The Environmental Impact of the Three Gorges Project and ...on the Three Gorges Project and Planning of the Yangtze River. In the same year, the normal impoundment level of TGP was

The Environmental Impact of the Three Gorges Project and Countermeasures长江三峡工程的生态环境影响与对策

Lu Youmei

陆佑楣

2014.6

• The Three Gorges Project (TGP) is a landmark Chinese hydroelectric project on the Yangtze River，its impact on the Yangtze River’s original ecological environment has been a world-wide concern. This article examines the environmental effects of TGP with regard to climate change, resettlement, etc.

• 长江三峡工程由于其工程规模浩大、影响深远，其对长江原有生态环境的影响受到世人的广泛关注。本文从水库触发地震和库岸稳定、气候变化影响、水库水生物和水质保护、水库移民等方面对三峡工程所涉及的生态环境影响进行论述，并给出相应的对策和建议。

Abstract/摘要

Introductions of the Yangtze River

and the Three Gorges Project

长江和三峡工程概况

Chinese River Basins/中国水系

Yangtze River and TGP

Yangtze River

4


• Huge drainage area of 1.8 million km2

Coverage of one fifth of the total land area of China流域面积180万平方公里、涉及中国19个省（区、市）

• Inhabitance of one third of the population汇集了超过1/3的中国人口

Yangtze River Basin/长江水系

TGP Dam

Geladandong Mountain各拉丹冬峰海拔EL 6621m

Flow annually into the sea年入海水量956 billion m3

Total length总长度6363km

5


• The Yangtze is not only a river that is rich in water resources but also a river that brings frequent flood disasters. 长江是一条水资源丰富同时也是水害频繁的大河

Yangtze River Basin/长江水系

TGP Dam

Upstream stretches Middle and lower reaches

长度/L:4510km

落差/Drop5360m

长度/L:1850km

落差/Drop68m

6


• There were over 200 severe floods from the Han Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty, with one occurring every 10 years. In the 20th century, the Yangtze River flooded in the following years: 1931, 1935, 1949, 1954, 1982, 1996 and 1998.

Flood History/长江洪患历史

据史料记载，从汉代到清末的2000余年中，长江发生严重的洪灾200余次，平均每十年一次。20世纪，长江流域在1931年、1935年、1949年、1954年、1982年、1996年和1998年均发生了洪水，造成了严重的自然灾害。

7


Flood History/长江洪患历史

The Floods in 1998/1998年长江洪水

The floods of 1998/1998年洪水：• Maximum peak flow of 82,300 m3/s

最大洪峰流量8.23万立方米/秒• Devastated area of 4,002 ares成灾面积4002万亩

• Caving in of 812,000 houses and death toll of 2,292倒塌房屋81.2万间、死亡2292人

• Direct economic loss of nearly RMB 145 billion直接经济损失近1450亿元人民币

8

• In 1919, Dr. Sun Yat-Sen firstly proposed the idea for the Three Gorges Project in his article entitled A Plan for the Development of Industry.1919年，孙中山先生在《建国方略》中最早提出兴建三峡工程的设想。

The Origin of TGP/三峡工程由来


“自宜昌而上，如峡行，约一百英里而达四川之低地，即地学家所谓红盆地也。此宜昌以上迄于江源一部分河流，两岸岩石束江，使窄且深，平均深有六寻（36英尺），最深有三十寻者；急流与滩石，沿流皆是。改良此上游一段，当以水闸堰其水，使舟得溯流以行，而又可资其水力。其滩石应行爆开除去，于是水深十尺之航路下起汉口，上达重庆，可得而致。”

9

• In 1947, the famous American civil engineer J.L. Savage put forward the well-known “Savage Plan”. 1947年，中国国民政府聘请当时美国垦务局设计总工程师萨凡奇博士组织开展三峡水力开发第一次科学考察，并提出了著名的“萨凡奇计划”。



10

• In 1958, the Chinese government set up a bureau for Yangtze River Planning and proposed the Opinions on the Three Gorges Project and Planning of the Yangtze River. In the same year, the normal impoundment level of TGP was defined as EL 200m and the total installed capacity as 25,000MW.1958年，中国政府成立了长江流域规划办公室，并提出了《关于三峡水利枢纽和长江流域规划的意见》。同年，研究明确了三峡水利枢纽正常高水位为200米，总装机为2500万千瓦。



11

• In 1986, a panel of 412 experts from various fields was organized to further test the feasibility of TGP, which lasted for 3 years and covered 14 topics. 1986年，中国水电部组织412位各方面专家，针对14个专题，历时3年对三峡工程的可行性进行了进一步论证。



泥沙水文地质地震

机电设备电力系统防洪航运

施工枢纽建筑物综合规划与水位

生态与环境移民投资估算

综合经济评估

12

Conclusions:• The primary role of the dam was to control floods.• The project was technically feasible and economically

reasonable. • The benefits of the dam outweighed the disadvantages.• The sooner the dam was built, the more benefits would

be seen.• EL 175m normal impoundment level.

