Thuong Yeu La Cam Thong - Binh an Son Dich

8/3/2019 Thuong Yeu La Cam Thong - Binh an Son Dich

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THNG YU L THNG CM

Bnh AnsonNh Xut Bn Tn Gio

TL. 2005 - PL. 2549Ngun

http://thuvienhoasen.orgChuyn sang ebook 22-7-2009

Ngi thc hin : Nam Thin [email protected] Audio Ti Website http://www.phatphaponline.org

Mc Lc-01-Thng yu l thng cm-02-Trng trn thng Ging-03-Bn s tht cao qu-04-Ba gii, su ng-05-By giai on thanh tnh

-06-Nm chng ngi-07-Duyn sinh-08-Nhp dng gii thot-09-Tn mn v ch Chnh-10-Thn bnh, Tm an

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-01-Thng yu l thng cm

T-khu VisuddhicaraBnh Anson trch dch

Khi chng ta nhn thc c trn th gian ny, nhn loi v cc loi chngsinh khc u chu qu nhiu au kh, vic ti thiu m ta c th lm ckhi cn sng l gp phn vo vic lm gim bt ni kh au chung quanhta.
http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Sach%20Noi/Quoc%20Te/http://phatphaponline.org/kinh/Audio/Sach%20Noi/Quoc%20Te/


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C nhiu ngi phc v nhn loi bng nhiu cch tuyt vi. H v anggp phn thin nguyn cung cp dch v an sinh x hi, tr gip ngi bnh,ngi tn tt, ngi ngho i, ngi gi, ngi sp cht v nhng ngiang lm cnh kh khn. Tt c nhng bc khai sng tn gio u dy cctn phi lm vic t thin. Trong Pht gio, chng ta khng tin vo mtng To ha nhng chng ta tin vo lng tt v gi gii khng st hi sinhlinh. Chng ta tin vo lut nghip bo nhn qu - lm tt th c tt v lmxu th b xu. Do , chng ta lun lun c gng tu tp lm iu thin lnh,trnh cc iu bt thin nh st sinh, trm cp, t dm, ni di, ung ruhoc dng cc cht say. Chng ta tu tp t ti mc mnh lm victhin l v l vic thin, ch khng phi v s b a xung a ngc hocv mun c n thng v sau. Chng ta lm tt v ta vui thch lm tt, vt nhin ta c khuynh hng lm tt. Ni cch khc, chng ta khng cn

bit lm g hn l lm thin, lm tt. Thin v ta l mt.

c Pht dy hng t phi c lng t thin v quan tm n ngi khc.Khi dy v lng b th, Ngi ni bt c mt n lc nh no cng qu. Ngayc nm vn bnh m xung nc cho c n cng c c Pht khenngi. Mt ln n, khi vi T-khu khng chm sc mt v T-khu ang b

bnh kit l, c Pht t tay tm ra cho v T-khu v khin trchcc v kia, ni rng: "Ai chm sc ngi bnh, ngi y chm sc Nh Lai"(Mahavagga VIII 26.1-8). c Pht khuyn khch cc bc vua cha nn caitr x s vi lng t i. Ngi khuyn h nn dit tr nn ngho i, v lnguyn nhn sinh ra trm cp v cc ti c khc. Vn l mt ngi yuchung ha bnh, c Pht tng ng ra can gin khi hai b tc c nhgy chin ch v tranh ginh mt khc sng. c Pht hi: "Ci g quantrng hn - nc sng hay mu ngi xung v chin tranh?". Hai b tcnhn ra s phi l ca cuc tranh chp v quyt nh rt qun, khng nhnhau na.

Mt trong nhng v vua nhn t nht, chu nh hng gio php ca cPht, l vua A Dc, tr v n vo th k th ba trc Ty lch, khong200 nm sau khi c Pht nhp dit. Ni ting v lng nhn o, vua A Dc

cn c lng rng ri t tm n c loi th. Ngi gi cc y s n cha bnhcho c ngi ln th. Ngi xy nh ngh cho khch l hnh, v dng ngcho ngi ngho v ngi bnh. Mc d l mt Pht t thun thnh, vua ADc cng cho php dn chng c tin theo bt c o gio no v h tr ssinh hot ca mi gio phi. Vua A Dc xem vai tr ca mnh l mt ngilnh o nhn t, lc no cng mong ngi dn c thnh vng v hnh

phc.


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Chng ta cng vy, nu chng ta theo li Pht dy, ta s c nhng hnhng tng t nh vua A Dc lm gim thiu s au kh, m rng ha

bnh v hnh phc. Chnh c Pht l mt tm gng tt p nht chngta noi theo, v Ngi dnh trn cuc i ca mnh dy cho mi ngithy c con ng thot kh. Ngi khng nhng ch mun lm gim khm Ngi cn ch dy con ng a n dit kh mt cch rt ro. Sau khichng ng, Ngi dng trn 45 nm cn li ca i mnh dy chng tacch thc dit kh. Ngi dy con ng tnh gic.

c Pht nhn ra rng ch bng cch tu tp tht rt ro th ngi ta mi cth dit kh. Mc d vic sn sc ngi au m, cha lnh bnh tt, cungcp thc phm v gip vt cht cho ngi bn hn l mt phn ca viccu kh, nhng ch l cha nhng triu chng. c Pht mun tm mts cha tr dt hon ton cn bnh kh. Do , Ngi suy nghim ton b

vn sinh v t. gii quyt vn tn gc r ca n, Ngi thy chngta cn phi hay i tm thc mt cch rt ro. S au kh ch yu l do nitm. Khi mt ngi b au n v th xc, ngi thng phn ng bngs bun ru, s hi v chn nn. Nhng c Pht ni nu l mt ngi bithnh thin th ngi c th chu uc cn au th xc m khng b auv tinh thn. "Thn c au, nhng ng tm au theo", Ngi dy nh th.

Ni cch khc, ngi y khng phn ng vi cn au bng s bun ru, lou, chn nn, on ght, sn hn, v.v. Ngc li, ngi y phn ng vi mttm an nh v bnh thn. Ngi y vn vui v v cn c th an i khuynkhch nhng ngi khc na.

Vn ch yu l do Tm. Nu chng ta loi tr c tham, sn, si rakhi tm thc mnh, chng ta c th hon ton ch ng v tiu dit c skh no v tinh thn, nh bn khon v lo lng, su no v than van. Ta phitha nhn rng au n th cht l iu khng th trnh khi khi ta cn hinhu vi ci thn xc ny. Tt c chng ta u bit s tht l khng ai c ththot khi gi lo, bnh hon, t vong. Nhng c Pht ni mt khi tmchng ta c thanh tnh, khng cn mi bn nh ca tham, sn, si, th cnau th xc khng cn lm ta s hi na. Khng g lay chuyn ta c na.

Khng g lm ta tc bc c na, d l cn au n kch lit ca nhngloi bnh nan y. Tm ta c th vn gi im nhin. V vy, c ln ngiAnuruddha (A-nu-lu-), mt v i t ca c Pht, c hi l lmsao ngi c th gi s an nhin khi b bnh nng, ngi tr li rng l vngi lm ch c tm ca mnh qua vic hnh thin gic nim do cPht dy.


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Ngoi ra, c Pht cng dy l nu ngi no t n mc dit ctham, sn, si, th s khng cn phi ti sinh na. Khi ngi y cht, lkip cui ca bc thnh A-la-hn. Ngi y t n trng thi Nit Bnan lc, v sinh. V khng cn ti sinh, ngi y khng cn phi tri qua cnhlo, bnh, t. c Pht ni, mi l dit kh.

Gim thiu phin kh

Trn con ng n lc tinh tn chm dt hon ton s kh, chng ta nngip cu kh bng mi cch trong kh nng ca mnh. Th gian ny khngthiu g nhng cnh kh i. Con ngi gnh chu kh no qua nhiu cchkhc nhau. Khi c tin tc trn bo ch, ta thy ci kh mi ni. Ngi taci nhau, nh nhau, git nhau, cp bc, di tr, la o, v gy kh chonhau bng mi cch. Chng ta lm kh cho nhau, do s m mui ca

chng ta. Ngoi ra, cn bit bao thin tai, tai nn, ri ro, i kht, bnh tt.V cnh lo, bnh, t lun lun theo st chng ta tng bc.

Thc th, th gian ny trn y kh i. Ti sao chng ta li thm kh ivo ? Ti sao chng ta khng chu dn thn, gip lm gim bt kh i?

Ngay c nu khng lm c nhiu, chng ta cng c th lm c cht t.Mi n lc, d ln d nh, u tt c. Nh l c ngi ni: "Khng c s

sai lm no ln hn s sai lm l mnh khng chu lm g c bi v nghrng mnh ch c th lm c qu t". Mi chng ta u c th lm cmt cht t g , ty theo hon cnh v kh nng ca mnh. Trc ht,

chng ta c th bt u bng cch n , c x t t hn. Chng ta c thkim sot cn gin ca chng ta. Mi khi gin d, chng ta gy kh no chochnh mnh v ngi khc. Nhng nu chng ta kim sot c s gin dv nui dng lng bao dung v nhn ni, tnh thng v t tm, chng tatr thnh nhng ngi t t hn, v iu s gip mang nim vui v hnh

phc n cho ngi khc.

Ni cch khc, chng ta bt u bng cch thanh tnh tm, tr kh mmmng bt thin v tiu cc ca tham, sn, si. Da vo kh nng kim sotc cc trng thi bt thin ny, chng ta pht trin tnh thng v tm t.Chng ta tr nn t t hn trong quan h vi nhng ngi chung quanh.Chng ta ni chuyn mt cch thng yu v du dng hn, v trnh nhngli cc cn l mng, chm bim ma mai. Chng ta tr nn quan tm nhiuhn v s an vui ca ngi khc. Nu ch bit lo cho chnh quyn li camnh th chng ta s khng th m rng lng thng yu. Mun c tnhthng yu, chng ta phi bit quan tm n ngi khc, ch khng phi ch


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ring c bn thn mnh. V vy, chng ta phi t hi, mnh c thng yu cha? Mnh c quan tm cha? Nu cha, th chng ta cha th lm g gim bt s kh. Bi chnh t tnh thng yu tht s m chng ta mi cnhng hnh ng c th.

Mi ngi chng ta ng gp theo cch ring ca mnh, theo bt c cchthc no m mnh bit. Chng hn, chng ta c th ng gp bng cch chias kin thc v Pht Php m mnh bit, cho d s hiu bit ca mnh cnrt hn ch. Ta c th khuyn khch mi ngi hnh thin v hng dn hcht t trn ng tu hc. Ta c th ku gi mi ngi thng yu, quan tmn nhau hn, t t v kin nhn vi nhau hn, v.v. D nhin chng ta khnghon ton, v c nhng lc, chng ta khng lm trn vai tr ca mnh. Ccu tc ng ni rt ng, rng: "Ni th d, nhng lm c li mnh ni thrt kh". V vy, ta cng nn l ngi u tin ng ra nhn nhn nhng

nhc im ca mnh v chp nhn sa sai. Chng ta thng c tc tt vkhng c nh hi ai. Nhng do s s h, kiu cng, thiu hiu bit, thiunhn ni, thiu bao dung, v.v., chng ta c th lm kh phin ngi khc,cho d chng ta c nh tt. Nhng mt ngi c tm hn cao thng sthng cm v tha th cho ta. Kh nng tha th l mt c tnh tuyt vi, vvy mi c cu: "Lm li l ngi, tha th l thnh".

Bn c sn sng cng hin, ng gp, b th, v ch c bn mi bit cchno mnh c th ng gp hay nht, tt nht. Mi ngi chng ta u c strng, ti ngh v nng khiu khc nhau. iu kin v hon cnh mi

ngi mt khc, cho nn chng ta ng gp theo cch thc ring ca mnh,ty theo iu kin v cn duyn ca mnh. iu quan trng l ta c c gng,ta lm theo kh nng ca mnh. Bt c mt ng gp nh nht no cng tt,v sau mt thi gian th ta s nhn ra rng mnh lm c kh nhiu vic.V l dp ta hoan h. D nhin iu khng c ngha l ta nn ngngngh trn s hoan h . Cn rt nhiu vic phi lm, cho nn ta phi tip tcn lc, tip tc tinh tn thm.

Thng yu l thng cm

Mun cht lnh, chng ta phi sng tt. Nu sng tt th chng ta c thcht lnh, khng hi tic. Chng ta ra i bnh an, hi lng rng mnh lmtt c nhng g mnh c th lm c, rng trong i mnh chia s s cmthng v hnh phc, rng mnh sng theo nhng nguyn tc ca mnh datrn tnh yu thng ca tm t.


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Thng yu l thng cm. Tnh thng yu khng phn xt hay ln n. Tnhthng yu lng nghe v thng hiu. Tnh thng yu quan tm v c thincm. Tnh thng yu chp nhn v tha th. Tnh thng yu khng c ranhgii. Tnh thng yu khng phn bit, khng ni: Ti theo Nam tng, anhtheo Bc tng hoc Mt tng. Tnh thng yu khng ni: Ti theo Phtgio cn anh theo Thin cha gio, Hi gio, hoc n gio. Hoc ti lngi Hoa, ch l ngi M lai, ng kia l ngi n, b n l ngi u.Hoc ti l ngi ng phng, cn anh l ngi Ty phng; hoc ti lngi M lai, anh l ngi Nht, ch l ngi M, ngi Min, ngi Thi,v.v.

Tnh thng yu vt qua mi ro cn. Tnh thng yu thy v cm nhnc chng ta u cng mt ging, l nhn loi. Nc mt chng ta unh nhau, chng u mn, v mu chng ta u . Khi c tnh thng

yu v t tm, chng ta c th thng cm vi ngi khc. Chng ta thyrng mnh cng i trn mt con thuyn trong cn sng gi bin c cuc i.Chng ta l bn kh ng hnh trong bin trm lun, ci vng sinh t lunhi trong ci Ta-b. Chng ta l anh ch em ln nhau qua nhiu i, nhiukip.

