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UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA

BORANG PENGESAHAN STATUS TESTS'

JUDUL : NUMERICAL MODELLING IN INVESTIGATION OF ROAD FAILURE

ON MALAYSIAN PEAT SOIL

SESI P E N G A J I A N : 2007/2008

Say a ANDI NORASYIKTN BT. BACHOK @ ANDI YUSOFF (HURUF BESAR)

mengaku membenarkan tesis (PSM/Sar j ana /Dolctor Falsafah)* ini dis impan di Perpustakaan dengan syarat-syarat kegunaan seperti berikut:

1. Tesis adalah hakmil ik Universi t i Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia . 2. Perpus takaan dibenarkan membua t salinan untuk tu juan pengaj ian sahaja. 3 .Pe rpus takaan dibenarkan membua t salinan tesis ini sebagai bahan pertukaran antara institusi

pengaj ian tinggi. 4. **Sila Tandakan ( V )

S U L I T

T E R H A D

(Mengandungi maklumat yang berdar jah keselamatan atau kepent ingan Malays ia seperti yang termaktub di dalam A K T A R A H S I A R A S M I 1972)

(Mengandungi mak lumat T E R H A D yang telah ditentukan oleh organisas i /badan dimana penyel idikan dijalankan)

V T I D A K T E R H A D Disahkan oleh,

( T A N D A T A N G A N P E N U L I S )

AJamat Tetap: No. 345, Jalan Jaafar, Taman Harta, 82200 Benut Pontian, Johor.

( T A N D A T A N G A N P E N Y E L I A ) rr.™. cftDVA n . aszab r.rn r r o x r " . Pcnayarch JrlDU" Kelurulcrccn GrrtrinlS: 6 PcSu:;i Kc]urutcr;::n Awcm L t±-m

Tun H'j-^tln Cnn LI^'-p'J PROF MADYA IR. AZIZAN BIN ABD. AZIZ

(Nama Penyel ia)

Tarikh: if M,V/ -uro'i Tarikh 6 MAY 2008

C A T A T A N * Potong yang t idak berkenaan.

* * Jika tesis ini S U L I T atau T E R H A D , sila lampirkan surat daripada pihak berkuasa/organisas i berkenaan dengan menyatakan sekali sebab dan tempoh tesis ini perlu dikelaskan sebagai SULIT atau T E R H A D .

• Tesis d imaksudkan sebagai tesis bagi I jazah Doktor Falsafah dan Sarjana secara penyel idikan,atau disertasi bagi pengaj ian secara kerja kursus dan penyelidikan, atau Laporan Projek Sarjana M u d a (PSM).

i

" I / W e * a c k n o w l e d g e that I have read this dissertat ion and i n m y / o u r * op in ion it has

f u l f i l l e d the requirements i n scope and qual i ty fo r the a w a r d o f the

M a s t e r o f E n g i n e e r i n g i n C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g . "

Signature

N a m e o f Supervisor

D a t e

A S S O C . P R O F . I R . A Z I Z A N B I N A B D .

1 6 MAY 2000

rrxr. rrrvr-. a. r.rzr.v. rr. rrcs.m Pcnoyarah •fciafcjp «c|uruteroon Gcc ftrrtlt fl Pcnc itCtuirr; Fc!tu!t1 Kcjurulcficn Anom 0 A!-m Cctitlf Unh-crt'!l Tun Hac~ln Onn Cr!™'-

A Z I Z

Signature

N a m e o f Co -Superv isor

D a t e

D R . C H A N C H E E M I N G

DR. CHAN CHEE M I N G tectum

Dept. 01 Geolechnical AndT r -..'istiortation Engineering faculty 01 Civil And Envuomental Engineering

Universiti Tun Husso,n Onn Malaysia

ii

NUMERICAL MODELLING IN INVESTIGATION OF ROAD FAILURE ON MALAYSIAN PEAT SOIL

ANDI NORASYIKIN BT BACHOK @ ANDI YUSOFF

T h i s dissertation is submi t ted as a f u l f i l l m e n t o f the requi rements for the a w a r d o f

T h e M a s t e r D e g r e e o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r i n g

F a c u l t y o f C i v i l A n d E n v i r o n m e n t a l E n g i n e e r i n g

U n i v e r s i t i T u n Husse in O n n M a l a y s i a

M A Y 2 0 0 8

i i i

" I a c k n o w l e d g e that this thesis is m y o w n except the extracts and summar ies in w h i c h

they have b e e n ci t ied accord ing ly" .

