Thương mại điện tử - 6

Bi 6: Thanh ton in t

BI 6: THANH TON IN T

Trc yu cu ca mt phng thc kinh doanh thng mi hin i (electronic commerce), cc hnh thc thanh ton v ang l mi quan tm hng u v tnh nng s dng, tnh bo mt v ri ro pht sinh i vi c doanh nghip ln ngi tiu dng. Trong bi ny, chng ta phn tch v gii p cc vn lin quan n m bo an ton cho thng mi in t v thanh ton in t.Mc tiu Ni dung Khi nim v thanh ton in t. Khi nim thanh ton in t. Cc loi th s dng trong thanh ton. Thanh ton in t gia doanh nghip

Hc xong bi ny, hc vin s nm c: Cc phng thc thanh ton trc tuyn. Thanh ton in t B2C. Thanh ton in t B2B. Xut trnh chng t in t trong thanh ton bng L/C. Qun l ri ro trong thanh ton in t.

v ngi tiu dng (B2C). Thanh ton in t gia doanh nghip v doanh nghip (B2B). Qun l ri ro trong thanh ton in t.

Thi lng hc 7 tit.

121


TNH HUNG KHI NG BI

Tnh hung: Nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng v gii quyt vn tc nghn giao thng, y ban Nhn dn Thnh ph H Ni pht ng chng trnh Thng khng khi xe. Cn c vo chng trnh ny, cng ty sn xut xe p A cung cp Dch v cho thu xe p trc tuyn. Cng ty A trin khai dch v ny ti 30 im cho thu trong ni thnh H Ni, khch hng c nhu cu thu xe p s ln website xem kiu dng sn phm, im thu no ph hp nht vi l trnh, iu kin thu v chi ph, cc iu kin v iu khon trong hp ng k ktsau s k khai thng tin chi tit v k hp ng thu xe

Cu hi Cc hnh thc thanh ton trc tuyn no c th c cng ty A s dng chp nhn thanh ton t pha khch hng v thc hin hp ng?

122


6.1. 6.1.1.

Khi nim v Thanh ton in t Khi nim Thanh ton in t

Khi kinh doanh trn mng Internet bn c th tin hnh v qun l mi giao dch thng qua mt h thng thanh ton m ch cn mt chic my tnh vi mt trnh duyt v kt ni mng Theo bo co Quc gia v k thut thng mi in t ca B Thng mi: Thanh ton in t cn c hiu theo ngha rng, c nh ngha l vic thanh ton tin thng qua cc thng ip in t thay cho vic trao tay tin mt. Tm li, Thanh ton in t c th hiu l vic tr tin v nhn tin cho cc hng ha, dch v c mua bn trn mng Internet.6.1.2. Cc loi th s dng trong thanh ton

6.1.2.1. Th tn dng - Credit card

Trong cc phng tin thanh ton in t th th thanh ton c coi l phng tin ph bin nht. Ba loi th thanh ton ph bin gm: th tn dng, th ghi n v th mua hng. Cc nh cung cp th ni ting v c chp nhn nht hin nay l Visa, MasterCard, American Express v EuroPay. Trong 3 loi th trn, thanh ton bng th tn dng chim khong 90% tng gi tr cc giao dch qua mng Internet. Chp nhn thanh ton qua th tn dng gip cc doanh nghip xy dng c nim tin vi khch hng, nng cao doanh thu bn hng do cung cp gii php thanh ton tin li v tit kim cho doanh nghip.iu kin c th chp nhn thanh ton bng th tn dng

chp nhn thanh ton bng th tn dng, doanh nghip cn m bo tnh bo mt qua mng i vi cc thng tin thanh ton thng qua giao thc SSL v SET. Tip theo, doanh nghip cn c Ti khon chp nhn thanh ton in t (Merchant Account) v cng thanh ton in t (Payment Gateway).

Merchant Account l mt ti khon c bit, cho php chp nhn thanh ton bng thtn dng. Vic thanh ton bng th tn dng ch c th tin hnh thng qua dng ti khon ny.

Payment Gateway l mt chng trnh phn mm cho php chuyn d liu ca cc giaodch t website ca ngi bn sang trung tm thanh ton th tn dng hp thc ho qu trnh thanh ton th tn dng.

Giao thc SSL (Secure Socket Layer) l giao thc s dng cc chng thc in t xc thc v m ha thng ip d liu nhm m bo tnh ring t hay b mt ca cc thng tin dng trong thanh ton in t.

Quy trnh thanh ton bng th tn dng trc tuyn tri qua cc bc sau: Ngi mua hng sau khi la chn sn phm, quyt nh mua hng s nhp vo cc thng tin th tn dng ln trang web ca ngi bn.123


Cc thng tin th tn dng c gi thng ti ngn hng m Merchant Account (hoc bn cung cp dch v thanh ton) m khng lu ti my ch ca ngi bn Ngn hng m Merchant Account gi cc thng tin th tn dng ti ngn hng cp th tn dng. Ngn hng cp th tn dng sau khi kim tra cc thng tin s phn hi li cho ngn hng m Merchant Account. Phn hi c th l chp nhn thanh ton (ghi c cho ti khon ca Ngi bn) hoc t chi. Da trn phn hi ca Ngn hng cp th tn dng, ngi bn s thc hin n hng hoc t chi.Hnh 6.1: Quy trnh thanh ton in t bng th tn dng qua mng

C s chp nhn th

Ngun: Turban, Ecommerce. 2004. Prentice hall

Phn b chi ph trong quy trnh thanh ton bng th tn dng nh th no? Vi nhng giao dch thng thng, nu giao dch c gi tr 100 USD th doanh nghip s ch thu c khong 96 USD, 1.34 USD chi ph cho Ngn hng m Merchant Account, mng x l 0.16 USD v 2.5 USD cho Ngn hng pht hnh th. Vi nhng giao dch c gi tr nh (khong di 20 USD, cc chi ph giao dch ti thiu c th c p dng (thng l 25-35 cent hoc 2% - 3% gi tr giao dch) ng k Merchant Account chp nhn thanh ton in t u? Nh cung cp trc tip dch v thanh ton in t l cc ngn hng hoc cc t chc tn dng. Nhng n t hng hon tt s c gi t website ca ngi bn n ngn hng thng qua cng thng tin in t. m bo an ton, cc ngn hng thng yu cu ngi bn khi m ti khon Merchant Account phi thc hin mt khon t cc ln, thm vo l ph ti thiu hng thng v cc ph thu trn nhng giao dch c thc hin. Nh cung cp trung gian dch v thanh ton in t Hot ng vi t cch l mt trung gian gia doanh nghip v nh cung cp trc tip. Doanh nghip c th s dng dch v ny v phi tr mt t l chit khu t 2% n 3% i vi tng giao dch. Tuy nhin hin nay Vit Nam, cc ngn hng cha cung cp dch v ny do cn thiu cc nh ch v php l.124