Mt khi chng ta thy v cm nhn iu ny, mi ro cn v chng tc,tn gio, vn ha, phong tc tp qun, v.v. s sp . Chng ta m rngcnh tay vi tri tim yu thng thun tnh. Chng ta hiu v cm nhn cci kh ca ngi khc. Tm t bao trm thn ta. Trong li ni hoc hnh

ng ca chng ta, ngi khc cm nhn c tnh thng yu v tm tny. N lm an du v cha lnh kh i ca mi ngi. N gp phn vo nnha bnh v s cm thng trn th gii.

Chuyn con b cp

Tnh thng yu i i vi tm t. Khi c c mt tri tim thng yu, tmt s ni ln d dng trong ta. Mi ln thy mt ngi chu kh, ta t cmthy mnh cn phi lm iu g gip gim s kh cho ngi y. Tmt to ra mt c tnh mun loi tr ht mi s kh. Chng ta c th nhn rangay iu , khi ta c hnh ng tc thi chm dt hoc gim bt nikh ca mt ngi no.

Cu chuyn sau y s gip hiu r hn: Mt ngi n thy con b cp spcht ui trong mt vng nc. T nhin mun cu gip n, ng ta nhanhnhn a tay ra vt con b cp khi vng nc, t n xung ch kh ro.


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Con b cp lin chch ng ta. V mun qua ng, n i tip v li lt vovng nc. Thy n sp cht ui, ngi n ng vt n ln ln th hai vli b n chch na. Mt ngi khc bn ng thy vy bn ni: "Ti saong di qu vy? By gi ng b chch chng nhng mt ln m n hai ln!Tht l in r khi phi cu vt mt con b cp!" Ngi n ng tr li:"Tha ng, ti khng th khng lm c. ng thy khng, bn tnh ca con

b cp l chch. Cn bn tnh ca ti l cu. Ti khng th lm g khc hnl cu con b cp."

Ngi n ng n c l nn dng tr khn v ly mt que cy vt con bcp. Nhng c th ng ta ngh rng mnh c th vt n bng tay vi mtcch no khi b chch. Hoc ng ta c th ngh rng mt con b cptrong cn hon nn nh vy s khng chch mnh. Trong bt c trng hpno, bi hc ca cu chuyn ny l phn ng tc thi ca ngi n ng

mun cu mt sinh mng khc, d ch l mt loi cn trng. N cng chothy ngi ny c tm t cao qu n cho d mnh ch nhn s v n cangi mnh gip, iu cng khng sao. c tnh ca ng ta l lng gip, v nu phi gip na th ng cng lm. ng ta khng bit ghi gi tronglng mt s cay ng th hn no.

Do , lng t i l ngn ng ca con tim. Khi c c tnh thng yu vlng t i thc y, chng ta sn sng gip ngi khc, bt k mu da,tn gio, quc tch. Khi c t tm th vic xc nh mu da, tn ngngv.v. tr thnh th yu, khng cn quan trng na.

Nu c gng nui dng loi tnh thng yu v t tm nh vy, khi n lccht, chng ta s ra i mt cch bnh an, thanh thn. Ngay c nu cha thnhcng mt trm phn trm trong n lc thng yu ton ho, chng ta vn cth vui sng v hi lng l mnh c gng ht sc. V chc chn l chngta thnh cng trong mt mc no .

Ng gii

Nu chng ta c gng nui dng loi tnh thng yu nh vy, th vicgi nm gii s khng phi l qu kh. Khi gi trn vn nm gii ny -khng st sinh, trm cp, t dm, ni di, ung ru hoc dng cc cht say- ta mang hnh phc v s an ton n ngi khc. Bng cch no? L vkhng ai phi lo s v chng ta. H khng phi s hi, e ngi; tri li, hcm thy rt an ton v thoi mi khi gn gi chng ta. H cm thy an tml chng ta khng lm hi h, cp ca, hoc la di h. Chng ta khng


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dan du vi v hay chng ca h. Chng ta khng ni di vi h. Hn na,nu chng ta khng ung ru, h khng phi lo lng v chuyn con ci hc th bt chc thi ung ru ca chng ta. H cm thy c th tin tngchng ta v chng ta khng ung ru say sa. Chng ta sng o v thchnh con ng thin lnh, ngay thng. Chng ta l nhng ngi v hi.

Ngi no cn ham mun th vui vi cm gic mnh c th ngh rng chngta c mt cuc i nhm chn, v chng ta l ngi in r, ngu di. Nhngiu khng quan trng. Chng ta vui v chp nhn con ngi ca mnh.V ngi no c s hiu bit minh trit s ngi khen chng ta.

Vy th vic chng ta gi nm gii l iu tt. Hn na, ta cn thc hnhlng b th rng ri v t t. Ta quan tm v chia s nhng g chng ta c thcung hin. Ta c gng tng trng s gic nim m c Pht dy, tinhtn sng mt cuc i trong tnh gic. Ta hnh thin hiu r hn v bn

cht ca s hin hu, v nhng c tnh v thng, kh v v ng ca isng. Cho nn, khi lm ht mi vic - trong o Pht gi l b th, trgii, tham thin, khi sng mt cuc i tt p, ta cn g s khi cht?Ta cn g n hn?

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Chnh v vy, mun c mt ci cht tt th phi c mt cuc sng tt. V khi sng p, ta c th cht p. Ta ra i bnh an, hi lng rng mnh lmtt c nhng g mnh c th lm c. Chng ta c th cn phm vi li lm

trong cuc sng. Nhng c my ai sng m khng phm li lm? L phmnhn cha gic ng, ta c th lm mt s vic sai quy. iu d hiu,v khng ai hon ton c. Nhng iu quan trng l mt khi nhn ra nhngsai lm , ta bt u vun trng tnh thng yu v t tm, bt u gn gigii hnh v thanh lc tm thc ca mnh. Ta vui sng v mnh cn c th gi v c duyn chuyn sang con ng ng n ca Chnh Php,a n gii thot ti hu. Nh ngi ta thng ni: "Th tr cn hnkhng". Chng ta c th n ni c phn chm tr hn nhiu ngi khc,nhng t ra, ta vn c th tin n c.

(Trch dch: "Loving And Dying",Bhikkhu Visuddhicara)

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-02-Trng trn thng Ging

C ba dp l ln trong truyn thng Pht gio Nguyn thy: Magha Puja lngy l Rm thng Ging, k nim ngy c Pht thuyt k Ovda-

ptimokkha (Gii thot gio), l cn bn cho cc gii lut sau ny; VesakhaPuja l ngy l Rm thng T, tc l ngy l Tam Hp n Sinh - Thnho - i Nit Bn; v Asalha Puja l ngy l Rm thng Su, k nimngy c Pht ging kinh Chuyn Php Lun, v sau , ch Tng Namtng bt u ma An c Kit h.

Rm thng Ging cn gi l ngy Pht Di Chc, k nim ngy c Phttuyn b xc nh nn tng ca gio php v gii lut thit lp vng vng,v Ngi s nhp dit (bt nit bn) 3 thng sau ngy .

*1) Ovdaptimokkha

Khi c Pht ng ti khu vn trc (Trc lm) trong thnh Vng x, c1250 v t-khu d khng hn trc n l bi Ngi vo ngy trng trnthng Magha theo lch n , tng ng vi thng Ging m lch. Cc v yl nhng t u tin xut gia vi Ngi v u c qu A-la-hn. Csch ghi rng trong s , 1000 v l thuc nhm Jatila tc nhm o s tc

bnh xin xut gia theo c Pht sau khi c nghe Ngi ging bi kinh

La Chy (Tng ng 35.28); v 250 v kia l thuc nhm Aggasvakatrc kia l t ca ngi X-li-pht v Mc-kin-lin.

Trong dp ny, Ngi ging bi kinh Ovda-ptimokkha (Gii thot gio),tm tt cn bn ca gio php gii thot v i sng tu tp ca bc xut gianh sau:

Ch Pht thng ging dy,Nhn, kh hnh ti thng,Nit-bn, qu ti thng,

Xut gia khng ph ngi,Sa-mn khng hi ngi.

Khng lm mi iu c,Thnh tu cc hnh lnh,Gi tm trong sch,Chnh li ch Pht dy.


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Khng ph bng, ph hoi,H tr gii cn bn,n ung c tit ,Sng ta ch nhn tnh,Chuyn ch tng thng tm,Chnh li ch Pht dy.

Gii bn cn bn ny c ghi li trong kinh i Bn (Trng B 14).Trong kinh Php C, ba cu k trn cng c tm thy trong Phm Pht-,vi cu k th hai c chuyn thnh cu k u (k s 183, 184, 185).Theo Ch Gii kinh Php C, ba cu k ny c c Pht nhc li lc

Ngi ng tinh x K Vin, tr li cu hi ca Tn gi A-nan.

Lc , vo ngy B-tt m rm thng Magha, Tn gi A-nan cht ngh:

"c Th Tn dy r v cha m ca by i ch Pht, dy v thmng, ci cy ca ch Pht ngi thnh o, t, v thng lnh Tng onv ngi ngoi h chnh thc. Tt c iu c c Th Tn ni r,nhng Ngi khng ni v phng cch gio gii ca by i ch Pht trongngy B-tt. Khng bit phng cch c ging nh hm nay hay khc?".

Ngh th, Tn gi n bch Pht v tha hi nhng iu nh trn. c Phttr li:

- Ch Pht tuy khc nhau v thi gian b-tt, nhng tng ng v li dy

khi gio gii. l:

Khng lm mi iu c,Thnh tu cc hnh lnh,Gi tm trong sch,Chnh li ch Pht dy. (PC 183)

Ch Pht thng ging dy,Nhn, kh hnh ti thng,Nit-bn, qu ti thng,

Xut gia khng ph ngi,Sa-mn khng hi ngi. (PC 184)

Khng ph bng, ph hoi,H tr gii cn bn,n ung c tit ,Sng ta ch nhn tnh,


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Chuyn ch tng thng tm,Chnh li ch Pht dy. (PC 185)

Li gio gii trn ch c mi v Pht tuyn b ln u tin khi hi 4iu kin (Caturansasan-nipta):- ng vo ngy trng trn thng Magha,- C cc v t-khu t ng n bi kin c Pht, khng hn trc,- Cc v u l Thnh tng A-la-hn c lc thng, v- Cc v u xut gia vi c Pht nh l Thin Lai T-Khu (Ehi-bhikkhu).Trong thi k c Pht Thch Ca ca chng ta, s cc v t-khu l 1250v.

V th, ngy rm thng Ging mi nm c xem nh l ngy l k nim

i hi Ch Thnh Tng. Ngy ny c c hnh bng nhiu hnh thc nghil khc nhau, nh l hi t bt n ch Tng, l th gii, l quy y, l thuytphp, l nhiu Pht, l th u , v.v. nhm gip ngi Pht t c s c chi gieo duyn lnh trong chnh php. c bit l l th u (dhutanga),trong , cc c s n cha, th bt quan trai gii, thc trn m thamthin, nghe php, tham vn, lun o.

*

2) Pht Di Chc

Trong 45 nm hong php, c Pht truyn dy tt c nhng iu cn thitcho nhng ai quyt tm c gng theo chn Ngi, c bc xut gia ln hng cs ti gia. Chng nhng cc v ny nm vng Gio L m cn c khnng rng truyn n k khc. Nh ghi li trong kinh i Bt Nit Bn(kinh s 16, Trng B): "... Cc v tr thnh nhng t chnchnh, sng sut, c k lut, sn sng, a vn, duy tr Chnh php, thnhtu Chnh php v ty php, sng chn chnh, sng theo Chnh php, saukhi hc hi gio l c th tuyn b, din ging, trnh by, xc nh, khaiminh, phn tch, v gii thch r rng Chnh php; khi no c t o khiln, c th cht vn v hng phc mt cch kho lo, c th truyn bChnh php mt cch thn diu". Vo nm tm mi tui, Ngi quyt nht b t b th, hnh, khng duy tr mng sng lu hn na. Lc y, Ngiang ng ti thnh Vesali.

Vo ngy trng trn thng Magha, sau khi i kht thc v th trai, Ngi nngh tra ti n Capala. Sau , Ngi cng Tn gi A-nan i n ging


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ng Kutagara ti rng i Lm. Ngi bo Tn gi A-nan i mi tt c T-khu sng gn Vesali t hp ti ging ng ny.

c Th Tn ni vi cc v T-khu:

- "Ny cc T-khu, nhng php do Ta chng ng v ging dy, qu v phikho hc hi, thc chng, tu tp v truyn rng phm hnh c trngtn, vnh cu, v hnh phc cho chng sinh, v an lc cho chng sinh, v lngthng tng cho i, v li ch, v hnh phc, v an lc cho loi Tri vloi Ngi.

Ny cc T-khu, th no l cc php do Ta chng ng v ging dy, qu vphi kho hc hi, thc chng, tu tp v truyn rng phm hnh ctrng tn, vnh cu, v hnh phc cho chng sinh, v an lc cho chng sinh,

v lng thng tng cho i, v li ch, v hnh phc, v an lc cho loiTri v loi Ngi? Chnh l Bn Nim x, Bn Chnh cn, Bn Thn tc,Nm Cn, Nm Lc, By B- phn, Tm Thnh o phn. Ny cc T-khu, chnh nhng php ny do Ta chng ng v ging dy, m qu v phikho hc hi, thc chng, tu tp v truyn rng phm hnh c trngtn, vnh cu, v hnh phc cho chng sinh, v lng thng tng cho i, vli ch, v hnh phc, v an lc cho loi Tri v loi Ngi".

Ri Ngi ni vi cc T-khu:

- "Ny cc T-khu, y l li Ta nhn nh qu v. Cc hnh l v thng.Hy tinh tn ln t gii thot, v khng bao lu Nh Lai s dit . Sauba thng bt u t hm nay, Nh Lai s dit ".

l li c Th Tn dy. Sau khi ni vy, Ngi li ni thm:

Ta gi, d mng chng cn bao,T bit qu v, Ta i mt mnh.T mnh lm s y cho chnh mnh,

Hy tinh tn, chnh nim, gi gii lut,

Nhip thc ch, bo h t tm.Ai tinh tn trong Php v Lut nyS dit sanh t, chm dt kh au.Da vo s kin lch s , ngy rm thng Magha (thng Ging m lch)mi nm c hng Pht t trong truyn thng Nguyn thy t chc knim ngy Pht Di Chc, 3 thng trc khi Ngi nhp dit.