论证专家组确认了三峡工程的首要任务是解决长江洪水灾害，研究认为“三峡工程技术上是可行的，经济上是合理的，建比不建好，早建比晚建有利。”并推荐了正常蓄水位175米方案。



13

• On 3rd, April,1992, the construction of the project was officially approved in the Fifth Session of the Seventh People’s Congress. After 70 years of survey, planning, design and testing, the decision for constructing the project was made. 1992年4月3日，中国七届全国人大五次会议表决通过《关于兴建长江三峡工程的决议》。历经70多年勘测、规划、设计和论证三峡工程完成了决策程序。

The origin of TGP/三峡工程由来


14

• Function：flood control, power generation, shipping and water supply枢纽功能：防洪、发电、航运、补水

• Construction plan：One-cascade development, one-time completion, impoundment by stages, and continuous immigration建设方案：一级开发、一次建成、分期蓄水、连续移民

• Construction process： 1993~2009（17 years）建设工期：1993~2009（17年）

Overview of TGP/三峡工程概况


1993 1994 1997 2003 2009

Pre-construction

preparation

施工准备

Official

construction start

正式开工

River

closure

大江截流

Commissioning of the first

batch of generating units

首批机组发电

Main structures

completed

主体工程完工

15

• Total length:663km水库全长：663公里

• Area of reservoir:1084km2

水库面积：1084平方公里



TGP Dam

16

• Normal impoundment level:EL175m• Flood season limited water level:EL145m• Crest elevation:EL185m • Maximum dam height:EL181m



TGP DamThe Gezhouba

Dam

正常蓄水位：EL175m

汛期限制水位：EL145m

三峡大坝葛洲坝

坝顶高程：EL185m

最大坝高181m

17

39.3 billion m3

• Total reservoir capacity:39.3 billion m3

水库库容：393亿立方米• Flood control capacity:22.15 billion m3

防洪库容：221.5亿立方米



22.15 billion m3

18

• Complex structures:barrage, power house, navigation structures枢纽结构：拦河大坝、发电厂房、通航建筑物

• Total dam axial length:2309.47m大坝轴线全长：2309.47米



19

• Total installed capacity:32×700MW＋2×50MW＝22,500MW电站总装机：2250万千瓦

• Average annual generating capacity: 88.2 TWh年发电量：882亿千瓦时



20

Navigation structures/通航建筑物• Ship locks: double-way successive five-tier ship locks

双线连续五级船闸total length： 6442m全长：6442米maximum design water head 113m最高水头：113米designed navigation capacity 100Mtons/y设计通货量：1亿吨/年



21

Navigation structures/通航建筑物• Ship lift: single-line one-tier vertical ship lift using full

balanced gear-rack climbing type垂直升船机maximum lifting height 113m最高水头：113米



22

The Environmental Impacts of

TGP and Countermeasures

三峡工程的生态环境影响及对策

• Reservoir-induced seismicity and bank stability水库触发地震和库岸稳定

• The reservoir impacts on the surrounding climate水库对周边气候的影响

• Sedimentation and river bank erosion泥沙淤积和河岸冲刷

• Protection of aquatic species and the development of fisheries长江水生物保护和渔业发展

• Water quality protection三峡库区水质保护

• Resettlement, livelihood and development水库移民和生存发展

Environmental Impacts and Countermeasures三峡工程的生态环境影响及对策

24

The Reservoir-induced Seismicity

and Bank Stability

水库触发地震和库岸稳定

• The Three Gorges Dam’s bedrock is mainly pre-Sinian flash cloud plagiogranite with uniform and complete lithology, high strength of rock mass mechanics and weak water permeability. The dam area has small faults and well-cemented tectonite.坝址基岩主要为前震旦纪闪云斜长花岗岩，岩性均一完整岩体力学强度高，透水性微弱。坝区断层规模不大，且构造岩胶结良好。

Reservoir-induced Seismicity and Bank Stability水库触发地震和库岸稳定

Bedrock Core 坝址基岩岩芯

26

• There are no regional active faults within 15 km of the dam site. The dam site is a rigid block with favorable geological conditions and a high degree of stability. 坝址周围15km范围内无区域性、活动性断裂通过，坝址是一个地质条件优越、稳定程度高的刚性地块。