Bn th ba cung cp dch v thanh ton in t Nh cung cp th ba chuyn qu trnh thanh ton th tn dng t n t hng trn trang web ca bn bng chnh ti khon ca h. Nhng dch v ny thng c nhng nh kinh doanh trc tuyn vi quy m nh quan tm, c bit l nhng ngi mi bt u tip cn vi hnh thc kinh doanh ny. Rt n gin bi v, tuy chi ph cho cc giao dch kiu ny thng cao hn chi ph phi tr cho nhng nh cung cp trc tip, nhng doanh nghip s khng phi tr ph dch v ti thiu hng thng v khng phi t cc bt k mt khon tin no m ch phi tr chi ph trn nhng giao dch c thc hin.VietNam Airlines bn v my bay qua mng

Vietnam Airlines thc hin bn v trc tuyn trn website vo thng 12/2008 v n thng 6/2009 s a cc dch v, tin ch phc v khch hng vo website. Khi trin khai bn v my bay trc tuyn, Vietnam Airlines s p dng hnh thc thanh ton chnh trn 5 loi th tn dng ph bin nht th gii (Visa, MasterCard, American Express, JCB, Diners Club). Thng qua hnh thc thanh ton ny, khch hng khi mua v s tr tin bng th tn dng ngay trn website ca Vietnam Airlines sau khi in y mi thng tin v ti khon c nhn ca mnh. Khi thc hin hnh thc thanh ton ny, Vietnam Airlines cam kt mi hot ng thanh ton s din ra an ton, m bo mi tin ch v quyn li ti a cho khch hng, mi thng tin c nhn ca khch hng s c m bo an ton v b mt khch hng c th yn tm vi vic mua v trc tuyn. 6.1.2.2. Th ghi n - Debit card

Khi qu trnh thanh ton c thc hin bng th ghi n (l th chi tiu da trn s d ti khon th hay ti khon tin gi), tin trong ti khon ca ngi mua ngay lp tc s c rt ra sau khi giao dch c n nh. Thun li i vi ngi bn, h c th bit ngi mua c tin mua hng thc s hay khng. Cn i vi ngi mua, vic thanh ton s c thc hin ngay lp tc cho tng giao dch.Hnh 6.2: Quy trnh thanh ton bng th thanh ton

Ngun: Ecommerce, Turban, 2006125


Th ghi n Vietcombank Connect24

Ngn hng Ngoi thng (Vietcombank) pht hnh th ghi n ni a u tin ca Vit Nam Vietcombank Connect24 - t thng 4/2002; v theo thng k ca Hip hi th ngn hng, n ht nm 2008 t hn 3 triu th. Tin thm mt bc, Vietcombank hp tc cng OnePay khi nng cp thm chc nng ca th ghi n, nng cp Connect24 mang tm vc quc t. Th ghi n ny c chc nng mua v thanh ton trc tuyn trn website; thanh ton ha n trc tuyn; thanh ton ha n ti quy giao dch; rt tin; chuyn khon; truy vn thng tin v c chp nhn trn hn 10,000 POS. Quy trnh thanh ton bng th ghi n Connect24 ca Vietcombank nh sau: Bc 1: Khch hng chn mua hng ha, dch v Bc 2: Xc thc th v ti khon (Tn ch th, s th, ngy pht hnh) Bc 3: Xc thc ch th qua OTP (One Time Password)

Bc 4: Thng bo kt qu giao dch6.1.2.3. Th mua hng - Charge card

L th cho php ch th chi tiu v tin hnh thanh ton cc khon chi tiu nh k, thng vo cui thng. Th mua hng l cc loi th c bit dng cho nhn vin cc cng ty, ch c dng mua cc mt hng thng dng nh vn phng phm, my tnh, bo tr my mc, Quy trnh vn hnh ca th mua hng tng t nh cc loi th khc khi mua hng trc tuyn hoc thng thng. Li ch chnh ca th mua hng l tnh hiu qu do doanh nghip khng phi thanh ton cho tng giao dch nh l, v d dng tng hp cc ha n thanh ton thanh ton gp cho ngn hng vo cui k thng qua phng thc chuyn tin in t.Phng php mua hng tr trc

RocketCash.com l mt dch v mua hng trc tuyn trn mng cho php cc bc ph huynh lp mt ti khon con ci ca h c th mua hng t cc chi nhnh ca RocketCash. Cc bc ph huynh a tin vo ti khon s dng s th tn dng, bng sc hoc bng lnh chuyn tin. H cng c th gia hn ti khon nh thi gian m con h c th truy cp vo a im m chng c th n thm. RocketCash.com cho php khch hng mua hng trc tip ti website ca ngi bn. Khch hng c th truy cp cc website vo cc mc cho hng, tranh nh, hng khuyn miV hu nh khng c s khc nhau no gia khch hng ca RocketCash v khch hng n thm trang web ca bn v tr bng th tn dng. RocketCash dng cng ngh c quyn v ngi bn hng ch cn ng k l thnh vin ca RocketCash cung cp dch v ny cho khch hng. 6.1.2.4. Th thng minh Smart card

Mt trong nhng cng ngh h tr thanh ton trc tuyn khc l th thng minh. Th thng minh l th c gn b vi x l trn (chip). B vi x l ny c th kt hp thm mt th nh, cng c trng hp trn th thanh ton ch gn thm th nh m khng c phn lp trnh no km theo. Th thng minh hin ang ngy cng c s dng rng ri v cc ng dng phong ph ca n, trong c nhng ng dng in hnh lin quan n thanh ton in t nh:126


Th dch v khch hng: S dng th thng minh nh ra nhng khch hng trung thnh v cp nhng quyn u tin nht nh cho ch th. Cc loi th ny ph bin trong mua v my bay, mua sm, th tn dng V d: Th Hi vin vng ca Vietnam Airlines. ng dng trong ngnh ti chnh: Cc t chc ti chnh, hip hi thanh ton, v cc nh pht hnh th tn dng, th ghi n, th mua chu u ang s dng th thng minh m rng cc dch v thanh ton bng th truyn thng. Cc ng dng a chc nng nh th tn dng, cc chng trnh u i, xc minh s v tin in t ang c cung cp. Th cng ngh thng tin: Hu ht cc nh pht hnh th s tn dng chc nng an ton ca th thng minh ngy cng m rng t th gii th hin vt sang th gii o. Th thng minh cho php cc c nhn c th lu cc thng tin c nhn v s dng trong chng thc thc hin cc thanh ton in t. Th y t v phc li x hi: Nhiu nc vi h thng chm sc y t quc gia ang nh gi v ng dng th thng minh gim cc chi ph lin quan ti vic thc hin cc dch v y t v phc li x hi.Hnh 6.3: Th ghi n ca Visa

Gn b vi x l

Ngun: Hip hi dch v visa quc t

Mt s loi th thng minh: Visa Cash: Visa Cash l mt th tr trc, dng thanh ton cho nhng giao dch c gi tr nh. Th gn vi mch ny c th s dng trong giao dch thng thng hoc giao dch trc tuyn. Khi thanh ton, chi ph mua hng s c tr vo gi tr tin cn trn th. Th ny ch s dng c vi nhng im chp nhn thanh ton c logo Visa Cash hoc b c th Visa Cash kt ni vi my tnh. Visa Buxx: L th tr trc c thit k cho thanh nin. Th Visa Buxx trng ging th thng thng, nhng an ton hn v n c b nh khng ln. Ngi dng c th s dng th mua sm v rt hiu qu i vi thanh nin v hn mc chi ph. Th c th np tin t ng hng thng. Mondex: L th gn b vi x l ca MasterCard, c chc nng tng t nh Visa Cash. Th c th c s dng thanh ton ti bt c ni no c biu tng Mondex. Hn na, s dng th Mondex c th chuyn c tin t ti khon ny sang ti khon khc. Khng ging th Visa Cash, th Mondex c th lu ti khon tin ca 5 loi tin khc nhau.127