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---o0o---

-03-Bn s tht cao qu

Trch lc kinh inBi ny da theo bn Anh ng "The Four Noble Truths - A Study Guide"ca T-khu Thanissaro, ng trong trang web Access-to-Insight, v ccbn Vit ng ca Ha Thng Thch Minh Chu (i Tng Kinh Vit Nam).c Th Tn bo cc v T-khu: "Ny cc T-khu, bi v khng thnghiu, khng thu t Bn S Tht Cao Qu (T Diu ) m ta cng nhqu v t lu phi tri qua nhiu kip lun hi trong vng sinh t. Bn stht y l g?

V khng thng hiu S Tht v Kh (Kh ) m chng ta lun hi, khng

thng hiu S Tht v Ngun Gc ca Kh (Tp ), khng thng hiu vS Tht v on Dit Kh (Dit ), khng thng hiu S Tht v Conng Dit Kh (o ), m chng ta phi lun hi trong vng sinh t.Bng cch thng hiu, bng cch thu t S Tht v Kh, S Tht v

Ngun Gc ca Kh, S Tht v on Dit Kh, S Tht v Con ngDit Kh, lng tham th v sinh hu c on tn, s h tr sinh huc ph hy, v t khng cn phi ti sinh na."

- Kinh i Bt Nit Bn (Trng B, 16)

c Pht ging v s Gic Ng ca Ngi:

"Tri kin pht sinh, minh st pht sinh, tu gic pht sinh, hiu bit phtsinh, minh kin pht sinh trong ta, v nhng iu m t trc ta cha tngnghe n:

- y l S Tht Tuyt i v Kh ... Kh ny phi c thng hiu ... Khny va c thng hiu.

- y l S Tht Tuyt i v Ngun Gc ca Kh ... Ngun Gc ny phic on tn ... Ngun Gc ny va c on tn.

- y l S Tht Tuyt i v S Dit Kh ... Dit Kh ny phi c trcnghim ... Dit Kh ny va c trc nghim.

- y l S Tht Tuyt i v Con ng Dit Kh ... Con ng ny phic thc chng ... Con ng ny va c thc chng.


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Ny cc v T-khu, khi no m s hiu bit v nhn thc ny ca ta - viba vng chuyn v mi hai kt hp v bn S Tht Tuyt i - khngtinh thun, ta khng th khng nh rng ta l Bc Chnh ng Chnh Gic,vt hn tt c mi loi trong v tr, ch thin, ma qu, phm phu, tu s,vua cha v thng dn. Tuy nhin, ngay khi s hiu bit v nhn thc nyca ta - vi ba vng chuyn v mi hai kt hp v bn S Tht Tuyt i - hon ton tht s tinh thun, ta khng nh rng ta l Bc Chnh ngChnh Gic, vt hn tt c mi loi trong v tr, ch thin, ma qu, phm

phu, tu s, vua cha v thng dn. Tu gic v tri kin pht khi trong ta:'S Gii Thot xy ra. y l kip sng cui cng. Khng cn phi tisinh na.'"

- Kinh Chuyn Php Lun (Tng ng, 56.11)

1. Diu v Kh

1.a) nh ngha:

"Ny cc v T-khu, y l Diu v Kh: Sinh l kh, gi l kh, cht lkh; u su, than khc, au n, bun ru, v tuyt vng l kh; lin kt vinhng iu khng a thch l kh, cch ly nhng iu a thch l kh; khngt c nhng g mong mun l kh; tm li, c nm un (sc, th, tng,hnh, thc) tham th l kh."


1.b) Su cn:

"V th no l Diu v Kh? Cu tr li phi l su cn u kh. Su cn l g? L cn ca mt (nhn cn), cn ca tai (nh cn), cn ca mi (tcn), cn ca li (thit cn), cn ca thn (thn cn), v cn ca ( cn).y l S Tht Cao Qu v Kh."

- Tng ng, 56.14

1.c) Kh nh la chy:

"Tt c u l la chy. Ci g l la chy?

- Mt l la chy. Hnh sc l la chy. Nhn thc t mt l la chy. Tipcn qua mt l la chy. Nhng g sinh khi ty thuc vo s tip cn qua


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mt, cm gic nh l khoi lc, au n, hoc khng lc khng au, uang thiu chy...

- Tai l la chy. m thanh l la chy. Nhn thc t tai l la chy. Tipcn qua tai l la chy. Nhng g sinh khi ty thuc vo s tip cn qua tai,cm gic nh l khoi lc, au n, hoc khng lc khng au, u angthiu chy...

- Mi l la chy. Mi hng l la chy. Nhn thc t mi l la chy.Tip cn qua mi l la chy. Nhng g sinh khi ty thuc vo s tip cnqua mi, cm gic nh l khoi lc, au n, hoc khng lc khng au, uang thiu chy...

- Li l la chy. V nm l la chy. Nhn thc t li l la chy. Tip

cn qua li l la chy. Nhng g sinh khi ty thuc vo s tip cn quali, cm gic nh l khoi lc, au n, hoc khng lc khng au, uang thiu chy...

- Thn l la chy. Vt xc chm l la chy. Nhn thc t thn l la chy.Tip cn qua thn l la chy. Nhng g sinh khi ty thuc vo s tip cnqua thn, cm gic nh l khoi lc, au n, hoc khng lc khng au, uang thiu chy...

- l la chy. T tng l la chy. Nhn thc t l la chy. Tip cn

qua l la chy. Nhng g sinh khi ty thuc vo s tip cn qua , cmgic nh l khoi lc, au n, hoc khng lc khng au, u ang thiuchy. Thiu chy vi g? Thiu chy vi la tham, la sn, v la si. Ta nivi qu v rng tt c u ang thiu chy vi sinh, gi, cht, u su, thankhc, au n, bun ru, v tuyt vng."

- Tng ng, 35.28

2. Diu v Ngun Gc ca Kh

"Ny cc v T-khu, y l Diu v Ngun Gc ca Kh: lng tham thlm cho sinh hu - km theo vi ham mun v a thch, thm vo ch nych kia, ngha l tham th cc dc lc, tham th thng sinh, tham th onsinh."



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Ai sng trong i ny,B i dc buc rngSu kh s tng trng,

Nh c Bi gp ma.

Ai sng trong i nyi dc c hng phcSu ri khi ngi y

Nh git nc l sen. (Php C, 335-336)

Nh cy b cht n,Gc cha hi vn bni ty min cha nh,Kh ny vn sanh hoi. (Php C, 338)

3. Diu v S Dit Kh

"Ny cc v T-khu, y l Diu v Dit Kh: s tn ln v ngngkhng cn tn d, s xut ly, s t b, s gii phng, v s bung b lngtham th."

- Tng ng, 56.11

3.a) Tho g cc nguyn nhn v kh:

"Ta bo vi cc v T-khu, vic chm dt cc lu hoc khng th no cc ni nhng ngi khng thy v khng bit. Thy g v bit g? 'y lsc, y l nhn ca n, y l s tan bin ca n. y l cm th, y lnhn ca n, y l s tan bin ca n. y l tng, y l nhn ca n,y l s tan bin ca n. y l hnh, y l nhn ca n, y l s tan binca n. y l thc, y l nhn ca n, y l s tan bin ca n.' Vicchm dt cc lu hoc ch c th xy ra ni nhng ngi thy v bit nhth.

Tu gic v s on dit khi on dit hin hu l do duyn sinh. N khngth xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l s gii

phng.

- Gii phng l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duynsinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l s lnh nht.


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- S lnh nht l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duynsinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l s chn chng.

- Chn chng l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duynsinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l tri kin v bn cht ca s vt.

- Tri kin v bn cht ca s vt l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nukhng do duyn sinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l tm nh tnh.

- Tm nh tnh l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duynsinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l th thi.

- Th thi l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l khinh an.

- Khinh an l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l h.

- H l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh. Duynsinh ca n l g? l lc.

- Lc l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l tn tm.

- Kh l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l ti sinh.

- Ti sinh l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l hu.

- Hu l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l th.

- Th l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.

Duyn sinh ca n l g? l tham mun.- Tham mun l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duynsinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l th.

- Th l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l tip xc.


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- Tip xc l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l su x (mt, tai, mi, li, thn, ).

- Su x l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l danh sc.

- Danh sc l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l thc.

- Thc l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duyn sinh.Duyn sinh ca n l g? l nghip hnh.

- Nghip hnh l do duyn sinh. N khng th xy ra nu khng do duynsinh. Duyn sinh ca n l g? l v minh.

Cng nh khi ch thin lm ma sm, trt nc vo vng ni cao, nc nychy xung theo trin dc, lm y cc khe ni, hang ng. Khi cc khe vhang ng y trn, nc s chy xung cc h nh. Khi cc h nh ytrn, nc s chy xung cc h ln. Khi cc h ln y trn, nc s chyxung cc dng sui. Khi cc dng sui y trn, nc s chy xung ccsng ln. Khi cc sng ln y trn, nc s chy ra i dng. Cng thy:

Hnh c v minh l duyn,

Thc c hnh l duynDanh sc c thc l duynSu x c danh sc l duyn,Tip xc c su x l duyn,Th c tip xc l duyn,Tham mun c th l duyn,Chp th c tham mun l duyn,Hu c chp th l duyn,Sinh c hu l duyn,Hon kh c sinh l duyn,

Tn tm c hon kh l duyn,Lc c tn tm l duyn,H c lc l duyn,Khinh an c h l duyn,Th thi c khinh an l duyn,Tm nh tnh c th thi l duyn,Tri kin v bn cht ca s vt c tm nh tnh l duyn,


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Chn chng c tri kin v bn cht ca s vt l duyn,Lnh nht c chn chng l duyn,Gii phng c lnh nht l duyn,Tu gii thot c gii phng l duyn."- Tng ng, 12.233.b) L Duyn Sinh:

"Phng cch cao qu no cn phi c nhn thy ng n v phn bitr rng bng tr tu? y l lc mt ngi t cao sang qun xt crng:

Khi ci ny hin hu th ci kia hin huT vic khi sinh ci ny th c khi sinh ci kia.Khi ci ny khng hin hu th ci kia khng hin hu,

T vic on dit ci ny th c on dit ci kia."Ni cch khc:

"V minh l duyn ca hnh,Hnh l duyn ca thc,Thc l duyn ca danh sc,Danh sc l duyn ca su x,Su x l duyn ca tip xc,Tip xc l duyn ca th,

Th l duyn ca tham,Tham l duyn ca chp th,Chp th l duyn ca hu,Hu l l duyn ca sinh,Sinh l duyn ca gi, cht, u su, than khc,au n, bun ru, v tuyt vng.

l ngun gc rt ro ca hon kh.

Gi y, chm dt v on dit v minh, a

n on dit hnh,on dit hnh a n on dit thc,on dit thc a n on dit danh sc,on dit danh sc a n on dit su x,on dit su x a n on dit tip xc,on dit tip xc a n on dit cm th,on dit cm th a n on dit tham mun,


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on dit tham mun a n on dit chp th,on dit chp th a n on dit hu,on dit hu a n on dit sinh,on dit sinh a n on dit gi, cht, u su, than khc, au n, bunru, v tuyt vng.

l s chm dt rt ro cc hon kh.

y l phng cch cao qu cn phi c nhn thy ng n v phn bitr rng bng tr tu."

- Tng Chi, 10.92

4. Diu v Con ng Dit Kh

4.a) Bt Chnh o:

"Ny cc v T-khu, y l Diu v Con ng Dit Kh, chnh lCon ng Tm Chnh: Chnh Kin, Chnh T Duy, Chnh Ng, Chnh

Nghip, Chnh Mng, Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh Nim, Chnh nh."


Bt Chnh o l Php Tha (Dhamma-yana):

"Ny Ananda, Con ng Tm Chnh ny l ng ngha vi c xe tithng, l c xe Php, l s chin thng v thng trong mi chin trnnhip phc tham, sn, si."

- Tng ng, 5.4nh ngha v tm chi phn:

"Ny cc v T-khu, th no l chnh tri kin? l s thng hiu v kh,s thng hiu v nguyn nhn ca kh, s thng hiu v s dit kh, v s

thng hiu v con ng dit kh.

Th no l chnh t duy? l t duy v s xut ly, t duy v v sn, tduy v v hi.

Th no l chnh ng? l t b ni lo, t b ni hai li, t b ni lic c, t b ni li ph phim.


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Th no chnh nghip? l t b st sanh, t b ly ca khng cho, t bhnh ng t dm.

Th no l chnh mng? l on tr t mng, nui sng vi chnh mng.

Th no l chnh tinh tn? l tinh tn ngn chn khng cho khi sanhcc bt thin php cha sanh, tinh tn tr dit cc bt thin php sanh,tinh tn pht khi cc thin php cha sanh, v tinh tn duy tr cc thin

php sanh.

Th no l chnh nim? l sng qun thn trn thn, nhit tm, tnh gic,iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun th trn th, nhit tm, tnh gic,iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun tm trn tm, nhit tm, tnhgic, iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun php trn cc php, nhit

tm, tnh gic, iu phc mi tham u trn i.Th no l chnh nh? l ly dc, ly php bt thin, chng v tr Thin-na th nht, mt trng thi h lc do ly dc sanh, c tm, c t; ri lm chotnh ch tm v t, chng v tr vo Thin-na th hai, mt trng thi h lcdo nh sanh, khng tm, khng t, ni tnh, nht tm; ri ly h tr x, chnhnim, tnh gic, thn cm s lc th m cc bc Thnh gi l x nim lc tr,chng v tr vo Thin-na th ba; ri x lc, x kh, dit h u cm thtrc, chng v tr vo Thin-na th t, khng kh khng lc, x nimthanh tnh."

