This file last updated: 05 Dec 02 · Web viewNan Yue 南越 Joseon / Chosŏn [Chaoxian 朝鮮 ] Lelang 樂浪 Military organization "rotational conscription" [gēng yì 更役 ] (Han)

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and termsI. INTRODUCTION

1. "looking at flowers from horseback" [zoǔ mǎ kàn huā 走馬看花]; “dragonfly

touching the water” [qīngtíng diǎn shǔi 蜻蜓點水]2. loess soil [huángtǔ 黃土]

3. the “Three Teachings” (sān jiào 三教 ):

a. Confucianism (Rúxué 儒學 )

b. Daoism [Taoism] (Dàoxué 道學)

c. Buddhism (Fójiào 佛教 )

II. EARLY MYTHS

1. Pan Gu 盤古2. “Nü Wa repairs heaven” [Nǚ Wā bǔ tiān 女媧補天]

3. "Three August Ones" and "Five Rulers" [Sān Huáng Wǔ Dì 三皇五帝]

a. Fúxī 伏羲

b. Shén Nóng 神農 c. Huáng Dì 黃帝

d. Yáo 堯 e. Shùn 舜

f. Yǔ 禹III. SHANG 商 or YIN 殷 PERIOD

1. oracle-bone" writing [jiǎgǔwén 甲骨文 ]a. pryo-scapulimancy

2. Ānyáng 安陽

3. Sānxīngduī 三星堆4. "packed-earth" [hangtu 夯土 ]

5. city / wall [chéng 城 ]

6. cowry shells [bei 貝]

7. king / wáng [王 ]8. nei [內 ] = inside, inner; wai [外 ] = outside, outer

Revised: 01 Dec 201416 May 23 (23:53) - /tt/file_convert/5e474d2c474ef848e22d08fc/document.doc

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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms9. "state" / guó [國 ]

10. dì 帝

11. Fu Hao 婦好12.Zhoù Xīn 紂辛

IV. ZHOU 周 PERIOD1. periodization (all dates BCE):

a. Western Zhou [ Xi Zhou 西周 ] (1046-771)

b. Eastern Zhou [ Dong Zhou 東周 ] (771-256)

c. Spring(s) and Autumn(s) [Chūn Qiū 春秋 ] period (722-481)

d. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221) 2. Duke of Zhou [Zhoū Gōng 周公 ]

3. "well-field" [jǐngtián 井田 ] system

4. "feudal" [fēngjiàn 封建 ] system

5. lineage system [zōngfǎ 宗法 ]6. four classes:

a. Amen of service@ (warrior / scholar) [shì 士 ] b. peasant [nóng 農]

c. artisan [gōng 工 ]d. merchant [shāng 商 ] e. (“good iron doesn’t get beaten into nails; good men don’t serve as soldiers” [hǎo

tiě bù dǎ dìng; hǎo nán bù dāng bīng 好鐡不打釘，好男不當兵])

7. shaman [wū 巫 ]8. "Heaven" [Tiān 天 ]

a. "Mandate of Heaven" [Tiānmìng 天命 ]

V. Warring States [Zhàn Guó 戰國 ] (480/403-221)

1. hegemon [bà 霸]

a. Duke Huan of Qi [Qí Huán Gōng 齊桓公 ] 2. various states:


2

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and termsa. Sòng 宋

b. Lǔ 魯 c. Qí 齊

d. Chǔ 楚 e. Chén 陳

f. Jìn 晉 g. Qín 秦

h. Yān 燕

i. Hàn 漢j. Hán 韓 k. Wú 吳

l. Yuè 越m.Zōu 鄒

3. “sleeping on brushwood and tasting bile” [wòxīn chángdǎn 臥薪嘗膽 ]

a. Gōujiàn 勾踐 of Yuè / Zhèjiāng (reg.496-465 BCE)

b. Fūchāi 夫差 of Wú / Shànghǎi (reg.495-473 BCE)

c. “ten years of training/instruction, ten years of building/gathering [resources/soldiers]”

[shínián jiàoxùn, shínián shēngjù 十年教訓，十年生聚 ]

4. “Four Great Beauties” [sì dà měi nǚ 四大美女 ]a. Xī Shī 西施 (consort of Goujian)(c. 506- ? BCE)

1) “sinking fish, falling geese; hiding moon, bashful flowers” [chényú luòyàn, bìyuè

xiūhuā 沉魚落雁, 閉月羞花]

b. Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君 (1st cent. BCE)

c. Diāochán 貂蟬(Three Kingdoms period)

d. Yáng Guìfēi (consort of Tang Xuanzong) 楊貴妃 (719-756)

VI. LEGALISM

1. fǎ 法 = laws, rules; methods

2. Guǎnzi 管子 , a.k.a. Guǎn Zhòng 管仲 (d. 645 BCE)

3. Shāng Yāng 商鞅 (fl. 361-338 BCE)


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms4. punishments [xíng 形，刑 ]

5. Shen Buhai 申不害(fl. 351-337 BCE)

6. "techniques" (of government) [shu 術 ]

7. Han Feizi 韓非子(d. 223 BCE)

8. "rich country, strong military" [fùguó qiángbīng 富國強兵 ]


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms

VII. DAOISM

1. Daò 道2. “complementary duality”

a. yīn 陰

b. yáng 陽 3. "myriad objects" [wàn wù 萬物 ]4. wúwéi [無為 ] = "non-purposive action"

5. "artificial," "false" [wěi 偽 ]

6. "culture/patterns" [wén 文 ] vs. "simplicity/essence" [zhí 質 ]7. "immortal" [xiān 仙 ]

8. the Eight Trigrams [bā guà 八卦 ]

