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Chapter 2
The History of the Family
Prepared by Cathie Robertson, Grossmont College
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© 2010 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., All Rights Reserved
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The Study of the Family
• Upper class bias of historians
– Studied kings, nobles, wars, rise & fall of empires
• First, examination of “ordinary” families
– Began in 1960
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Philippe Aries-- CENTURIES OF CHILDHOOD
•Institution of childhood began to emerge
• Situation of young began to change
• New term: “children”
•A theory of innocence of the child emerged.
• Children to be protected from adult reality
•The facts of birth, death, sex, tragedy, world
events hidden from the child.
Philippe Aries-- CENTURIES OF CHILDHOOD
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•Children increasingly segregated by age
•The fact of having an age became important
•In the "ancien regime" people’s ages were
virtually unknown
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Evolutionary theory—infants need care
Hunter-gatherers
Settled agriculture
Lineages: Form of kinship in which descent is traced Patrilineage: Father’s line
Matrilineage: Mother’s line
Origins of Family and Kinship
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Origins of Family and Kinship (cont.)
Kinship Groups
Ensure order
Defend against outsiders
Provide labor
Assist others in group
Recruit new members
Through marriage
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Origins of Family and Kinship (cont.)
• In most societies--smaller family units
–Mother and children always
–Husband/father (usually)
–Other household members (sometimes)
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Western culture—smaller kinship groups
Conjugal family: Husband, wife and children
Extended family: Other relatives in household
Origins of Family and Kinship (cont.)
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• Polygyny: One man, many wives
• Polyandry: One woman, more than one husband
• Family and kinship systems developed to provide fundamental needs:
–Food production
–Defense
Origins of Family and Kinship (cont.)
Families Across Culture –Na Kinship
• Brothers & sisters live in mother’s household for life
• Instead of taking wives, men visit women in other households
– Visit any Na woman who consent to sex
• When children are born, they remain with mother and maternal aunts and uncles
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Families Across Culture –Na Kinship
Fathers do not live with their children, but they are a presence in their lives
After Communist Revolution in China, government began to promote monogamy among the Na – they resisted
Government eventually backed down
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American Indian Families: The Primacy of the Tribes
• American Indian - Indigenous people in the 48 territories that became United States
• Family units based on lineages
• Tribes, both matrilineal and patrilineal
–Matrilineal ties to maternal kin
–Patrilineal ties to paternal kin
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European Colonists: The Primacy of the Public Family
• Families performed public services
– Education
– Hospitals
– Houses of correction
– Orphanages
– Nursing homes
– Poor houses
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• No room for privacy or private lives
–Family affairs are public business
–Houses not designed for privacy
–Little privacy from other households
–Conjugal family considered integral part of society, not apart from it
European Colonists: The Primacy of the Public Family (cont.)
European Colonists: The Primacy of the Public Family (cont.)
• Family Diversity
• Not all families fit ideal of conjugal family
• Many stepfamilies due to deaths of parents
• Marriage not always official, could be informal
–More common in Middle Colonies
–A form of bigamy if man migrated to West and began a new family
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The Emergence of the “Modern” American Family: 1776 to 1900
• Four new characteristics:
1. Marriage—based on mutual respect and affection
2. Wife cared for home and children—seen as morally superior
3. Childhood as time to protect and support children
4. Number of children per family declined
The Emergence of the “Modern” American Family: 1776 to 1900 (cont.)
• Individualism
• Increase personal relationships in families
• Emotional rewards
• Autonomy
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Change in the mode of production
– Commercial capitalism
– From “family labor” to “paid labor”
• Men worked outside the home
– Work governed by business ethic
– World outside the home
From Cooperation to Separation: Men’s and Women’s Spheres
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• Women worked inside the home– Women renew husbands’ character &
spirituality
– True womanhood where women were:
• Pious upholder of spiritual values
• Pure
• Submissive to men
• Domestic
From Cooperation to Separation: Men’s and Women’s Spheres (cont.)
Cult of True Womanhood
• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wtXNNAs9u0M&feature=player_embedded#!
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• Africans forced to immigrate– Captured or bought in West Africa
– Sold as slaves
• Asians work as laborers on railroads, etc.
***African-American, Mexican-American, and Asian Immigrant Families
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African-American Families
• An African heritage?