6.1.2.5. V in t

V in t l mt phn mm trong ngi s dng c th lu tr s th tn dng v cc thng tin c nhn khc. Khi mua hng trn mng, ngi mua hng ch n gin kch vo v in t, phn mm s t ng in cc thng tin khch hng cn thit thc hin vic mua hng. Hin nay, Visa, MasterCard, Yahoo, AOL, Microsoft u cung cp dch v v in t. Cch thc vn hnh ca v in t nh sau: Ngi mua (ngi s dng v in t) t hng qua mng Phn xc minh/ng k ca v in t to ra mt cp cha kha. Phn ny s m ha mt kha vi kha cng khai ca ngi mua i lin vi v in t. V in t cng to ra mt thng ip (v) gm cha kha th hai v tn ngi mua. V sau c m ha cng vi kha cng cng ca ngi bn. C hai phn m ha c gi cho ngi mua cng vi thng ip. Ngi mua gii m th nht bng cch s dng kha b mt ca mnh. Ngi mua sau to ra mt thng ip mi, bao gm tn ngi mua, v m ha thng ip ny bng kha th nht v gi thng ip ny cng vi v cho ngi bn. Ngi bn gii m v s dng m b mt ca mnh, ly c tn ngi mua v cha kha th hai. S dng cha kha ny, ngi bn gii m c thng ip ngi mua gi v c c tn ngi mua. Nu 2 tn ny trng nhau, ngi bn s bit ngi mua l chn thc. Sau ln giao dch u tin thnh cng, t ln th hai, ngi mua v ngi bn c th thc hin nhng giao dch an ton khc s dng cc cha kha m ha cc lin lc. Ton b quy trnh ch thc hin trong vi giy, v hon ton t ng vi chi ph ti thiu.Hnh 6.4: Quy trnh thanh ton bng v in t

Ngun: Internet

6.1.2.6. Tin in t

Tin in t s dng phn mm lu gi mt khon tin mt tng ng vo mt cng hoc a. Tin mt v ngn phiu c thay th bng cc ch k s.128


u im ca h thng ny l chi ph chuyn tin gn nh bng 0 (ch c chi ph thc l khon bn phi tr cho kt ni Internet). nhn c tin th bn cn phi ti mt c my bo t ng trc quan (A Virtual Automatic Teller Machine) trn mng hoc ATM trong thc t, t bn c th nhn tin in t bng vic ghi n trc tip t ti khon ngn hng hoc thanh ton bng th tn dng. Ci kh ca tin in t l thc hin n phi theo cch cc k bo mt. Tin v ngn phiu in t nn c cc (du) k hiu s c th s dng chng nhiu hn mt ln. Vic s dng cc cng ngh m ho, cc ch k in t v cc ch k s ho gip gim kh nng gian ln. Khch hng mun s dng dch v tin in t phi m ti khon c bit chuyn dng cho thanh ton bng tin in t ti ngn hng v t cc. Theo yu cu ca khch hng, tin s c chuyn n ni c tin in t l mt ti khon tin in t c bit c lu tr trn mt h thng my tnh c bo mt c ni mng, ni m khch hng c th rt tin trc tuyn. Quy trnh c thc hin nh sau: ng tin in t c khch hng to ra trc c xc nh v chuyn n ti khon tin in t ca khch hng thng qua ngn hng hoc t chc tn dng T chc tn dng cung cp thi hn hiu lc ca tin in t bng cch chng thc ng tin bng ch k s. Tin in t c chuyn n cho khch hng v c th c ct gi ti mt chng trnh v in t trn a cng my vi tnh Khi mua hng, khch hng s chuyn tin cho ngi bn Ngi bn chuyn tin in t n ngn hng ca ngi mua v c thanh ton v tin hnh giao hng.Hnh 6.5: Quy trnh thanh ton bng tin in t


bo mt cho khch hng, ngn hng s dng ch k s ring bit k ln ng tin cho mt gi tr ph hp. V d, gi tr c m ha s dng kha b mt trc khi chuyn n cho khch hng. Sau khi nhn c tin in t, gii m ng tin, khch hng s s dng kha cng khai tng ng do ngn hng cung cp.129


6.1.2.7. Sc in t

Sc in t l phin bn in t hoc yu cu xut trnh in t i vi sc giy thng thng. Sc in t cha cc thng tin tng t nh sc thng v c th s dng trong mi trng hp. Sec in t v sc giy c th s dng vi khung php l iu chnh tng t nhau. V c bn, quy trnh vn hnh ca sc in t tng t nh sc giy, nhng thc hin ton b thng qua cc phng tin in t, do nhanh hn, t chi ph hn v c th an ton hn. Sc in t c coi l ph hp vi thc tin kinh doanh hin nay, va tn dng c nng lc ca cc ngn hng, va gim thiu cc quy trnh x l phc tp. Cc h thng thanh ton sc in t ph bin hin nay l eCheck Secure (ca CheckFree), eCash. C 2 cch khi chp nhn thanh ton bng Sc in t: Phng php Print & Pay: Cn c gi l in v thanh ton bi v khch hng cn phi mua mt phn mm cho php in ra nhng tm sc, v chuyn sc n ngn hng ca khch hng nhn tin. Qu trnh x l sc trc tuyn cng ging nh sc thng thng, chnh v vy khch hng phi i n khi sc c chuyn n ngn hng v phi c chng nhn chc chn rng nhng tm sc c gi tr. Vic p dng phng php ny s gip bn gim c tin ph giao dch nhng n li tn km v mt nhn cng v thi gian. Trung tm giao dch: i vi ngi mua, vic s dng trung tm giao dch cng ging nh vic p dng phng php print and pay, bi v trong c hai phng php, ngi mua u phi nhp tt c cc thng tin trn sc vo form trc tuyn. Nhng thng tin s c m ho v chuyn trc tip ti ngn hng v s c x l trong vng 48 gi. Sau , ton b s tin ca giao dch s c chuyn t ti khon ca ngi mua sang ti khon ca ngi bn. Km theo , l mt bo c trc tuyn vo ti khon ca ngi bn v mt bo n c gi bng email cho ngi mua. Phng php ny nhanh hn phng php print & pay bi tt c cc thng tin cn thit ca khch hng s c nhp trc tip trn mng ngay khi giao dch ang c thc hin, v nhng tm sc lun c m bo c gi tr. Ngoi vic cho php bn chp nhn thanh ton trc tuyn, c hai phng php trn cn cho php bn thanh ton qua in thoi hoc fax, v bn u c th kim tra cc thng tin ca ngi mua v bn c th t nhp thng tin vo.Hnh 6.7: Quy trnh thanh ton qua trung tm giao dch



6.2.