Signature

N a m e o f W r i t e r

D a t e

A N D I N O R A S Y I K I N B T . B A C H O K @ A N D I Y U S O F F

M M 'WD £

XIV

Specially dedicated to my beloved mother and father, family and

friends. Thanks for all the patience and love. May The Almighty

Allah SWT bless you all always.

XIV

Syukur A l h a m d u l i l l a h , w i t h the blessing o f T h e A l m i g h t y , the P ro jek Sar jana

have been successful ly comple ted w i t h i n the g i v e n t i m e f rame. I w o u l d l i k e to take

this opper tuni ty to t h a n k m y pro ject supervisor, Assoc. Prof . I r . A z i z a n b i n A b d . A z i z ,

co-supervisor, D r . C h a n C h e e M i n g , M r s . H a s r u n i z a Hassan f r o m Pont ian Pub l ic

W o r k D e p a r t m e n t , a l l the lecturers o f F K A A S especia l ly M r . F e l i x L i n g N g e e h L e h ,

Assoc. Prof . D r . K e m a s A h m a d Z a m h a r i and M r . I r A g u s b Su lae iman , and the lab

technicians, M r . A m i r Z a k i , M r . R a h i m and M r s . H a z l i y a n a . O n l y w i t h their support

and guidance I m a n a g e d to f in ish this pro ject and m y studies i n U n i v e r s i t i T u n

Husse in O n n M a l a y s i a .

I w o u l d also l i ke to convey m y thanks to m y b e l o v e d parents, M r . A n d i Y u s o f f

b i n A n d i A c h o k and M r s Junaidah bt D a s u k i , and m y f a m i l y m e m b e r s for their

guidance and supports throughout m y studies. O n l y w i t h their support and blessings I

have m a n a g e d to cont inue m y study this far.

I also w o u l d l i k e to thank a l l m y f r iends especial ly W a n A i s h a h , H a k i m i ,

Z a f r a h and A m i r u l B a l k i s for their he lp and support throughout this study.

T h a n k Y o u .

vi

ABSTRACT

R o a d fa i lures are preva lent to c o m m o n p a v e m e n t distress, i n v o l v i n g cracks and

surface de format ion , p r inc ipa l l y w h e n i t is constructed o n organic soil type . Cur rent ly ,

there is no gu ide l ine and speci f icat ion p r o v i d e d i n designing a proper r o a d m o d e l

associated w i t h this p r o b l e m . T h u s , this mat ter has lead to get a concerned f r o m

Pont ian Publ ic W o r k D e p a r t m e n t i n order to f i n d a solut ion o f the problems. T h i s

project w i l l focus i n a n u m e r i c a l m o d e l l i n g o n a p rob lemat ic road at P e n g k a l a n R a j a

Pont ian , Sect ion 4 1 , and K M 4 8 consider ing cracks and sett lement p rob lems o f the

pavement . I t deals w i t h compar ison b e t w e e n m o d e l l i n g result and r e m e d i a l

measurement fo r geotechnica l structures. A w i d e - r a n g i n g o f f i e l d and laboratory

test ing w e r e conducted to get an input data into the m o d e l l i n g analysis. A t survey

observat ion, a f u l l scale o f cross section pat tern w i l l be r e v i e w e d to fa i lure

recogn iz ing w i t h the m o d e l i n g and actual onsite testing. I n con junct ion to this mat ter ,

the series o f several tr ials m o d e l l i n g d e t e r m i n i n g the root cause o f the fa i lures and its

remedies have been successful ly conducted to v e r i f y the results. P L A X I S V 8 . 1

sof tware p r o g r a m have been chosen for this analysis re lated to f in i te e lement method .

