The Reformation

The Reformation

The ReformationThe Counter ReformationThe Scientific Revolution

The Reformation

I've seen things you people wouldn't believe. Attack ships on fire off the shoulder of

Orion. I watched C-beams glitter in the dark

near the Tannhauser gate. All those moments will be lost in time, …like tears in rain. …Time to die.

The Reformation

Blade Runner

Rome, …We have a Problem The Catholic Church was very powerful and the

kings and rulers of Europe knew that to maintain or increase their power they needed the blessing of the Pope.

The Catholic Church was the one thing that Europeans had in common It unified the people It was sanctioned by God

The church held final say on things that were of heaven and of earth

The Pope was seen as infallible-he was God’s man on Earth

To get to Heaven you needed to abide by the rules of the Catholic Church-almost everyone understood this

Rome, …We have a Problem Indulgences

The church wanted to keep up with the times and Renaissance painters and building large buildings cost money

To keep money coming into the church the church began selling indulgences

Rome, …We have a Problem Purgatory

Was seen as the great holding place were people would go after death to basically do time for their sins

Purgatory was not a place most Catholic wanted to spend their time

To reduce the time in purgatory the church began to sell indulgences

Rome, …We have a Problem

SPECIAL OFFER LIMITED TIME ONLY

Are you looking at 300 or 400 years in Purgatory!Don’t want to wait in that long line with the other

common sinners!Then the Catholic Church as a deal for you!We can reduce your time in Purgatory!You give us money-More money means less time in

Purgatory ANDWe give you a piece of paper reducing your time in

Purgatory and getting you into Heaven faster!(This offer is not good in any Christian Orthodox

Community)

Rome, …We have a Problem The Church was making a lot of money

off the sales of indulgences The sale of indulgences also kept the

masses in line Only through the Catholic Church can you

get to Heaven The sale of indulgences also upset the

peasants Many could not afford to pay for the

indulgences so they were basically left out of the process

Many felt that they were going to suffer here on earth and then in Purgatory

Rome, …We have a Problem The church had

amassed a large amount of money

It had alienated some nobles who were unwilling to submit to the power of the church

The church exploited the resources of countries by draining them of wealth

What arose was anti-Church sentiments

I am on a mission from God Martin Luther

Luther was a Catholic monk who became upset with the indulgence practices of the Catholic Church

Luther called the indulgences “Salvation for profit”

I am on a mission from God Luther also went to

Rome and saw the wealth that the church had amassed and was not happy that the Vatican was more of a worldly city.

Luther saw the Renaissances works that had been paid for by churchgoers who would never see the Vatican and was disillusioned with goals of the church

Signs, Signs, Everywhere are Signs Luther went home

very upset In 1517 Luther

wrote down his grievances with the Catholic Church

He wrote his famous 95 Theses and attached it to the church door at Wittenberg

Some Key Points

21. Therefore those preachers of indulgences are in error, who say that by the pope's indulgences a man is freed from every penalty, and saved

82. To wit: -- "Why does not the pope empty purgatory, for the sake of holy love and of the dire need of the souls that are there, if he redeems an infinite number of souls for the sake of miserable money with which to build a Church? The former reasons would be most just; the latter is most trivial."

Not too Happy with Luther

To say the least Luther did not make friends with the Catholic Church

Luther saw the Pope and the Catholic Church as greedy

The Catholic Church saw Luther as a troublemaker and a heretic

Pope Leo X

Not too Happy with Luther

The Church (Pope Leo X) tells Luther to retract his criticisms at an assembly at Worms

Luther refuses Pope Leo X wants Luther arrested and tried Luther is now a fugitive from the Catholic Church However Luther’s ideas, with the aid of the printing

press, spread throughout northern Europe Remember the nobles that were upset with the

church? They protect and side with Luther The church excommunicates Luther Luther says no big deal-Don’t like you and your rules

anyway-I’ll start my own church-Lutheran Church-We will call ourselves Protestants and play by our own rules

Those who went before Luther…But had Failed Prior to Luther a number of clergy

members attempted to make reforms in the church

Most of the time these clergy members wanted to return back to its spiritual roots

Those who went before Luther…But had Failed John Wycliffe-Oxford

University wanted to return the church to its roots.

Starts a following called the Lollards

The Catholic Church does not go after Wycliffe while he is alive-after he dies they burn his body and persecute his followers

Jan Hus-German clergyman Burned at the stake in

1415 Savonarola-Dominican Friar

Used violence to rid Florence of worldly vanity

Executed by the Church in 1498

The Backlash from Luther’s Reforms Most obvious

There was a split in the Catholic Church

Catholics and Protestants

Interpretations of the Bible Theologians began to look at the Bible

and come up with their own ideas on what the Bible actually meant

Some agreed with Luther-Others were way out there

Calvinism

Other Protestant groups began to appear

In the 1530’s John Calvin a French scholar established a Protestant community in Geneva Switzerland

Calvinism

John Calvin preached the idea of Predestination It was the idea that God had already

predetermined the ultimate destiny for all people

Calvin believed that only a few people would be saved the (Elect) and the rest were already damned

Calvinism

Calvinism would spread to France and later to Scotland

It would influence The Huguenots in

France The Puritans in

England The Presbyterians

in Scotland

Henry VIII needs a new Wife Henry VIII of England

wanted an annulment from his first wife who failed to produce a male heir to the throne

The Pope declined the annulment

Henry upset with the Pope and Church renounced the Church

Henry VIII needs a new Wife Henry placed himself as head of the

church of England Called his new religion Anglicanism Henry then went on to marry 5 more

women and cut off the heads of 4 of those women

The new Anglican (Protestant) religion caused a split in England while about half the population remained Catholic while the other half converted to Protestant.