Thanh ton in t gia doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng (B2C)

Tr gi thanh ton tin hng gia doanh nghip v ngi tiu dng thng c gi tr nh, nn hnh thc thanh ton in t trong m hnh ny kh a dng. Ngoi vic s dng cc loi th thanh ton nu phn trn, cc hnh thc thanh ton khc cng c s dng kh ph bin, c bit ti th trng Vit Nam, l dch v ATM, ngn hng qua in thoi, dch v ngn hng ti ch, dch v ngn hng qua Internet, dch v thanh ton POS (Point of sales im bn hng chp nhn thanh ton th) Khi qut ha qu trnh thanh ton in t i vi m hnh B2C: Khch hng la chn cc sn phm trn website ca ngi bn Phn mm gi hng in t (e cart) t ng tnh ton gi tr v hin th ha n/chi tit n hng trong qu trnh khch hng la chn Khch hng in thng tin thanh ton (v d s th tn dng, tn ch th, ngy cp, ngy ht hn...) Gi hng in t hin th ha n khch hng xc nhn Thng tin thanh ton c m ha, gi n ngn hng pht hnh th kim tra tnh xc thc v kh nng thanh ton. Nu kh nng thanh ton s tr tin trn ti khon ca ngi mua v chuyn tin sang ti khon ca ca ngi bn ti ngn hng ca ngi bn. Kt qu c gi v cho my ch ca ngi bn x l chp nhn n hng hay khng o Nu khng kh nng thanh ton, Gi hng in t hin th thng bo khng chp nhn o Nu kh nng thanh ton, Gi hng in t hin th xc nhn n hng khch hng lu li hoc in ra lm bng chng sau ny Sau ngi bn tin hnh thc hin giao hngHnh 6.7: Quy trnh thanh ton qua Internet


131


6.2.1.

Dch v ATM

Thanh ton th c coi l gii php bc u cho h thng thanh ton in t ti Vit Nam. ng dng cng ngh v u t trang thit b h tng c s phc v cho thanh ton ngn hng pht trin mnh k t nm 2002. Trong , cng ngh cho thanh ton th l hot ng c u tin trin khai. Sau 5 nm, cc ngn hng hnh thnh mt mng li my giao dch t ng ATM v n v chp nhn th kh rng. Trong bi cnh s lng ti khon c nhn ngy mt tng, mng li thanh ton, loi hnh th ngy mt m rng theo nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng, vn kh khn chnh l vic lin kt cc h thng thanh ton ca nhiu ngn hng khc nhau nhm ct gim chi ph v tng tnh tin dng cho khch hng, ng thi nng cao hiu qu hot ng ca ngnh ni chung. H thng thanh ton th ca Vit Nam hin ang tn ti 4 lin minh th. l lin minh th Ngn hng Ngoi thng VCB, lin minh th Vit Nam Bankcard (VNBC) ca Ngn hng ng , lin minh th Banknetvn gm 3 ngn hng quc doanh v mt s ngn hng c phn, v lin minh th ANZ/ Sacombank. Nhm lin minh th do ngn hng VCB khi xng thc hin thnh cng vic kt ni thanh ton th gia 17 ngn hng thnh vin. Ngy 21/4/2007, h thng thanh ton th Vit Nam c nh du bng vic kt ni thnh cng 3 ngn hng bao gm Ngn hng Cng Thng Vit Nam (Incombank), Ngn hng u t v Pht trin Vit Nam (BIDV) v Ngn hng TMCP Si Gn Cng Thng (Saigon Bank) thng qua dch v kt ni chuyn mch ca Banknetvn. H thng cc ngn hng thnh vin Banknetvn ngy cng m rng. n nm 2009, mng li ln n 42 ngn hng thnh vin, th phn th ca cc ngn hng l thnh vin trong h thng Banknetvn hin nay chim n 75%. Bn cnh trin khai th n, khch hng ca cc ngn hng thnh vin c th thc hin vic rt tin mt v truy vn s d ti khon trn cc my ATM thuc ngn hng mnh.6.2.2. Dch v tin nhn ngn hng (SMS Banking)

6.2.2.1. Tin ch ca dch v

Cng vi ngn hng trc tuyn, dch v tin nhn ngn hng ra i nh mt bc tip theo trong tin trnh ng dng cng ngh thng tin nng cao cht lng dch v ca cc ngn hng. Tn dng s ph bin ca in thoi di ng, nhiu ngn hng b sung thm tin ch mi ny nhm phc v khch hng mc tt hn. Tin ch ca dch v tin nhn ngn hng c chia thnh 2 nhm theo nhu cu s dng l nhm cung cp thng tin v nhm thanh ton. Vic phn loi nhm tin ch nhm nh gi mc trin khai dch v v phn nh phn no nhu cu ca th trng hin nay.132

Bi 6: Thanh ton in t Bng 6.1: Danh sch cc ngn hng trin khai dch v tin nhn ngn hng Stt Ngn hng Tin ch cung cp thng tin (1) 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 NH Ngoi thng Vit Nam NH Quc t VIBank NH Nh Vit Nam NH Cng Thng Vit Nam NH Phng Nam NH Hng Hi NH Qun i NH K thng NH Si Gn H Ni NH TMCP Si Gn NH ng NH Si Gn Cng Thng NH Xut Nhp khu NH Thng mi Chu NH Vit NH VID Public (2) (3) Tin ch thanh ton (4) (5) (5)

Ngun: Bo co thng mi in t Vit Nam, 2008

Kho st ca V Thng mi in t cho thy, tt c cc ngn hng trin khai dch v tin nhn u c tin ch cung cp thng tin. Trong 16 ngn hng trin khai dch v tin nhn ngn hng, c 6 ngn hng trin khai nhm tin ch thanh ton.6.2.2.2. ng dng ca dch v tin nhn trong thanh ton cho thng mi in t

Mt ni dung c cc doanh nghip quan tm khi pht trin dch v thanh ton qua tin nhn di ng l tnh nng thanh ton trc tuyn. in, nc l hai khon chi ph m ngi dn phi thanh ton hng thng, song cc h gia nh ngy nay ang gp phi nhng bt tin v thi gian ng ph. Thanh ton qua tin nhn c th l mt gii php hu hiu gip ngi dn gii quyt cc chi ph hng thng ca h gia nh mt cch tin li. Ngoi thanh ton tin in, nc, dch v ny cn c th c m rng sang cc khon thu khc nh ph v sinh, ph truyn hnh cp, v.v Tuy nhin, pht trin dch v thanh ton ny, i hi cc doanh nghip cung cp dch v phi c s phi hp cht ch vi nhiu ngn hng thng mi khc nhau gim chi ph thanh ton. Thanh ton qua tin nhn di ng ang l mt loi hnh thanh ton in t rt ph bin v c ngi tiu dng quan tm v s tin li. Ch cn c thit b di ng cng mt ti khon ti ngn hng, ngi tiu dng c th thc hin c nhiu giao dch thanh ton khc nhau v ch ng c trong vic thc hin cc giao dch .

133


6.2.3.

Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn (Internet Banking)

6.2.3.1. S lng

Dch v ngn hng trc tuyn l mt khi nim bt u ph bin trong vi nm gn y khi s lng ngn hng cung cp dch v ny tng mnh t nm 2004. Tc pht trin ca dch v ngn hng trc tuyn l mt minh chng r rng cho nhng thay i trong hot ng thanh ton t pha ngn hng nhm phc v tt hn nhu cu ca ngi tiu dng. S chuyn bin ny hon ton ph hp vi tc v xu th pht trin ca thng mi in t Vit Nam. Khi thng mi in t ngy cng ph bin trong x hi, thanh ton in t s l mt nhu cu tt yu thc y cc bc pht trin tip theo.Bng 6.2: Danh sch cc ngn hng trin khai Internet Banking

Stt

Ngn hng

Tin ch cung cp thng tin

Tin ch thanh ton

Thng Thanh tin ngn Chuyn ton Dch v Thng tin TK In sao k hng khon ha n khc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 NH Ngoi thng Vit Nam NH Quc t VIBank NH Nh Vit Nam NH Cng Thng Vit Nam NH Phng Nam NH Hng Hi NH Qun i NH K thng NH Si Gn H Ni NH TMCP Si Gn NH ng NH Si Gn Cng Thng NH Citi Bank NH ANZ NH Indovina NH Xut nhp khu NH ACB NH An Bnh

Ngun: Bo co thng mi in t Vit Nam, 2008

134


Kt qu kho st cho thy a s cc ngn hng ng thi trin khai hai dch v tin nhn ngn hng v ngn hng trc tuyn. Hai dch v ny hu ht cng cung cp mt s loi tin ch cho khch hng v c coi l hai cng c b tr c lc cho nhau.6.2.3.2. Tnh nng

Kt qu kho st cc website cung cp dch v ngn hng trc tuyn cho thy nhiu im tng ng gia cc ngn hng. Cc website u c cu trc hp l, n gin v hng dn c th khch hng d dng truy cp v thao tc thc hin yu cu ca mnh. Mt dch v ngn hng trc tuyn hon chnh cn c nhng tnh nng thng tin v tnh nng thanh ton ho n, c th nh sau: Tra cu s d ti khon; Tra cu thng tin ngn hng; Sao k ti khon hng thng; Ngoi ra, cc ngn hng cng c th tn dng knh giao dch trc tuyn cung cp thm mt s dch v chuyn ngnh khc nh chuyn i ngoi t, ng k m th bo m tn dng (L/C), chuyn tin ra nc ngoi, ng k s dng cc sn phm, dch v ngn hng khc, v.vHnh 6.9: M hnh Internet Banking

Ngun: Internet

Tnh nng c bn th hai vn thuc nhm cung cp thng tin. Nhng thng tin c tnh thay i thng xuyn nh t l li sut tit kim, t gi ngoi t, vng, v.v... cng c cung cp cho khch hng mt cch nhanh v chnh xc thng qua dch v ngn hng trc tuyn. Mt tnh nng khc c nhiu ngn hng a vo hot ng l cho php chuyn khon trong cng h thng ngn hng. Thay bng vic phi n cc im giao dch ca ngn hng trong mt khong thi gian lm vic nht nh, ngi tiu dng c th t lnh chuyn khon vo bt c lc no t mt my tnh ni mng. Tnh nng ny gip khch hng tit kim v ch ng c thi gian giao dch.135


Hin mi ch c 4 ngn hng l K thng, Indovina, Chu v chi nhnh CitiBank Vit Nam cho php chuyn khon ngoi h thng trn tng s 8 ngn hng c chc nng chuyn khon trc tuyn. Mt trong nhng cn tr i vi vic cung cp trc tuyn dch v chuyn khon ngoi h thng l mi lo v mc an ton, bo mt ca khch hng cng nh nng lc ca ngn hng li (core banking) cha m bo. Tuy nhin, con s 4 ngn hng trin khai dch v chuyn khon ngoi h thng cng cho thy mt tn hiu kh quan v n lc ca cc nh cung cp trong vic to nhiu tin ch hn na cho ngi s dng v m rng phm vi ca giao dch ngn hng trc tuyn.6.3. Thanh ton in t gia doanh nghip v doanh nghip (B2B)

C nhiu la chn thanh ton in t gia doanh nghip vi doanh nghip. Khi phi thanh ton cho nh cung cp hoc chp nhn thanh ton t i tc, hu ht cc doanh nghip ln thng chn gii php chuyn tin in t hoc cc phng thc thanh ton phi in t (nh sc thng thng), hoc th mua hng. i vi cc giao dch xut nhp khu, doanh nghip vn s dng hnh thc thanh ton quc t truyn thng nh dng th tn dng (L/C) hoc in chuyn tin (TTR). Thanh ton in t B2B thng c gi tr kh ln v phc tp hn so vi thanh ton B2C. N l mt phn trong ton b dy chuyn cung ng thanh ton, bao gm cc khu sau: mua hng, thc hin hp ng, thanh ton, bo him, li sut tn dng, hiu lc giao hng, y quyn thanh ton Mc ch ca vic qun l dy chuyn thanh ton l nhm ti u ha hnh thc thanh ton qua ti khon A/P (account payable), nhn tin qua ti khon A/R (account receivable), qun l tin mt, hiu qu vn u t, chi ph giao dch, ri ro ti chnh v t chc ti chnh. Dy chuyn cung ng thanh ton ca hu ht cc cng ty thng bc l nhiu khuyt im gy ra bi cc yu t sau: Thi gian cn thit to, gi v x l cc vn bn Chi ph v ri ro lin quan n vic to v x l vn bn Thiu chnh xc trong vic lu tr v thanh ton khi giao hng Tranh chp ny sinh t vic khng chnh xc hoc mt d liu Cc gii php ri rc khng ph hp trong ton b quy trnh giao dch. Cc khuyt im ny d thy nht hnh thc A/P v A/R khi ton b qu trnh thanh ton l phi in t.6.3.1. Quy trnh xut trnh v thanh ton bng ha n in t: EIPP

6.3.1.1. Quy trnh thanh ton bng ha n in t

L quy trnh m cc cng ty xut trnh ha n v thanh ton cho i tc thng qua mng Internet. Quy trnh EIPP c 3 m hnh ph bin: xut pht t ngi bn, xut pht t ngi mua v trung gian thanh ton.136


Xut pht t ngi bn L m hnh m mt ngi bn v nhiu ngi mua, theo , khi ngi mua vo website ca ngi bn v ng nhp vo chng trnh thanh ton EIPP, ngi bn s to ra cc ha n trn h thng v thng bo cho nhiu ngi mua l cc ha n ny sn sng. Sau nhng khch hng s vo kim tra v nh gi cc ha n. Cc khch hng c th tin hnh thanh ton ha n hoc gii quyt cc bt ng pht sinh. Theo quy nh, tranh chp c th c t ng chp nhn, t chi hoc xem xt li. Mt khi thanh ton c tin hnh, th t chc ti chnh ca ngi bn s thanh ton. M hnh ny thng c p dng khi hai bn Mua v Bn c mi quan h thn thit hoc tin hnh nhiu giao dch. Xut pht t ngi mua L m hnh c mt ngi mua m nhiu ngi bn, r rng trong m hnh ny, li th thuc v ngi mua. Ngi Bn s ng nhp vo h thng EIPP ca ngi mua trn website ca ngi mua. Ngi Bn s a ha n vo h thng EIPP ca ngi mua theo quy nh ca ngi mua. Sau ngi Mua s kim tra li v nh gi ha n trn h thng ca mnh. Mt khi ha n c chp nhn, ngi mua s thanh ton, lc ny t chc ti chnh ca ngi mua s tin hnh thanh ton.Hnh 6.10: Quy trnh thanh ton bng ha n in t