T h e m o d e l c o m p l i e d w i t h actual patterns o f the p a v e m e n t due to fa i lure m e c h a n i s m ,

cause(s) o f fa i lures and probable remedies o f fa i lures for future p reven t ion as w e l l .

vii

ABSTRAK

K e g a g a l a n tanah l a z i m n y a b e r l a k u terhadap turapan j a l a n r a y a y a n g m e l i b a t k a n

re takan / rekahan dan ubahbentuk pada p e r m u k a a n j a l a n te ru tamanya apabi la d ib ina di

atas tanah gambut . Pada masa in i , m a s i h t iada lag i garis panduan ataupun spesif ikasi

y a n g d isediakan d a l a m rekabentuk u n t u k m e n d a p a t k a n m o d e l j a l a n raya y a n g sesuai

dengan keadaan tanah y a n g bermasa lah seperti in i . O l e h sebab y a n g d e m i k i a n , atas

perhat ian dar ipada Jabatan K e r j a R a y a daerah Pont ian , m e r e k a te lah m e n j a l a n k a n

usaha u n t u k mengena lpas t i penyelesa ian masa lah tersebut. P r o j e k in i a k a n d i fokuskan

secara p e r m o d e l a n m e n g g u n a k a n n o m b o r m e r u j u k kepada j a l a n y a n g bermasa lah

y a n g d ikenalpast i pada j a l a n P e n g k a l a n R a j a , Seksyen 4 1 , K M 4 8 m e l i b a t k a n masa lah

kere takan dan p e m e n d a p a n terhadap struktur turapan ja lan . I a m e l i b a t k a n

perband ingan antara keputusan p e r m o d e l a n dan p e m u l i h a n pada struktur geotekn ik

sendiri . K a j i a n m e n y e l u r u h d i tapak d a n m a k m a l te lah d i j a lankan bag i m e n d a p a t k a n

data-data y a n g d iper lukan un tuk mengana l isa m o d e l tersebut. Secara a m n y a , t in jauan

yang d i ja lankan ada lah pada skala p e n u h u n t u k kera tan rentas y a n g m a n a ia

d i lakarkan bagi m e n d a p a t k a n lakaran kegaga lan j a l a n y a n g bersesuaian dengan m o d e l

dan k a j i a n yang d i l a k u k a n di tapak. Sehubungan dengan i tu, beberapa cubaan m o d e l

bagi m e n e n t u k a n punca kegaga lan dan cara mengatas inya te lah b e r j a y a d i l a k u k a n

sekaligus m e n g e s a h k a n keputusan y a n g diperolehi . P r o g r a m P L A X I S versi 8 .1 te lah

d i p i l i h d a l a m analisis in i y a n g berka i tan dengan kaedah pengi raan e l e m e n secara

terbatas. M o d e l y a n g d ihas i lkan adalah bersesuaian dengan p o l a sebenar turapan y a n g

berhubung dengan m e k a n i s m a kegagalan, punca masa lah dan r a w a t a n bagi kegaga lan

tersebut te rmasuk lah l angkah pecegahan d i m a s a akan datang.

