, Modelling of Wind Turbines for Power System Studies, IEEE Transactions on Power Systems, Vol.17, No.4, November 2002 [13] B.M. Weedy, B.J. Cory, , - 4 . , , , 1998 [14] , .. , 1998 , ISBN 960-91016-0-7 [15] () http://www.cres.gr/ [16] European Wind Energy Association (EWEA) http://www.ewea.org/ [17] Global Wind Energy Council (GWEC) http://www.gwec.net/ Turbines and [18] Wind http://www.thewindpower.net/index_en.php:

Windfarms

Database 132

[19] http://www.eletaen.gr/

() (WAsP)

Atlas Analysis and [20] Wind http://www.wasp.dk/index.htm [21] http://www.vestas.com/

Application

Program

:

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