The Beginnings of Civilization-One Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History ONE

The Beginnings of The Beginnings of Civilization-OneCivilization-One

Mrs. CoxMrs. CoxPaisley IBPaisley IB

World History World History ONEONE

Vocabulary Vocabulary ► 1. artifacts1. artifacts► 2. culture2. culture► 3. hominids3. hominids► 4.Mary Leakey4.Mary Leakey► 5. Donald Johanson5. Donald Johanson► 6. Louis Leakey6. Louis Leakey► 7. Paleolithic Era7. Paleolithic Era► 8. nomads8. nomads► 9. hunter-gatherers9. hunter-gatherers► 10. animism10. animism► 11. Neolithic Era11. Neolithic Era► 12. Neolithic Revolution12. Neolithic Revolution► 13. domestication13. domestication► 14. Pastoralists14. Pastoralists► 15. Megaliths15. Megaliths► 16. Bronze Age16. Bronze Age► 17. Surplus17. Surplus► 18. Division of Labor18. Division of Labor► 19. Traditional economy19. Traditional economy► 20. Civilizations20. Civilizations► 21. Artisans21. Artisans► 22. Cultural Diffusion22. Cultural Diffusion

Questions for Study 1Questions for Study 1

►1. Name two famous anthropologists 1. Name two famous anthropologists and their discoveries.and their discoveries.

►2. How did human ancestors cross 2. How did human ancestors cross from one continent to another?from one continent to another?

►3. Give six examples of Stone Age 3. Give six examples of Stone Age Technology.Technology.

►4. Describe the art work of hunter-4. Describe the art work of hunter-gatherers.gatherers.

Questions 1Questions 1

► 5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?5. What happened during the Neolithic Revolution?► 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on 6. What impact did the end of the ice age have on

early people?early people?► 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from 7. Name five kinds of domesticated animals from

this time period.this time period.► 8. What was one of the major changes in society 8. What was one of the major changes in society

around 7000 BC?around 7000 BC?► 9. Why did trade increase as food increased?9. Why did trade increase as food increased?► 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural 10. Name three negative effects of agricultural

societies.societies.► Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars Who is Otzi the iceman and what have scholars

learned from him?learned from him?

Questions 1Questions 1

► 11. What was the result of irrigation?11. What was the result of irrigation?► 12. Name the four ways in which early cities 12. Name the four ways in which early cities

differed from villages.differed from villages.► 13. Name two main characteristics of early 13. Name two main characteristics of early

civilizations.civilizations.► 14. Name four early civilizations.14. Name four early civilizations.► 15. Why did systems of writing develop?15. Why did systems of writing develop?► 16. What factors led to changes in early 16. What factors led to changes in early

civilizations?civilizations?

Studying The Distant PastStudying The Distant Past

►To study prehistory, the time before To study prehistory, the time before written records, scientists use a wide written records, scientists use a wide variety of clues. They look to artifacts variety of clues. They look to artifacts such as tools, art, tombs, and weapons such as tools, art, tombs, and weapons left behind by ancient people. These left behind by ancient people. These scientists include anthropologists, who scientists include anthropologists, who study human culture, or a society’s study human culture, or a society’s knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, and knowledge, art, beliefs, customs, and values.values.

Studying The Distant PastStudying The Distant Past

►Anthropologists called archaeologists Anthropologists called archaeologists did into settlements to find objects did into settlements to find objects used by early people. Workers then used by early people. Workers then use tools to unearth objects people use tools to unearth objects people have left behind. By analyzing the have left behind. By analyzing the remains archaeologists find, they can remains archaeologists find, they can draw conclusions about long-ago draw conclusions about long-ago people’s lives and culture.people’s lives and culture.

Human OriginsHuman Origins

►Based on bones and footprints that have Based on bones and footprints that have been found, many experts believe that been found, many experts believe that hominids are early ancestors of humans. hominids are early ancestors of humans. Anthropologists made several significant Anthropologists made several significant discoveries in East Africa. In 1959, Mary discoveries in East Africa. In 1959, Mary Leakey found hominid bones that were Leakey found hominid bones that were more than 1.5 million years old. Donald more than 1.5 million years old. Donald Johanson uncovered an Australopithecine Johanson uncovered an Australopithecine skeleton in Ethiopia that he named Lucy.skeleton in Ethiopia that he named Lucy.