- Tng ng, 5.8

4.b) Tm li Con ng C Xa Xa:

"C mt ngi ang i theo mt con ng mn trong rng. t nhinngi y tm ra c mt con ng c xa xa m cc v tin nhn thngdng. Ngi y lin i theo con ng y. Sau , ngi y tm li cthnh ph c xa m ngy trc c nhiu ngi tr ng, vi cc cngvin, vn cy, h ao, n i trng l. Ngi y tr v, bo co vi vua v

cc quan i thn: 'Tha b h, khi thn dn i theo con ng mn trongrng, thn dn tm li c mt con ng c xa xa. Thn dn lin itheo con ng y. Sau , thn dn tm li c thnh ph c xa m ngytrc c nhiu ngi tr ng, vi cc cng vin, vn cy, h ao, n itrng l. Knh xin b h hy trng tu li thnh ph y.' Sau , nh vua vcc quan i thn quyt nh trng tu thnh ph c , v v sau, thnh phny tr nn phn thnh, ng dn c, pht trin ln mnh v giu c.


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Cng th y, ta tm li con ng c xa xa, mt con ng m cc BcChnh ng Chnh Gic u i qua trong cc thi k trc. Con ng cxa xa l g? l Con ng Tm Chnh: Chnh Kin, Chnh T Duy,Chnh Ng, Chnh Nghip, Chnh Mng, Chnh Tinh Tn, Chnh Nim,Chnh nh. Ta i theo con ng y.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v gi v cht, tri kin v nguynnhn ca gi v cht, tri kin v on dit gi v cht, tri kin v con ngon dit gi v cht.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v sinh, tri kin v nguyn nhnca sinh, tri kin v on dit sinh, tri kin v con ng on dit sinh.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v hu, tri kin v nguyn nhn

ca hu, tri kin v on dit hu, tri kin v con ng on dit hu.Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v chp th, tri kin v nguynnhn ca chp th, tri kin v on dit chp th, tri kin v con ng ondit chp th.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v tham mun, tri kin v nguynnhn ca tham mun, tri kin v on dit tham mun, tri kin v con ngon dit tham mun.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v th, tri kin v nguyn nhnca th, tri kin v on dit th, tri kin v con ng on dit th.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v tip xc, tri kin v nguynnhn ca tip xc, tri kin v on dit tip xc, tri kin v con ng ondit tip xc.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v su x, tri kin v nguyn nhnca su x, tri kin v on dit su x, tri kin v con ng on dit sux.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v danh sc, tri kin v nguynnhn ca danh sc, tri kin v on dit danh sc, tri kin v con ng ondit danh sc.

Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v thc, tri kin v nguyn nhnca thc, tri kin v on dit thc, tri kin v con ng on dit thc.


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Theo con ng , ta c c tri kin v nghip hnh, tri kin vnguyn nhn ca nghip hnh, tri kin v on dit nghip hnh, tri kin vcon ng on dit nghip hnh.

Tri kin c nh th, ta truyn dy li cho cc nam v n tu s, nam vn c s, i sng thnh thin ny c tr nn hng mnh, huy hong,qung b su rng cho ch thin v loi ngi".

- Tng ng, 12.65

4.c) Con ng gii thot:

"Ny Subhada, nu gio php no m khng hm cha Bt Chnh o thgio php khng o to cc v sa mn t o qu th nht (D lu, Tu-

-hon), khng o to cc v sa mn t o qu th hai (Nht lai, T--hm), khng o to cc v sa mn t o qu th ba (Bt lai, A-na-hm),khng o to cc v sa mn t o qu th t (V sanh, A-la-hn).

Ny Subhada, nu gio php no c hm cha Bt Chnh o th gio php s o to cc v sa mn t o qu th nht, s o to cc v sa mnt o qu th hai, s o to cc v sa mn t o qu th ba, s o tocc v sa mn t o qu th t.

Ny Subhada, gio php ca Ta c hm cha Bt Chnh o nn gio php

o to cc v sa mn t o qu th nht, o to cc v sa mn t oqu th hai, o to cc v sa mn t o qu th ba, o to cc v sa mnt o qu th t. Cc h gio php khc u khng o to cc v sa mnt o qu thnh, c tu gii thot. Ny Subhada, khi no cc v sa mn tutp v truyn ging Chnh Php mt cch ng n th th gii ny s khng

bao gi trng vng cc bc A-la-hn gii thot."

- Kinh i Bt Nit Bn (Trng B, 16:214)

---o0o---

-04-Ba gii, su ng

Trong o Pht, chng ta thng nghe cu "Ba gii, su ng lun hi"(tam gii, lc o lun hi). y l mt cch din t quan nim v cc hnhthi hin sinh ca mi loi lun hi trong ci Ta-b (Samsra, Sa-b). Ba


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gii l Dc gii, Sc gii, v V sc gii. Su ng lun hi l su loichng sinh:

1) ch thin,2) loi ngi,3) loi a-tu-la,4) loi ng qu,5) loi th vt,6) loi a a ngc.Hai loi u tin - ch thin v loi ngi, c xem nh l loi c nhiu

phc bu, cn bn loi kia chu nhng cnh a y, au n.

Ring ch thin gm 26 loi (c sch lit k 27 hoc 28 loi), trong ba cigii khc nhau: Dc gii, Sc gii, v V sc gii. Loi ngi v bn loi

au kh th trong ci Dc gii. Nh vy, tng cng l 31 loi, theo quannim ca o Pht.

Nu phn loi theo ngun gc pht sinh, ci Ta b chia lm chn a gii(Cu a): Dc a, bn Sc a do c bn tng thin-na hu sc (rpa

jhna), v bn V sc a do c bn tng thin-na v sc (arpa jhna) .

Tt c cc loi trong ci Ta-b ny, k c ch thin, u phi qua cnh sinh,tr, hoi, dit, v cng chu tm loi kh (bt kh), d rng c th c nhngcng v thi gian khc nhau. i khi chng ta thy c cm t "tam ,

bt kh" dng trong cc kinh sch, trong , "tam " ng ngha vi "tamgii" (dc gii, sc gii, v sc gii). Tm loi kh l:

1) Sinh kh: kh do sinh,2) Lo kh: kh do gi,3) Bnh kh: kh do bnh,4) T kh: kh do cht,5) i bit ly kh: kh do xa la nhng g ta thch,6) On tng hi kh: kh do ni kt vi g ta khng a thch,7) Cu bt c kh: kh do khng c iu ta mong cu,8) Ng m x thnh kh: kh do hin hu nm m (sc, th, tng, hnh,thc).Sau y l bng lit k 31 loi trong ci Ta-b, t cao xung thp:

A. V sc gii


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(Formless World, Arpa Loka)

31. Phi tng, phi phi tng thin (Devas of Sphere of Neither-perceptionnor non-perception; Nevasa-nasa-yatanpag dev)30. V s hu thin (Devas of Sphere of No-thingness; kicaa-

yatanpag dev)29. Thc v bin thin (Devas of Sphere of Infinite Concsiousness;Vinaca-yatanpag dev)28. Khng v bin thin (Devas of Sphere of Infinite Space; ksnaca-

yatanp dev)

B. Sc gii(World of Form, Rpa Loka)

B1. T thin

27. V song thin (Peerless devas; Akanitth dev)26. Thin kin thin (Clear-sighted devas; Sudass dev)25. Thin hin thin (Beautiful or Clearly Visible devas); Sudass dev)24. Thanh tnh thin (Untroubled devas; Atapp dev)23. V a thin (Devas not Falling Away; Avih dev)22. V tng thin (Unconscious beings; Asa satt)21. Qung qu thin (Very Fruitful devas; Vehapphal dev)

B2. Tam thin

20. Bin tnh thin (Devas of Refulgent Glory; Subhakinn dev)19. V lng tnh thin (Devas of Unbounded Glory; Appamnasubh dev)

18. Thiu tnh thin (Devas of Limited Glory; Parittasubh dev)

B3. Nh thin

17. Quang minh thin (Devas of Streaming Radiance; bhassar dev)16. V lng quang thin (Devas of Unbounded Radiance; Appamnabhdev)15. Thiu quang thin (Devas of Limited Radiance; Parittabh dev)

B4. S thin


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14. i phm thin (Great Brahmas; Mah Brahm)13. Phm ph thin (Ministers of Brahmas; Brahma-Purohit dev)12. Phm chng thin (Retinue of Brahma; Brahma-Parisajj dev)

C. Dc gii(World of Sense-Desires, Kama Loka)

11. Tha ha t ti thin (Devas Wielding Power over Others' Creations;Paranimmita-vasavatt dev)10. Ha lc thin (Devas Delighting in Creation; Nimmnarat dev)09. u-sut thin (Contented devas; Tusit dev)08. D-ma thin (Yama devas; Ym dev)07. ao-li thin (The Thirty-Three Gods; Tvati sa dev) 06. T thin vng thin (Devas of the Four Great Kings; Catumahrjik

dev)

05.Loi ngi(Human beings;Manuss)

04. Loi a-tu-la (Titans; Asur)03. Loi ng qu (Hungry ghosts; Pet)02. Loi th vt (Animals; Tiracchn)01. Loi a a ngc (Hells; Niray)

Bng lit k trn c da theo hai ti liu: quyn "c Pht v Pht Php"ca ngi Ha thng Narada (ng Phm Kim Khnh dch) v phn gii thiutrong bn dch Anh ng Trng B Kinh ca ng Maurice Walshe (The

Long Discourses of the Buddha: A Translation of the Digha Nikaya). Theo, loi ngi chng ta ch ng hng th 5, trn 4 loi khc l a ngc, thvt (sc sinh), ng qu v a-tu-la. Bn loi sau cng ny thng c gi lnhng chng sinh trong a x hay kh cnh. A-tu-la l loi c nhiu quynlc nhng khng hnh phc v c tnh sn hn, thng hay gy chin vicc loi khc. i khi c sch khng cp n loi a-tu-la, v nh th ci

Ta-b ch c 5 ng thi (ng o lun hi).

Loi ngi trong mt cnh gii c hnh phc v au kh ln ln. Ch vB Tt thng chn ti sinh vo cnh ny, v y c nhiu hon cnhthun li phc v v thc hnh nhng Php cn thit nhm thnh tu oQu Pht. Kip cui cng ca B Tt lun lun cnh ngi.


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Ch thin c mt trong c ba ci gii. C 6 loi ch thin trong Dc gii(hng s 6 n 11 trong biu ), trong kinh in thng cp n citri ao-li v u-sut. Ci tri ao-li cn gi l ci tri Ba Mi Ba v c 33 v tri m ngi -thch (Sakka) l thin ch. Chnh ni y,theo truyn thuyt, c Pht ging Vi Diu Php trong 3 thng h. Ci triu-sut l ni lu ng ca nhng v B Tt thc hnh trn cc Phpcn thit c Qu Pht, ch c hi thch nghi ti sinh vo cnh ngiln cui cng. Ngi B Tt Mettaya (Di Lc), v Pht tng lai, hin ang cnh tri ny, ch ngy ti sinh vo cnh ngi thnh tu o Qu Pht.Theo truyn thuyt, hong hu Maya (Ma-da, Tnh Diu), m ca ngi BTt Siddhattha (S-t-ta), sau khi cht, ti sinh vo cnh tri u-sut, v t sang cung tri ao-li nghe c Pht ging Vi Diu Php.

Trn Dc gii c Sc gii (rpa loka), cnh gii cc v Phm Thin, nhng

v Tri t b tham dc v ang th hng hnh phc ca thin-na(jhna). C tt c 16 cnh (s 12 n 27 trong biu ), tng ng vi bntng thin-na hu sc (rpa jhna). Trong , 5 cnh gii cao nht (s 23n 27) thng c gi chung l V Phin Thin (suddavasa) hay Tnh CThin, cnh gii hon ton tinh khit. y l cnh gii tuyt i ring bitca cc v Bt lai (A-na-hm, Angmi). Chng sinh trong mt cnh khcm c qu Bt Lai th ti sinh vo cnh ny. Tip tc tu tp, cc v y cqu A-la-hn v sng cho n lc ht tui th, nhp i Nit Bn.

Cao nht l Ci V sc gii (arpa loka) gm c 4 hng ch thin tng

ng vi bn tng thin-na v sc (arpa jhna).

*

Theo ngi Ha thng Narada trong quyn "c Pht v Pht Php", giophp ca c Pht khng nhm mc ch truyn b mt l thuyt v v tr.D nhng cnh gii trn c tht hay khng, iu y khng nh hng g ngio l ca Ngi. Khng ai b bt buc phi tin iu no, nu iu y khngthch hp vi suy lun ca mnh. Nhng chng ta cng khng nn bc b ttc nhng g m l tr hu hn ca con ngi khng th thu hiu tng tn.

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-05-By giai on thanh tnh

By giai on thanh tnh tm m mi hnh gi phi hnh tr khai pht tugic c cp trong bi kinh 24, Trung B (Rathavinita Sutta, Kinh By


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Trm Xe) v trong bi kinh 34 ca Trng B (Dasuttara Sutta, Kinh ThpThng). y cng l cn bn ca b lun Thanh Tnh o (Visuddhi-magga) do ngi Pht m (Buddhaghosa) bin son vo khong th k VTy lch: 3 chng u cp n s thanh tnh ca gii c (giai on 1),chng 4 n 13 l hng dn thanh tnh tm qua cc php hnh thin(giai on 2) - em tm an nh vo cc tng thin-na, v cc chng cn lil pht trin tu gic (giai on 3 n giai on 7). Cch sp xp nh th

phn nh 3 php tu hc chnh yu ca ngi con Pht on tr phin no(tam v lu hc): Gii, nh, v Tu.

Cc bn Ch gii v sau ny c a ra cc khi nim v 16 tng tu minhst, v s lin h vi by giai on thanh tnh c tm tt nh sau:

1. Thanh tnh gii c (Gii tnh, Sla-visuddhi).

2. Thanh tnh tm (Tm tnh, Citta-visuddhi).

3. Thanh tnh quan kin (Kin tnh,Ditthi-visuddhi). Sau giai on ny, hnhgi pht trin c:

(1) Tu phn tch danh sc (Nmarpa-pariccheda-na)4. Thanh tnh bng cch khc phc hoi nghi (on nghi tnh,

Kankhvitarana-visuddhi). Sau giai on ny, hnh gi pht trin c:(2) Tu phn bin nhn duyn (Paccaya-pariggaha-na).