9. Lǎozi 老子

10. Classic of the Dao [Dào Dé Jīng道德經 ]Dào kě dào fēi cháng Dào 道可道非常道

Míng kě míng fēi cháng Míng 名可名非常名 11. Zhuāngzi 莊子 (c. 365-290 BCE)

a. “transformation of things” [wùhuà 物化]

VIII. CONFUCIANISM

1. Confucius [Kǒng Fūzi 孔夫子 ] (c. 551-479 BCE)

a. Rú 儒 = expert on ritual & government

2. jūnzi 君子 = "gentleman"; “exemplary person”

a. dé 德 = "virtue" / ”fortitude” / “excelling”

3. "inferior man" [xiǎorén 小人 ]a. profit, benefit [lì 利 ]

4. "sense of shame" [chǐ 恥]

5. self-cultivation [xiūshēn 修身 / xiūjǐ 修己]

6. "rectification of names" [zhèngmíng 正名]

7. "five constant virtues" [wǔ cháng 五常]


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and termsa. rén 仁 = "benevolence" / “authoritative conduct”

b. yì 義 = "righteousness"; “appropriate / fitting”

c. lǐ 禮 = [observing] "propriety", “ritual”, “rites”

d. zhì 智 = "wisdom"; “realizing”

e. xìn 信 = "trustworthiness”; “making good on one’s word”

8. xiào 孝 = "filial submission/piety/responsibility"

9. loyalty [zhòng 忠 ]; “doing one’s utmost”

10. reciprocity [shù 恕 ]; “putting oneself in the other’s place”

11. shàn 善 = “being good at…”

12. phrases from Confucius= writings:

a. I state but don’t make (up new truths...) [shù ér bù zuò 述而不作]

b. a gentleman is not a tool [jūnzi bù qì 君子不器]

c. in teaching, there should be no distinction of classes [yǒu jiào wú lèi 有教無類 ]

d. when I walk along with two others, they may serve me as my teachers [sān rén xíng,

bì yǒu wǒ shī yān 三人行，必有我師焉]

e. respect the spirits but keep them at a distance [jìng gǔishén ér yuǎn zhī 敬鬼神而遠之]

f. my doctrine is that of an all-pervading unity [wǔ Dào yī yǐ guàn zhī 吾道一以貫之]

13. Confucian "classics" / canonical writings1:

a. “Four Books” [Sì Shū 四書 ]:1) Analects [Lùn Yǔ 論語 ]2) Doctrine of the Mean [Zhōng Yōng 中庸 ]3) Great Learning [Dà Xué 大學 ]4) Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子 ]

b. “Five Classics” [Wǔ Jīng 五經 ]:1) Classic of Songs (or Book of Poetry) [Shī Jīng 詩經 ]

2) Classic of Changes [Yì Jīng 易經 ]

1For this translation, see Ricci, Matteo, S.J. The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (Tianzhu Shiyi) [天主實義] Trans., with Intro. and notes by Douglas Lancashire and Peter Hu Kuo-chen, S.J. (St. Louis: Institute of Jesuit Sources, 1986) [BX 3746 .C5 R479 1985], p. 33.


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms3) Record of Ritual [Lǐ Jì 禮記]

4) Classic of Documents [Shū Jīng 書經 ]5) Spring and Autumn Annals [Chūn Qiū 春秋]

14. Mencius [Mèngzi 孟子], c. 370-290 BCE

a. “All men have a mind which cannot bear [to see the sufferings of] others [rén jiē yǒu

bù rěn rén zhī xīn 人皆有不忍人之心] (Mencius, II.A.vi.1) b. "kingly way" [wáng daò 王道]

c. "humane government" [rén zhèng 仁政 ]

d. mínshēng [民生 ] = "popular welfare," "livelihood"

e. "five relationships" [wǔ lún 五倫]

f. "three bonds" [sān gāng 三綱]

15. Xúnzi 荀子 (c. 298-238 BCE)

16.Mòzi 墨子 (479-438 BCE)

a. "universal love" [bóaì 博愛 / jiān’aì兼愛 ]

IX. QIN 秦 DYNASTY (221-206 BCE)

1. King Zheng [Zhèng Wáng 政王] reg. 246-210 BCE who becomes:

a. Qín Shǐhuángdì [秦始皇帝] = First Emperor of Qin (221-210 BCE)

2. Li Si 李斯 (d. 208 BCE)

3. commanderies and districts [jùnxiàn 郡縣]

4. Great Wall [Cháng Chéng 長城]

5. "burning of books & burying of scholars" [fénshū kēngrú 焚書坑儒]

6. Second Emperor (of Qin) [èrshì huángdì 二世皇帝 ]

7. Chén Shèng [陳勝 ] and Wú Guǎng [吳廣 ]a. "王侯將相寧有種乎" (wáng hóu jiāng xiāng níng yǒu zhǒng hu)

X. HAN 漢 (206 BCE – 220 CE)and the Consolidation of Imperial Government

1. Xiàng Yǔ 項羽

2. Liú Bāng 劉邦, who becomes:

a. Hàn Gāozǔ 漢高祖 reg. 206-195 BCE


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COMMENT, 01/03/-1,

add Wu Guang

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms3. Cháng’ān 長安

4. “Confucian in appearance; Legalist inside” [rú biǎo fǎ lǐ 儒表法裡 ]5. Lù Jiǎ [Gǔ] 陸賈6. "men of talent" [réncái 人才 ]

7. Empress (Dowager) Lü [Lǚ Hoù 呂后 ]

8. Sīmǎ Qiān 司馬遷 c. 145-86 BCE

a. Records of the Historian [Shǐ Jì 史記 ]

1) lièzhuàn = 列傳“assembled biographies”