VI11

TABLE OF CONTENT

TITLE PAGE

SUPERVISOR'S CONFIRMATION i

DECLARATION ii

CONFESSION iii

DEDICATION iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v

ABSTRACT vi

ABSTRAK vii

TABLE OF CONTENT viii

LIST OF TABLES xiv

LIST OF FIGURES xv

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix

LIST OF SYMBOLS xx

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 P r o b l e m statement 1

1.2 Object ives o f Study 2

1.3 H is to ry and Site Se lect ion o f the R o a d 3

1.4 Scope o f W o r k 5

1.5 Hypothesis 6

1.6 M e t h o d o l o g y 6

1.7 F l o w Chart o f S tudy 8

1.8 Organ isa t ion o f D isser ta t ion

ix

9

CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

2 .1 Geotechnica l m o d e l l i n g 10

2 . 2 N u m e r i c a l m o d e l l i n g 11

2 . 2 . 1 A d v a n t a g e s o f a n u m e r i c a l m o d e l l i n g 11

2 . 2 . 2 A d v a n c e d n u m e r i c a l methods 12

2.3 F l e x i b l e p a v e m e n t d e v e l o p m e n t 14

2 . 3 . 1 R o a d categories i n M a l a y s i a 14

2 . 3 . 2 Roads i n Pont ian D is t r ic t 15

2 .4 P a v e m e n t Fa i lu re 17

2 . 4 . 1 D e f i n i t i o n 17

2 .5 F l e x i b l e P a v e m e n t Distress 18

2 . 5 . 1 Causes and types o f road p a v e m e n t deter iorat ion 18

2 . 5 . 2 Distress due to Structural Fa i lu re 2 0

2 .6 P a v e m e n t test ing procedures 2 2

2 . 7 Peat So i l 23

2 . 7 . 1 D i s t r i b u t i o n o f Peat 2 4

2 . 7 . 2 E x t e n t o f Peat 2 4

2 .7 .3 Character ist ic o f Peat So i l 2 6

2 . 7 . 4 B e h a v i o u r o f Peat So i l 2 8

CHAPTER III CASE STUDIES REVIEWS

3 .1 In t roduct ion 2 9

3 . 2 N u m e r i c a l M o d e l l i n g o f E m b a n k m e n t s and U n d e r g r o u n d W o r k s 2 9

3 .2 .1 In t roduct ion 2 9

3 . 2 . 2 Objec t ives 3 0

3 .2 .3 M e t h o d o l o g y 3 0

X

3 .2 .4 Results 3 2

3 .2 .5 Conclus ions 35

3.3 T h e B e r e n g B e n g k e l T r i a l E m b a n k m e n t 35

3 .3 .1 In t roduct ion 35

3 . 3 . 2 Objec t ives 36

3 .3 .3 M e t h o d o l o g y 3 6

3 . 3 . 3 . 1 Inst rumentat ions 3 7

3 .3 .4 Resul ts 3 8

3 .3 .5 Conclus ions 3 9

3 .4 Per fo rmance o f a test e m b a n k m e n t constructed on an organic c layey

silt deposit 4 0

3 .4 .1 In t roduct ion 4 0

3 .4 .2 Objec t ives 4 0

3 .4 .3 M e t h o d o l o g y 4 1

3 . 4 . 3 . 1 Inst rumentat ions 4 1

3 .4 .4 Resul ts 4 2

3 .4 .5 Conclus ions 4 3

CHAPTER IV INVESTIGATION METHODOLOGY

4 . 1 In t roduct ion 45

4 . 2 Ga ther ing I n f o r m a t i o n 45

4 . 2 . 1 R e v i e w D o c u m e n t s and L i te ra ture 45

4 . 2 . 2 Personnel I n t e r v i e w 4 6

4 .3 F i e l d fa i lure survey 4 6

4 .4 Structural eva luat ion 4 8

4 . 4 . 1 Geo log ica l I n f o r m a t i o n o f Study A r e a 5 0

4 .5 F i e l d sampl ing 51

4 . 5 . 1 W a t e r T a b l e M e a s u r e m e n t 5 1

4 .6 L a b test ing 5 1

4 . 5 . 1 So i l and A g g r e g a t e Tests 5 2

4 . 5 . 2 Instrumentat ions 53

XIV

4 . 7 T r a f f i c L o a d i n g 55

4 .8 M o d e l l i n g E v a l u a t i o n P r o g r a m m e 56

4 . 8 . 1 G e o m e t r i c a l Parameters 5 7

4 . 8 . 1 . 1 Concrete Th ickness 5 7

4 . 8 . 1 . 2 C o n t r o l M o d e l 5 7

4 .8 .1 .3 Phreat ic L e v e l 58

4 . 8 . 2 M a t e r i a l Parameters 5 8

4 .8 .3 P a v e m e n t Propert ies 58

4 . 8 . 4 So i l Propert ies 5 9

4 .8 .5 Concrete Slab Propert ies 5 9

4 . 8 . 6 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f B o u n d a r y Cond i t ions 6 0