Trung gian thanh ton L m hnh c nhiu ngi bn v nhiu ngi mua, theo s c mt trung gian ng ra thu thp v x l cc ha n. Bn trung gian khng nhng l nh cung cp dch v EIPP, m cn cung cp cc dch v ti chnh khc (v d nh bo him). Theo m hnh ny, bn mua v bn s ng nhp vo h thng EIPP. Ngi bn to v gi thng bo ha n n h thng. Bn cung cp s thng bo n ngi mua tnh trng sn sng ca ha n. Ngi mua s kim tra li v phn tch ha n. Bt k tranh chp no xy ra s c bn th ba gii quyt. Mt khi ngi mua y quyn thanh ton ha n, th bn th 3 bt u thanh ton. V vic thanh ton s c x l bi t chc ti chnh (ngn hng) ca ngi bn hoc l ngi mua.137

Bi 6: Thanh ton in t Hnh 6.11: Quy trnh thanh ton ha n in t BPPBc 3c Ha n thng bo Bc 4 Thanh ton Nh cung cp Bc 3

Bc 2

Nh cung cp bn bn

Bc 3a

Bn bn

Bn muaBc 1 ng k

dch v khch hng

Bc 3c

Bn bn

Bc 3a Bn th 3

Bc 5 Phng tin thanh ton

Nh cung cp bn bn

Bn bn

Bc 6 Ngy cam kt thanh ton

Nh cung cp dch v thanh ton bn mua

Bc 5b y quyn thanh ton

Nh cung cp dch v thanh ton bn bn


Hin nay trn th gii c nhiu t chc trung gian ng ra lm cu ni thanh ton ha n cho ngi bn v ngi mua. Phi k n l mng li dch v thanh ton Xign (XPSN; Xign.com), dch v chuyn i ngoi t ton cu (GXS), Tradegrid (gxs.com), OSN (perfect.com).6.3.1.2. Quy trnh xut ha n in t

Xut ha n in t i vi cc giao dch thng mi in t ang l mi quan tm ca nhiu nc. Ha n in t gip thc y hot ng mua bn gia cc c nhn cc quc gia khc nhau. Bn cnh n cn gip cho vic tnh v min gim thu ca cc c quan ch qun tin hnh c d dng. Ha n in t cn gip cho cc c quan kim ton c th tin hnh kim ton mt cch d dng hn. Thay v mt cng tm ha n bng giy th ch cn nhp s ha n v vi giy sau h thng s cung cp y thng tin v ha n . Li ch chung ca vic xut ha n in t l: Gim chi ph: Ha n in t s gip loi bt chi ph giy t, chi ph in n. Ngoi ra ha n in t cn gip gim chi ph nhp d liu v lu tr thng tin. Theo mt nghin cu ca tp on Hackett th ha n in t gip gim chi ph x l ha n di 20% chi ph xut ha n bng giy. Gim thi gian: Ha n in t gip tit kim c rt nhiu thi gian xut ha n do tit kim c thi gian nhn, x l v nhp d liu. Ha n in t s c t ng gi t nh cung cp ti ngi mua thng qua mng Internet. Gim thiu cc li t khu nhp d liu: Cng theo nghin cu ca Hackett th chi ph gii quyt cc khc bit v ha n in t di 70% chi ph ny nu xut ha n bng giy. Ci thin c mi quan h vi cc cc nh cung cp do chu trnh thanh ton c rt ngn ng k. m bo c tnh minh bch v xc thc ca ha n gi i. D dng tm kim ha n138


Mt ha n in t phi tha mn ba yu t: c th xc thc c u l ha n in t gc; minh bch v ni dung v c th c c. Hin nay trn th gii c hai ng dng phn mm trong vic xut ha n in t l: EBPP (Electronic Bill Presentment and Payment) cho m hnh thng mi in t B2C v EIPP (Electronic Invoice Presentment and Payment) cho m hnh thng mi in t B2B. Ha n in t c trin khai u tin trog cc giao dch thng mi B2C, sau c s dng rng ri c trong cc giao dch thng mi B2B trong cc doanh nghip ln v nh. Ha n in t c chp nhn ph bin ti chu u vo nm 2004. Mt ha n in t c th di nhiu hnh thc: HTML, PDF, TIFFHnh 6.12: Quy trnh xut ha n in t


6.3.2.

Thanh ton bng Th tn dng (L/C)

Thanh ton bng th tn dng c s dng ph bin trn ton th gii. Thanh ton bng th tn dng bao gm nhiu bc, v s c nhiu ri ro ln tranh chp pht sinh khi xut trnh chng t bng vn bn. V xut trnh chng t in t s gim thiu c ri ro trong qu trnh thanh ton v tit kim thi gian hn. Hin nay, xut trnh chng t in t c quy nh bi eUCP700 Cc tp qun quc t v L/C6.3.2.1. Cc dng th hin chng t in t

Cc vn bn c lu tr in t di nhiu dng khc nhau, ph bin nht l word, pdf, text, dng nh jpg... Tuy nhin, trong eUCP khng quy nh c th dng no ca chng t in t l dng chun. Vn ny m cho cc t chc linh hot ng dng trn thc t nhng dng chng t c chn phi p ng iu kin ngi hng li cc bn lin quan c kh nng to ra, gi, nhn v c th c c. Trong cc giao dch in t ti thi im hin nay, chng t ph bin c s dng l di dng vn bn nh km th in t. Tuy nhin, eUCP cng khng quy nh c th v phng tin xut trnh chng t in t. Vn ny cng c cc bn139


linh hot tho thun. Nu e-mail c cc bn thng nht l phng tin xut trnh, mc an ton thp ca phng thc ny cn c lu i vi tt c cc bn. Giao dch thng qua fax l hnh thc vn rt ph bin hin nay do chng c c cc u im nh thng tin y , giao dch tc thi... Theo eUCP cc bn fax cng c coi l chng t in t.