XI. HAN and the FRONTIER

1. Xiōngnú 匈奴

a. shànyú shanyu 單于b. Modu / Máodùn 冒頓 (c.234-174 BCE)

2. policy of "peace and marriage" [héqīn 和親 ]3. "use barbarians to control barbarians"[yi yi zhi yi 以夷制夷 ]

4. Hàn Wǔdì 漢武帝 reg. 140-87 BCE

5. Yuezhi 月氏6. Zhang Qian 張騫 fl. late 2nd cent. BCE

7. Western Regions [Xi Yu 西域 ]

8. Wusun 烏孫 9. Da Yuan 大宛 = Sogdania / Ferghana

10. Da Xia 大夏 = Bactria

11. Li Guangli 李廣利12. Dunhuang 敦煌 13.Yumen 玉門14. Wáng Zhāojūn 王昭君 (1st cent. BCE)

15. Discourses on Salt and Iron [Yán Tiě Lùn 鹽鐵論] 81 BCE

16. Nan Yue 南越17. Joseon / Chosŏn [Chaoxian 朝鮮 ]


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms18. Lelang 樂浪

XII. Military organization

1. "rotational conscription" [gēng yì 更役 ] (Han)

2. professional border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ] (N. Wei)

3. military governors, or regional commanders [jiédùshǐ 節度使 ] (Tang)

4. "personal army" [yájūn 牙軍 ] (Five Dynasties)

5. "Forbidden Army" [jìnjūn 禁軍 ] (Five Dynasties; Song)

6. Zhào Kuāngyìn 趙匡胤 , who becomes:

a. Sòng Tàizǔ 宋太祖 reg. 960-976

7. Chen Bridge Mutiny [Chén Qiáo bīngbiàn 陳橋兵變 ] on 2 February 960

a. "putting on the yellow robe" [huáng páo jiā shēn 黃袍加身]8. "disarmament over a wine-cup" [bēi jiǔ shì bīngquán 杯酒釋兵權 ]9. "strong trunk, weak branches" [qiáng gān ruò zhī 強幹弱枝] (Song)

10. "favoring civil over military" [zhòng wén qīng wǔ 重文輕武 ]11. "soldiers have no constant commander; commanders have no constant

soldiers" [bīng wú cháng jiāng, jiāng wú cháng bīng 兵無常將，將無常兵 ]

12. garrison army [xiāngyǒng 鄉勇]

XIII. Government organization

1. Inner Court [nèi tíng 內庭 ] vs. Outer Court [wài tíng 外庭 ]

2. Central government offices [Sān Shěng 三省 ] (Tang)

a. Imperial Secretariat [Zhōngshūshěng 中書省 ]b. Imperial Chancellary [Ménxiàshěng 門下省 ]

c. Department of State Affairs [Shàngshūshěng 尚書省 ] 3. local government (Tang):

a. circuit [dào 道 ]b. prefecture [zhōu 州 ]

c. district/county [xiàn 縣 ] 4. local government (Song):

a. prefectures (four types):


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms1) ordinary [zhōu 州 ]

2) superior [fǔ 府 ]3) military [jūn 軍 ]

4) industrial [jiàn 監 ]b. circuits [dào 道 ; become lù 路 after 997]

c. circuit intendants [jiànsī 監司 ] 5. Bureau of Military Affairs (Privy Council) [Shūmìyuàn 樞密院 ]

6. Finance Commission [Sānsī 三司 ]7. Censorate [Yùshǐtái 御史臺 ]

8. "remonstrating officials" [jiàn guān 諫官 ]

XIV. Land and Taxes (N. Wei through mid-Tang)

1. "equal-field" [juntian 均田 ] system

a. mu, mou [mu 畝 ]b. arable land [lutian 露田 ]

c. "mulberry" land [sangtian 桑田 ]; permanently-held land [yongyetian 永業田 ]2. “estates” [zhuangyuan 莊園 ]

3. dīng 丁 = adult male, for taxation purposes [mù bu shì dīng 目不識丁]

4. taxes [shui 稅 ]:a. main:

1) in grain [zu 租 ]

2) in cloth [diao 調 ]3) in corvée labor [yong 庸 ]

b. examples of other taxes

1) household tax [hushui 戶稅 ]

2) land tax [dishui 地稅 ]c. "double tax" system [liangshuifa 兩稅法 ] (780)

5. Six Ministries [Liù Bù 六部 ] a. Personnel [Lì Bù 吏部 ]

b. Revenue (households) [Hù Bù 戶部 ]


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and termsc. Rites [Lǐ Bù 禮部 ]

d. Military [Bīng Bù 兵部 ]e. Justice (punishment) [Xíng Bù 刑部 ]

f. Public Works [Gōng Bù 工部 ]

XV.Civil Service (Song) 1. desirable qualities in recruiting officials (Han period) [for reference only]:

a. "virtuous and good" [xianliang 賢良 ]b. "square and upright" [fangzheng 方正 ]

c. "obedient to elders and incorrupt" [xiaolian 孝廉 ]d. "flowering talent" [xiucai 秀才 ]

2. types of office:

a. "titular office" [ben guan 本官]

b. "commission" [chaiqian 差遣 ] or Aassignment@ [zhi 職 ]3. government officers:

a. "generalists" [guān 官 ]b. "specialists" [lì 吏 ]

4. “basic government institutions” [tǐzhì [體制]

5. appointing to office (“filling a gap”) [ bǔqué 補缺 ]6. yìnbǔ 蔭補 = to designate a dependent for office through "protection" or “shadow

privilege”

7. examinations [kèjǔ 科舉 ]

8. "men of talent" [réncái 人才 ]9. jìnshì 進士 = "presented scholar" ("doctorate")

