The Reformation: The Reformation: Beyond Beyond

LutheranismLutheranism

HRE: Catholic vs. HRE: Catholic vs. ProtestantProtestant

1530 – 1530 – Diet of AugsburgDiet of Augsburg – – Charles and Catholic princes Charles and Catholic princes rejected Lutheranism rejected Lutheranism ((Augsburg ConfessionAugsburg Confession))

1531 – 1531 – League of League of SchmalkaldenSchmalkalden formed by formed by Protestant princes to defend Protestant princes to defend themselves; France = allythemselves; France = ally

Civil war ensuedCivil war ensued between between Protestants in north and Protestants in north and Catholics in SouthCatholics in South

Victory, but CompromiseVictory, but Compromise 1546 – Luther died in Eisleben1546 – Luther died in Eisleben 1547 – 1547 – Charles V defeated LeagueCharles V defeated League, ,

but practice of Lutheranism continuedbut practice of Lutheranism continued 1555 – 1555 – Peace of AugsburgPeace of Augsburg – German – German

princes could choose religion of their princes could choose religion of their domain – domain – Cuius regio, eius religioCuius regio, eius religio - - “whose the region, his the religion”“whose the region, his the religion”

Permanently divided German states Permanently divided German states along religious linesalong religious lines – helped – helped prevent German unity until the 1870sprevent German unity until the 1870s

Other Religious Other Religious MovementsMovements

1525 – 1525 – AnabaptistsAnabaptists – radical Protestant – radical Protestant separatists – refused secular oaths, paying separatists – refused secular oaths, paying taxes, holding office, serving in military – taxes, holding office, serving in military – separation of church and stateseparation of church and state

Believed in adult baptism, rejected Holy Believed in adult baptism, rejected Holy Trinity, practiced polygamyTrinity, practiced polygamy

1534-35 – Münster Rebellion1534-35 – Münster Rebellion – radical – radical Anabaptist sect took over city; Protestants Anabaptist sect took over city; Protestants and Catholics joined forces to defeat rebels, and Catholics joined forces to defeat rebels, executed leadersexecuted leaders

Influenced Mennonites, Quakers, and Influenced Mennonites, Quakers, and Unitarians Unitarians

John Calvin - CalvinismJohn Calvin - Calvinism French humanist, French humanist,

lawyer, reformer lawyer, reformer (1509-1564)(1509-1564)

Influenced by Influenced by ErasmusErasmus

Exiled from France Exiled from France to Switzerlandto Switzerland

Institutes of the Institutes of the Christian Christian ReligionReligion (1536) (1536)

CalvinismCalvinism ““Pre-destination”Pre-destination” – God already knew – God already knew

who would be saved or condemned; who would be saved or condemned; nothing man can do to change thatnothing man can do to change that

““The Elect”The Elect” – those that would be – those that would be saved; revealed to them by God through saved; revealed to them by God through a conversion experience – these a conversion experience – these “visible “visible saints”saints” served as model Christians served as model Christians

By 1540, By 1540, GenevaGeneva, Switzerland was a , Switzerland was a Calvinist theocracyCalvinist theocracy, new center for , new center for Reformation, took in exiles from across Reformation, took in exiles from across EuropeEurope

CalvinismCalvinism Most militant and Most militant and demanding new faithdemanding new faith

Consistory –Consistory – group of group of church elders – power to church elders – power to punish for breaking lawspunish for breaking laws

No dancing, secular No dancing, secular singing, gambling, singing, gambling, drinkingdrinking

No other religions No other religions practicedpracticed

Unitarian Unitarian Michael Michael ServetusServetus fled Spain for fled Spain for Geneva; 1553 – burned at Geneva; 1553 – burned at stake for heresystake for heresy

CalvinismCalvinism ““Protestant Work Ethic”Protestant Work Ethic” – belief – belief

that hard work and financial success that hard work and financial success were signs that God was pleasedwere signs that God was pleased

Financial success meant one might be Financial success meant one might be among among “the Elect”“the Elect”

Despite demanding requirements, Despite demanding requirements, Calvinism spread to other nations, had Calvinism spread to other nations, had greater influence than greater influence than LutheranismLutheranism

Spread of CalvinismSpread of Calvinism ScotlandScotland – John Knox – Presbyterian – John Knox – Presbyterian

ChurchChurch founded in 1560 founded in 1560 France France – Calvinist – Calvinist HuguenotsHuguenots – –

appealed to nobility in Franceappealed to nobility in France - - brutally brutally repressed by Catholic majorityrepressed by Catholic majority

NetherlandsNetherlands – – Dutch Reformed Dutch Reformed ChurchChurch – led efforts to free Lowlands – led efforts to free Lowlands from Catholic Spain in 1580sfrom Catholic Spain in 1580s

England – PuritansEngland – Puritans within Anglican within Anglican Church – 1640s – overthrew, executed Church – 1640s – overthrew, executed kingking

English ReformationEnglish Reformation Henry VIIIHenry VIII (b. 1491, r. (b. 1491, r.