• The basic seismic intensity of the dam site is VI, fortification intensity is VII. The overall structures feature a high shock resistance. 三峡坝址地震基本烈度为VI度，设防烈度为VII度，基岩水平加速度峰值125gal，整体建筑物具有很高的抗震能力。 The original physiognomy

of the TGP Dam site三峡大坝坝址原始地貌


27

• As the impoundment of the reservoir raises the original water level of the river, the water pressure imposed on the riverbed rock face changed. There are small deformations in the geological structure during the rock stress adjustment process, thus leading to reservoir-induced seismicity. 由于水库蓄水抬高了原有河流的水位，河床岩面承受的水体压力发生了变化，在岩石应力调整的过程中地质构造会产生微量的变形，从而引起水库触发地震。


28

• The probability of the world’s large reservoir-induced seismicity is 0.2%（ICOLD）. In China, the probability of large reservoir (with a capacity of 100 million m3 or above) induced seismicity is 5%.根据国际大坝委员会的统计，全球大型水库触发地震的概率为0.2%。中国库容1亿立方米以上的大型水库触发地震的概率为5%。

• According to the data of TGP-induced seismicity monitoring system, 3592 earthquakes have been recorded in 2003~2012, including 3,589 microseisms below M3.根据长江三峡工程诱发地震监测系统监测数据显示，2003年6月至2012年底，三峡库区共记录到地震3592次。其中，M3级以下微震3589次，均属无感地震。

Magnitude/震级＜M3 ≤M3＜M3.9 ≤M4＜M4.9 Total/合计

Frequencies/次数 3589 2 1（M4.1） 3592


29

• Monitoring statistics indicated that the reservoir impoundment has indeed induced seismicity.

• Reservoir-induced seismicity is mainly microseisms and ultra-microseisms, all less than the predicted value in the preliminary design report.

• With the gradual stabilization of the geological structure, reservoir-induced seismicity presents a gradually mild trend with convergent nature.监测数据表明，三峡水库蓄水后确实引发了水库地震，地震活动与库水位变化具有明显的相关性；三峡水库引起的触发地震以微震和极微震为主，均小于初步设计论证报告中的预测值；随着地质构造的逐步稳定，三峡水库触发地震总体趋势渐趋平缓，属收敛性质。


30

• Hydro-fluctuation belt of the TGP Reservoir is a geological disaster-prone zone featuring landslides and ground collapse. Since a normal impoundment level of EL 175 meters, the reconstructing of the banks of the TGP Reservoir has induced some 400landslides and other geo-disasters.三峡库区消落带是滑坡、崩塌等地质灾害的多发带。2008年175米蓄水以来，三峡库区库岸再造过程共诱发了约400处滑坡等灾情险情。

TGP Dam

Distribution of

geological disaster 地质灾害分布图


31

• New geological disasters, such as landslides, have also been significantly associated with the impoundment, whereas the frequency of geological disasters has fallen substantially and become stable in the following year.三峡水库175米蓄水第一年新生滑坡地质灾害与蓄水关系非常明显，但第二年开始地质灾害发生率锐减，并渐趋稳定。


32

• The reservoir area has established a high-precision digital telemetry seismic network, 24-hour geological disaster monitoring.库区建立了高精度遥测数字地震台网和全天候地质灾害监测预警体系。

Distribution of Seismic Network Monitoring 地震台网监测分布图


33

• Besides the budget for the project, the Chinese government added another RMB 11.3 billion worth of special funds for the comprehensive management of geological disasters in the reservoir area.三峡工程建设期间，累计投入113亿专项资金用于三峡库区地质灾害综合治理，对重点地段的库岸进行了加固从水库蓄水十年来的情况看，三峡水库库岸基本稳定，少量的滑坡没有造成重大灾害。


34

The Reservoir Impacts on the

Surrounding Climate

水库对周边气候的影响

• The TGP Reservoir could exert subtle influences on the local temperature and there have been no significant impacts on other climate elements such as rainfall.(monitoring data after the impoundment)蓄水以来监测分析表明，三峡水库仅对库区局地气温有微弱的影响，对降水等其他气候要素暂无明显影响。

• As a result of the widened waterway, the water of the reservoir has warming effect in the winter and slight cooling effect in the summer. However, the influence by impoundment was not as significant to impact on the surrounding climate.受水域扩大的影响，三峡库区近水域地区冬季有增温效应夏季有弱的降温效应。但蓄水对气温的影响是极其微小的不足以改变库区周边及其上下游地区的气候。

