The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) United... · The United Nations Security Council (UNSC) ... The Security Council this year would be moderated by Ms. Kavya Bhatnagar,

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SINGHANIA MODEL UNITED NATIONS- 2016

The United Nations

Security Council (UNSC)

STUDY GUIDE

The United Nations Security Council (UNSC)

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“Many say our world is at a tipping point. If we do not act together, if we do not act

responsibly, if we do not act now, we risk slipping into a cycle of poverty,

degradation and despair.”

– Ban Ki Moon, United Nations Secretary General

Sr. No. Topic Page No.

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10.

Director’s Note

Committee Staff

Country Matrix

About the Committee

Topic Summary

The Agenda

Changes in the Security Council Since Its

Formation

Points of Discussion

Conclusion

References

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Director’s Address

Greetings Delegates!

It is an honour to be serving as the Director of the United Nations Security

Council (UNSC) committee, at SMUN 2016. If you’re reading this, it means

you’ve already gathered the will to commence your research. I hope each and

every one of you is looking forward to this grand event as much as I am. This

year, we’ve decided to go a notch ahead by inviting delegates from different

schools across Thane and Mumbai!

The agenda for this year has been decided in light of the recent events and

promises to be an interesting and a dynamic one.

The agenda- ‘Reforms in the Security Council’ is quite different than the

usual agendas of the security council. This agenda deals with the shortcomings

of this very council. The outdated working and composition of the council acts

as a hindrance to the progressive ideas. The membership and the working

methods of the security council reflect a bygone era. When I say, Reforms, it

includes all kinds and sorts of changes-the jurisdiction, membership and more

importantly the issue of veto power. I expect the delegates to discuss each and

every issue to the very detail making the committee an interesting one. This is

one agenda, where every country can participate irrespective of its powers or

importance. It shall be your prerogative to decide the direction in which you

want to take this committee. I really look forward to your creative ideas, and

make use of this great opportunity and platform and showcase your diplomacy

and other skills!

Here’s a bit of personal introduction--

To begin with- I am Jin, pronounced ‘Gin’. No, that’s not what I meant. Jokes

apart, I’ll be serving as the director of the UNSC this year. I am a Science

student, studying in the 12th Grade. I’ve always enjoyed speaking as it is not

only something that I am passionate for, but it also acts as a stress buster from

the hectic schedule which includes long hours of classes and other

commitments. I promise, I won’t be one of those strict directors who bar you

from the committee even for a slight chuckle. While the business of the house

will be quite serious and adhering to the rules, the entertainment motion

which will follow will surely break the serious environment.


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Our assistant director Ms. Hemali Gandhi has been an active participant in

MUNs. Being a humanities student she intends to take up journalism. Her

friendly nature and passion for writing and research makes her a favourable

choice for the Assistant Director.

The Security Council this year would be moderated by Ms. Kavya Bhatnagar,

also a student of the Humanities Stream. She has a flair for writing poems and

dreams to become an author someday.

Please consider that the following guide, as the name suggests, is merely to

provide you with the background of the agenda and cannot serve as the

credible source of information. Your real research lies beyond this guide and

we hope to see some strong content and debate come our way. The agenda at

hand is both vast and complex, and a successful discussion on it would entail

the collective participation of all of you. At the outset, I would like to state that

the agenda is to be analysed from a policy stand point. You do need to deliver

and take up your stand depending upon your country’s policies keeping aside

personal interests.

I hope to see a great level of effort and enthusiasm from you all, so that we all

can take back a great experience.

I welcome all my dear delegates to the Second Annual SMUN. I really look

forward to see you in committee!

Jin Barai, Director –UNSC.


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Committee Staff

Director- Jin Barai

Assistant Director-Ms. Hemali Gandhi

Moderator- Ms. Kavya Bhatnagar


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Country Matrix- Participating Delegations

Dear Delegates,

The judging (since most of you are pretty enthusiastic about winning prizes)

won’t be influenced by how powerful your country is or by its importance.