5. Thanh tnh bng cch thu hiu v nhn thy th no l Con ng, thno khng phi l Con ng (o Phi-o tri kin tnh, Maggmagga-nadassana-visuddhi). Sau giai on ny, hnh gi pht trin c:(3) Tu thu t (Sammasana-na), cn gi l Thm st tu.6. Thanh tnh bng cch thu hiu v nhn thy Con ng (o tri kintnh,Patipad-nadassana-visuddhi). Sau giai on ny, hnh gi phttrin c:(4) Tu qun chiu sanh dit (Udayabbaynupassan-na),(5) Tu qun chiu s dit (Bhangnupassan-na), cn gi l Hoi tntu,(6) Tu pht hin kinh s (Bhayupatthna-na), cn gi l Kinh y tu,(7) Tu qun chiu him ha (Adnavnupassan-na), cn gi l Nguy hitu,(8) Tu qun chiu s chn nn (Nibbidnupassan-na), cn gi l Ym tu,(9) Tu mun gii thot (Muncitukamyat-na), cn gi l Cu thot tu,


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(10) Tu qun chiu s suy t (Patisankhnupassan-na), cn gi lTrch st tu,(11) Tu x v cc hnh (Sankhrupekkh-na), cn gi l Hnh x tu,(12) Tu thun th (Saccnulomika-na).7. Thanh tnh bng cch thu hiu v nhn thy (Tri kin tnh,

nadassana-visuddhi). Sau giai on ny, hnh gi pht trin c:(13) Tu chuyn tnh (Gotrabh-na),(14) o tu (Magga-na),(15) Qu tu (Phala-na),(16) Tu n li (Paccavekkhana-na), cn gi l Phn khn tu.

*

Giai on u tin l phi gi gn gii lut cho tht trong sch, gii cangi c s hay gii ca hng tu s, thanh tnh li ni v hnh ng. l

Gii thanh tnh. Tip theo, ngi con Pht phi n lc hnh thin, a tmn mt mc an nh vng mnh. l Tm thanh tnh.

Nm giai on k tip l tip tc hnh thin pht trin tr tu, c trnh bychi tit trong b lun Thanh Tnh o t chng 19 n chng 21. NgiHa thng Narada cng c cp n trong quyn "c Pht v PhtPhp", chng 38, v y, xin lc trch nh sau:

(...) Tip tc hnh thin, hnh gi bt u pht trin quan kin trong sch(Kin tnh) nhn thy chn tng ca vn php. Vi tm an tr vo mt

im, hnh gi phn tch v quan st ci gi l chng sinh. S thm st nycho thy rng ci c gi l "Ta, Ti, T ng", ch l tp hp phc tp catm v vt cht, hay danh v sc. C hai u trng thi lun lun bin i,lun lun tri chy, nh mt dng nc tun chy lin tc.

Khi c c quan kin chn chnh v bn cht thc s ca ci gi lchng sinh v hon ton dt khot vi mi o tng v mt linh hn trngcu, hnh gi c tm nhng nguyn nhn sinh ra ci Ta v nhn nh rngth gian ny khng c s t nhin pht sinh m khng ty thuc mt, haynhiu iu kin, trong hin ti hay trong qu kh. Vn php u do duynsinh. Hnh gi nhn nh rng kip sng ca mnh c y l do v minh(avijja), i dc (tanha), th chp (upadana), v nghip (kamma) ca kipqu kh, v vt thc (oja) trong kip sng hin ti. Do nm nguyn nhn y,ci gi l chng sinh c cu to. Nguyn nhn qu kh to iu kin(duyn) cho hin ti, v cng th y, hin ti to iu kin (duyn) cho


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tng lai. Ch tm suy nim nh th y hnh gi vt ln mi hoi nghi vqu kh, hin ti v tng lai. y l on nghi tnh.

Tip theo, hnh gi suy nim rng tt c cc vt cu to, hay cc php huvi, u v thng (anicca), phin no (dukkha), v khng c mt thc th(anatta). Hng tm mt vo bt lun ni no, hnh gi ch nhn thy ba ctng y hin l rnh mch, r rng, khng th lm ln. By gi hnh ginhn thc rng kip sng ch l mt dng tri chy, mt di ng lin tc,khng gin on. D cc cnh tri hay trn qu a cu ny, hnh gikhng tm c ni no c hnh phc tht s, bi v mi hnh thc khoi lcch l bc u, m ng n au kh. Do , ci g v thng tt nhin

phi chu au kh, v ni no au kh v bin i chim u th th khngth c mt t ng trng tn vnh cu.

Khi ch tm hnh thin nh th y, n mt lc no , hnh gi cm thcc trng thi tha thch, hnh phc v vng lng, trc kia cha tng baogi c bit. Hnh gi cng cng c tm nh v tinh tn thm. Tm onhit thnh cng tng trng, tm nim ton ho, v tu minh cng tr nnsu sc mt cch l thng. Sm nhn thy rng nhng hin tng mi nych lm tr ngi cho nhng tin b tinh thn, hnh gi trau gii v pht trin"trng thi trong sch ca s hiu bit" lin quan n th no l Con ngv Khng-Phi-Con-ng. y l o Phi-o tri kin tnh.

Nhn thc c con ng chn chnh, hnh gi tip tc ch tm qun

tng vo s pht sinh v s hoi dit ca tt c cc php hu vi. Trong haitrng thi sinh v dit, s hoi dit ni bt chim u th hn, nn dn dngy n tng mnh hn trong tm hnh gi, bi v s thay i c nhnthy d nhin v r rng hn s tr thnh. Do , hnh gi hng tm chnim ca mnh v s phn tn ca s vt v nhn nh rng c hai, danh vsc, hai thnh phn cu to c nhn mnh lun lun trong trng thi ithay, tri chy, khng th tn ti ging ht trong hai khonh khc k tip.By gi, hnh gi pht sinh s hiu bit rng tt c nhng g b phn tn ul ng s. Ton th th gian pht hin trc mt hnh gi nh mt ng ci

ang phng chy, mt ngun him ha. K l hnh gi suy tng v tnhcht rch nt, v v tm b nht thi ca th gian ng kinh s ny, ccm gic nhm chn n v ny sanh ra mun vt thot ra khi . Hngv i tng y, hnh gi ch tm nim tr li vo ba c tnh v thng,kh, v ng, v sau pht trin mt tm x chn vn, hon ton thn nhini vi tt c cc php hu vi - khng luyn i cng khng ght b, hay bttoi nguyn - i vi bt c s vic g trn th gian.


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Tin trnh trong giai on thanh tnh ny c tn chung l "patipada nadassana visuddhi", trng thi trong sch ca s hiu bit v nhn thc clin quan n Con ng hay php hnh, o tri kin tnh, giai on thsu ca con ng thanh tnh ha.

Khi t n mc nhn thc ny, hnh gi chn mt trong ba c tng:v thng, kh, v ng, thch hp nht vi mnh v gia cng khai trin tugic theo chiu hng y cho n khi thnh tu mc tiu cui cng - oQu Nit Bn. y l giai on thanh tnh cui cng, Tri kin tnh.

"Cng nh ngi i trong m ti, nh tri chp nn nhn thy quang cnhquanh mnh ri gi li hnh nh y trc mt mt lc lu. Cng th y, doci chp bt sng ln ca tu gic, hnh gi trc nhn Nit Bn ln u tinmt cch r rng v hnh nh y lu li trong tm, khng bao gi phai m."

---o0o---

-06-Nm chng ngi

Chng ngi chnh cn tr s thnh cng trong hnh thin v pht tu giithot thng c dng ca mt trong nm loi trin ci (ng ci). Trin ci ls ngn che, lm cho vng mc trong vng lun hi sinh t. Ting Phn l"Nvarana", v ting Anh dch l "Hindrances". Ton th php hnh a nGic ng c th c din t nh mt n lc vt qua nm chng ngi

ny, u tin l tm thi nn chng c Thin-na (Jhna) v pht tuminh st, ri dn dn ch ng v tr dit chng mt cch vnh vin qua cngphu pht trin Bt Chnh o. Nm chng ngi l:

- Tham dc (Kmacchanda, Sense desire)- Sn hn (Vypda, Ill will)- Hn trm (Thna-middha, Sloth and Torpor)- Tro c (Uddhacca-kukkucca, Restlessness)- Hoi nghi (Vicikicch, Doubt)Trong nhiu bi kinh, c Pht ging dy tm tt vic ch ng nm trin ci

y nh sau:

"... V T-khu la mt ch thanh vng, tch mch, nh khu rng, gc cy,khe ni, hang , bi tha ma, lm cy, ngoi tri, ng rm. Sau khi i khtthc v v n xong, v y ngi kit-gi, lng thng ti ch ni trn v an trchnh nim trc mt. V y t b tham dc i, sng vi tm thot lytham dc, gt ra tm ht tham dc. T b sn hn, v y sng vi tm


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khng sn hn, lng t mn thng xt tt c chng hu tnh, gt ra tmht sn hn. T b hn trm thy min, v y sng thot ly hn trm thymin, vi tm tng hng v nh sng, chnh nim tnh gic, gt ra tmht hn trm thy min. T b tro c hi tic, v y sng khng tro c,ni tm trm lng, gt ra tm ht tro c hi tic. T b nghi ng, v y

sng thot khi nghi ng, khng phn vn lng l, gt ra tm ht nghing i vi cc thin php..."

y, trong bi ny, chng ti xin gii thch thm v nm chng ngi ytrong tin trnh tu tp hnh thin ca ngi con Pht.

*

1. THAM DC l ch trng thi mong cu dc lc qua nm gic quan

ca hnh dng, m thanh, mi hng, v nm, v cm xc. Tham dc cbit khng bao gm cc c nguyn c hnh phc qua cn thc th su ltm .

Trong mt dng cc oan, tham dc l lng mong c mnh lit tmkhoi lc trong nhng hot ng tnh dc, thc n ngon, hng thm, cnhsc p hoc m nhc du dng. N cng bao gm lng ham mun thayth cc cm gic kh chu hay au n bng cc cm gic d chu, c nghal lng ham mun c c cm gic thoi mi.

c Pht v s tham dc nh th i vay n. Cc s khoi lc ta c qua nmcn u phi tr li qua cc au kh v bit ly, mt mt hoc s trng rngi kht, vn s theo ui mnh lit sau khi cc khoi lc b tiu dng.Cng nh bt c mn n no cng phi tr thm li, v nh th c Phtdy rng s khoi lc tht ra l nh b so vi cc au kh phi hon tr.

Trong khi hnh thin, thin sinh vt qua lng tham dc bng cch bung xmi quan tm v thn th v hot ng ca nm gic quan. Nhiu ngi chorng nm gic quan hin din phc v v bo v tm thn, nhng thtra, tm thn ny hin hu phc v cho nm gic quan, v chng dn dng

th gii tm cu khoi lc. Tht th, c Pht tng bo rng: "Nmgic quan chnh l th gii", v thot ra th gii, vui hng hnh phcsiu th ca thin-na, chng ta phi bit x ly cc quan tm v thn v nmgic quan ca n.

Khi vt qua c tham dc, tm ca thin sinh s khng cn n ccha hn ca khoi lc v cng khng cn n s khoan khoi ca c


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th. Thn th dng nh tan bin v nm gic quan dng nh ng li. Skhc bit gia khi cn ty thuc hot ng ca nm gic quan v khi vtqua chng cng nh th s khc bit khi ta nhn ra bn ngoi qua khung cas v khi ta nhn vo gng soi. Tm ta khi c gii thot khi hot ngca nm gic quan s c th tht s quay nhn vo bn trong v thy r bncht tht s ca n. T , tr tu ny sinh cho ta bit c ta l ai, t uv ti sao.

*

2. SN HN l ch trng thi mong mun trng pht, gy kh hoc tnph. N bao gm lng th ght mt ngi hoc mt hon cnh no , v vn to ra mt nng lc mnh lit, n rt hp dn v to li cun. C lc nc v nh c bin minh v n c mt sc mnh lm bng hoi kh nng

phn xt v t ca ta. N cng bao gm lng th hn t thn, thng cxem nh mt mc cm ti li, tc ot mi kh nng to hnh phc.Trong khi hnh thin, lng sn hn thng hin ra nh s chn ght vochnh i tng thin qun, b ri n hng s ch tm ca ta lang thangqua cc ni khc.

c Pht v lng sn hn nh th ngi b bnh. Bnh tt cn tr s t do vhnh phc ca sc khe. Cng nh th, lng sn hn cn tr s t do vhnh phc ca an bnh.

Sn hn c vt qua bng cch p dng lng T mn. Khi c s sn hni vi ngi no, lng T mn dy cho ta thy c cc s kin khc vngi y ngoi s kin ang lm ta au kh, thy rng ti sao ngi ylm kh ta - thng thng gip ta thy c ngay chnh ngi y cng ang

b au kh - v khuyn khch ta b qua cc au kh ca chnh mnh v nhnngi khc vi lng t bi.

Tuy nhin, nu ta cha lm c nh th, lng T mn cho chnh bn thncng s gip cho ta khng cn sn hn vo t thn, chm dt t lm khmnh bng cc k c v nhng hnh ng au kh. Nh th, khi c sn hnvo ngay chnh mnh, T mn s gip ta thy c li lm ca chnh mnh,khuyn khch ta t tha th cho chnh mnh, gip ta hc c qua cc bi hc ri bung x chng. K n, nu ta c lng sn hn v i tng thamthin - thng l l do khin thin sinh khng c an bnh - lng t mn sgip ta bm st v nng niu i tng mt cch tru mn v vui thch.


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Cng nh b m thng c bn tnh t nhin thng yu a con, thin sinhc th i x vi hi th ca mnh vi cc cm gic tng t. Nh th, thinsinh khng th no qun lng hi th ca mnh - mt i tng tham thin -cng nh th b m khng th no b qun a con trong khi vo ch. T, thin sinh khng th no xao lng hi th v mt ngh no , cngnh b m khng th no bung b a con m b ang bng b trong tay.Khi lng sn hn c vt qua, ta s to c mt lin h lu bn vi mingi, an vui vi i tng tham thin, v t ta s hon ton thm nhpvo thin-na.