Impacts on the Surrounding Climate 水库对周边气候的影响

36

• The climate model simulation analysis showed that TGP would certainly affect local weather and climate, particularly causing a substantial decrease in temperature above the reservoir, yet it could not result in kinds of extreme catastrophic climate change.利用区域气候模式模拟分析表明，三峡水库对附近局地天气气候会有一定影响，特别是对水面上方的气温有较为明显的降低作用，但不会引起各类极端灾害性气候变化。

Impacts on the Surrounding Climate 水库对周边气候的影响

37

Sedimentation and River Bank Erosion

泥沙淤积和河岸冲刷

• In the early planning and design stages of the project, a large-scale model test on sediment was conducted in order to design a reservoir which can store clear water and discharge muddy water, which is consistent with the flood control regulations of the reservoir. 三峡水库在工程的前期规划设计阶段，进行了大规模的泥沙模型试验，模拟水库的运用方式，得出泥沙淤积的量级

分析，设计出了水库蓄清排浑的调度方式，这一蓄清排浑的运行方式与水库的正常防洪调度是一致的。

Sedimentation and River Bank Erosion泥沙淤积和河岸冲刷

39

• Because of the existence of the reservoirs on the upper reaches and projects for soil and water conservation,the annual inbound sediment to the TGP Reservoir is 205Mt, which is 39% of the quantity formulated in the phase of investigation and design.(2003~2011)三峡水库蓄水以来（2003～2011），入库年均沙量为2.05亿吨，仅为论证及设计阶段年均入库泥沙量的39%。调查及分析结果表明，三峡水库入库沙量大幅减少的主要原因是上游水利工程的修建、水土保持工程的实施等。


40

• According to the frequency of hydrological floods, a great deal of analysis from reservoir simulation tests has indicated that it takes 70-80 years to basically reach erosion equilibrium and the TGP reservoir could eventually keep more than 80% of the capacity for long-term use.按照水文洪水出现的频率，在做了大量的水库运行模拟试验后分析认为，三峡水库运行70~80年后基本上达到冲淤平衡，最终可以保持80%以上的库容长期使用。


41

• Water discharged from the TGP Dam is clearer than the Yangtze River water.It will cause erosion on river banks, deepening the riverbed thus improving the flood carrying ability on one hand, but triggering river bank collapse on the other hand.三峡水库清水下泄会形成对下游河道的冲刷，一方面会使河床下切，提高下游河道的行洪能力，另一方面会造成河岸崩塌等问题。


42

• The banks of TGP Reservoir should be strengthened through treatment in the reservoir area and the lower stream of the reservoir. The inter-connection of the rivers and lakes could be improved through the construction of dam projects at the entrances of the Yangtze River, Dongting Lake and Poyang Lake.通过做好库区和坝下游河道整治工程以巩固河岸，通过在长江和洞庭湖、鄱阳湖等湖口修建闸坝工程以改善江湖关系。

Imaginary Image of Poyang lake Dam鄱阳湖闸坝工程设想图

Erosion on the Yangtze river bank 长江下游河道冲刷


43

Protection of Aquatic Species

and the Development of Fisheries

长江水生物保护和渔业发展

Causes to the change of original inhabitance environment:• TGP raised the depth of reservoir (with an average

depth of 70 meters) and altered the temperature. • Flood discharge and dissipation lead to water aeration

and super saturation during the flood season.三峡工程蓄水改变了库水温度，汛期大坝泄洪消能使水体掺气过饱和，等等，这些都使鱼类和其它水生物原有的生态环境发生了变化。

Protection of Aquatic Species and Fisheries长江水生物保护和渔业发展

45

Causes to the change of original inhabitance environment:• Excessive fishing• Increased water pollution in the reservoir area• Interception due to the growth of the shipping industry应当指出的是，造成长江生态环境变化有多方面的因素，三峡工程只是其中之一。捕捞过量、库区水质污染加重以及航运业的增长都对水生生物的生存带来了不利影响。


46

• Enhance artificial reproduction of fish to guarantee the their quantity in the Yangtze River.首先要加大鱼类人工繁殖力度，维持长江鱼群的数量。

Protection of acipenser sinensis 中华鲟保护


Countermeasures/对策:

47

• Strengthen ecological regulation and improve the natural reproductive capacity of the four major Chinese carps in the Yangtze River.其次，要加强生态调度，提高长江四大家鱼的自然繁殖能力

Black carp 青鱼

Bighead carp 鳙鱼

Grass carp 草鱼

Silver carp 鲢鱼


Countermeasures /对策:

48

• Prepare TGP Reservoir for the development of freshwater fisheries, and supplement fish supply through marine fisheries so as to meet the growing protein demand of the inhabitants along the Yangtze River. 再次，要利用三峡水库发展淡水渔业，并通过海洋渔业加以补给，以满足长江沿岸人民日益增长的蛋白质需求。