–Stronger ties to extended kin
–Children before marriage
–Women worked
–African society was organized by lineages
• Marriage much more of a process
–Slavery stripped elders of authority over marriage process
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Impact of Slavery
• E. Franklin Frazier believed slavery had destroyed social organization among slaves
• In 1976, Gutman found substantial evidence that slaves often married for life, and kept track of extended family
• Most families—two parents
• Black women—work outside the home
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Mexican-American Families• Mexicans settled frontier of N. Mexico
• Landowners & farmer-laborers, compadres
–Farmer-laborers—Mestizo—part Spanish and part Native American
–Compadrazgo: In Mexico, the godparent relationship of wealthy or influential person outside the kinship group asked to become compadres
Mexicans Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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•U.S. Congress declared against
Mexico on April 23, 1846
•Treaty signed on Feb. 2, 1848
• Ended the U.S.-Mexican War
Mexicans Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
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U.S. took from Mexico the land area of:
Texas
New Mexico
California
Arizona
Nevada
Utah
Half of Colorado
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo
•Treaty defined border between the United States and Mexico
• Border has remained mostly the same along the Rio Grande
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Mexican-American Families (cont.)
• Social structure disrupted by wars, revolts and land grabs in 1830s and 1840s
• Mexicans became more of a working class
• Many were forced into barrios:
• Segregated neighborhoods in U.S.
Mexican-American Families
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• Five centuries of Spanish colonization
•Contemporary family cultural hybrid
character, combines:
• Feelings of indigenous peoples
•Traditional feminine subculture
• And Spanish expectations and norms
• The masculine machista orientation
Mexican-American Families
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• Estimated that 74.2% of contemporary
Mexican families are nuclear
•However:
• Relations & structure appear to be nuclear
• In practice, continue to be extended
Asian Immigrant Families
• Asian Heritage– Immigrants from China and Japan and their
descendents
– Family systems sharply different• Fathers had authority over family
• Kinship—patrilineal
• Children expected to take care of elderly and live with them
– Greater emphasis on family loyalty
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• Mostly men
• Remittances
• No citizenship
• Discrimination
–Arranged marriages
• When Japanese migrated to Hawaii in 1880s, more balance of ratio of women to men, so more families formed
Asian Immigrant Families (cont.)
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Asian Immigrant Families (cont.)
• Discrimination led to Japanese internment camps—WW II
• 1965 Immigration Act changed the restrictions that blocked most Asian immigration and substituted a yearly quota
• Asian population expanded rapidly• 2000 census: 11.9 million Asian
Americans
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The Early Decades
• Rise in premarital sex
• Decline in births
• Rising divorce rate
• Rise in marriage rate
• Greater emotional satisfaction from marriage
The Rise of the Private Family: 1900-Present
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• Families less of a dominant force in people’s lives
• Marriage less necessary economically and materially
• Marriage more fragile
The Rise of the Private Family: 1900-Present( cont.)
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• Privacy & private families increase
• Birthrate decline
• Adult life expectancy increased
• More apartments for independent living
The Rise of the Private Family: 1900-Present (cont.)
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• Basis of marriage—economics to emotional satisfaction and companionship
• Men and women—more economically independent
• Marriage bonds weakened
• Divorce more common
The Rise of the Private Family: 1900-Present (cont.)
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• Affected family finances
• Undermined authority of father
• Divorce rate fell
• Marriage & childbearing later
• 1 in 5 never had children (1 in 10 norm)
• Children helped out by working
The Depression Generation
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• Baby boom renewed emphasis on marriage and children
• Young adults from depression married earlier and had more children than ever before
• Highpoint of breadwinner-homemakermodel
–Not really traditional family
–Faded quickly
The 1950s
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• Birthrate plunged
• Married on average 4-5 years later
• Young people wanted independence
• Divorce rate doubled 1960s–70s
–Declined slightly since then
• Cohabitation—1970s
• Women working outside home
1960s and Beyond
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• Figure 2.3, show changes in family and personal life
• Twentieth century—great change in the kinds of family lives
Social Changes in the 20th Century
Emergence of Early Adulthood
• Early adulthood:
• Between mid-teens & about 30
• Labor force:
• All people who are working for pay or looking for paid work
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