CHAPTER V METHODOLOGY BY PLAXIS SOFTWARE

5 .0 In t roduct ion 6 1

5 .1 P L A X I S F in i te E l e m e n t M o d e l l i n g 6 1

5 .1 .1 M o h r - C o u l o m b M o d e l 6 2

5 . 1 . 2 S o f t - S o i l M o d e l 6 2

5 .1 .3 S o f t - S o i l Creep M o d e l 63

5 .2 P L A X I S P r o g r a m m e s 6 4

5 .2 .1 D e t e r m i n a t i o n o f B o u n d a r y C o n d i t i o n 65

5 .2 .2 I n p u t Parameter 65

5 . 2 . 2 . 1 G e o m e t r i c a l I npu t 6 6

5 . 2 . 2 . 2 L o a d s T y p e s 6 7

5 .2 .2 .3 M a t e r i a l I n p u t 6 8

5 . 2 . 2 . 4 M e s h Genera t ion 6 9

5 .5 .2 .5 In i t i a l C o n d i t i o n 6 9

5 .2 .3 Ca lcu la t ion P r o g r a m m e 6 9

5 .2 .3 .1 Ca lcu la t ion T y p e s 7 0

5 . 2 . 3 . 2 L o a d i n g Inpu t 7 0

5 .2 .3 .3 Ca lcu la t ion Phases 7 0

5 .2 .3 .4 Select ion o f Points 71

xii

5 .2 .4 Output D a t a 7 2

5 .2 .4 .1 Graph ica l O u t p u t 7 2

5 . 2 . 4 . 2 Cross-Sect ion Output 73

5 .2 .4 .3 T a b l e Output 7 4

5 .2 .5 C u r v e Genera t ion 7 4

5.3 Fa i lu re M o d e l l i n g A n a l y s i s 7 6

5 .4 L i m i t a t i o n o f P L A X I S So f tware 7 7

CHAPTER VI DATA OBSERVATION AND ANALYSIS

6 .1 Genera l 78

6 .2 L a b o r a t o r y Tes t Results 7 8

6.3 P L A X I S S i m u l a t i o n 7 9

6 . 3 . 1 Conso l ida t ion Resul ts 7 9

6 . 3 . 2 Safety A n a l y s i s 85

6 .4 R e m e d i a l Measures 86

6 . 4 . 1 P i l e A p p l i c a t i o n A p p r o a c h e d 86

6 . 4 . 2 Surcharge A p p l i c a t i o n A p p r o a c h e d 87

6.5 Eva lua t ions o f Pro ject and D iscuss ion 88

CHAPTER VII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

7.1 In t roduct ion 8 9

7 .2 Conc lus ion 89

7.3 R e c o m m e n d a t i o n s 9 0

REFERENCES 9 2

APPENDICES

A Tab les

B F igures

C L a b o r a t o r y Tes t ing D a t a

D Actual Drawn Geometry o f the Road

X I V

LIST OF TABLES

TABLES NO. TITLE PAGE

2 .1 C o m p a r i s o n o f roads categories i n M a l a y s i a ( M e o r , 2 0 0 1 ) 14

2 . 2 Federa l roads i n Pont ian distr ict 16

2.3 State roads i n P o n t i a n distr ict 16

2 .4 P a v e m e n t fa i lures accord ing to several researchers (Jelani ,

2 0 0 6 ) . 17

2 .5 E x t e n t and d ist r ibut ion o f peat and organic soils i n

M a l a y s i a ( M A R D I , 2 0 0 8 ) 25

3 .1 N u m b e r o f compar isons w i t h 2 D F E analysis ( M I M O S ,

2 0 0 4 ) 3 0

3 . 2 Ins t rumenta t ion for t r ia l e m b a n k m e n t s 3 7

6 .1 S u m m a r i z e d o f laboratory test ing o n subgrade soil at

b o t h selected locat ions 7 9

6 .2 T o t a l D i s p l a c e m e n t A c c o r d i n g to the Phase o f

Conso l ida t ion 82

6.3 T o t a l D i s p l a c e m e n t A c c o r d i n g to T y p e o f So i l A p p r o a c h e d 8 7

XIV

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE NO. TITLE PAGE

1.1 Site L o c a t i o n o f Study A r e a 4

1.2 Fa i lu re D u e to L o n g i t u d i n a l C r a c k i n g and Surface

D e f o r m a t i o n at P e n g k a l a n R a j a R o a d . 5

1.3 F l o w o f Study M e t h o d o l o g y 8

2 .1 Roads i n Pont ian D is t r ic t ( P P W D , 2 0 0 7 ) 15

2 .2 Factors a f fec t ing p a v e m e n t distress and per formance ,

St idger ( 2 0 0 2 ) 19

2 .3 T y p e s o f p a v e m e n t deter iorat ion, ( M i k e et al . , 2 0 0 4 ) 2 0