• Strictly limit fishing to maintain basic ecology for fish.同时，要严格限量捕捞，维持长江鱼类的基本生态。


Countermeasures /对策:

49

Water Quality Protection

of the TGP Reservoir Area

三峡库区水质保护

• The reservoir water quality in the main stream remains at the II ~ III level.三峡工程蓄水后，库区干流水质基本保持在II类~Ⅲ类水平

• 38 major tributaries of the reservoir area showed increase in pollution.库区38条主要支流监测项目存在超标现象

• Algal bloom sometimes occurs in the main stream bay area and backwater areas of tributaries. 干流库湾和支流回水区已经出现富营养化情况

Water Quality Protection三峡库区水质保护

Algal bloom in the Xiangxi river in 2008/2008年香溪河水华 51

• The domestic pollutions have increased rapidly exceeding industrial pollutions, being the main contributor to the water pollution in thr main streams and tributaries.三峡库区生活污染物的排放迅速增加，且排放总量已经超过工业排放量，是三峡干、支流水污染的主要来源。

• The urban sewage treatment capacity for is lagged far behind thepace of urbanization.城市污水的治理能力建设远滞后于城市化的速度。

The domestic pollutions in the TGP Reservoir area 三峡库区生活垃圾直排入河


52

• In May 2011, the Chinese government formulated the Plan on Water Pollution Prevention in the Middle and Lower Yangtze River Basin, with an investment of RMB 46 billion to enhance water pollution controls , environmental regulatory standards and resolve outstanding water environment issues, etc.

2011年5月，中国政府制定了《长江中下游流域水污染防治规划》，投资460亿元，加大长江中下游生态环境保护和建设力度，全面提升流域及近岸海域水污染治理和环境监管水平，促进流域经济社会可持续发展。

Sewage water treatment plant in Chongqing 重庆万州污水处理厂


53

Resettlement, Livelihood and Development

水库移民和生存发展

• Impoundment of the TGP Reservoir submerged part of the land in the upper Yangtze River, thus inevitably resulting in the relocation and resettlement of people as well as causing a huge change on the ecological environment. 三峡水库蓄水淹没了长江上游的部分土地，因而不可避免地出现移民搬迁安置，而这也是一种巨大的生态环境变化

Resettlement, Livelihood and Development水库移民和生存发展

Fengjie county before impound A village of immigrants from Fengjie county重庆奉节老县城重庆奉节移民新村 55

• The TGP Reservoir area includes 20 counties and cities in Chongqing and Hubei Provinces where 18 poverty areas are concentrated, before the construction of project. 三峡工程建设前，三峡库区涉及的重庆市和湖北省的20个县市，是全国18个集中连片贫困地区之一。

• The TGP Reservoir area has a steep terrain with no adjoining plains. It is very difficult for this area to attract foreign investment. The construction of TGP is unique developing chance for this area.三峡库区地形陡峭，吸引外来资金乏力，三峡工程的建设对于这一地区来讲是唯一的发展机遇。


• From 1993 to 2009, the resettlement of 1.2964 million people was completed.1993~2009年，三峡工程累计完成移民搬迁安置129.64万人

• A total resettlement investment of RMB 85.653 billion was finished.累计安排移民投资856.53亿元

Category

类别Village

农村Town

集镇County

县城Factory

工矿企业Total

总数

Number

个数— 106 12 1632 —

People

人数557,700 159,600 579,100 — 1,296,400


57

• Urban and rural migrants have per capita house space of 33.1m2 and 42.12m2 respectively, higher than that before their relocation and the average levels of Hubei Province and Chongqing City.移民搬迁后的居住条件、基础设施和公共服务设施明显改善，人均住房均高于搬迁前和湖北省、重庆市平均水平。

• Resettlement production support measures have achieved initial success, while migrants’ incomes have increased gradually. The average annual growth rates are 12.8% and 6.83% respectively from 2008 to 2011.移民生产扶持措施初见成效，移民收入水平逐步提高，年平均增长率分别为12.8%和6.83%（2008～2011）。

Category/类别 Village/农村 Town/集镇

Per-capita house space/人均住房面积 33.1m2 42.12m2

Annual per capita income/人均年收入（2011） 6,429Yuan 18,700Yuan


58

Unsatisfactory parts of TGP Resettlement：三峡移民搬迁安置还有不尽人意之处，比如：• Migrants’ integration into the local areas• Migrants’ stability and becoming well-off

迁出移民与当地融合和安稳致富• The impact on their production and living due to the

reservoir banks rebuilding三峡库岸再造对沿岸居民生产生活的影响

• Delayed garbage and sewage treatment in some towns and lagged behind infrastructure, etc.部分集镇垃圾污水处理工程滞后和配套不完善等。