►Lucy lived over 3 million years ago and Lucy lived over 3 million years ago and walked upright. Recently, a French walked upright. Recently, a French team in Central Africa found 6-7 million-team in Central Africa found 6-7 million-year-old remains with features from an year-old remains with features from an Australopithecine and a chimpanzee. Australopithecine and a chimpanzee. Louis Leakey found hominid remains he Louis Leakey found hominid remains he called Homo habilis, which he believed called Homo habilis, which he believed was more closely related to modern was more closely related to modern humans than Lucy.humans than Lucy.


►A type of hominids called Homo erectus, A type of hominids called Homo erectus, or “upright man,” appeared 2 to 1.5 or “upright man,” appeared 2 to 1.5 million years ago. More intelligent than million years ago. More intelligent than earlier hominids, they used more earlier hominids, they used more advanced tools like flint hand axes. advanced tools like flint hand axes. Scientists also think that Homo erectus Scientists also think that Homo erectus was the first hominid to control fire. was the first hominid to control fire. Modern humans, Homo sapiens, Modern humans, Homo sapiens, appeared 200,000 years ago in Africa.appeared 200,000 years ago in Africa.


►Homo sapiens have larger brains than Homo sapiens have larger brains than earlier hominids, developed more earlier hominids, developed more sophisticated tools and shelters, and sophisticated tools and shelters, and eventually learned to create fire. eventually learned to create fire. Homo sapiens were probably also the Homo sapiens were probably also the first hominids to develop language.first hominids to develop language.

Spreading Around The WorldSpreading Around The World

► Early human ancestors began to migrate Early human ancestors began to migrate around the world from Africa to Asia and around the world from Africa to Asia and beyond. About 1.6 million years ago, long beyond. About 1.6 million years ago, long periods of freezing temperatures caused ice periods of freezing temperatures caused ice sheets to cover the land and lower ocean sheets to cover the land and lower ocean levels. These times were called ice ages. They levels. These times were called ice ages. They created bridges of land between continents, created bridges of land between continents, which hominids could cross. In time, hominids which hominids could cross. In time, hominids died out and early humans began to migrate. died out and early humans began to migrate. By at least 9000 BC, humans lived on all By at least 9000 BC, humans lived on all continents except Antarctica.continents except Antarctica.

Spreading Around The WorldSpreading Around The World

►Two early groups of Homo sapiens that Two early groups of Homo sapiens that developed as people moved around developed as people moved around the world were Neanderthals and Cro-the world were Neanderthals and Cro-Magnons. Neanderthals lived about Magnons. Neanderthals lived about 35,000 to 150,000 years ago. Cro-35,000 to 150,000 years ago. Cro-Magnons appeared about 45,000 years Magnons appeared about 45,000 years ago. They were physically identical to ago. They were physically identical to modern humans. They left behind fine modern humans. They left behind fine tools, figurines, and cave art.tools, figurines, and cave art.

Life In The Stone AgeLife In The Stone Age

►Early humans lived during the Stone Early humans lived during the Stone Age, which is divided into three Age, which is divided into three sections based on the kinds of tools sections based on the kinds of tools used at the time. The first part of the used at the time. The first part of the Stone Age is called the Paleolithic Ear, Stone Age is called the Paleolithic Ear, a time in which people used tools a time in which people used tools made of stone. People lived as made of stone. People lived as nomads, moving from place to place nomads, moving from place to place following migrating animal herds.following migrating animal herds.


►As the Stone Age continued, new As the Stone Age continued, new technology helped early humans survive technology helped early humans survive and improve life. People made tools from and improve life. People made tools from chipped stones, wood, and bone. They chipped stones, wood, and bone. They invented spears for easier hunting. Other invented spears for easier hunting. Other technological developments included the technological developments included the bow and arrow, fishing hooks, canoes, bow and arrow, fishing hooks, canoes, needles for sewing clothes from animal needles for sewing clothes from animal skins, and shelters called pit-houses.skins, and shelters called pit-houses.