10. "hiding of names" [mifeng 彌封 ]11. "copying" (of exam essays) [tenglu 謄錄 ]

12. palace examination [dianshi 殿試 ]

13. to memorize or repeat a book by rote [背書 bèishū]

14. "Eight-legged Essays" [baguwen 八股文 ]15. “regularly-submitted names” [zhengzouming 正奏名 ]


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms16. "guaranteed sponsorship" [bǎorèn 保任 / jǔjiàn 舉薦 ]

XVI. Xin 新 (“New”) PERIOD (9 - 23 CE)1. latter emperors of the Early Han [for reference only]

a. Yuandi 元帝 , reg. 49-33 BCE

b. Chengdi 成帝 , reg. 33-7 BCE

c. Aidi 哀帝 , reg. 7-1 BCE

1) “passion of the cut sleeve” [duanxiu zhi pi 斷袖之癖 ]d. Pingdi 平帝 , reg. 1 BCE - 5 CE

2. Wáng Mǎng 王莽reg. 45 BCE – 23 CE

3. Liu Xin 劉歆

4. "Red Eyebrows" [chi mei 赤眉 ]


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XVII. LATTER HAN [Hou Han 後漢 ] or EASTERN HAN [Dong Han 東漢 ] DYNASTY (23-220)

1. “restoration” [zhōngxīng 中興]

2. Liú Xiù 劉秀 , > Han Guangwudi 漢光武帝3. various emperors of the Latter Han [for reference only]

a. Hédì 和帝 reg. 89-106

b. Shùndì 順帝 reg. 126-144

c. Huándì 桓帝 reg. 146-167

d. Língdì 靈帝 reg. 168-189

e. Shàodì 少帝 reg. 15 May – 28 Sep 189

f. Xiandi 獻帝 reg. 189-220

4. eunuchs [huàn guān 宦官 ] and the Hóngdū 鴻都 School 5. Hé Jìn 何進 (d. 189) and Dǒng Zhuò 董卓 (d. 192)

6. "Yellow Turbans" [huáng jīn 黃巾 ] and Zhāng Jué 張角 (d. 184)

XVIII. Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó 三國 ]: 1. founders and states

a. Cáo Cāo (155-220) 曹操 in Wèi [魏]

b. Liú Bèi 劉備 (161-223)and Zhūgě Liàng 諸葛亮 (181-234) in Shǔ Hàn [蜀漢 ]c. Sūn Quán 孫權 (182-252) in Wú [吳 ]

2. sources

a. Record(s) of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Zhì 三國志] by Chén Shòu 陳壽(233-297)

b. Romance of the Three Kingdoms [Sān Guó Yányì 三國演義 ] by Luó Guànzhōng

羅貫中(c.1330-1400)

3. phrases

a. 話說天下大勢，分久必合，合久必分 (Huà shuō, tiānxià dàshì, fēn jiǔ bì hé, hé jiǔ bì fēn / It’s

generally said that when All under Heaven has been long divided, it must unite; if united, it must divide.)

b. 謀事在人，成事在天(móu shì zài rén，chéng shì zài tiān / man proposes, heaven disposes)

c. 說到曹操，曹操就到 (Shuō dào Cáo Cāo, Cáo Cāo jiù dào / speak of the devil…)


13


XIX. Six Dynasties [Liù Cháo 六朝 ] (220-589) / "Northern and Southern Courts" [Nán

Běi Cháo 南北朝 ], 420-589

1. Wú [吳 ] 222-265/280, with its capital at Jiànyè 建業 (= modern Nanjing)2. Jìn2

a. Western Jin [Xī Jìn 西晉 ], at Luoyang, 265-316

b. Eastern Jin [Dōng Jìn 東晉 ], at Jiànkāng 建康 (Nanjing), 317-420

3. in the south, four successor states (420-589) to Wú and Jìn, to complete the rest of the "Six Dynasties": (reference only)

a. Liú Sòng 劉宋 (420-476)

b. Southern Qi [Nán Qí 南齊 ] (479-=502)

c. Liáng 梁 (502-557)

1) Liáng Wǔdì 梁武帝 d. Chén 陳 (557-589)

4. in the north:

a. "Sixteen Kingdoms" [Shíliù Guó 十六國 ], 304-439

1) "internal disorder, external disaster" [nèi luàn wài huàn 內亂外患 ]2) "five barbarian tribes throw China into disorder" [wǔ hú luàn Huá 五胡亂華] 3) “sinification’ / “sinicization” [Hàn huà 漢化]

b. Northern Wei [Běi Wèi 北魏 ], 386-535

1) Toba clan [Tòbá shì 拓跋氏 ] of the Xiānbēi 鮮卑 ] (Tabgach / proto-Mongol)a) rulers:

(1) Míngyuándì 明元帝 (reg. 409-423)

(2) Tàiwǔdì 太武帝 (reg. 424-452)

(3) Xiàowéndì 孝文帝 (reg. 471-499)

2) institutions:

a) professional border guards [fǔbīng 府兵 ]

b) collective guarantee [bǎojiǎ 保甲] system

2 ?often spelled “Tsin” in older texts


14

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and termsc) "equal-field" [jūntián 均田 ] system3

c. minor successor states (535-589) to the N. Wei:

1) Western Wei [Xī Wèi 西魏] (535-557)

2) Eastern Wei [Dōng Wèi 東魏 ] (534-550)

3) Northern Qi [Běi Qí 北齊 ] (550-577)

4) Northern Zhou [Běi Zhōu 北周 ] (577-581)

d. wénruò 文弱 = weakness of the literati; “the effeteness of erudition”