So what’s the Big Difference? Protestants

Placed less emphasis on the rituals and sacraments

Opposed the worship of Saints and The Virgin Mary-detracted from the relationship with God

Only the Grace of God could save humans not the Pope, Priest or any other church member

The Bible was more of guidelines open to interpretation

Emphasized education of all people More lenient about divorce, clergy allowed to

marry Rejected Transubstantiation

That the bread and wine were transformed into the body of Christ

Hey, Not even we get along Not all protestant religions agreed with

their own doctrines Calvinist were server and puritanical The Anglican Church was much more

relaxed The Puritans in England (The minority)

were often persecuted by the Anglicans (The majority) Remember the Puritans will leave England

on the Mayflower-Land in Plymouth-because they are looking for religious freedoms

I’ll see your Reformation and Counter Reformation The Catholic Church was losing followers The Church realized it needed to

restructure and reform some of its practices

Spain the true-blue Catholic country was one of the first to lead this reform by banning the sale of indulgences

Priest and clergymen were trained to live a holy life instead of just preaching about a holy life That old practice what you preach

I’ll see your Reformation and Counter Reformation The Council of Trent

Between 1545 and 1563 a group of Church officials defined the doctrine of the Church

It clarified the Church’s position on salvation and other religious questions

Heretics were punished and Latin became the official language (again) of the Church

I’ll see your Reformation and Counter Reformation The Catholic Church however was

not giving into the Protestants instead it was going to compete against the Protestants

The Church established a more rigorous religious discipline Created an Index of Forbidden Books

This list would last until 1966 Some notables on the list

John Locke,

I’ll see your Reformation and Counter Reformation The Catholic Church made weekly

mass a must The Pope had supreme authority

over all things holy Oh ya there was also a new brand

of Catholics called Jesuits

New Catholic Soldiers

Jesuits Were formed by

Ignatius Loyola a former Spanish Soldier

Wanted to restore the faith in the teachings of Jesus

Practiced self control, moderation, and believed that prayer and good works led to salvation


The society of Jesuits often called itself the “Church Militant” and expected high expectations in the clergy in regards to religion

Those who did not follow the rules were often tried by the Church


Many Jesuits were known for their oratorical and political skills

Many kings and Queen in Europe who wished to keep their empires on the side of the Catholic Church appointed Jesuits to high palace positions

Jesuits also became missionaries, educators and diplomats and played an active role in European politics until the 1700’s

Those famous words,Why can’t we all just get along? Result of the Counter Reformation

The Catholic Church was back in business again

It had contained the spread of Protestantism to Northern Germany, Scandinavia, Scotland, parts of central Europe and small parts of France-and then there was England-Who made their own church

The result would be Religious Wars

If you can’t join them then beat them

The Protestant Reformation was as much religious as it was political

The Catholic countries of France, Spain, the Holy Roman Empire and Italy were going to force the Protestant countries to return the Catholicism


In the 1540’s religious wars break out in the German states of the Holy roman Empire

The Catholic forces win but with the Treaty of Augsburg the Catholics and the Protestants have to compromise and several German states are allowed to remain Protestant


Between 1530’s to the 1600’s there were religious wars in England and Scotland

The Dutch who were Calvinist were determined to drive the Catholic Spanish out of region

France experienced several bloody wars between Catholics and French Protestants (Huguenots)

The Massacre of St. Bartholomew


The Spanish Armada In 1588 the Catholic

Spanish launched and attack on the Anglican British

The Spanish planed to invade England-defeat Elizabeth I and return England to it’s original Catholic state

The Armada failed

The Thirty Years’ War

The last large religious war to be fought was the Thirty Years’ War (1618-1648)

Protestant Bohemians living inside the Holy Roman Empire had issues with Catholic authorities


The Protestants were backed by The Dutch,

Swedes, The German states that adopted Lutheranism, and Calvinist

England sent financial support


The Catholics were backed by Spain, Austrians

of the Holy Roman Empire, and German states of the Holy Roman Empire that remained Catholic


The war soon turned form a religious war to a political war

The Catholic nation of France joined the war on the side of Protestant German states This was in an effort to weaken Spain and

the Holy Roman Empire who France saw as a threat to the French state

France’s intervention was seen as a growing secular Europe and not one based on religion


The Treaty of Westphalia (1648)

The Protestants with the assistance of the French had defeated the catholic armies

Now Europe would have to learn to co-exist

The Treaty marked the end of disputes in Europe based on religion

Further disputes would be based on nationalism

Documents

The Reformation