The Respiratory System呼吸系统

目的和要求 掌握鼻腔的分部及各部的形态结构。 掌握鼻旁窦的位置及开口部位。 掌握喉的位置、喉软骨的名称 掌握喉口的围成、喉腔的分部和各部的形态结构。 掌握左、右主气管的形态差别。 掌握肺的位置、形态和分叶。掌握肺根的构成及

各结构的排列关系。 掌握胸膜下界与肺下界的体表投影；胸膜顶的体

表投影。 了解纵隔的概念及分部。

The General Description

The respiratory system includes the res-piratory tract and lungs.The primary functionof this system is to supply the body with oxygen and get rid of excess carbon dioxide resultingfrom cell metabolism.

Nose Pharynx upper respiratory Larynx tract 上呼吸道 Trachea

lower respiratory tract Bronchi 下呼吸道

Section 1 The Nose 鼻I.External nose: Root of nose Back of nose Apex of nose Ala of nose

II.Nasal cavity –is divided into two halves by the nasal

septum. Little region

Two parts:

Nasal vestibule 鼻前庭 Nasal cavity proper

固有鼻腔Lateral wall

Nasal conchae 鼻甲Nasal meatus 鼻道Sphenoethmoidal recess 蝶筛隐窝

Remove the middle nasal conchae

Semilunar hiatus

半月裂孔 Ethmoidal infundibulum

筛漏斗 Ethmoidal bulb

筛泡 Nasolacrimal canal

鼻泪管

Mucous membrane of nose Olfactory region 嗅区 Respiratory region 呼吸区

Frontal sinus

Ethmoidal sinusesSphenoid sinus

Maxillary sinus

III.The paranasal sinuses and their site of drainage into the nose

咽

1、概述：上宽下窄，前后略扁的漏斗状肌性器官。上起颅底，下达第六颈椎下缘，全长 12cm,是消化道、呼吸道的共同通道。咽的前壁不完整，分别与鼻腔、口腔、喉腔相通。

2、分部：软腭下缘、会厌上缘将咽分为鼻咽、口咽、喉咽三部分。

1）鼻咽：顶的后部有咽扁桃体，婴幼儿发达， 6~7岁后萎缩， 10 岁退化。在咽的侧壁距下鼻甲约 1cm 处有一三角形的裂孔为咽鼓管咽口。其前上后隆起为咽圆枕，它与咽后壁之间为咽隐窝，是鼻咽癌的好发部位，其底为破裂孔，可向颅内扩散。

2）口咽：侧壁有腭扁桃体窝，内有腭扁桃体。 咽淋巴环：咽扁桃体、腭扁桃体、舌扁桃体在鼻

腔、口腔通咽处所形成的环状结构，具有防御功能。

3）喉咽：前方有喉口，两侧有梨状隐窝，为异物停留处。

Section 2 The Larynx

Position:It lies in the anterior part of the neck (below the hyoid bone), and extends from vertebral level of C3 to C6.

The larynx is a part of respiratory passage as well as the orgen of phonation.

I.Laryngeal cartilages(I)Thyroid cartilage 甲状软骨 Shield-shaped Laryngeal prominence(II)Arytenoid 杓状软骨 Paired, pyramid shaped

(III)Cricoid cartilage 环状软骨 Complete ring shaped like a signet ring

(IV)Epiglottic cartilage 会厌软骨 leaf-shaped elastic cartila

ge

II.Laryngeal joints

1.Thyrohyoid membrane 甲状舌骨膜2.cricothyroid joint 环甲关节3.cricoarytenoid joint 环杓关节

4.Quadrangular membrane

方形膜5.Conus elasticus 弹性圆锥

vocal ligament 声韧带 Median cricothyroid liga

ment 环甲正中韧带6.Cricotracheal ligament 环状软骨气管韧带

III.Muscles of larynx 喉肌IV .Laryngeal cavity 喉腔

(I)Aditus laryngis 喉口 bounded by upper

border epiglottis; aryepiglottic folds and interarytenoid notch

Structure features 1.Two folds :

Vestibular folds 前庭襞 Vocal folds 声襞

2.Two fissures

Rima vestibuli 前庭裂 Fissure of glottis 声门裂

Intermembranous part Intercartilagrnous part..

(II)Three parts:

Laryngeal vestibule 喉前庭 Intermedial cavity of larynx 喉中间腔 Infraglottic cavity 声门下腔

Section 3 The Trachea and Bronchi

Structure features Consists of about 14 － 17

C-shaped incomplete tracheal cartilages

Carina of trachea 气管隆嵴

I.Trachea 气管 It is the passage for air.

It extends from the lower border of the circoid cartilage at the level of sixth cervical vertebra to the level of the sternal angle.

II.BronchiRight principal bronchus 右主支气管 Shorter, wider, and more verti

cal

Left principal bronchus 左主支气管 Narrower, longer, and more ho

rizontal

Section 4 The Lungs The lungs are situated one on each side within the th

orax,and separated from each other by the heart and other contents of the mediastinum.

The External features: Cone-shaped

An Apex of lung

A Base of lung

Three surfaces

Three borders

Medial surface1.Hilum of lung 肺门 2.Root of lung 肺根

Order of structures:

From before backward: R.L. － V.A.B. From above downward:

R. － B. A. V. L. － A. B. V.

left

right

Lobes and Fissure

1.Right lung Two fissures :

horizontal and oblique Three lobes

2.Left lung One fissure : oblique Two lobes

III. The Bronchial tree 支气管树 IV .Bronchopulmonary segments 支气管肺段

Section 5 The PleuraThe pleura is thin,glistening,slippery serous membrane that lines the inner surface of thorax and the surfaces of lungs.General features: Two layers

Visceral pleura － adheres to lung

Parietal pleura － lines the thoracic

cavity

pleural cavity: Two pleural layers continuing

with each other at root

of lung formed a closed

potential space

I.Named parts of parietal pleura

Cupula of pleura

Costal pleura

Mediastinal pleura

Diaphragmatic pleura

II.Pleura recesses Costodiaphragmatic recesse 肋隔隐窝 Costomediastinal recess 肋纵隔隐窝 Phrennicomediastinal

recess 隔纵隔隐窝

Costodiaphragmatic recess

肋隔隐窝

III.The surface projection of inferior margins of lung and pleurae

Lower border

Midclavicular line

Midaxillary line

Scapular line

Sides of the vertebral column

Lungs 6th rib 8th rib 10th rib 11th

Thoracic v

Pleura 8th rib 10th rib 11th rib 12th

Thoracic v

Section 6 The mediastinum

1.Definition 2.Divisions

Summary and question:

1 ．临床上常把哪几部分称为上呼吸道 ?

2 ．鼻旁窦有哪些 ? 分别开口于何处 ?

3 ．喉的软骨有哪些 ? 喉腔可分为哪几部分 ?

4 ．为什么气管异物多坠入右侧 ?

5 ．肺根内有哪些结构出入 , 其位置关系如何 ?

6 ．壁胸膜可分为哪几部分 ? 胸膜发生炎症时 , 渗出液常易积聚于何处 ?