XX.SUI [隋 ] DYNASTY

1. Yáng Jiān 楊堅 ], who becomes Suí Wéndì 隋文帝 (541-604; reg. 589-604)

2. Yáng Guǎng 楊廣 who becomes Suí Yángdì 隋煬帝 (569-618; reg. 605-617)

3. "ever-normal granaries" [chángpíngcāng 常平倉 ] and "relief granaries" [yìcāng 義倉 or shècāng 社倉 ]

4. Grand Canal [Yùnhé 運河]

5. Turks [Tújué 突厥 ]

6. Tuyuhun 吐谷渾 (in Tibet) and Goguryeo / Koguryŏ [Gaojuli 高句麗 ] (in Korea)

XXI. TANG 唐 DYNASTY

1. Li Yuan 李淵 (565-635), who becomes:

a. Tang Gaozu 唐高祖 reg. 618-627

b. “retired emperor” = tàishànghuáng 大上皇

2. Li Shimin 李世民 , who becomes:

a. Tang Taizong 唐太宗 reg. 627-649

3. Gaozong 高宗 reg. 649-683

4. Wu Zhao 武曌 (624-705), who becomes:

a. Empress Wu [Wu Hou 武后 ] 655-683;

b. Empress Dowager (Huang Taihou (皇太后) 684–690

c. Sacred and Divine Emperor (Shèngshén Huángdì (聖神皇帝) a.k.a. Wu Zetian 武則天 of the Zhou 周 reg. 690-705

3 ?distinguish from the "well-field" [jingtian 井田 ] system


15

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms5. Lái Jùnchén 來俊臣, d. 697

a. invite the gentleman into the urn" (請君入甕, qing jun ru weng) = “hoist with one’s own petard”

6. Dí Rénjié 狄仁傑, (630-700)

7. Xuanzong 玄宗 a. a.k.a. Ming Huang 明皇 reg. 713-756

8. Li Linfu 李林甫 9. Yang Yuhuan 楊玉環 , better known as:

a. Yang Guifei 楊貴妃 ] or, "Lady Yang"

10. Yang Guozhong 楊國忠

11. "my sorrow continues w/o end" [ci hen mianmian wu jueqi 此恨綿綿無絕期]

12. An Lushan 安祿山

13. wangming [亡命 ] = refugees (from justice); criminal elements

14. Wang Xianzhi 王仙芝15. Huang Chao 黃巢

16. Li Keyong 李克用 17. Shato Turks [Shatuo Tujue 沙陀突厥 ]

18. Zhu Wen 朱溫 , also known as:

a. Zhu Quanzhong 朱全忠

XXII. FIVE DYNASTIES [Wu Dai 五代 ] PERIOD

1. "orthodox succession" [zhèngtǒng 正統 ]2. the five "dynasties" [for reference only]:

a. Latter Liang [Hou Liang 後梁 ], 907-923, under Zhu Wen

b. Latter Tang [Hou Tang 後唐 ], 923-937, under Li Keyong

c. Latter Jin [Hou Jin 後晉 ], 937-946

d. Latter Han [Hou Han 後漢 ], 947-950

e. Latter Zhou [Hou Zhou 後周 ], 951-960

3. "ten kingdoms" [shi guo 十國 ] (902-979)

4. “palace commissioners” (formerly “personal assistants”) [qinli 親吏]


16

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms5. "personal army" [yájūn 牙軍 ] > "Forbidden Army" [jìnjūn 禁軍 ]

6. Feng Dao 馮道 (882-954)

a. jiān 奸 – wide range of meanings, encompassing “opportunistic”, “traitorous”, “slippery”,

“unprincipled”, etc. – here, taken as the opposite of zhōng 忠 (loyal)

7. Khitan [Qidan 契丹 ] Mongols, who form the:

a. Liao 遼 dynasty

8. "sixteen prefectures" of Yenyun [Yanyun shiliu zhou 燕雲十六州 ] under the Liao

XXIII. HAN PHILOSOPHY

1. Zoū Yǎn 鄒衍2. "synchronicity of heaven and mankind" [Tiān rén zhī qí 天人之齊 ]

3. the "five agents" [wǔ xíng 五行 ]a. in "modern" order:

1) metal [jīn 金 ]2) wood [mù 木 ]

3) water [shǔi 水 ]4) fire [huǒ 火 ]

5) earth [tǔ 土 ]b. "mutual production" [xiāngshēng 相生 ] order (wood-fire-earth-metal-water)

c. "mutual conquest" [xiāngshèng 相勝 or xiāngkè 相克 ] order (wood-metal-fire-water-earth)

4. the ten celestial stems [tiāngān 天干] and twelve earthly branches [dì zhī地支] (see separate sheet)

5. portents [fúmìng 符命 ]

6. Dong Zhongshu 董仲舒 ] (179-104 BCE)

7. "Imperial Academy" (from the Jìn 晉 dynasty on) [Guózǐjiān 國子監 ]8. Tiānzǐ 天子 = "Son of Heaven"

9. sacrifices to heaven and earth [fēng shàn 封禪 ]10. "spirit hall" cosmic house [míng táng 明堂 ]

11. Yāng Xióng 楊雄 (53 BCE - 18 CE)


17

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms12. Wáng Chōng 王充 (27-100 CE)

a. Critical Essays (or, Balanced Discussions) [Lùn Héng 論衡 ]

XXIV. POST-HAN PERIOD

1. Seven Scholars of the Bamboo Grove [zhú lín qī xián 竹林七賢 ]

a. Ruǎn Jí 阮藉 (210-263)

b. Liú Líng 劉伶 (fl. c. 265)

2. "naturalness" [zìrán 自然 ]3. "madmen" [chī 癡 ]

4. qīngtán 清談 = "pure talk," "cult of repartee"