And the allocation of the countries has been done by the chair’s discretion. P.S

Please go through the subject matter provided below:

Veto power Under Article 27 of the UN Charter, Security Council decisions on all substantive matters require the affirmative votes of nine members. A negative vote or "veto" by a permanent member prevents adoption of a proposal, even if it has received the required votes. Abstention is not regarded as veto in most cases, though all five permanent members must actively concur to amend the UN Charter or to recommend the admission of a new UN member state. Procedural matters are not subject to a veto, so the veto cannot be used to avoid discussion of an issue. The same holds for certain decisions that directly regard permanent members. A majority of vetoes are used not in critical international security situations, but for purposes such as blocking a candidate for Secretary-General or the admission of a member state. Non-permanent members Along with the five permanent members, the Security Council has temporary 10 non permanent members that hold their seats on a rotating basis by geographic region.


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The list of the delegations given below would be taking part in this year’s UNSC.

PERMANENT MEMBERS:

USA-United States Of America

Russia- Russia Russian Federation

France- France French Fifth Republic

Britain- United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland

China- People’s Republic of China

NON-PERMANENT MEMBERS:

India

Japan

Germany

Brazil

Italy

Egypt

Pakistan

DPRK

Portugal

Lithuania

OBSERVERS:

Malaysia

New Zealand

Spain

South Korea

Saudi Arabia

Argentina

Turkey

Canada

Israel

Uruguay

Venezuela

South Africa

Algeria


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NOTE:

1. The only difference between the permanent members and other

members would be of the veto power.

2. The observes will not be allowed to vote on the resolution.

3. The non-permanent members are not with respect to the current

membership of the security council. These are decided by the chair for

the benefit of the committee.


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About the Committee:

History of the Security Council:-

There was a lot of hardwork in finding this information. We had to copy

paste a lot of information from UN’s Website. Jokes apart, it’s very

important for you to know entirely about the c0mmitte that you take part in.

Formation of the security council was mainly a stimulus to the prevailing

hostile conditions and to the air of fear, tension and hatred among countries.

To strengthen your knowledge about the Security Council, here you go: (and

for the tenthies, this is just another chapter in your syllabus)

On October 24, 1945, the victors of World War II — China, the U.S.S.R.,

France, the United Kingdom, and the United States — ratified the UN Charter,

creating the Security Council and establishing themselves as its five

permanent members with the unique ability to veto resolutions. Originally

there were six temporary members, rotating every two years and distributed

on an equitable geographic basis. That rule was more explicitly defined in

1965, when the number of temporary members was increased to ten (five from

Africa and Asia, one from Eastern Europe, two from Latin America and the

Caribbean, and two from Western Europe). The first temporary members were

Australia, Brazil, Egypt, Mexico, the Netherlands, and Poland.

The Charter also established the purpose of the Council, to “investigate

any dispute, or any situation which might lead to international

friction or give rise to a dispute, in order to determine whether the

continuance of the dispute or situation is likely to endanger the maintenance

of international peace and security” and to act accordingly, by:

• Investigating any situation threatening international peace;

• Recommending procedures for peaceful resolution of a dispute;

• Calling upon other member nations to completely or partially interrupt

economic relations as well as sea, air, postal, and radio communications, or to

sever diplomatic relations; and

• Enforcing its decisions militarily, if necessary.


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On January 17, 1946, the Security Council met for the first time in

London. The first UN peacekeeping mission was deployed in 1948 to the

Middle East; there have been 60 more. Over the last 60 years, the

Security Council has taken action to defuse innumerable

international crises, the most recent of which include those in

North Korea, Iran, and Lebanon

Nature and the scope of UNSC:-

Delegates! You also need to keep in the mind the extent to which the security

council can exercise its powers, that being said we need you to be well aware

of the functions and main purpose of such a council.

The Security Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to

the peace or an act of aggression. It settles disputes among its Member States

by peaceful means and recommends methods of adjustment or terms of

settlement. It is the Security Council in particular authorizes the creation of all

peacekeeping operations. In addition to maintaining peace and security, other

important objectives include developing friendly relations among countries

based on respect for the principles of equal rights and self-determination of

peoples; achieving worldwide cooperation to solve international economic,

social, cultural, and humanitarian problems; respecting and promoting human

rights; and serving as a centre where countries can coordinate their actions

and activities toward these various ends. For more than a decade, nations

have been debating Council reform in the UN General Assembly without

result. Change in the Council’s membership, the most thorny issue of all,

requires revision of the UN Charter. Proposals have come and gone, but no

membership plan has yet won the needed support for such a major

institutional change.