1509-1547) – Tudor 1509-1547) – Tudor monarchmonarch

Devout Catholic – Devout Catholic – “Defender of the Faith”“Defender of the Faith”

Needed son to continue Needed son to continue dynasty, but wife dynasty, but wife Catherine of AragonCatherine of Aragon only gave him 1 daughteronly gave him 1 daughter

Wanted to annul marriage Wanted to annul marriage and marry againand marry again

Henry’s Break with the Henry’s Break with the ChurchChurch

Pope refused – Catherine was aunt of Pope refused – Catherine was aunt of Charles V of HRECharles V of HRE

1533 – Henry banished Catherine, 1533 – Henry banished Catherine, secretly married mistress secretly married mistress Anne Anne BoleynBoleyn, an educated courtier and , an educated courtier and ProtestantProtestant

1534 – 1534 – Act of SupremacyAct of Supremacy declared declared English monarch to be head of English monarch to be head of Church of England (Anglican Church of England (Anglican Church)Church)

Henry Moved Against the Henry Moved Against the ChurchChurch

1534 - 1534 - Act of SuccessionAct of Succession – all King’s subjects – all King’s subjects forced to take oath to recognize Anne as new forced to take oath to recognize Anne as new queen, any children as legitimate heirs – queen, any children as legitimate heirs – SirSir Thomas MoreThomas More executed for refusing to take executed for refusing to take oathoath

Henry ordered all Catholic lands seized for Henry ordered all Catholic lands seized for crown –Church treasure seized and all crown –Church treasure seized and all monasteries closed – later sold or given to monasteries closed – later sold or given to noblesnobles

1536 – 1536 – Pilgrimage of GracePilgrimage of Grace – multi-class – multi-class uprising in northern England against king’s uprising in northern England against king’s actions; over 200 executed for role in rebellionactions; over 200 executed for role in rebellion

Henry’s ChildrenHenry’s Children Edward VIEdward VI (r. 1547-1553) – (r. 1547-1553) –

influenced by Reformed influenced by Reformed Protestants – moved Anglican Protestants – moved Anglican Church closer to Church closer to CalvinismCalvinism

Early death led to crisisEarly death led to crisis Mary IMary I (r. 1553-1558) – (r. 1553-1558) –

married to married to Philip IIPhilip II of Spain of Spain – made England Catholic – made England Catholic again – persecution of again – persecution of Protestants led to nickname Protestants led to nickname “Bloody Mary”“Bloody Mary” (300 (300 executed)executed)

Elizabeth IElizabeth I Reigns 1558-1603 – Reigns 1558-1603 –

the the “Virgin Queen”“Virgin Queen” Brought C. of E. back Brought C. of E. back

toward Lutheranismtoward Lutheranism Required all to attend Required all to attend

Anglican services; but Anglican services; but tolerated Catholicism tolerated Catholicism in private – in private – “Elizabethan “Elizabethan Settlement”Settlement”

1559 – Book of 1559 – Book of Common PrayerCommon Prayer

Resistance to ElizabethResistance to Elizabeth PuritansPuritans (Calvinist Anglicans) felt (Calvinist Anglicans) felt

betrayed – wanted to move C. of E. betrayed – wanted to move C. of E. away from Catholic pastaway from Catholic past

Some Catholics plotted to assassinate Some Catholics plotted to assassinate her or urged invasion to place cousin her or urged invasion to place cousin Mary, Queen of ScotsMary, Queen of Scots on throne on throne

Mary fled to England when overthrown Mary fled to England when overthrown in Scotland; imprisoned for 19 years, in Scotland; imprisoned for 19 years, eventually convicted and executed in eventually convicted and executed in 1587 for plotting to overthrow and 1587 for plotting to overthrow and replace Elizabethreplace Elizabeth

European Religions, c. European Religions, c. 15501550