• The Chinese government followed up with the Three Gorges Follow-up Investment Plan in 2011 with RMB 123.8 billion to issues including resettlement and environment.对于以上移民和环境问题，中国政府已制定工作规划，给予后续支持。


59

• While the migration of reservoir migrants is mandatory, their relocation has created more conducive conditions for their livelihood and development, which is consistent with China's ongoing efforts in the direction of building a new socialist countryside. Through external input and efforts of migrants themselves, environmental change caused by resettlement could turn good.水库移民虽属于强制性移民，但搬迁安置为移民创造了更有利于其生存发展的条件，这同中国当前正在进行的社会主义新农村建设的努力方向是一致的。通过外部投入和移民自身的共同努力，移民所造成的生态环境变化是可以向良性方向发展的。

New county

of Badong 湖北巴东新城


60

• The essential problem of reservoir resettlement is water utilization efficiency issue, i.e. benefit allocation issue. If the reservoir migrants hold expropriated land as their share of dam construction investment, they would have a reasonable dividend from the dam benefits, which could be a long-term mechanism to solve the reservoir induced resettlement issue.从可持续发展的角度看，水库移民的本质问题，是水资源利用效益即利益分配的问题。水资源通过修建水库大坝被开发，水资源和电力等社会财富主要被受水、受电地区所享受，而作为水资源所在地的贡献者—水库移民却没有得到持续的利益分配。如果水库移民以被征土地作为水库大坝建设投资的股份，在水库大坝收益中享有合理的分红，将是解决水库移民问题的长效机制，这必将在改革的进程中得到更合理的解决。


61

Operation of

the Three Gorges Project

三峡工程运行实况

Since the impoundment of TGP in 2003, after 10 years of safe and stable operation, comprehensive benefits have been demonstrated.三峡工程自2003年下闸蓄水，安全稳定运行10年来，现已全面发挥综合效益：• Flood control防洪效益

• Power generation发电效益

• Shipping航运效益

• Water supply and drought alleviation补水抗旱

• Energy conservation and emission reduction节能减排

Operation of TGP三峡工程运行概况

63

Flood control and disaster reduction/防洪减灾

Operation of TGP

• Total reservoir capacity:39.3 billion m3

水库库容：393亿立方米• flood control capacity:22.15 billion m3

防洪库容：221.5亿立方米

64


Operation of TGP

• Control more than 95% of the floods from the Jingjiang River and about 2/3 from the upstream of Wuhan.三峡水库能控制荆江河段洪水来量的95%以上、武汉以上洪水来量的2/3左右

• Enhance the capacity of the downstream JingjiangLevee to withstand a 100-year reoccurrenceflood up from a 10-yearreoccurrence flood.将下游的荆江大堤在不动用分洪区的情况下，抵御洪水的能力从十年一遇提高到百年一遇

65


Operation of TGP

• Protect a 1.5-million-hectare of arable land in the middle and lower Yangtze River, 15 million population and dozens of major cities along the Yangtze River.直接保护了长江中下游150万公顷的耕地、1500万人口以及数十座沿江重要城市的安全

Jianghan Plain/江汉平原66


Operation of TGP

• In the years of 2010 and 2012,the inbound water peak to the TGP Reservoir exceeded 70,000 m3/s. Through scientific regulation, TGP uses its flood control capacity to retain small floods, and fully plays its role in reducing flooding with a total flood retention volume of 72.48 billion m3 and the annual maximum flood peak clipping rate up to 27.3% ~ 54.6%.2010、2012年长江三峡最大入库洪峰流量均超过70000立方米每秒。三峡工程通过科学调度，利用防洪库容对中小洪水进行拦蓄，充分发挥了削峰、错峰作用，累计拦蓄洪量724.8亿立方米每秒，年最大洪水削峰率高达27.3%～54.6%。

67


Operation of TGP

• Reducing the water level of the main streams in middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. 有效降低了长江中下游干流的水位

• Controls the water level below the warning and safe level.使荆江河段沙市水位控制在警戒水位以下、城陵矶站水位未超过保证水位

Jingjiang levee/荆江大堤68


Operation of TGP

• Prevents flood diversion to low land with human activities.避免了一部分洲滩民垸被扒口行洪

• Reduces the number of patrollers on the dikes thus saving time and money.减少了防汛上堤人数和时间，节省了大量防汛经费

Jingjiang reach flood diversion sluice

荆江分蓄洪区水闸 69


Operation of TGP

• Resolves the potential disasters caused by floods, 有效缓解了中下游地区的防洪压力，化解了洪水可能造成的灾害