5. Gé Hóng 葛洪 (283-343)

XXV. BUDDHISM [Fójiào 佛教 ]

1. Sākyamuni [Shìjiāmúní釋迦牟尼] / Siddhārtha Gautama (c. 483-400 BCE)

2. Four Noble Truths [sìshèngdì 四聖諦 ]

1) Nature of dukkha (“suffering”) [kǔdì 苦諦 ]

2) Origin of dukkha [jídì 集諦 ]

3) Cessation of dukkha [mièdì滅諦]

4) Path/Way of cessation [dàodì 道諦]

3. Eight-fold Path1) Right view 2) Right intention3) Right speech4) Right action5) Right livelihood6) Right effort7) Right mindfulness8) Right concentration

4. Three Treasures/Jewels [sānbǎo 三寶]

a. Buddha = “enlightened one” [Fó 佛]

b. dharma / vinaya = “teachings” / “disciplines” [fǎ 法 ]


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and termsc. sangha = “monastic community” [sēng 僧 ]

5. Theravada [Xiǎo Chéng 小乘 ] a. arhat [luóhàn 羅漢]

6. Mahāyāna [Dà Chéng 大乘 ]

a. bodhisattva [púsà 菩薩]

7. "matching concepts" [géyì 格義]

8. karma [yīnyuán 因緣 / yèyīn 業因]

9. samsara [dàlúnhuí 大輪迴]

10. nirvana [nièpán 涅盤]

11. Amitābha [Amítuófó 阿彌陀佛] 12. Avalokiteśvara, or Guānyīn 觀音13. Čakravartin-rāja

14. niànfó 念佛15. various sects of Buddhism:

a. True Word [Zhēnyán 真言]

b. Pure Land [Jìngtǔ 淨土]

c. Tiāntái 天台d. Chán / Zen 禪

16. gradualism [jiàn 漸]

17.subitism [dùn 頓]

XXVI. Other Religious Contacts

1. Nestorianism [Jǐngjiào 景教 ]

2. Islam [Qīngzhēnjiào 清真教 ; Huìjiào 回教 ]

3. Judaism [Yóutàijiào 猶太教 ]

XXVII. BEGINNINGS of "NEO-CONFUCIANISM"1. terms for Confucian studies:

a. "studies/students" of the Dao" [Daoxue /jia 道學 / 道學家 ]


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History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and termsb. 'ordinary' Confucianists [Rúlín 儒林 ]

c. Song studies [Sòngxué 宋學 ]2. Han Yu 韓愈 (768-824)

a. Han-period, or "ancient," writing-style [guwen 古文 ]3. Hu Yuan 胡瑗 (993-1059)

a. private academies [shuyuan 書院 ]b. three aspects of the Dao:

1) principle (lit., "body") [ti 體 ]2) practice [yong 用 ]

3) literary expression [wen 文]

XXVIII. "NEO-CONFUCIANISM"

1. Shao Yong 邵雍 (1011-1077)

2. Zhou Dunyi 周敦頤 (1017-1073)

a. tàijí 太極 / ☯ = "supreme ultimate"

b. Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate [Taiji Tushuo 太極圖說 ]c. "sincerity" [cheng 誠 ]

d. "public-spiritedness" [gong 公 ]e. "tranquility" [jing 靜 ]

f. "emptiness" [xu 虛 ]3. Zhang Zai 張載 (1021-1077)

a. qì 氣 = "matter," "psycho-physical stuff", Aconfigurational energy@4. Cheng Yi 程頤 (1032-1107)

a. lǐ 理 = "principle," "order"4

b. "reverence" / Arespect@ [jìng 敬 ]

5. School of Principle [Lǐxué 理學 ]6. Zhu Xi 朱熹 (1130-1200)

a. Reflections on Things Close at Hand [Jinsilu 近思錄 ]b. "investigation of things" / Aapprehending the principle in things@ [géwù 格物]

4 ?distinguish from the homonym meaning "ritual" or "propriety" [li 禮]


20

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms7. xìng 性 = "nature"

8. xīn 心 = "mind" (lit., "heart")

9. "self-cultivation" [xiushen 修身 ]

10. ”false learning" [wei xue 偽學 ]

XXIX. School of the Mind [Xinxue 心學 ]1. Lu Jiuyuan 陸九淵 (1139-1192)

a. H.5 = Xiangshan 象山 2. Cheng Hao 程顥 (1032-1085)

a. H. = Mingdao 明道 b. "Principle of Nature" ("Natural Law") [Tianli 天理 ]

3. Wang Xizhi 王羲之 (321-379)

4. Wang Shouren 王守仁 (1472-1529)

a. H. = Yangming 陽明 5. "ideas" [yi 意 ]

6. "intuitive knowledge" [liangzhi 良知 ]a. "extension of innate knowledge of the good " [zhi liangzhi 致良知 ]

7. wù [悟 ] = enlightenment, revelation, (J. = さとり/ satori )

8. "unity of knowledge and action" [zhi xing he yi 知行合一 ]

9. jìngzuò [靜坐] = “quietly sitting”, “tranquil repose”, meditation

10. Li Zhi 李贄 (1527-1602)

XXX. INSTITUTIONAL REFORM in the SONG1. mid-Song emperors [for reference only]:

a. Renzong 仁宗 reg. 1022-1063

b. Shenzong 神宗 reg. 1068-1085

c. Zhezong 哲宗 reg. 1086/1093-1100

d. Huizong 徽宗 reg. 1101-1125

1) “Flower and Stone Convoy” [huāshígāng 花石綱]

5 ? “H” = hào (號), or “courtesy name”


21

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms2. "popular customs" [fēngsú 風俗 ]; “national mood”

a. rù jìng wèn sú 入境問俗 = “when entering the territory, ask about the customs”; i.e. “when in Rome…”

b. rù xiāng súi sú 入鄉隨俗 = “when entering the countryside, follow the customs”