United Nations peacekeepers:-

After approval by the Security Council, the UN may send peacekeepers to regions where armed conflict has recently ceased or paused to enforce the terms of peace agreements and to discourage combatants from resuming hostilities. Since the UN does not maintain its own military, peacekeeping forces are voluntarily provided by Bolivian "Blue Helmet" at an exercise in Chile member states. These soldiers are sometimes nicknamed "Blue Helmets" for their distinctive gear. The peacekeeping force as a whole received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1988.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/peace

https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-rights

https://www.britannica.com/topic/human-rights


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Topic Summary:

The most exciting part of your study guide begins here. You must be having

lots of questions in your mind and the answer to all your questions begin

from now. Let’s first start on by answering the very basic questions.

Why? – The purpose behind the agenda:-

Security Council, one of the most important and major committee of the

United Nations, holds the promise of international co-operation and has the

primary responsibility for the maintenance of international peace, and of

course, security. It is said that the only constant in the universe is change.

With evolving times, change is necessary and one of the major questions that

arise now, of course, is - “Is the Security Council outdated?” “Does one of

major organs of the UN, require a change for the better?” The Security

Council's membership and working methods reflect a bygone era. Though

geopolitics have changed drastically, the Council has changed relatively little

since 1945. It is the need of the hour. The reform of the Council is a part of the

broader issue of the UN, to build a more effective and democratic global

institution. This is what we plan to deal with, at SMUN 2016, in the UNSC.

The Reforms in the Security Council, is our agenda. To make a

change, to make a difference.

Under the United Nations Charter, all members of the United Nations agree

to accept and carry out the decisions of the Security Council. The Security

Council takes the lead in determining the existence of a threat to

the peace or act of aggression. This gives the Council a very important

and powerful position in the United Nations and in the world.

Despite dramatic changes in the international system over the past forty-five

years, the composition of the UNSC has remained unaltered since

1965, and there are many who question how long its legitimacy

will last without additional members that reflect twenty-first century

realities. There is little agreement, however, as to which countries should

accede to the Security Council or even by what formula aspirants should be

judged. Reform advocates frequently call for equal representation

for various regions of the world. Moreover, the UN Charter prescribes

that regional parity should be, at most, a secondary issue; the ability to

advocate and defend international peace and security should, it says, be the

primary concern.


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To many, the reform of the Security Council is a question of its

continuing legitimacy.

How can the agenda make a difference?

Expansion of the membership could help enhance its authority. A review of

the working methods could make it more transparent, and agreeing to limit

the use of the veto power. To others, reforming the Security Council is mainly

about increasing their own power; a seat at the table could potentially

translate into greatly increased influence over much of the United Nations

system. Currently, only permanent members have veto power and

they are unlikely to give up this right. Lack of transparency in the

Council's working methods place emphasis on how the Council

goes about making decisions and the lack of information that they

are required to provide to other parts of the UN.

“Chief responsibility for the maintenance of peace and security lies with the

Security Council. It is therefore essential to its legitimacy that its membership

reflect the state of the world.”

– French President Chirac’s address to the United Nations General

Assembly

https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-as-an-institution/the-power-of-the-veto-0-40.html


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The Agenda

The council, is far from representative of the international community.

Decisions really come down to five countries meeting behind

closed doors. This same group of permanent, veto-bearing

members has shaped nearly every major international peace and

security decision since World War II. Currently, four out of five veto-

bearing members are industrialized countries and the fifth, China, is rapidly

approaching industrialized status. Many in the rest of the world seethe at their

exclusion from this elite group. Africa, Latin America, and the Islamic world,

for example, have no permanent voice on the council. Without a voice, it is

understandable why many countries are unwilling to send troops

or aid whenever the Security Council demands it. This imbalance,

highlighted by the recent issues, has made Security Council reform a hot topic

of debate.

Reform History:

Any change in the membership of the Security Council requires a two-thirds

vote from the General Assembly, which includes all the permanent members.

The only change so far to the Security Council was in 1965. At that time, non-

permanent membership was enlarged from six to its present ten.