• Provides safety for people’s life and economic development along the middle and lower reaches为长江中下游地区人民的生活和经济发展提供了安全保障

TGP Dam

70

Power generation /发电和节能减排

Operation of TGP

• TGP Hydropower Station has a designed annual generating capacity of 88.2 TWh. In years of high water flow, it could reach 100 TWh.三峡电站年设计发电量882亿千瓦时，丰水期通过科学合理调度可达到1000亿千瓦时/年。

71


Operation of TGP

Per year, the TGP Hydropower Station can:• Replace 27.74 million tons of standard coal 每年可替代消耗煤炭2774万吨标准煤

• Reduce emissions of CO2 by 70.56 million tons减排二氧化碳7056万吨

• Reduce emissions of SO2 by 760,000 tons减排二氧化硫76万吨

• Reduce emissions of NOx by 210,000 tons,减排氮氧化物21万吨

• Reduce inevitable pollution such as wastewater, floating dust, etc.大大减少了火电不可避免的大量废水、废碴、浮尘等污染

72


Operation of TGP

• In the ten years of impoundment since 2003, TGP has produced total electric energy of 700 billion kWh, equivalent to a reduction of nearly 300 Mt of standard coal consumption, nearly 600 Mt of carbon dioxide emissions, and over 600 Mt of sulfur dioxide emissions.自2003年蓄水运行10年来，三峡工程累计发电超过7000亿千瓦时，相当于减少标准煤消耗近３亿吨、减少二氧化碳排放近6亿吨、减少二氧化硫排放600余万吨，为中国国民经济发展和节能减排作出了重要贡献。

73


Operation of TGP

• Due to its great role in energy conservation and emission reduction, TGP was included in the world’s top ten renewable energy projects by “Scientific American”, a well-known popular science magazine.三峡工程因其巨大的节能减排作用，被著名科普杂志《科学美国人》列入世界十大可再生能源工程。

74

Shipping/航运

Operation of TGP

• After the TGP Reservoir’s impoundment, the waterway rate from the TGP Dam to Chongqing has been raised to Level I from the former Level III before the construction of the reservoir. Its one-way shipping capacity has increased from 10 Mt to 50 Mt, and it has also realized all time navigation of the whole shipping line. 三峡水库蓄水后，极大地改善了三峡库区航道条件，三峡大坝至重庆段的航道等级由建库前的Ⅲ级航道提高为Ⅰ级航道，航道单向通过能力由建库前的1000万吨提高到5000万吨，并实现了全年全线昼夜通航。

75

Shipping/航运

Operation of TGP

• TGP has facilitated ship standardization and upsizing, significantly improved the shipping safety, and greatly reduced the shipping costs and fuel consumption and contributed to energy conservation.三峡工程促进了船舶标准化和大型化，船舶运输的安全性显著提高，船舶运输成本和油耗也明显降低，为航运节能发挥了重要作用。

76

Shipping/航运

Operation of TGP

• In the year 2003~2012 since the they were put into operation in 2003, the ship locks have been used for more than 90,000 times, with 570 thousand ships passing through, and 10.01 million passengers and 600 Mt of goods transported. The annual cargo transportation volume is 5 times of that before impoundment.三峡船闸自2003年建成投运10年来，累计运行超过9万闸次，通过船舶57万艘次，运送旅客1001万人次，通过货物超过6亿吨，年平均货运量约为蓄水前年最大货运量的5倍2011年三峡船闸通过货运量突破亿吨大关，为蓄水前最大年货运量的5.6倍，提前19年达到并超过2030年单向5000万吨的设计通过能力指标。

77

Ecological water supply /生态补水

Operation of TGP

• The Yangtze River is unevenly distributed in terms of year time with a large difference of runoff between rainy season and dry season. Its annual average runoff is 3,500 m3/s. When water is scarce, production and domestic water use along the river is constrained, shallow waterway navigation obstruction in the lower section of Jingjiang River appear, seawater intrude from the Yangtze River estuary长江丰、枯季节径流量相差悬殊，多年平均径流量为3500立方米/秒。枯水季节，沿江生产生活用水紧张、荆江下半段的浅滩航道碍航、长江口海水倒灌，严重影响了沿江人民的生活和经济社会发展。

78


Operation of TGP

• During its design stages, the TGP Dam set the principle that discharged volume would not be less than 5,500 m3/s during the dry season. In case of drought in the middle and lower Yangtze River, it would increase the discharged volume.当前，三峡工程在枯水期的下泄流量按不低于5500立方米/秒的原则调度，这使得三峡工程下泄流量比天然情况下增加约2000立方米/秒，在长江中下游出现旱情的情况下三峡工程还会进一步增大下泄流量。