Tuy nhin, chng t in t di hnh thc no cng u khng mc nhin c chp nhn. Tt c cc th tn dng c eUCP iu chnh u phi quy nh r hnh thc chng t, phng thc xut trnh, v phng thc chng thc i vi tng chng t. Fax va l hnh thc va l phng thc xut trnh. Nu mun yu cu xut trnh bng fax, ngi xin m th tn dng phi quy nh chp nhn hnh thc chng t l fax v ngn hng c ch nh nhn chng t bng fax phi cung cp cho ngi hng li s fax ca mnh.6.3.2.2. Quy trnh xut trnh chng t in t trong TTQT

Vic xut trnh chng t in t c thc hin bng cch ngi hng li gi cc chng t in t thng qua mng my tnh n ngn hng ngn hng kim tra, sau ngn hng thng bo gi tip n ngn hng thanh ton. Khi no xut trnh chng t in t, ngi hng li phi gi km theo mt thng bo hon thnh b chng t km theo b chng t c quy nh trong L/C chng t rng tt c cc chng t c xut trnh v ngn hng c th kim tra v x l tip chuyn nhng, thanh ton hay chp nhn. Chnh quy nh ny cho php ngi hng li xut trnh chng t in t ti cc thi im khc nhau, hoc s dng b chng t hn hp c chng t in t v chng t giy. Thng bo hon thnh b chng t c th km theo cc ch th v chit khu, thanh ton hay ch th khc; thng bo ny c th di hnh thc vn bn giy hay in t tu theo la chn ca ngi hng li. Sau khi ngn hng nhn c b chng t, thi gian ngn hng kim tra b chng t in t tng t nh i vi cc chng t truyn thng. Trong UCP 500 quy nh mt khong thi gian hp l, khng vt qu by ngy lm vic ca ngn hng. Quy nh v thi gian x l b chng t in t ging b chng t truyn thng l hp l v nu quy nh khc i, s rt kh khn khi kim tra b chng t hn hp va giy va in t.

140

Bi 6: Thanh ton in tHnh 6.13: Quy trnh xut chng t in t

Ngun: AVG Letter of Credit Management Conference, 2002, www.internetlc.com

Khc vi cc chng t truyn thng, chng t in t c kh nng b h hng trong qu trnh gi, nhn, lu tr v x l hoc tc ng t bn ngoi nh virus, hackers... iu e11 trong eUCP quy nh khi ngn hng nhn c thng ip d liu b h hng, ngn hng c th yu cu gi li thng ip m khng cn t chi thng ip ny. Tuy nhin, iu e11 khng quy nh r cc iu kin xc nh chng t in t b coi l hng hay khng. Vn ny thng c quy nh trong Lut giao dch in t hay cc lut iu chnh Thng mi in t ca cc nc. Nhn chung, c th thy khi cc chng t khng c c th b coi l h hng. Trong th tn dng cho php xut trnh b chng t in t, bn cnh a ch ngn hng xut trnh chng t truyn thng bng giy c th a ch e-mail gi b chng t in t. Vic pht hnh v xut trnh c thc hin ch cn thng qua mt ngn hng l ngn hng pht hnh thay v vic b chng t (bng giy) trc y phi lun chuyn t nc ny sang nc khc. Dng chng t in t ph bin c th c s dng l PDF (portable document file). Vic xut trnh chng t in t nhn chung c mt s u im nh thi gian c thanh ton ngn hn, chi ph r hn, t sai st hn...6.4. Qun l ri ro trong thanh ton in t:

Mc d doanh nghip bn hng c th s dng SSL bo mt cc giao dch, doanh nghip vn c th phi chu cc ri ro sau nu chp nhn thanh ton bng th tn dng trc tuyn. Cc ri ro ny khng ph thuc vo bo mt cc thng tin trong qu trnh giao dch m nm ngay cc yu t thng tin u vo v cc nghip v giao dch thanh ton in t. S dng th bt hp php Nu th thanh ton b s dng tri php, ngi ch th khng chp nhn cc khon thanh ton . Khi ngn hng pht hnh th s ghi c li cho ch th v i li tin t ngi bn. Ngi mua thay i quyt nh mua hng Nu khch hng trc ng thanh ton nhng sau t chi, v ngn hng pht hnh th ng vi t chi , ngi bn s phi chu thit hi.141


Ngi bn c th trnh nhng trng hp tng t nh vy bng cch a ra bng chng ch th xc nhn thanh ton v nhn hng. Hoc giao dch c thc hin vi ch k s, tuy nhin hnh thc xc nhn ny rt t v rm r i vi hu ht cc giao dch thanh ton bng th tn dng trc tuyn. Mt trm cc thng tin ca th Cc trng hp hacker t nhp vo my tnh ca doanh nghip ni cha cc d liu v thng tin th tn dng. Doanh nghip c th trnh trng hp ny bng cch lu tr cc d liu ny trn mt my tnh c lp, khng th truy cp trc tip c t Internet.

142


TM LC CUI BI Thanh ton in t l vic thanh ton tin thng qua cc thng ip in t thay cho vic trao tay tin mt. Hin nay, cc loi th thanh ton c s dng ph bin trn th gii c th k n l th thanh ton, th thng minh, v in t, tin in t, sc in t Th thanh ton gm c Th tn dng, Th ghi n, Th mua hng; trong ba loi th ny, th tn dng c s dng ph bin hn. Th thng minh l th c gn b vi x l trn (chip). B vi x l ny c th kt hp thm mt th nh, cng c trng hp trn th thanh ton ch gn thm th nh m khng c phn lp trnh no km theo. V in t: V in t l mt phn mm trong ngi s dng c th lu tr s th tn dng v cc thng tin c nhn khc. Khi mua hng trn mng, ngi mua hng ch n gin kch vo v in t, phn mm s t ng in cc thng tin khch hng cn thit thc hin vic mua hng. Hin nay, Visa, MasterCard, Yahoo, AOL, Microsoft u cung cp dch v v in t. Cc gii php tin in t s dng phn mm lu gi mt khon tin mt tng ng vo mt cng hoc a. Tin ng v ngn phiu c thay th bng cc ch k s. u im ca h thng ny l chi ph chuyn tin gn nh bng 0 (ch c chi ph thc l chi ph bn phi tr cho kt ni Internet). nhn c tin th bn cn phi ti mt c my bo t ng trc quan (a virtual automatic teller machine) trn mng hoc ATM trong thc t, t bn c th nhn tin in t bng vic ghi n trc tip t ti khon ngn hng hoc thanh ton bng th tn dng. Sc in t l phin bn in t hoc yu cu xut trnh in t i vi sc giy thng thng. Sc in t cha cc thng tin tng t nh sc thng v c th s dng trong mi trng hp v sc giy c th s dng vi khung php l iu chnh tng t nhau. Thanh ton in t gia doanh nghip v khch hng c nhn c th k n l dch v ATM, dch v ngn hng qua in thoi, dch v ngn hng ti ch, dch v ngn hng qua Internet. Trong khi , Thanh ton in t B2B thng c gi tr kh ln v phc tp hn so vi thanh ton B2C, n l mt phn trong ton b dy chuyn cung ng thanh ton, bao gm cc khu sau: mua hng, thc hin hp ng, thanh ton, bo him, li sut tn dng, hiu lc giao hng, y quyn thanh tonNn hnh thc thanh ton c th k n l quy trnh xut trnh v thanh ton bng ha n in t: EIPP v thanh ton bng L/C vi vic xut trnh chng t in t.