It is generally agreed that something still needs to change. Even though

everyone seems to agree on the fundamental idea of reform, efforts have been

stymied for over a decade. Most reform proposals relate to the work,

size, and composition of the Security Council. Concerning size and

composition, the General Assembly at the prompting of General Secretary Kofi

Annan adopted resolution 48/26 in 1993. This established the Open-ended

Working Group to consider all the issue of Security Council membership

reform.. For a decade now, diplomats and committees have been working on

Security Council reform. Most of the discussion has revolved around

technicalities such as how much should it be expanded, should they be

permanent members, and whether they should have vetoes or whether vetoes

should be abolished altogether.

In 1997, there was a strong push to get Germany and Japan permanent

Security Council seats. The initiative faced many hurdles that eventually

derailed the effort. Many delegations opposed any more permanent members

since they would create more arbitrary distinctions between member states.


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Other delegations felt it was unfair to only add Germany and Japan since it

would elevate yet another European state and make the council even more

unrepresentative of the world’s people. Italy intensely opposed the Germany-

Japan initiative and pushed for its own Italian Proposal. This proposal

rejected further permanent members in favor of a special class of intermediate

states that would be elected periodically by the General Assembly and would

rotate in and out of Security Council seats.

Security Council Reform Idea: Expansion of Security Council

Many argue for expansion, if only to reflect the steady rise in membership in

the United Nations. The General Assembly has grown from 51 to 191! The

number of permanent members, however, has remained the same. Most

reform proposals suggest expanding the council from five to ten permanent

members, and elected members from ten to fourteen. Beyond that there is

little agreement. What should the new geographic composition be? Which new

members should be awarded permanent seats? Should states be elected by

regional groupings?

“If you add another five permanent members, all of them casting vetoes, forget

about anything being accomplished,” says James Paul, executive director of

the Global Policy Forum. “It’s not just casting a veto, but the threat of casting a

veto that keeps the whole issue off the agenda. A lot of council members

wanted to act regarding Chechnya, but the Russians wouldn’t even allow any

discussion, much less action.”

The countries that will most likely receive a permanent seat on the Security

Council if it ever happens would be Germany, Japan, India, and Brazil.


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Security Council Reform Idea: Giving or taking away the

Veto

How did the permanent five secure these privileges in the first place? After

World War II, the victors took another crack at forming an international body

to bring stability to the globe. Hoping to do better than the ill-fated League of

Nations, the victors anointed themselves responsible for providing the money

and muscle to “maintain international peace and security.” Others saw them

as simply protecting their own interests, but decided that this was a small

price to pay if it meant peaceful coexistence. The Cold War unfolded soon after

and polarized the globe and effectively froze the Security Council. After the fall

of the Berlin Wall, this inactivity changed. There was an outbreak of ethnic,

tribal, and religious conflict across the globe which spurred Security Council

activism in both peacekeeping missions and punitive sanctions. At that point,

the rest of the world, confronted with an active and powerful Security Council

began to question the wisdom of the veto.

Use of the veto after the Cold War has dropped off dramatically but the

statistics belie the true power of the right to veto. The mere threat of the veto

has prevented many actions or talks to ever get under way. For example, the

Security Council never acted in Chechnya since it was assured that Russia

would veto any measure. Following is a graph that shows how many times

each of the Permanent Five countries have used this power. Also included is a

chart showing the subjects of recent veto issues.


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Veto Use in the UN Security Council Graph prepared by Benjamin Holt, September, 1999 Updated by Giji Gya

While in recent years the permanent members have shown restraint in using

the veto, this guarantees nothing of the future. Moreover, the simple threat to

use the veto has been shown to strongly effect the final outcome of Security

Council debates.

Security Council Reform Idea: More Transparency

The Security Council is an exclusive club and acts the part. Oftentimes their

discussions are back-door closed talks. This problem is already being

addressed by measures that would enhance the communication between the

Council and the General Assembly. There is really no argument against

maintaining, improving, and formalizing these measures. Some of these

measures include: regular meetings between the Security Council and the

General Assembly, briefings on the work of the Security Council, more open

meetings of the Council, and transparency of the work of sanctions

committees. These efforts will go a long way to bringing the Security Council

and the General Assembly closer together.


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Perspective of the Players

I have already given an overview of the United Nations and Security Council. I

have also discussed why reform is needed and what some possible reforms are.

Now, It is upto you Delegates, to research on your country’s stand and

understand its position on the given agenda. This will form the base of your

research!