79


Operation of TGP

• In the first half of 2011, the middle and lower Yangtze River suffered persistent drought, and the TGP Reservoir supplied more than 20 billion m3 of water to the downstream, raising the water level of main streams in the middle Yangtze River about 0.7m to 1.0m.2011年上半年，长江中下游遭遇持续干旱，三峡水库向下游补水200多亿立方米，抬高长江中游干流水位0.7米至1米。

80


Operation of TGP

• From the beginning of reservoir construction until the end of 2013, the TGP Reservoir has provided additional water amounting to over 60 billion m3 to the middle and lower Yangtze River, about three times that of TGP’s flood control capacity.自建库至2013年底，三峡水库共为长江中下游补水总量超过600亿立方米，约相当于3个三峡工程的防洪库容。

81

Conclusion

结语

• Ecology is the state of mutual survival and dependency among biological populations and among the same species in nature.生态是自然界各生物种群间和同种生物群体间相互生存依赖关系的状态。

Conclusions/结语

• This state is constantly changing in nature. The so-called ecological balance is relative, while imbalance is absolute. It is the imbalance that generates a natural impetus which constantly moves nature towards a new equilibrium, and creates today’s global environment and human existence. 这一状态在自然界是不停地发生变化的，所谓的生态平衡是相对的，不平衡是绝对的，惟有这一不平衡才产生了时时刻刻向新平衡方向发展的自然推动力，造就了今天的地球环境和人类的生存状态。

Charles RobertDarwin 达尔文

83

• As humankind is a part of nature, humankind is dominant in the natural environment, which is the result of natural selection rather than human will.人，本身就是自然界的一份子，人工环境也是自然环境的组成成分，人类在自然环境中占主导地位，这是自然选择的结果，不以人的意志为转移。

• For better livelihood and development, mankind will not only continue to use both natural laws and natural resources in the transformation of the natural environment, but also curb the unlimited pursuit of their own desires to prevent damaging the human right of survival and development in the future.人类为了更好地生存和发展，既会不停地运用自然规律和利用自然资源改造自然环境，也会遏制自己对欲望的无限制追求，防止破坏人类未来的生存发展权利。

Conclusions/结语

84

• Nowadays, humans have become aware of global environmental degradation, a decrease in biological populations, and the crisis of sustainable human development. They are committed to ecological improvement and environmental protection. Its essence is for a better survival and development of mankind, based on “human-oriented” ecological and environmental concepts rather than the so called “nature-oriented” concept.当今人类所注意到的全球环境恶化、生物种群减少，意识到的人类可持续发展危机，致力于为改善生态、保护环境而付诸的巨大努力，其本质都是为了人类更好地生存和发展，都是以人为本的生态观和环境观，决不是脱离开人的所谓以 “自然为本”。

Conclusions/结语

85

• TGP is the combined effort of time, history and human intelligence, as well as a scientific and reasonable creation. 长江三峡工程是一个科学、理性的造物工程，是时间、历史和人类智慧的共同结晶。

Conclusions/结语

86

• Epistemologically speaking, it has reflected and collected human knowledge and wisdom in natural sciences, social sciences, engineering sciences and other related fields in a concentrated and broad way.从认识上看，它集中而又广泛地反映和凝结了人类在自然科学、社会科学、工程科学和其他相关领域的知识和智慧

Conclusions/结语

87

• Philosophically, we acknowledge that the nature and human society as objective existence is knowable, but “Knowability Theory” definitely doesn’t mean “Omniscient Theory”.从哲学上看，我们承认作为客观存在的自然界和人类社会是可知的，但“可知论”绝不等于“全知论”。

Conclusions/结语

88

• We clearly recognize that human cognitive ability and level of understanding have limitations at any one “point-in-time”, and we will continue to break through these limitations with the progress of human practice. While TGP has basically been completed, people’s understanding and practice on TGP are far from over. 我们清醒地认识到人类在任何一个“时间点”上的认识能力和认识水平都有其局限性，而这种局限性又随着人类实践的进展而不断突破。虽然三峡工程已基本完建，但人类对三峡工程的认识和实践却远没有结束。

Conclusions/结语

The relationship between TGP and the environment, ecology and nature, as well as society will continue to move forward in a dynamic and harmonious way.

Conclusions/结语

长江三峡工程与环境、生态和自然、社会的关系一定会在动态和谐的道路上不断前进。

Documents

The Environmental Impact of the Three Gorges Project and ...on the Three Gorges Project and Planning of the Yangtze River. In the same year, the normal impoundment level of TGP was