► Scholars call these people hunter-gatherers Scholars call these people hunter-gatherers because they hunted animals and gathered because they hunted animals and gathered the fruit, seeds, and nuts of wild plants for the fruit, seeds, and nuts of wild plants for food. People also made art as well as musical food. People also made art as well as musical instruments. Elaborate images of people and instruments. Elaborate images of people and animals were painted on rocks and in caves. animals were painted on rocks and in caves. They may have been created to honor the They may have been created to honor the spirits of the people and animals, a belief spirits of the people and animals, a belief called animism. Figures were also carved out called animism. Figures were also carved out of many different materials such as animal of many different materials such as animal teeth and bone.teeth and bone.

The New Stone AgeThe New Stone Age

►After the Paleolithic Era came the After the Paleolithic Era came the Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age. Neolithic Era, or New Stone Age. People learned to make tools and People learned to make tools and weapons with sharper edges, which weapons with sharper edges, which led to the development of chisels, led to the development of chisels, drills, and saws.drills, and saws.

Development of AgricultureDevelopment of Agriculture

►The lives of early people changed The lives of early people changed dramatically about 10,000 years ago. dramatically about 10,000 years ago. People began to grow crops. By People began to grow crops. By growing their food instead of just growing their food instead of just hunting animals and gathering food, hunting animals and gathering food, early people greatly improved their early people greatly improved their chances of survival and forever chances of survival and forever changed history. The shift to farming changed history. The shift to farming is called the Neolithic Revolution.is called the Neolithic Revolution.


►Farming started around the time the Farming started around the time the last ice age ended. Wild grains such as last ice age ended. Wild grains such as barley and wheat appeared due to the barley and wheat appeared due to the warmer weather. People began to warmer weather. People began to gather the wild grains for food. This new gather the wild grains for food. This new food source caused the populations to food source caused the populations to grow and need even more food. In time, grow and need even more food. In time, people experimented with planting people experimented with planting seeds and learned to farm.seeds and learned to farm.


►Then, people began to practice Then, people began to practice domestication, the selective growing domestication, the selective growing or breeding of plants and animals to or breeding of plants and animals to make them more useful to humans. make them more useful to humans. Animals such as dogs, cattle, goats, Animals such as dogs, cattle, goats, pigs, and sheep were also pigs, and sheep were also domesticated.domesticated.


►Farming spread around the world at Farming spread around the world at different rates. Some areas had plants different rates. Some areas had plants and animals that were easier to and animals that were easier to domesticate than those in other domesticate than those in other places. Locations with similar climates places. Locations with similar climates transitioned to farming at about the transitioned to farming at about the same time, such as China and Central same time, such as China and Central America.America.

Agriculture Changes SocietyAgriculture Changes Society

►Agriculture allowed the world Agriculture allowed the world population to grow by providing a population to grow by providing a better food supply. It also change better food supply. It also change people’s way of life. Some people people’s way of life. Some people became pastoralists, ranging over wide became pastoralists, ranging over wide areas and keeping herds of livestock to areas and keeping herds of livestock to use for food and other materials. use for food and other materials. Others began staying in the same place Others began staying in the same place and settling into permanent villages.and settling into permanent villages.


► By about 7000 BC some settlements By about 7000 BC some settlements grew into towns. Now, instead of hunting grew into towns. Now, instead of hunting and gathering food, many people worked and gathering food, many people worked in the fields and tended livestock. Since in the fields and tended livestock. Since more food was available, some people more food was available, some people could spend more time doing activities could spend more time doing activities other than food production. For example, other than food production. For example, some people became skilled at making some people became skilled at making crafts or tools. crafts or tools.


► As people produced extra food and products, As people produced extra food and products, trade increased. Settlements traded with trade increased. Settlements traded with each other to obtain materials and products each other to obtain materials and products they lacked. Societies became more complex they lacked. Societies became more complex and prosperous, and differences in social and prosperous, and differences in social status began to emerge. Some people gained status began to emerge. Some people gained more wealth and influence than others. more wealth and influence than others. Others rose to positions of authority such as Others rose to positions of authority such as overseeing the planting and harvesting or overseeing the planting and harvesting or running building projects.running building projects.


► Because men performed the heavier work in Because men performed the heavier work in farming, they often held positions of farming, they often held positions of authority. As a result, men began to gain authority. As a result, men began to gain dominance and status over women in many dominance and status over women in many agricultural societies.agricultural societies.