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Changes in the Security Council since its Formation:

Reform of the Security Council has been on the agenda of the General

Assembly (GA) for more than 20 years. This reform has five key elements,

some of which cannot be resolved step-by-step because they are interlinked:

expansion of the Council, extending and/or restraining veto power, regional

representation, size and working methods, as well as the relationship between

the Council and the GA. (See GA Decision 62/557). Options for expansion

include additional permanent seats, additional non-permanent seats, and a

new category of longer-term seats. Currently, the Council has five permanent

members and 10 non-permanent members that are elected for a two-year

term.

The council has 15 members. Five—China (until 1971 the Republic of China

[Taiwan]; since then the People's Republic of China), France, Great Britain,

the United States, and Russia (until 1991 the USSR)—are permanent. The 10

(originally six) non- permanent members are elected for two-year terms by the

General Assembly; equitable geographic distribution is required. Customarily

there are five non-permanent members from African and Asian states, one

from Eastern Europe, two from Latin America, and two from Western Europe

and elsewhere. In the council the presidency is occupied for one-month terms

in the alphabetical order of the members' names in English.

In 1997 a UN commission proposed changes to the council, including adding

five new permanent members without veto powers, adding four additional

non-permanent members, and placing restrictions on the use of the veto. The

proposed changes were regarded by many nations as a groundwork for

negotiations on the eventual restructuring of the council. Brazil, Germany,

India, Japan, and South Africa have sought permanent seats on the council,

and in July, 2005, the first four nations submitted a General Assembly

resolution calling for the expansion of the council (but not for veto-power for

new permanent members). The African Union, however, has called for new

permanent members to have the veto and for Africa to receive two permanent

seats. There has been no significant progress on the issue, but in Sept., 2008,

the General Assembly unanimously called for intergovernmental negotiations


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on the enlargement of the council, which began in Feb., 2009.

There are two systems of voting in the Security Council. On procedural

matters the affirmative vote of any nine members is necessary, but on

substantive matters the nine affirmative votes required must include those of

the five permanent members. This requirement of Big Five unanimity

embodies the so-called veto. In practice the council has, on most substantive

matters, not treated an abstention by a permanent member as a veto. In two

situations, however, those of recommending applicants for UN membership

and of approving proposed amendments to the charter, the actual concurrence

of all permanent members has been required. The veto has prevented much

substantive action by the UN, but it embodies the reality that resolution of

major crises requires agreement of the major powers.

Under the charter the council may take measures on any danger to world

peace. It may act upon complaint of a member or of a non-member, on

notification by the secretary-general or by the General Assembly, or of its own

volition. In general the council considers matters of two sorts. The first is

"disputes" (or situations that may give rise to them) that might endanger

peace. Here the council is limited to making recommendations to the parties

after it has exhausted other methods of reaching a solution. In the case of

more serious matters, such as "threats to the peace," "breaches of the peace,"

and "acts of aggression," the council may take enforcement measures. These

may range from full or partial rupture of economic or diplomatic relations to

military operations of any scope deemed necessary. By the terms of the

charter, the UN was forbidden to intervene in matters "which are

essentially … domestic," but this limitation was not intended to hinder Security

Council measures to prevent threats to peace. The charter was intentionally

ambiguous regarding domestic issues that could also be construed as threats

to peace and left a potential opening for intervention in domestic issues that

threaten to have dangerous international repercussions.


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Background on Security Council Reform

Since the UN General Assembly began debating Security Council reform in 1993, several models have been put forward as viable options and several countries have put themselves forward as candidates for permanent membership. This page provides background information on Security Council Reform.

The Security Council is not representative of the geopolitical realities of the modern world. Both Africa and Latin America lack a permanent seat on the Council, while Europe is overrepresented and Asia is underrepresented. These problems are not easily addressed because the Permanent Five members (P5) of the Council do not want to see their power diminished. As a result, little progress has been made since 1993 in spite of the number of proposals that have been suggested. The central issues in Council reform are membership, transparency and working methods, and the veto.

The P5 generally opposes any expansion of membership of the Council that would diminish their power though they occasionally support some countries bids. As negotiations are currently stalled over membership expansion, P5 countries have supported bids for membership by some countries. Most recently, the US gave its support to India. France has backed Africa for a permanent seat.