143


CU HI THO LUN

1. Li ch i vi doanh nghip, ngi tiu dng khi p dng thanh ton trc tuyn l g? 2. Nhng tr ngi m doanh nghip gp phi khi ng dng thanh ton in t? 3. S ging v khc nhau gia thanh ton trc tuyn v thanh ton trong thng mi truyn thng? 4. D on xu hng thanh ton bng tin mt v phi tin mt ti Vit Nam trong 10 nm ti? 5. Ngi bn phi p ng nhng iu kin g khi tin hnh thit lp h thng thanh ton trc tuyn? 6. Ngi bn phi p ng iu kin g chp nhn thanh ton bng th tn dng? 7. Ngi bn s phi chu chi ph pht sinh g nu khch hng gian ln th tn dng? 8. Th thng minh s em li nhng li ch g trong dch v y t v chm sc sc khe? 9. Li ch ca vic thanh ton bng sc in t? 10. Hnh thc thanh ton trc tuyn B2C ph bin Vit Nam? 11. Phng thc thanh ton in t no ph hp vi cc doanh nghip va v nh ti Vit Nam hin nay? 12. Thanh ton trc tuyn B2B c p dng cc phng thc thanh ton bng th khng? Ti sao? 13. Mt nh xut bn sch rt quan tm n vic bn sch qua mng. Phng thc thanh ton no c th c p dng trong trng hp ny? 14. Cng ty Honda ang cn nhc vic chp nhn thanh ton trc tuyn cho c nh cung cp nguyn vt liu v khch hng ca cng ty. Hnh thc thanh ton no s c p dng? Lm th no cng ty Honda thanh ton cho i tc cung cp? Lm th no cng ty Honda nhn tin thanh ton t khch hng? 15. Cng ty nhp khu in t A ti Vit Nam nhp mt l hng MP3 t cng ty B ti Thng Hi. Sau khi hon tt vic xut trnh chng t in t theo yu cu khi m L/C, B giao hng; cng ty A thanh ton, nhn chng t in t. Tuy nhin, sau khi nhn hng v kim tra, cng ty A pht hin hng b li. Cng ty A gii quyt nh th no? Trong trng hp ny, cng ty no s chu ri ro tn tht? Ti sao? 16. Ri ro no c th xy ra i vi ngi bn khi chp nhn thanh ton bng th tn dng? Vai tr ca cc bn lin quan khi tham gia vo phng thc thanh ton ny?

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BI TP TNH HUNG

Bc ngot t thanh ton tin mt sang trc tuyn: Cu chuyn ca Wells Fargo Home Mortgage. Cng ty Wells Fargo Home Mortgage, mt cng ty cho vay th chp nh ln nht ti M, c mt danh mc d n u t ca hn 4,6 triu con n. Ban u, cc khch hng ca cng ty thanh ton bng cch tr vo ti khon ca cng ty ti ngn hng. Vi hnh thc thanh ton , mt t l ng k khch hng khng thanh ton ng hn vo cc chi nhnh ngn hng ca Well Fargos. Vi cc trng hp ny, cng ty thng a ra chng trnh thanh ton qua in thoi cho php khch hng chi tr s tin cn n nhm trnh chi ph thanh ton mun. Vi mt danh mc u t ln, chi ph cho vic thu hi cc khon n bng tin mt nh hng khng t n mc tiu li nhun ca cng ty. V chi ph cho cng ty gii quyt vic thu hi n hng nm hn 1 triu M. gii quyt tnh trng ny, vo nm 2000 Well Fargo a ra mt chng trnh ci t nhm y nhanh tin v gim chi ph trong ton b quy trnh thanh ton. Qu I nm 2000, t l thanh ton bng tin mt gim . Vo thi gian , cng ty p dng 3 hnh thc thanh ton trc tuyn: trc tip chp nhn thanh ton (direct payments), gin tip chp nhn thanh ton (eQuyty payments), v s dng bn th 3 trong h thng thanh ton (third party processor). Trong , c 350,000 khch hng chn hnh thc 1, 100,000 khch hng chn hnh thc 2 v 133,000 chn hnh thc th ba. V cui nm 2000, cng vi cc phng thc c, Well Fargo p dng thm cc phng thc thanh ton trc tuyn khc: Thanh ton cc khon th chp t ng dch v ACH direct payment Thanh ton trc tuyn dch v ACH debits Thanh ton Just in time in thoi dch v ACH debits Thanh ton bng ha n in t - vi dch v ny, th cc bn k khai v ha n s c tr trc tuyn ti website Thanh ton bng cch khu tr tin mt t ti khon ca khch hng trong vng 2 tun Vi cc phng thc thanh ton , khch hng tr nn quen thuc vi hnh thc thanh ton mi v vic s dng thanh ton in t cng pht trin. Trong qu I/2002, cng ty x l 3,4 triu giao dch thanh ton trc tuyn. Vo qu III/2003, con s ny ln n 4,3 triu, tng 26%. T l thanh ton bng tin mt gim ng k trong thi gian . Tuy thanh ton trc tuyn chim lnh hot ng thanh ton ca cng ty, cc khon n kh i trong nm 2003 vn chim n 60%. i vi Well Fargo, vic gii quyt cc khon n kh i l mt vn tn nhiu chi ph nht. Vo nm 2002, Cc quy nh ca hip hi thanh ton in t NACHA v kim sot cc khon n (ARC) c hiu lc. ARC l mt dch v cho php cc ha n ca khch hng c gi vo a ch hp en v c chuyn n h thng ACH debit in t. Theo NACHA, cc khch hng c quyn chuyn i t vic thanh ton bng sc sang thanh ton in t khi h chuyn tin v thng bo ti ch n. ARC ph hp vi cc khon thanh ton nhiu ln v d nh cc khon n th chp, bo him... Vo nm 2003, Well Fargo tr thnh cng ty u tin ng dng ARC. Cc khon n kh i ca cng ty gim ng k, tuy c mt vi khch hng vn chn phng thc thanh ton truyn thng. Nhn chung, chng trnh ARC to ra mt ln sng mi trong h thng thanh ton in t. Vo cui qu I/2004, thanh ton in t chim 80% trong tng danh mc u t145


ca Well Fargo, tng 35% trc khi p dng ACR. Vo cui qu IV/2004, t l thanh ton bng tin mt chuyn sang thanh ton in t l 1 chi 7. Vic p dng ARC tc ng tch cc n tnh hnh ti chnh ca cng ty, doanh thu tng gp i. Mc d vic chuyn i t chp nhn thanh ton bng tin mt sang thanh ton trc tuyn to ra mt bc ngot trong phng thc kinh doanh ca Well Fargo, nhng kinh nghim trin khai ARC li khng c g mi. Theo NACHA, lng khch hng s dng ARC tng t 5,3 triu nm 2002 ln 43,7 triu nm 2003, t 208 triu trong qu II/2004. ARC hin nay l ng dng sc in t ACH ln nht nc M. Cu hi: 1. Ging nh cc tp on ti chnh khc, Well Fargo a ra hng lot cc phng thc thanh ton in t cho khch hng ca mnh. M t mt phng thc thanh ton m Well Fargo s dng trc khi cng ty ny p dng ARC. Ti sao nhng phng thc thanh ton Well Fargo li cha to ra ng lc ln nhm khuyn khch khch hng chuyn sang thanh ton phi tin mt? 2. S dng thng tin trn website www.nacha.org, nu cc quy tc c bn khi p dng phng thc thanh ton ARC. Ti sao phng thc ny li gip Well Fargo trin khai h thng thanh ton trc tuyn hiu qu? 3. Cn c vo trng hp ca Well Fargo, nu mt cng ty mun p dng thanh ton trc tuyn, th cng ty nn thuyt phc khch hng nh th no?

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