2 .4 T y p i c a l roads deter iorat ion (Jelani , 2 0 0 6 ) 2 1

3 .1 Character ist ic d imensions o f a transverse sect ion

e m b a n k m e n t m o d e l . 3 1

3 .2 h = H R a t i o as a func t ion o f e m b a n k m e n t he ight (ext racted

f r o m M O M I S database) 3 2

3.3 L m = L b rat io as a func t ion o f the h a l f - w i d t h o f the

e m b a n k m e n t base (extracted f r o m M O M I S database) 3 2

3 .4 C o m p a r i s o n b e t w e e n the computed sett lement and measured

sett lement a long the e m b a n k m e n t axis: (a) at the end o f

construct ion and (b) over the l o n g term. T h e straight l ine

xvi

represents the bisector 3 4

3 .5 C o m p a r i s o n i n the m a x i m u m excess pore pressure b e t w e e n

c o m p u t e d values and measured values a long the e m b a n k m e n t

axis at the end o f construct ion (extracted from M O M I S

database) 3 4

3 .6 C o m p a r i s o n i n m a x i m u m lateral d isplacements b e t w e e n

c o m p u t e d values and measured values at the toe o f the

e m b a n k m e n t : (a) at the end o f construct ion (extracted from

M O M I S database) and (b ) over the l o n g t e r m (extracted

from M O M I S database). T h e straight l ine represents the

bisector 3 4

3 .7 T r i a l E m b a n k m e n t Resul t : F i l l rate, g roundwater leve l ,

measured and calculated sett lements 3 8

3 .8 T r i a l E m b a n k m e n t Resul t : D e f o r m e d M e s h 3 8

3 .9 T r i a l E m b a n k m e n t Resul t : Excess pore pressure 3 9

3 . 1 0 So i l F o u n d a t i o n Pro f i l e 4 1

3 . 1 1 Shear Strength Compar isons 4 2

3 . 1 2 T y p i c a l C o m p a r i s o n for d i f ferent p i e z o m e t e r insta l led 4 2

3 .13 In fe r red o f Fa i lu re Surfaces 43

4 . 1 Pat tern o f cracks and d e f o r m a t i o n located at P e n g k a l a n

R a j a road 4 7

4 . 2 A n assumpt ion o f subgrade d e f o r m a t i o n 4 8

4 .3 (a ) & T h e cross section o f t rench and details o f structural layers

4.3 (b ) o f pavement . ( A f t e r P P W D , 2 0 0 6 ) 4 9

4 .4 So i l m a p o f Pont ian , Johor (adapted from the Reconnaissance

Soi l M a p o f Peninsular M a l a y s i a , 1 9 6 8 ) 5 0

4 .5 M o i s t u r e content and A t te rberg l i m i t test equ ipments 53

4 .6 Speci f ic grav i ty test 5 4

4 . 7 Conso l ida t ion test 54

4 .8 Shear b o x test 5 4

4 . 9 T y p i c a l ax le load for h e a v y veh ic le 55

X V I I

5.1 P L A X I S So f tware Process 6 4

5 .2 G e o m e t r y m o d e l i n P L A X I S Inpu t P r o g r a m m e ( P L A X I S

T u t o r i a l M a n u a l , 2 0 0 2 ) 6 7

5.3 G e o m e t r y m o d e l i n P L A X I S Inpu t P r o g r a m m e ( P L A X I S

Tu to r i a l M a n u a l , 2 0 0 2 ) 6 8

5 .4 Ca lcu la t ion phase's w i n d o w i n P L A X I S Ca lcu la t ion

P r o g r a m m e ( P L A X I S T u t o r i a l M a n u a l , 2 0 0 2 ) 7 1

5 .5 D e f o r m e d M e s h V i s u a l i z e d G r a p h i c a l l y i n P L A X I S

Ca lcu la t ion P r o g r a m m e ( P L A X I S T u t o r i a l M a n u a l , 2 0 0 2 ) 73

5 .6 C u r v e Genera t ion W i n d o w i n P L A X I S Curves P r o g r a m m e

( P L A X I S T u t o r i a l M a n u a l , 2 0 0 2 ) 75

5 .7 L o a d - D i s p l a c e m e n t C u r v e Genera ted i n P L A X I S Curves