*

3. HN TRM l ch trng thi nng n ca c th v m ti ca tmthc, ko ta vo mt s l v chn nn. c Pht v n nh th b giam

vo mt phng ti, cht chi, khng th di chuyn t do, trong khi bn ngoil tri nng sng. Trong khi hnh thin, n lm cho ta ch c nhng gicnim ri rc, yu t v t a n s ng gc trong lc thin m ta likhng bit.

Hn trm c vt qua bng cch lm khi dy nng lc tinh tn. Ngunnng lc lc no cng c sn nhng t ngi bit cch khai thc n. t mtmc ch, mt mc ch va phi, l mt cch khn ngoan v hu hiu

pht sinh nng lc, to nhiu hng khi vo cng vic trong tay. Mt ab con thng c mt s thch th t nhin, v tip theo l nng lc, bi v

th gii bn ngoi rt mi l i vi em. Nh th, nu chng ta hc cchnhn vo i sng ca chnh ta, hoc php thin ca ta, bng tm tr ca mtngi mi bt u (s tm), ta s lun lun nhn n qua nhng gc nhn mil v nhng iu kh thi ti tn, vi nhiu ngh lc v tinh tn, xa ri trngthi bun chn.

Tng t, ta c th to hng khi vo iu ang lm bng cch hun luynt tng nhn c ci p trong chuyn thng thng. T , pht sinhs thch th, trnh khi trng thi na sng na cht ca hn trm.

Tm thc c hai nhim v chnh: ci lm(tc nhn - the doer) v ci bit(tri nhn - the knower). Hnh thin l lm an du "ci lm" t n annh tuyt i trong khi vn duy tr "ci bit". Hn trm s xy ra khi thinsinh bt cn, lm an du "ci lm" ln "ci bit", khng c kh nng phn

bit chng.


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Hn trm l mt vn rt thng thng, t t lan rng ra ri bao trm tmthin sinh. Mt thin sinh thin xo phi bit canh chng, pht hin ngaynhng du hiu u tin ca hn trm, nhn nh chng v phi c phn ngi ph kp thi. Cng nh khi ta n ng ba ng, ta c th chn mtng cho tm thc xa ri s hn trm. Hn trm l mt trng thi kh chuca thn v tm, qu cng ng khng th i vo s an lc ca Thin-na, vqu m qung khng th khm ph ra cc Tu qun. Tm li, y hon tonl mt s ph phm th gi.

*

4. TRO Cl ch trng thi tm nh kh vn chuyn cnh, khng baogi chu yn ti bt c ch no. N c to ra t trng thi tm li trongtm, khng bao gi chu tha mn vi s vic nh tht, v nh th phi

phng ra ngoi tm nhng ha hn tt hn, lc no cng nhn sang ni khc.c Pht v tro c nh mt tn n l, tip tc chy nhy theo lnh ca ngch khc nghit lun lun i hi s ton ho, v nh th khng bao gi cho

php n c dng ngh.

Tro c c vt qua bng cch pht trin s bit (tri tc), l i nghchvi s tm li. Ta hc cch an vui n gin qua s hi lng vi cht t, chkhng phi lc no cng i hi cho nhiu. Ta cm thy bit n trong giy

pht hin ti, ch khng phi moi tm cc khim khuyt ca n. Nh mt th

d, tro c khi hnh thin thng l s nng ny mong sao tin nhanhvo giai on k tip. Th nhng, cp tin trin nhanh nht thng xy racho nhng thin sinh no ch bit bng lng vi nhng g h t c ngaytrong hin ti. V c s tri tc, hi lng lm chn mui i vo giaion k tip.

Cho nn, ta phi cn thn v thi lm nhanh cho xong, v thay vo ,cn phi hc cch an ngh trong trng thi hi lng v tri tc. Lm nh th,"ci lm" s tan bin v cng phu hnh thin s n hoa.

Hi hn l mt trng thi c bit ca tro c, l nghip qu ca cc hnhng bt thin. Cch duy nht vt qua hi hn - s tro c do lng tmcn rt - l phi gi gn gii c, tp sng t t, khn ngoan v du dng.Mt ngi khng c o c hoc sng bung lung th khng th no cc cc kt qu su sc trong khi hnh thin.

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5. HOI NGHI l ch trng thi ni tm t nhiu cu hi ri ren tronglc thin sinh cn yn lng tin su hn vo tm thc. Nghi ng to racu hi v chnh kh nng ca ta: "Khng bit ti c lm c vic nykhng?", hoc nghi vn v php hnh: "Khng bit cch ny c ngkhng?", hoc ngay c nghi vn v ngha: "Ci g y?". Cn phi nhrng cc cu hi l chng ngi trong lc hnh thin, bi v chng t rakhng ng thi, v v th tr thnh s xm chim, lm lu m tri kin thanhtnh.

c Pht v nghi ng nh th b lc trong sa mc, khng nhn ra c ccmc im. S nghi ng c vt qua bng cch thu thp cc li hngdn r rng, c mt bn tt, gip ta thy c cc mc im vi ttrong vng t khng quen thuc ca tm thin su kn, v t bit ccon ng phi i. Nghi ng v kh nng ca chnh mnh c th c vt

qua bng cch nui dng lng t tin vi mt v thin s tt. V thin s cth v nh mt hun luyn vin th thao c kh nng thuyt phc cc vnng vin rng h c th thnh cng.

c Pht dy rng mi ngi chng ta c th, v s c Thin-na v Gicng nu ta thc hnh theo cc hng dn ca Ngi mt cch nghim tc vkin nhn. Ch c iu l ta khng th bit chc chn khi no th kt qu s xy ra. Kinh nghim hnh thin gip ta vt qua cc nghi ng v khnng ca ta v v con ng hnh o. Khi ta t thc chng c cc giaion tt p ca con ng, ta khm ph rng tht ra ta c kh nng cao

nht, v y ng l con ng a ta n mc ch .

Nghi ng - trong dng kim tra thng xuyn: "y c phi l Thin-na?Ti c kt qu n u?"- c vt qua bng cch nhn thc rng cccu hi nh th nn hon li cho n lc cui, trong nhng pht cui ca

bui thin. V bi thm ta n ch c quyt nh trong ngy cui phin ta,khi cc tang chng c trnh by. Cng nh th, mt thin sinh thinxo ch bit yn lng thu nht mi bng chng, v ch xt duyt trong nhng

pht cui khm ph ngha ca n.

Trong hnh thin, nghi ng hon ton tan bin khi tm thc hon ton tintng vo s vng lng, khng cn gy ri lon vi cc i thoi, cc li ththm bn trong. Cng nh th ta c c mt ti x ti ba, ta hon ton tintng ngi , v ta ch l mt hnh khch, ngi yn lng qun st ghinhn trong sut cuc hnh trnh.


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Trong phm Nm Php, Tng Chi B, c Pht c ni v tm quan trngca vic on tn nm trin ci nh sau:

- "V T-khu no sau khi on tn nm trin ci bao ph tm, lm yu ttr tu, th v y s c sc mnh, c tr tu, s bit c li ch ca mnh, sbit c li ch ca ngi, s bit c li ch ca c hai, s chng ngc php thng nhn, tri kin th thng, xng ng l bc Thnh".

Khi hnh thin, nu c vn xy ra th l v c s hin din ca mttrong Nm Trin Ci ny, hoc l s kt hp ca chng. Nh th, khi thinsinh gp kh khn, thin sinh nn dng cc nh ngha nh trn ca NmTrin Ci nh l bng kim tra xc nh vn . T , thin sinh bit

c cch ha gii thch hp, p dng cn thn, vt qua tr ngi tinvo mc thin cao su hn.

Khi hon ton vt qua c nm s ngn che , hng ro gia thin sinhv s an lc ca thin-na s khng cn hin hu na. Do , s kim chngchc chn nht bit Nm Trin Ci ny tht s c vt qua l thinsinh phi n lc pht trin c kh nng em tm an nh vo cc tngthin-na.

(Da theo bi "The Five Hindrances",

Thin s Ajahn Brahmavamso)---o0o---

-07-Duyn sinh

Ha thng NyanatilokaBnh Anson lc dch

TingPli ca l Duyn khi hay Duyn sinh l Paticcasamuppda (ting Anh l Dependent Origination). y l thuyt v iu kin tnh

(conditionality) ca tt c hin tng tm l - vt l (tm-vt). Thuyt nycng vi thuyt V ng (anatt) lp thnh iu kin thit yu c ththng hiu v thc chng li dy ca c Pht. Thuyt ny din t tnh cchtng quan, c iu kin tnh, ca mt dng chy lin tc gm nhng hintng tm-vt ca s hin hu, theo quy c c gi l ci Ti (ego), conngi, con vt, v.v.


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Trong khi thuyt V ng c trnh by bng cch phn tch, phn chia shin hu thnh cc thnh t, cho n tn cng ch cn l nhng hin tngtrng rng, phi thc th, th ngc li, l Duyn khi, c trnh by bngli tng hp, v ch r rng mi hin tng u tng quan vi nhau, lmduyn (to iu kin) cho nhau bng cch ny hay cch khc. Ton b tngThng Php (Abhidhamma pitaka, A-t-m tng hay Vi Diu Php tng)ch cp hai gio thuyt: tnh cht Hin tng - ngha l v ng tnh; vtnh cht Duyn sinh - ngha l iu kin tnh, ca mi s hin hu. Giothuyt u hay phng php phn tch, c p dng trong B Php T(Dhammasangani), b sch u tin ca tng Thng Php; gio thuyt sauhay phng php tng hp, p dng trong B V Tr (Patthna), b schcui cng ca tng Thng Php.

*

Mc d ti ny thng c nhiu hc gi Ty phng bn lun, nhnga s cc v y thng hiu lm ngha v mc ch tht s ca l Duynkhi. Ngay c nhng thut ng dng ch 12 chi phn ca gio l ny cngthng b din dch sai.

L Duyn khi thng c tm lc nh sau:

- V minh duyn hnh: Do v minh, cc hnh c iu kin sinh ra. Hnhl nhng t tm s (cetan) hay ch a n ti sinh, cn gi l hnh

nghip.

- Hnh duyn thc: Do hnh nghip (trong i qu kh) m thc (hin ti)c iu kin pht sinh.

- Thc duyn danh sc: Do thc, cc hin tng tm-vt l c iu kin phtsinh.

- Danh sc duyn lc nhp: Do danh sc, su cn (5 cn vt l v cn) ciu kin pht sinh.

Qu kh1. V minh (avijj)2. Hnh (sankhr)

Nghip hu (kamma-bhava)5 nhn: 1, 2, 8, 9, 10

Hin ti 3. Thc (vina) Sinh hu (upapatti-


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4. Danh sc (nma-rpa)5. Lc nhp (yatana)6. Xc (phassa)

7. Th (vedan)

bhava)5 qu: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

8. i (tanh)9. Th (updna)10. Hu (bhava)

Nghip hu (kamma-bhava)5 nhn: 1, 2, 8, 9, 10

V lai11. Sinh (jti)12. Gi cht (jar-marana)

Sinh hu (upapatti-bhava)5 qu: 3, 4, 5, 6, 7

- Lc nhp duyn xc: Do lc nhp, n tng cm quan (hay xc) c iu

kin pht sinh.

- Xc duyn th: Do xc, cm th c iu kin pht sinh.

- Th duyn i: Do th, tham i c iu kin pht sinh.

- i duyn th: Do i, chp th c iu kin pht sinh.

- Th duyn hu: Do th, m hu c iu kin pht sinh. Hu l tin trnhnng ng v th ng ca i sng, gm Nghip hu (nghip a n ti

sinh, kamma-bhava) v Sinh hu (hu qu ca nghip hu, upapatti-bhava).

- Hu duyn sinh: Do nghip hu m c tin trnh ti sinh.

- Sinh duyn gi cht: Do ti sinh, gi v cht (su, bi, kh, u, no) c iukin pht khi. Nh th, ton b kh un ny li sinh khi tip tc trongtng lai.

biu di y ch r tng quan duyn khi gia 3 i k tip (qu kh,hin ti v v lai).

1. V minh duyn hnh: Cc nghip thin, bt thin v thn, ng, , u dov minh m sinh khi. Hnh ngha l cc t tm s (cetan, tc ) thin v

bt thin, nhng hnh ng c , tm li l Nghip (kamma, Sanskrit:karma).


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y, Nghip trong Pht gio ch l mt thut ng c ngha l nhng hnhng c , thin hay c, em li hu qu trong hin ti, hoc lm nhn chos phn v s ti sinh trong tng lai. Nghip khng bao gi c ngha l huqu ca hnh ng, nh nhiu hc gi Ty phng thng hiu lm.

Bng cch no nghip hnh c pht sinh do duyn v minh? V bt thinnghip tng ng vi tham, sn hay si, cc nghip hnh ny c iu kin(duyn) l v minh tng ng bt ly vi chng, lun lun trong mi trnghp. Vy, v minh l mt duyn cho cc bt thin hnh (nghip), qua cusinh duyn (sahajta-paccaya), tng ng duyn (sampayutta-paccaya),hu duyn (atthi-paccaya) v.v. Hn na, v minh i vi bt thin nghipcn l mt duyn nh thn y duyn (upanissaya-paccaya), chng hn nhkhi v minh i km vi tham, xi gic mt ngi phm cc ti c nh gitngi, trm cp, t dm, v.v. Trong trng hp y, v minh l mt duyn t

nhin thn y (pakati-upanissaya-paccaya). N cng c th tr thnh mt sduyn thn y (rammanpanissaya-paccaya), duyn ca t tng chng ta.iu ny xy ra nh trng hp c ngi nh li mt tnh trng v minh vtrc, phi hp vi khoi lc, v khi hi tng nh th, cc bt thin phpkhi ln, nh dc tham, su, u, v.v.