► Societies began to build structures such as Societies began to build structures such as megaliths for religious purposes. Megaliths megaliths for religious purposes. Megaliths are huge stone monuments that some are huge stone monuments that some Neolithic people in Europe built for burial or Neolithic people in Europe built for burial or spiritual purposes.spiritual purposes.


►Agricultural societies also had some Agricultural societies also had some negative effects. Warfare increased as negative effects. Warfare increased as societies fought over land and societies fought over land and resources. Crop failures made life resources. Crop failures made life difficult for people dependant on difficult for people dependant on farming. Disease increased and spread farming. Disease increased and spread rapidly among groups of people.rapidly among groups of people.


►Technology continued to develop. Technology continued to develop. Animals pulled plows to produce larger Animals pulled plows to produce larger fields of crops. Pestles and grindstones fields of crops. Pestles and grindstones were used to prepare grains. Pottery were used to prepare grains. Pottery was used for cooking and storing food. was used for cooking and storing food. Wool from goats and sheep was Wool from goats and sheep was weaved into cloth.weaved into cloth.


►When people began to use metal the When people began to use metal the Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Stone Age gave way to the Bronze Age. Bronze is a mixture of copper and Age. Bronze is a mixture of copper and tin that produces objects that are tin that produces objects that are stronger and harder than copper stronger and harder than copper alone. alone.


►Catal Huyuk in present-day Turkey is Catal Huyuk in present-day Turkey is an example of a Neolithic village. an example of a Neolithic village. Some 5,000 to 6,000 people lived Some 5,000 to 6,000 people lived there around 6000 BC. The village there around 6000 BC. The village covered more than 30 acres, making it covered more than 30 acres, making it the largest Neolithic site that the largest Neolithic site that archaeologists have found.archaeologists have found.


►Our knowledge of Neolithic societies Our knowledge of Neolithic societies continues to increase due to recent continues to increase due to recent discoveries. In 1991 in the Italian Alps discoveries. In 1991 in the Italian Alps a 5,300 year-old frozen hunter a 5,300 year-old frozen hunter nicknamed Otzi the Iceman was found nicknamed Otzi the Iceman was found by hikers. The cold had preserved his by hikers. The cold had preserved his clothing and belongings, adding to clothing and belongings, adding to scholars’ information about this time scholars’ information about this time period.period.

From Villages to CitiesFrom Villages to Cities

► Over time, farmers worked to increase the Over time, farmers worked to increase the food production of their farms. Their most food production of their farms. Their most important advance was the irrigation system, important advance was the irrigation system, a network of canals or ditches linking crop a network of canals or ditches linking crop fields to streams or to water storage basins. fields to streams or to water storage basins. Irrigation enabled people to farm more land in Irrigation enabled people to farm more land in drier conditions, producing more food. Some drier conditions, producing more food. Some farmers began to produce a surplus, or farmers began to produce a surplus, or excess, of food. Surplus food allowed villages excess, of food. Surplus food allowed villages to support larger populations.to support larger populations.

From Villages To CitiesFrom Villages To Cities

► Now that fewer people were needed Now that fewer people were needed to produce food, some people could to produce food, some people could devote all of their time to specialized devote all of their time to specialized jobs like making tools or weapons. jobs like making tools or weapons. Others became weavers, potters, or Others became weavers, potters, or religious leaders. Division of labor religious leaders. Division of labor refers to the economic arrangement refers to the economic arrangement that allows workers to specialize in a that allows workers to specialize in a particular job or task.particular job or task.


►Division of labor is different than the Division of labor is different than the system of traditional economies that system of traditional economies that early farming villages had used. In a early farming villages had used. In a traditional economy, custom, tradition, traditional economy, custom, tradition, or ritual is the basis of economic or ritual is the basis of economic decisions. decisions.

►Having surplus food allowed villages to Having surplus food allowed villages to grow into cities because not everyone grow into cities because not everyone had to farm. Cities differ from early had to farm. Cities differ from early villages in four ways.villages in four ways.