P r o g r a m m e ( P L A X I S T u t o r i a l M a n u a l , 2 0 0 2 ) 7 6

6 .1 D e f o r m a t i o n o f m e s h at the in i t ia l phase o f consol idat ion 8 0

6 .2 D i s p l a c e m e n t inc rement af ter first consol idat ion phase o f

e m b a n k m e n t 81

6.3 D i s p l a c e m e n t increments after second consol idat ion phase

o f e m b a n k m e n t 81

6 .4 Excess pore pressures dur ing consol idat ion phase o f

e m b a n k m e n t 8 2

6 .5 Excess e f fec t ive stresses dur ing consol idat ion phase o f

e m b a n k m e n t 8 2

6 .6 Excess pore pressures after consol idat ion phase o f

e m b a n k m e n t 83

6 .7 D i s p l a c e m e n t increment after consol idat ion phase o f

e m b a n k m e n t 84

6.8 Excess pore pressures after consol idat ion phase o f

e m b a n k m e n t 84

6 .9 E v a l u a t i o n o f safety factor for the end o f consol idat ion

process 85

6 . 1 0 D e f o r m a t i o n m e s h after soil col lapse for the p i le

approached 86

XV111

D e f o r m a t i o n m e s h after soil col lapse for the surcharge

approached 8 7

xix

LIST OF A B B R E V I A T I O N S

A A S T H O A m e r i c a n Assoc ia t ion o f State H i g h w a y and Transpor ta t ion

Of f i c i a l s

B R I S B e a c h R idges Interspersed w i t h Swales

D C P D y n a m i c C o n e Penetra t ion Tests

E P S E x p a n d e d Polystyrene

F E F in i te E l e m e n t

F W D F a l l i n g W e i g h t D e f l e c t o m o t e r

G P R G r o u n d Penetrat ing R a d a r

I R E Inst i tute o f R o a d E n g i n e e r i n g

M A R D I M a l a y s i a n A g r i c u l t u r e Research and D e v e l o p m e n t Inst i tute

M I M O S Structures M o d e l l i n g and I n S i tu M e a s u r e m e n t s

P P W D Pont ian Pub l ic W o r k D e p a r t m e n t

T O T T r a i n i n g o f Teachers P r o g r a m m e

LIST OF S Y M B O L S

c cohesion

Cc compress ion index

ca coef f ic ient o f secondary consol idat ion

f func t ion o f stress state

0 friction angle

PP pre -consol ida t ion stress

V poisson's rat io

K* m o d i f i e d s w e l l i n g index

r m o d i f i e d compress ion i n d e x

[i* m o d i f i e d creep i n d e x

a stress

T shear stress

W di la tacy angle

1

C H A P T E R I

I N T R O D U C T I O N

1.1 Problem statement

Since 1 9 8 0 ' s , loca l authori t ies i n Johore especial ly P o n t i a n Pub l ic W o r k

D e p a r t m e n t ( P P W D ) rece ived m a n y reports t o w a r d damage road at P e n g k a l a n R a j a

area. A b o u t 3 0 % - 4 0 % o f total roads i n Pont ian district exper ienced var iet ies i n road

p a v e m e n t fa i lure . Y e a r s after years, t e r m i n a l serv iceabi l i ty m a y occur sooner, than

m o r e roads defect w i l l reveal . M a i n t e n a n c e and rehabi l i ta t ion cost imposed h i g h

f inancia l burden to road agencies par t icu lar ly w h e n federa l roads are t a k i n g into the

considerat ion. I f the cause o f fa i lure is conf ined to the upper layers, then the repair

can be re la t ive ly inexpensive; h o w e v e r , i f the p rob lems are re lated to structural

def ic iencies i n the base or subgrade, then m u c h m o r e extensive and expensive repairs

w i l l be required.

I n conjunct ion t o w a r d P P W D study, a survey has been conducted at P e n g k a l a n

R a j a area for a f e w months since September 2 0 0 7 . F r o m the observat ion, it should

h igh l ight that c rack ing and deformat ions w e r e m a j o r distress f o u n d i n P e n g k a l a n R a j a

federa l road according to the type o f soil la id there. Peat soil c o m m o n l y inf luences the

road prob lems w h e r e the fai lures apparent to happen at most areas. W i t h a concerned

from P P W D about their road and has app l ied th in over lays resurfacing at the