Vi cc nghip (hnh) thin, v minh ch c th lm mt iu kin gi lthn y duyn, ch khng bao gi lm cu sinh duyn v.v., bi v thin tmvo lc hnh thin ng nhin khng th tng ng vi bt c mt btthin php no, nh v minh. V minh l mt duyn, k nh t nhin thn y

duyn (pakatupanissaya), chng hn mt ngi b v minh v thi khoekhoang thc y m n lc c cc thin, v cui cng nh kin tr cngt cc thin tm y. V minh cng c th l thn y duyn cho cc nghipthin, k nh s duyn thn y, th d mt ngi t duy v v minh l cn ca mi au kh trn i, v cui cng t n tu gic v nhp vo mttrong bn thnh o.

2. Hnh duyn thc: Cc Hnh (nghip) thin v bt thin, l nguyn nhncho s ti sinh trong tng lai mt sinh th hay ci (gati) thch hp. Hnh

nghip i trc to iu kin cho s khi sinh trong bng m mt tp hpdanh sc mi, gm 5 un, y c biu trng bng Thc. Nhng tt cnhng d thc thc (vipka) nh vy (nh nhn thc, nh thc, v.v.) cngnh tt c tm php tng ng (th, v.v.) u l v k v phng dinnghip. Cn hiu rng ngay t st-na u tin nhp thai m, d thc thc ca

bo thai hot ng ri.


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gii ta ng nhn ca vi hc gi Ty phng v l Duyn khi nh lkinh nghim c nhn v mt st-na nghip duy nht v ng nhn v tnhcch ng thi ca c 12 chi phn, y, cn phi xc nh r rng lDuyn khi phi c hiu nh gm 3 i k tip; v iu ny khng nhng

ph hp vi cc trng phi Pht Gio khc nhau, v vi tt c cc lun giic in, m cn ph hp vi gii thch c ghi trong kinh tng. Th d, trongTng ng Nhn Duyn (Tng ng, XII.51) c ghi: "Khi V minh (1) vTh (9) chm dt, th khng c Hnh nghip (2=10), d l cng c, phicng c, hay bt ng - phc hnh, phi phc hnh v bt ng hnh -c pht sinh, v nh vy khng c Thc (3=11) no s khi ln tr litrong mt mu thai mi". Thm vo : "Bi v, nu Thc khng ti xuthin trong mu thai, th trong trng hp y, Danh sc (4) c sinh khikhng?"Xin xem biu trn.

Mc ch ca c Pht khi ging dy Duyn khi l chng minh chonhn loi au kh thy rng, do duyn v minh v b m hoc m cuc tnsinh v kh au hin ti pht sinh; v do s dit tn ca v minh, v t i dit v th dit, m khng cn s ti sinh no s tip theo, v nh vy,tin trnh hin hu ng dng li, t , chm dt mi au kh.

3. Thc duyn danh sc: Nu khng c Thc th khng th c tin trnhhin hu gm tm l v vt l. Danh (hay Tm, nma) y cn c hiul cc tm php d thc nh l th, tng, hnh (cetan, y ch cho phinghip hnh), xc, tc (Trung B, 9; Tng ng XII.2). C by tm s

(cetasika) cn bn tng ng vi mi tm: th, tng, hnh, xc, tc ,mng v nh - nh gii thch trong quyn Thng Php Tp Yu. Sc (rpa) y c ngha l 4 thnh t vt l (dhtu, gii: t, nc, la, gi) v 24 sto sc (upd-rpa), theo Thng Php.

Danh hay Tm lun lun do duyn thc: Thc l mt duyn k nh cu sinh(sahajta), h tng (aamaa), tng ng (sampayutta) v.v. cho Tm, v4 tm un lun lun hp thnh mt n v bt kh phn.

Thc i vi Sc l mt duyn k nh cu sinh, ch vo lc st-na nhp thai,cn sau l mt duyn nh Hu sinh duyn (pacchjta-paccaya) v Thcduyn (hra). Cng nh cn i tip tc khi ln l mt duyn v l mtch y c cho thn xc sinh t trc, thc khi ln sau cng l mtduyn v ch s y cho s duy tr ca thn tin sinh.


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4. Danh sc duyn lc nhp: Su Nhp hay Su X ch 5 gic quan (mt,tai, mi, li, thn) v x (manyatana), tc l tm thc.

Tm (danh, nma) i vi 5 sc x (5 gic quan, yatana) l mt duyn theokiu Hu sinh duyn.

Tm, ngha l th, v.v. vi ngha l x - v lun lun tng ng vi nhau,khng ri - l mt duyn theo kiu cu sinh duyn.

Sc (rpa), y l 4 gii (4 i), i vi 5 sc x, hay gic quan, l mtduyn k nh Thn y duyn (nissaya).

Sc vi ngha l 5 cn vt l, i vi x l mt duyn k nh thn y v tinsinh (purejta-paccaya).

5. Lc nhp duyn xc: Nu khng c 5 gic quan th khng th c cmgic, v nu khng c x th khng c n tng ca Tm.

Nh vy, 5 gic quan - mt, tai, mi, li, thn - i vi 5 n tng tngng l mt duyn, k nh thn y (nissaya) v tin sinh (purejta), cn xi vi n tng tm l mt duyn k nh cu sinh, tng ng, h tng.

6. Xc duyn th: Cc n tng cm quan v thc i vi cm gic tngng, l mt duyn k nh cu sinh, tng ng, h tng.

7. Th duyn i: Bt c cm gic no, d d chu, kh chu hay trung tnh,thuc thn hay tm, qu kh hay v lai, u c th tr thnh mt duyn, theokiu Thn y duyn, loi S duyn thn y, cho tham i. Ngay c cm gic aun thuc vt l v tm l cng c th tr thnh mt S duyn thn y chokht i - do ci kht vng mun thot ly khi cm gic au n y.

8. i duyn th: Th c gii thch l mt dng tng cng ca kht i.C 4 loi th: (i) Dc th (kmpdna): bm vo sc dc; (ii) Kin th(ditthpdna): chp th vo t kin; (iii) Gii cm th (slabbatpdna):

chp th vo nghi thc; (iv) Ng lun th (attavdpdna): chp th volun c c mt bn ng.

Dc i i vi dc th l mt duyn t nhin thn y. i vi kin th, giicm th v ng lun th, th i l mt duyn, theo kiu cu sinh, h tng,nhn duyn v.v. N cng c th l mt duyn t nhin thn y. Chng hn, do


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kht vng ti sinh ln tri v.v. m ngi ta c th bm ly nhng nghi thc,l tc, vi hy vng t c i tng kht i ca h bng cch .

9. Th duyn hu: Cc nghip hu thin v bt thin, cng nh qu d thcc tnh cch th ng - tin trnh ti sinh, u bao hm trong Hu ny.

Nghip hu gm 5 nhn: v minh, hnh, i, th, v tin trnh to nghip(xem s 1, 2, 8, 9, 10 biu). Sinh hu gm 5 nghip d thc (xem s 3,4, 5, 6, 7 biu).

Tin trnh to nghip y, ni cho ng, l mt thut ng ch chung cct tm s to nghip v tt c tm s tng ng, trong khi vng khoen th 2(Hnh) ch c tiu biu cho nghip tch ly t trc. Nhng c hai Hnh vHu, tht ra, cng ch cho mt th, tc l nghip lm nhn cho Ti sinh, nh

s trnh by di y.Th c th l mt thn y duyn cho nhiu loi nghip thin v bt thin.Chng hn Dc th c th l mt duyn thn y t nhin cho st sinh, trmcp, t dm, t ng, t nim v.v. Gii cm th c th a n t mn,cung tn, tn bo v.v. Th i vi c nghip tng ng, cng l mt duyntheo kiu cu sinh, tng ng, h tng.

10. Hu duyn sinh: Do nghip hu thin hay bt thin m c Sinh hu haytin trnh ti sinh. Cu s 2 v 10, nh trnh by, tht ra cng ch mt iu

l nghip lm nhn cho ti sinh, ni cch khc, t tm s (tc ) l ht ging,t khi ln ln i sng mi, cng nh t ht xoi khi ln cy xoi mi.

y, 5 nghip nhn (v minh, hnh, i, th, hu) thuc i qu kh l iukin cho nhng nghip qu trong i hin ti; v 5 nghip nhn trong hinti l iu kin cho 5 nghip qu (d thc qu: thc, danh sc, lc nhp, xc,th) ca i k tip (xem biu trn). B lun Thanh Tnh o, chngXVII, c ghi:

C nm nhn trong qu kh,

V nm qu trong i hin ti.Hin ti chng ta li gieo nm nhn,V tng lai gt hi nm qu.Trong tin trnh bin chuyn lin tc ca hin tng tm-vt ny, khng cmt ci g truyn t mt st-na ny n st-na k tip. V th, khng c mtthc th trng tn hay bn ng, ci ti, trong tin trnh hin hu lunchuyn t i ny n i sau. Khng c mt con ngi hay mt linh hn


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no i t i trc n i ny; tuy vy, bo thai hin ti khng th hinhu nu khng c nhng nhn duyn i trc (Thanh Tnh o, Chng

XVII). C th chng minh iu ny bng nhiu v d, nh ting vang, nhsng ngn n, du n, hay hnh nh do gng phn chiu (Thanh Tnho, Chng XVII).

Ngi no khng bit g v cc php do duyn sinh, v khng hiu rngnghip (hnh) l do v minh sinh ra, v.v. th s ngh rng chnh ci ng camnh bit hoc khng bit, hnh ng v sai khin hnh ng, v chnh cing y khi ln vo lc ti sinh. Hoc ngi y cho rng cc nguyn t, haymt v To ha, vi s tr gip ca tin trnh thai nghn, hnh thnh cithn ny, hay chnh ci ng c cc cn gy cm th, c mun, chp th,tip tc v ti hin hu trong mt s th sinh mi. Hoc ngi y cho rngtt c loi hu tnh sinh ra do nh mnh, hay tnh c ngu nhin sinh ra

(Thanh Tnh o, Chng XVII).

Khi nghe ni o Pht dy rng bt c g trong th gian u do duyn sinh,mt s ngi c th kt lun l o Pht ging dy mt loi nh mnhthuyt, v con ngi khng c ch t do, hoc ch l khng t do.

Tht ra, vn con ngi c mt ch t do hay khng th khng cn thiti vi ngi Pht t, v ngi y bit rng ngoi nhng hin tng tm-vthng bin ccng ch l mt gi danh, khng tng ng vi mt thc ti no.Vn ch c t do hay khng cng phi c dp b, v ch hay hnh l

mt hin tng tm ch chp ln trong mt st-na, v nh vy, n khng cmt hin hu k tc t trong st-na trc. V mt s kin khng hin hu,hay cha hin hu, ta khng th hi n c t do hay khng t do. Cu hiduy nht c th chp nhn l: - S pht sinh ca ch c vt ngoi duyn

sinh, hay n cng l duyn sinh? Nhng cu hi cng c th p dng chott c tm php khc, v cc hin tng vt l na. Ni cch khc, cu hi l cho tt c mi s kin, tt c s sinh khi ca bt c ci g. Cu tr lis l: - D l do ch sinh, hay do cm th sinh, hay do bt c tm php,

sc php no sinh, th s sinh khi ca bt c vic g cng u ty thuc

vo cc duyn (iu kin). Nu khng c duyn, th khng bao gi c ci gc th sinh khi hay hin hu c.

Theo o Pht, mi s thuc tm l hay vt l xy ra ph hp vi cc nhlut v cc iu kin (duyn). Nu khng nh vy, th ch c mt m hnn cn khn v s ngu nhin bt nh. Nhng iu ny khng th xy ra,v n mu thun vi mi nh lut ca t duy.


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11. Sinh duyn gi cht: Nu khng c sinh ra th khng th c gi cht,khng c ni au n v kh no. Nh vy, Ti sinh i vi Gi cht l mtduyn, k nh Thn y duyn (upanissaya).

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V tm quan trng ca l Duyn khi, c Pht dy:

"Ny Anand, gio php Duyn khi ny rt thm su, tht s thm su.Chnh v khng thng hiu gio php ny m th gian ging nh mt cunch ri ren, mt t chim, mt bi rm lau lch, v khng th thot khi cca x, ci d, phi chu kh au trong vng lun hi sinh t." (Trng B,15)

Trong mt on kinh khc, Ngi dy rng:

"Ngi no hiu c l Duyn khi, l hiu Php; v ngi no hiu cPhp, l hiu l Duyn khi." (Trung B, 28)

(Trch: Nyanatiloka Maha Thera,"Buddhist Dictionary" - T in Pht hc,

Sri Lanka, 1970)---o0o---

-08-Nhp dng gii thot

Trong kinh in thng cp n bn qu v m ngi con Pht phi nhmn trn ng gii thot, a n Nit Bn. Cc qu v ny c xem nhl cc du mc - hoc cc chng ng - trn hnh trnh thanh lc tm ,tiu dit cc nhim ng ngm trong tm, thng c gi l mi kit shay thng thc (samyojana), tri buc chng sinh vo vng lun hi.

Bn qu v l:

- D lu (Sotpanna, Tu--hon),- Nht lai (Sakadgmi, T--hm),- Bt lai (Angmi, A-na-hm),- A-la-hn (Arahat, ng cng).Mi kit s l:- thn kin (sakkya-ditthi),- hoi nghi (vicikicch),


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- gii cm th (silabata-parmsa)- tham m vo ci dc (kma-rga)- sn hn (vypda),- tham m vo ci sc (rpa-rga),- tham m vo ci v sc (arpa-rga),- mn (mna),- tro c vi t (uddhacca),- si vi t (avijj).Trong nhiu bi kinh, c Pht thng tm tt v bn qu thnh nh sau:

"... C nhng T-khu l nhng v A-la-hn, cc lu hoc on tr,Phm hnh thnh, cc vic nn lm lm, gnh nng t xung,mc ch thnh t, hu kit s c on tn, c gii thot nhchnh tr.

C nhng T-khu l nhng v Bt lai, on tr nm h phn kit s,c ha sanh, y c nhp Nit-bn, khng cn phi tr li i nyna.