► First, they are larger and more populated. First, they are larger and more populated. Second, city populations usually included Second, city populations usually included many unrelated people who came from a wide many unrelated people who came from a wide area. Third, most early cities had a defined area. Third, most early cities had a defined center containing palaces, temples, center containing palaces, temples, government buildings, marketplaces, and government buildings, marketplaces, and defined boundaries, often marked by defined boundaries, often marked by defensive walls. Fourth, early cities served as defensive walls. Fourth, early cities served as centers of trade for merchants and farmers centers of trade for merchants and farmers from the surrounding villages. The first known from the surrounding villages. The first known city was Uruk, located between the Tigris and city was Uruk, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq. Euphrates rivers in what is now Iraq.

The First CivilizationsThe First Civilizations

► Civilizations, or complex cultures, grew out Civilizations, or complex cultures, grew out of early cities. The first civilizations grew up of early cities. The first civilizations grew up along river valleys that had enough fertile along river valleys that had enough fertile land to produce food to support a growing land to produce food to support a growing population. Civilizations use record keeping population. Civilizations use record keeping and have social classes, specialization of and have social classes, specialization of labor, government, religion, and arts. Major labor, government, religion, and arts. Major cities in early river valley civilizations cities in early river valley civilizations include Ur and Uruk near the Tigris and include Ur and Uruk near the Tigris and Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, Memphis Euphrates rivers in Mesopotamia, Memphis on the Nile River in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro on on the Nile River in Egypt, Mohenjo-Daro on the Indus River in India, and Anyang near the Indus River in India, and Anyang near the Huang He in China.the Huang He in China.


►Governments in the first civilizations Governments in the first civilizations created laws and systems of justice, created laws and systems of justice, gathered taxes, and organized gathered taxes, and organized defense. Religious institutions included defense. Religious institutions included priests who performed rituals, such as priests who performed rituals, such as sacrificing animals, to try to gain the sacrificing animals, to try to gain the gods’ favor. Priests often became gods’ favor. Priests often became powerful and closely connected with powerful and closely connected with governments.governments.


► As cities grew, the division of labor As cities grew, the division of labor increased, and many new jobs developed. increased, and many new jobs developed. Skilled craft workers, or artisans, created Skilled craft workers, or artisans, created useful everyday objects such as baskets and useful everyday objects such as baskets and pottery.pottery.

►Over time, clear social classes emerged. Over time, clear social classes emerged. Rulers and priests had the highest positions, Rulers and priests had the highest positions, followed by merchants, artisans, farmers followed by merchants, artisans, farmers and unskilled workers. Slaves often formed and unskilled workers. Slaves often formed the bottom of the social order.the bottom of the social order.


►Systems of writing developed about Systems of writing developed about 5,000 years ago in order to keep 5,000 years ago in order to keep records such as tax records. Calendars records such as tax records. Calendars developed to help farmers keep track of developed to help farmers keep track of the changing seasons. Most public the changing seasons. Most public buildings in large cities featured buildings in large cities featured elaborate statues of gods and rulers. Art elaborate statues of gods and rulers. Art and architecture reflected the wealth and architecture reflected the wealth and power of the city and its leaders.and power of the city and its leaders.

Changes in CivilizationsChanges in Civilizations

► Civilizations constantly changed once they Civilizations constantly changed once they were established. Something as simple as the were established. Something as simple as the weather could help a city grow…or destroy it weather could help a city grow…or destroy it with drought. People still had to deal with with drought. People still had to deal with disease and warfare. Early civilizations met disease and warfare. Early civilizations met challenges with new technologies and challenges with new technologies and knowledge from other societies. Trade, knowledge from other societies. Trade, migration, and invasion led to cultural migration, and invasion led to cultural diffusion. For example, artisans adopted diffusion. For example, artisans adopted styles from other civilizations and traders styles from other civilizations and traders learned multiple languages.learned multiple languages.

Changes in CivilizationChanges in Civilization

►Civilizations went to war to control rich Civilizations went to war to control rich farmland, important sea ports, or regions farmland, important sea ports, or regions with valuable resources. Through with valuable resources. Through conquest, civilizations expanded their conquest, civilizations expanded their control over land and people. Conflicts also control over land and people. Conflicts also arose between civilizations and nomadic arose between civilizations and nomadic groups, who sometimes launched raids on groups, who sometimes launched raids on villages and cities. Further conflicts also villages and cities. Further conflicts also arose as nomads and farmers competed arose as nomads and farmers competed over land.over land.

Documents

The Beginnings of Civilization-One Mrs. Cox Paisley IB World History ONE