3. Fàn Zhòngyān 范仲淹 (989-1052)

a. “pacify the interior / repel the outsiders” [ ānnèi ràngwài 安內攘外]

b. “first in the world to assume its worries; last to enjoy its pleasures” [xiān tiānxià

zhi yōu er yōu; hòu tīanxìa zhi lè er lè 先天下之憂而憂；後天下之樂而樂]

4. Wang Anshi 王安石 (1021-1086)

a. known as the "Obstinate Prime Minister" [Ao Xianggong 拗相公]

b. Ten-thousand Word Memorial [Wanyanshu 萬言書 ] (1058)

5. The "New Policies" (ALaws@) [Xinfa 新法 ]a. farming (Agreen sprouts@) loans [qingmiao qian 青苗錢 ]

b. hired service system [muyifa 募役法 ]c. land survey and equitable tax [fangtian junshui 方田均稅 ]

d. baojia 保甲 system

e. ”cliques" [dǎng 黨 ] (now used for “political party”

XXXI. SOUTHERN SONG [Nán Sòng 南宋 ]

1. Khitan [Qìdān 契丹 ] Mongols / Liao [Liáo 遼 ] dynasty

2. Shanyuan/Danyuan) Treaty [Dǎnyuān zhī méng澶淵之盟] (1004)

3. Jurchen [Nǚzhēn女真], who are a branch of the:

a. Tungus [Mòhé 靺鞨 ] people and form the:

b. Jīn 金 dynasty6

c. with their capital at Yānjīng 燕京 (now Beijing)

d. “raw” shengfan 生番 vs. “cooked” shufan 熟番 “barbarians”

4. Lín’ān 臨安 , now known as Hangchow [Hángzhōu 杭州 ]

6 ?Distinguish among:Qín 秦 (Ch’in) = state which forms the first empireJìn 晉 (Chin/Tsin) = state which unites the Three Kingdoms

. Jīn 金 (Chin/Kin) = state formed by the Jurchens


22

History of China I (HIST 122-01) - names and terms5. Yuè [Yo] Fēi 岳飛 ] (1103-1141)

a. "completely loyal in devoting oneself to the national cause" [jìn zhōng bào guó

盡忠報國 ]

b. Qin Gui [秦檜 ]6. "partial peace/security" [bianan 偏安 ] (1141)

7. Tangut [Dǎngxiàng 黨項 ] people, who form the:

a. Xī Xià 西夏8. with their capital at today’s Níngxià 寧夏


23


XXXII. The YUAN 元 DYNASTY (1272/9-1368)

1. Karakorum [Hālàhélín 哈剌和林 ] 2. quriltai = "convocation," "grand meeting"

3. Yelü Chucai耶律楚材 1190-1244

4. Mongol rulers:

a. Temüjin, > Chinggis Khan, known as Tàizǔ 太祖 , b. ca. 1167; reg. 1206-1227

b. Ögödei, known as Tàizōng 太宗 , reg. 1229-1241

c. Möngke/Mangu, known as Xiànzōng 憲宗 , reg. 1251-1260

d. Qubilai, known as Shìzǔ 世祖 , reg. 1260-1294

e. Shùndì 順帝 , reg. 1333-13705. capitals:

a. Shàngdū 上都

b. Dàdū 大都6. Central Secretariat [Zhōng Shū Shěng 中書省 ]

7. Privy Council [Shū Mì Yuàn 樞密院 ]

8. Metropolitan Province [Fùlǐ 腹裏 ]

9. "replica" or "branch" secretariats [Xíng Zhōng Shū Shěng 行中書省]

10. lǐjiǎ 里甲 system11. four social groups:

a. Mongols [Mèng rén 蒙人 ]

b. Semu [Sèmù 色目 ], or "nationalities" (“people of various states”) [zhū guó rén

諸國人]

c. Northern Chinese [Hàn rén 漢人 ]d. Southern Chinese [Nán rén 南人 ]

12. paper currency [jiāo chāo 交鈔 ]

13. Zhào Mèngfǔ 趙孟頫 (H. Zhào Zǐ’áng 趙子昂 ) (1254-1322) & Guǎn Dàoshēng

管道昇 (1262-1319)

14. Ní Zàn 倪瓚 (1301-1374)


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XXXIII. Popular Literature

1. wényán 文言 = "classical" language

2. báihuà 白話 = "vernacular"3. short story genres:

a. xiǎoshuō 小說 = "small talk" (Han)

b. bǐjì 筆記 = "jottings" (Six Dynasties)

c. chuánqí 傳奇 = tales of the unusual or supernatural (Tang onward)

1) e.g., "Golden Phoenix Hairpin" [Jīn Fèng Chāi Jì 金鳳釵記 ], from New Tales Written While Cutting the Wick Jiǎn Dēng Xīn

Huà 剪燈新話 ], by Qú Yòu 瞿祐 , 1341-1427

吳防禦merchant Wú family

崔official Cuī family

興娘Xīngniáng ♀

慶娘Qìngniáng ♀

興哥Xīnggē ♂

舅僕金榮servant Jīnróng

d. biànwén 變文 = "changed" (or "popularized") literature (Tang)

e. huàbĕn 話本 = "prompt-books" (Song)

f. gōngàn 公案 = "detective stories"

4. "knight-errant" [yóuxiá 遊俠 ]5. chéngyǔ 成語 , or aphorisms (often from classical fables):

a. "Waiting for a Rabbit by the Stump" [shǒuzhū dàitù 守株待兔 ] (Han Feizi)

b. "Sword and Shield" (i.e., "contradiction") [máodùn 矛盾 ] (Han Feizi)

c. "Adding Legs to a Snake" [huàshé tiānzú 畫蛇添足 ] (Zhanguoce)

d. "Old Man at the Border Loses His Horse" [sài wēng shī mǎ / 색옹실바 塞翁失馬 ] (Huai Nanzi)