The "G4" countries have put themselves forward as the most serious candidates for permanent membership in the Council. Brazil, Germany, India and Japan have positioned themselves as leaders within the UN, but have failed to garner enough support - or quell the opposition - to ascend as permanent members.

Other blocs of states have put forward reform proposals. During the 1990's, the Coffee Club opposed adding countries as permanent members, and instead proposed that members be elected on a regional basis to create more parity in representation. This effort was re-energized in the mid-2000's by Italy under the name Uniting for Consensus, and it has been actively working towards regionally based reform.

Another group, self-identified as the Small Five (S-5), has put forward a series of proposals for Council reform as well. The S-5 (Costa Rica, Jordan, Lichtenstein, Singapore and Switzerland) advocates for more transparency and coordination between the Security Council and the General Assembly and Economic and Social committees. The proposal also included some guidelines on the use of the veto.

As a separate bloc, the African Union has put forward a suggestion to expand the Council, giving Africa and Latin America permanent seats and increasing

https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-reform/current-information-and-documents.html

https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-reform/membership-including-expansion-and-representation.html

https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-reform/transparency-including-working-methods-and-decisionmaking-process.html




https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-reform/regional-representation.html




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representation for all regional areas. The expansion of the council would also include giving the power of the veto to new permanent members.

In December 2004, Secretary-General Kofi Annan proposed changes to the Security Council as part of the High Level Panel's Report on Threats, Challenges and Change. In March 2005, Annan reiterated the two suggested plans, known as Model A and Model B. Despite his attempts to push forward reform, neither plan was accepted by all of the factions in play.

While the issue of membership seems to hold observers' attention in the media, the issues of transparency and working methods and veto power are just as important. Currently, only permanent members have veto power and they are unlikely to give up this right. Lack of transparency in the Council's working methods place emphasis on how the Council goes about making decisions and the lack of information that they are required to provide to other parts of the UN. Furthermore, the subsidiary bodies of the Council do not include UN members unless they are members of the Council at the time. As a result, many countries that have not served, or are not currently serving, on the Council are being left out of the decision-making process.


https://www.globalpolicy.org/security-council/security-council-reform/41193.html?itemid=1321





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Points of Discussion

Your first priority after getting your country would be to submit your

position paper at the email id given below. For more information on the

position paper please refer to the procedural guide.

Second item and the most important one is to start with your research.

Here are some pointers, or rather guidelines for the delegates:

Answer all the basic questions pertaining to the agenda-What’s in for

your country? How will it benefit your country? Which stand should

your country(complying with the policies, obviously) take?

Do not stick to one particular issue as the committee deals with all sorts

of reforms

Make sure you are prepared for any sorts of crisis or emergency

situation the chair might throw in (not giving out any hints)

QUESTIONS A RESOLUTION MUST ANSWER

Should any significant changes take place?

If yes, what should be the changes?

Every change should be discussed to the finest detail

Since the scope of the topic is vast, the further questions mainly

depend on the direction to which the committee proceeds.


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Conclusion

Delegates!

It is really important that you are thorough with this study guide. This guide

can’t be cited as a source during the committee discussion but would be of

great help to you during your research. Your research should, obviously be

pertaining to your country and country’s policies and should not be limited to

this guide. This guide is simply an overview of the agenda. Everyone needs to

do their homework on the agenda.

We’ve made sure that we do not include major points and important research

articles in this study guide, so as to ensure that you get research done and

most of the articles and documents are available to you for discussion during

the committee. Do research the updated information on various news agencies but

be careful of quoting the credible sources only while presenting arguments/points.

Happy Researching!

If you feel the need to contact us, or reach out to us or you need any sort of

help, feel free to email us at

[email protected]

We look forward to this grand event!


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References:

Documents from the following sources will be considered as credible proof for any allegations made in committee or statements that require verification.

Reuters: Appropriate Documents and articles from the Reuters News agency will be used to corroborate or refute controversial statements made in committee.

UN Document: Documents by all UN agencies will be considered as sufficient proof.

Reports from all UN bodies including treaty based bodies will also be accepted.

Government Reports: Government Reports of a given country used to corroborate an allegation on the same aforementioned country will be accepted as proof.

We expect you to keep your content and research strong enough to

structure your argument related to a policy.