XXXIV. Poetry

1. Shěn Yuè 沈約 (441-513) and "regulated verse" (lǜshī 律詩)

2. Dù Fǔ 杜甫 (712-770)

3. "literati painting" (wénrénhuà 文人劃 )

4. "one who knows the tone" (zhīyīn 知音 )


25


XXXV. YUAN-MING TRANSITION

1. White Lotus sect [Bái lián jiào 白蓮教 ]

2. Maitreya Buddha [Mí Lè Fó 彌勒佛 ]3. Manichæism [Míng jiào 明教 ]

a. King of Brightness [Míng Wáng 明王]

4. Red Turbans [hóng jīn 紅巾 ]

5. local militia [yìbīng 義兵]

6. Latter Song [Hoù Sòng 後宋]

XXXVI. MING [Míng 明 ] DYNASTY (1368-1644)

1. Zhū Yuánzhāng 朱元璋, who becomes

a. the Hóngwǔ 洪武 Emperor, or

b. Míng Tàizǔ 明太祖 , reg . 1368-1398

2. hào 號 = "fancy name," "style," "professional name"

a. "reign name" = niánhào 年號

b. "temple name" = miàohào 廟號 3. Grand Secretariat [nèigé 內閣 ]

4. Grand Secretary [dà xué shì 大學士 ]5. Inner Court [nèitíng 內庭 ] / Outer Court [wàitíng 外庭 ]

6. the "nine offices" [jiǔ qīng 九卿 ]:a. Six Ministries [liù bù 六部 ]

b. Chief Surveillance Office (Censorate) [Dūchá Yuàn 都察院 ]1) censors [yùshǐ 御史 ]

c. Supreme Court [Dàlǐsī 大理司 ]d. Office of Transmission [Tōngzhèngsī 通政司 ]

7. "literary inquisitions" [wénzì yù 文字獄 ]8. court beatings [tíng zhàng 庭杖 ]


26


9. political sensitivity under the Ming founder:

a. Zhū 朱 / zhū 豬 b. “In the bright empire, Heaven has given birth to a sage, making rules for the

world” [guāng tiān zhī xià, tiān shēng shèng {sēng} rén, wéi shì zuò zé {zéi} 光天之下，天生聖{僧}人, 為世作則 {賊}]

10. Zhū Yǔnwen 朱允炆(1377-1402)a. the Jiànwén 建文 Emperor (1398-1402)

11. Zhū Dì 朱棣 (1360-1424)

a. the Yǒnglè 永樂 Emperor, or

b. Míng Chéngzǔ 明成祖 , reg. 1403-142412. Zhu Qizhen 朱祁鎮 (1427-1464)

a. the Zhèngtǒng 正統 Emperor, reg. 1435-1449b. the Tiānshùn 天順 Emperor, reg. 1457-1464

XXXVII. Ming Economy

1. "sprouts of capitalism" [zībĕnzhǔyì méngyá 資本主義萌芽 ]2. "yellow" registers [huáng cè 黃冊 ]3. "fish-scale" registers [yúlín túcè 魚鱗圖冊 ] 4. qǐng 頃 = 100 mǔ 畝 (6⅔ ha / ~16.47 acres)

5. lǐjiǎ 里甲 system

a. li chief [lǐzhǎng 里長 ]

b. grain chief [liángzhǎng 糧長]

6. Zhāng Jūzhèng 張居正 (1525-1582)

a. "single whip" system [yī tiáo biānfǎ 一條編/鞭法 ]7 b. tael8, or liang [liǎng 兩 ], = 1.3 oz. av.

7. Jǐngdézhèn 景德鎮

a. "government assistance and private firing" [guān dā mín shāo 官搭民燒 ]

7 ?The character 編 ("put together, arrange") is a homophone for 鞭 ("whip")

8 ?From the Malay tahil, "a weight," via Portuguese.


27


XXXVIII.MING CHINA and the OUTSIDE WORLD

1. Zhèng Hé 鄭和 (Mǎ Hé 馬和 ) 1371-c. 1433

a. Sānbǎo Tàijiān 三寶太監 (“Three Treasure Admiral”)

2. Foreign Expeditionary Armada [xiàfān guānjūn 下番官軍 ]

3. "treasure ships" [bǎochuán 寶船 ]

4. qílín 麒麟 / zǔlàfǎ 祖剌法5. “dwarf ([Sino]Japanese) pirates [wòkǒu 倭寇 ]

6. "overseas Chinese" [Huáqiáo 華僑

7. "Southern Ocean" [Nán Yáng 南洋 ]

XXXIX. The JESUITS [Yēsū Huì 耶穌會 ]1. Matteo Ricci [Lì Mǎdòu 利瑪竇 ] (1552-1610)

a. True Doctrine of the Lord of Heaven [Tiānzhǔ Shíyì 天主實義 ]2. other Jesuits [for reference only]:

a. (St.) Ignatius Loyola (1491-1556)b. (St.) Francis Xavier (1506-1552)c. Michele Ruggieri (1543-1607)d. Alessandro Valignano (1539-1606)

e. "Three Pillars of the Church:" [kāijiào sān dà zhùshí 開教三大柱石 ] [Late Ming

/reference only]

1) Paul Hsu = Xú Guāngqǐ 徐光啟 (1562-1633)

2) Leo Li = Lǐ Zhīzǎo 李之藻 (1565-1630)3) Michael Yang = Yáng Tíngyún 楊廷筠 (1557-1627)


28