C nhng T-khu l nhng v Nht lai, on tr ba kit s, lm chomui lc tham, sn, si, sau khi sanh vo i ny mt ln na, s on tnkh au.

C nhng T-khu l nhng v D lu, on tr ba kit s, khng cn

a vo c o, chc chn s c gic ng". - (Trung b, 118)

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Ngi t qu D lu l ngi on tr ba kit s u tin: thn kin,hoi nghi, v gii cm th. Ngi ny c xem nh l mt ngi nhpvo dng gii thot, ty theo hnh nghip v tinh tn m ch ti sinh lmngi hoc trong cc ci tri, ti a l by kip, v vy c sch gi l quTht lai. Ngi ny cn c gi l m "Php nhn", v ngi y btu c thanh tnh v quan kin, trc nhn r rng Chnh Php ca c

Pht. Ngi khng cn xem mnh nh l mt bn th ring bit vthng tn, k c hnh sc v tm thc. Ngi khng cn mt cht nghing no v s hin hu v li ch ca Tam Bo: khng cn hoi nghi v sgic ng ca c Pht, khng cn hoi nghi v con ng m c Pht vch ra i n gic ng, khng cn hoi nghi v nhng t ca Ngi i theo con ng y v t c s gii thot ti hu. Ngi y cng


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khng cn c o tng rng Nit Bn c th t c bng cch p mnhvo cc hnh thc l nghi phin din hay cc iu l c nh no .

Thn kin, kit s u tin, l s hiu sai lc v ci gi l T ng, hay ciTi, ng ha n vi mt trong nm un (sc, th, tng, hnh, thc). Trong

bi kinh s 44, thuc Trung B, Ni s Dhammadina ging rng mt ngi on tr thn kin l mt ngi "khng xem sc l t ng, khng xem tng l c sc, khng xem sc l trong t ng, khng xem t ng l trong

sc", tng t nh th i vi bn un cn li.

C ngi thng hiu lm v ch "hoi nghi" dng y. Ting Pli l"vicikicch", thng dng ch thi nghi ng v Pht Php Tng v vl Duyn sinh. Ngi Pht m (Buddhaghosa), trong b lun Thanh Tnho, ni rng vicikicch cn l mt thi do d, khng nht quyt, khng

sn sng tra vn, hc hi. Do cn phi on tr kit s ny. c Phtkhuyn khch chng ta phi bit n lc suy t, lun gii v chng nghimngay trong i sng hng ngy, v Php l "mi mi ngi n xem xt"(ehipassika). ri chng ta thy, bit r rng s ch li ca Pht Php chocon ng hnh tr ca ta, v t , c mt nim tin vng chc vo TamBo, khng cn thc mc, phn vn, hay do d g na.

Ch "gii cm th" cng thng b hiu lm. y ch thi m tn mqung, bm th vo cc hnh thc l nghi, tin rng lm nh th l thanh lc tm. on tr gii cm th khng c ngha l mt thi bung

li, phng tng, d dui, khng gi gn gii hnh. Tri li, n c ngha lmt thi minh trit, xem gii lut nh l mt phng tin tt, cn thit luyn tm, nhng li khng m qung, khng qu l thuc vo cc hnh thcgio iu. Mt ngi khng cn gii cm th l mt ngi lc no cng cgii c trong sch, nhng sng thnh thi trong gii lut o hnh, khngcn xem l mt gnh nng trn con ng hnh tr ca mnh.

tr kh cc kit s trn, c Pht khuyn chng ta phi n lc thc hnhbn iu: (1) thn cn bc chn nhn, (2) lng nghe diu php, (3) nh l tc, v (4) thc hnh php v ty php, nh ghi trong Tng ng 55.11:

"Thn cn bc Chn nhn l D lu phn.Nghe diu php l D lu phn.Nh l tc l D lu phn.Thc hnh php v ty php l D lu phn".Ri Ngi ging v s lin quan ca bn php trn:


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- "Ny cc T-khu, giao thip vi bc Chn nhn c vin mn thi lmvin mn nghe diu php; nghe diu php c vin mn thi lm vin mnlng tin; lng tin c vin mn, thi lm vin mn nh l tc ; nh l tc

c vin mn, thi lm vin mn chnh nim tnh gic; chnh nim tnhgic c vin mn, thi lm vin mn cc cn c ch ng; cc cn cch ng c vin mn, thi lm vin mn Ba thin hnh; Ba thin hnhc vin mn, thi lm vin mn Bn nim x; Bn nim x c vinmn, thi lm vin mn By gic chi; By gic chi c vin mn, thi lmvin mn Minh gii thot" (Tng Chi 10.61).

V thn cn bc chn nhn, Ngi ging:

- "Th no l lm bn vi thin? y, thin nam t sng ti lng hay tith trn. Ti y c gia ch hay con ngi gia ch, nhng tr c nui ln

trong gii c, hay nhng ngi ln tui c ln ln trong gii c, y lng tin, y gii c, y b th, y tr tu, v y lm quen,ni chuyn, tho lun. Vi nhng ngi y lng tin, v y hc tp viy lng tin. Vi nhng ngi y gii c, v y hc tp vi y

gii c. Vi nhng ngi y b th, v y hc tp vi y b th. Vinhng ngi y tr tu, v y hc tp vi y tr tu. y gi l lmbn vi thin" (Tng Chi 8.54).

Ri Ngi khuyn:

Nu thy bc hin tr,Ch li v khin trch,

Nh ch ch chn vng,Hy thn cn ngi tr!Thn cn ngi nh vy,Ch tt hn, khng xu. (Php C, 76)

Ch thn vi bn c,Ch thn k tiu nhn.

Hy thn ngi bn lnh,Hy thn bc thng nhn. (Php C, 78)

c Pht cp n 5 li ch ca vic bit nghe diu php: (1) c ngheiu cha nghe, (2) lm cho trong sch iu c nghe, (3) on tr nghi,(4) lm cho tri kin chnh trc, v (5) lm cho tm tnh tn (Tng Chi,5.202).


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Trong kinh "Tt c cc lu hoc" (Trung B 2), c Pht dy v php nhl tc iu hng cc s suy ngh ca mnh sao cho c li lc trnng tu tp, nh sau:

- "Ny cc T-khu, th no l cc php cn phi tc v v y tc ? Nycc T-khu, nhng php no do v y tc m dc lu cha sanh khng

sanh khi, hay dc lu sanh c tr dit, hay hu lu cha sanh khngsanh khi, hay hu lu sanh c tr dit, hay v minh lu cha sanhkhng sanh khi, hay v minh lu sanh c tr dit, l nhng phpcn phi tc v v y tc . Nh v y khng tc cc php khng cn phitc , tc cc php cn phi tc , nn cc lu hoc cha sanh khng sanhkhi v cc lu hoc sanh c tr dit.

V y nh l tc : y l kh; nh l tc : y l kh tp; nh l tc :

y l kh dit; nh l tc : y l con ng a n kh dit. Nh v ytc nh vy, ba kit s c tr dit: thn kin, nghi, gii cm th. Nycc T-khu, cc php y c gi l php dng tri kin on tr cclu hoc".

Khi T-khu Kotthika hi ngi Trng lo X Li Pht cn phi nh l tc th no c gii thot, ngi p:

- "Ny Hin gi Kotthika, T-khu gi gii cn phi nh l tc nm thun l v thng, kh, bnh hon, ung nht, mi tn, bt hnh, m au,

ngi l, hy hoi, rng khng, v ng.

Nm th un l g? l sc th un, th th un, tng th un, hnhth un, thc th un. Ny Hin gi Kotthika, v T-khu gi gii cn phinh l tc nm th un l v thng, kh, bnh hon, ung nht, mi tn,bt hnh, m au, ngi l, hy hoi, rng khng, v ng" (Tng ng22.122).

V thc hnh php v ty php, y c ging rng ra, bao gm chnhnim tnh gic, phng h cc cn, hun tp ba thin hnh (thn, khu, ),

thc hnh bn nim x (thn, th, tm php), v pht trin by gic chi(nim, trch php, tinh tn, h, khinh an, nh, x).

Trong nhiu bi kinh (Tng ng B, Phm D Lu), c Pht thng cp n bn c tnh ca mt v thnh D lu l: nim tn thnh bt ngni c Pht, ni Gio Php ca Ngi, ni on th cc v Thnh Tng v


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c gii c cao thng, lc no cng c cc bc chn nhn khen ngi.Trong Tng Chi 10.92, Ngi ging:

- "Th no l thnh tu bn D lu phn? y, ny Gia ch, v Thnh t thnh tu tnh tn bt ng i vi c Pht: y l Th Tn, bc ngCng, Chnh ng Gic, Minh Hnh Tc, Thin Th, Th Gian Gii, VThng S, iu Ng Trng Phu, Thin Nhn S, Pht, Th Tn. V ythnh tu tnh tn bt ng i vi Php: Php c Th Tn kho thuyt,thit thc hin ti, khng c thi gian, n m thy, c kh nng hngthng, c ngi tr t mnh gic hiu. V y thnh tu tnh tn bt ngi vi chng Tng: Diu hnh l chng t Th Tn; Trc hnh l chng t Th Tn; ng l hnh l chng t Th Tn; Chn chnh hnh lchng t Th Tn. Tc l bn i tm chng. Chng t Th Tn ngc cung knh, ng c tn trng, ng c nh l, ng c chp

tay, l phc in v thng i. V y thnh tu vi nhng gii c ccc bc Thnh i knh, khng b ph hy, khng b b vn, khng b imchm, khng b u nhim, a n gii thot, c bc tr tn thn, khngb chp trc, a n thin nh."

Mc d on kinh trn thng c xem l cc tiu chun cn bn ca quD lu, trong kinh in cn c ghi cc danh sch khc, trong , tiu chunv gii hnh c thay th bng tiu chun b th v tr tu:

- Tng ng 55.32 ghi tiu chun th t nh sau: "Li na, v Thnh t

tr gia nh, vi tm thot khi cu u ca xan tham, b th d dng, bntay rng m, thch th t b, p ng iu yu cu, thch th chia x vt bth."

- Tng ng 55.33 ghi tiu chun th t nh sau: "Li na, v Thnh tc tr tu, thnh tu tr tu v sanh dit cc php, tr tu cc bc Thnh thnhp cc php, a n chn chnh on tn kh au."

Khi cc danh sch lit k ny c kt hp li, chng ta c c bn ctnh ca v Thnh D Lu: (1) y lng tin, (2) y gii c, (3) y b th, v (4) y tr tu.

cng l bn php a n hnh phc tng lai, an lc tng lai cho mtc s Pht t:


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- "C bn php a n hnh phc tng lai, an lc tng lai cho thinnam t. Th no l bn? l y lng tin, y gii c, y bth, y tr tu" (Tng Chi 8.54).

y, lng tin ni Tam Bo (Pht, Php, Tng) khng phi ch n thun ls tin tng, sng tn m qung. V D Lu tht s tn nhim, tin tng ninguyn l nghip qu - nguyn l ca hnh ng v hu qu - v v y chng nghim r rng khi bt u nhp dng Thnh.

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Trong giai on tu tp k tip, khi tham dc (tham m vo dc gii) v snhn c tr kh mt cch ng k th ngi c qu Nht lai, ngha lc th cn ti sinh lm ngi hoc trong ci tri dc gii mt ln na. Khi

hai kit s tham dc v sn hn c loi b hon ton, th ngi y c quBt lai, ngha l khng cn ti sinh vo ci dc gii ny na. Nm kit su tin ny gi l h phn kit s (orambhgiya-samyojana), ct tri chngsinh trong ci dc. Ty theo trnh chng t, bc thnh Bt lai s thcsinh v Tnh c thin thuc ci tri sc gii (rpa-loka), trc khi nhp

Nit-bn ti hu. Ba qu v D lu, Nht lai, Bt lai cng thng c gichung l qu v ca bc thnh Hu hc.

Ngi y tip tc hnh tr thanh lc tm , v tinh tn tr kh nm kit scn li: tham m vo ci sc, tham m vo ci v sc, tro c vi t, mn,

v si vi t. Nm kit s ny gi l thng phn kit s (uddhambhgiya-samyojana), ct tri chng sinh trong ci sc v v sc. y, tham mvo ci sc v ci v sc l s tham m vo bn tng thin-na hu sc(rpa-jhna) v bn tng thin-na v sc (arpa-jhna). Tro c vi t ltrng thi vn cn mt vi giao ng nh trc trn cnh, mn (mna) l cc tng so snh, v si vi t l mt vi du vt v minh ngn che cn st li.

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n lc , ngi y ph tung tt c mi si dy tri buc, tr kh

mi loi kit s nhim, lu hoc on tn, tu gic khai m, khngcn to nghip, khng cn phi ti sinh, lun hi na. Ni mt cch khc,nh m t trong Trung B Kinh, bi kinh s 1 (Kinh Php Mn CnBn), i vi ngi y: "cc lu hoc tn, tu hnh thnh mn, cc vicnn lm lm, t gnh nng xung, thnh t l tng, tn trhu kit s, t chnh tr gii thot". Ngi y tr thnh bc A-la-hn, bcthnh V hc, c o qu Nit Bn, gii thot rt ro ti hu.


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---o0o---

-09-Tn mn v ch Chnh

Thnh thong, trn cc din n Pht Gio ca mng truyn thng Internet,

chng ti thy c nhiu kin bn lun v ch Chnh v Chnh Kin trongBt Chnh o. y, xin mn php c ng gp vi dng tn mn.

Theo kinh nghim, mi khi chng ta bn v t ng Pht Php, nht l t ngHn Vit trong kinh in, dch t ngun nguyn thy Pli v Sanskrit, ta cnlu n cch chn la thut ng ca cc v cao tng dch gi ngy xa, biv cc ngi dng nhng thut ng phin dch qung b gio l ca cPht cho dn chng thi , c th nhng thut ng khng cn thch hptrong bi cnh thi nay, hoc ngha ch dng c th thay i theo nmthng.

Cho nn, rt kh m tm mt cu tr li ph qut cho cu hi: Th no lChnh? Ty theo ng cnh v mch vn, Chnh c nhiu ngha khc nhau. y, chng ti xin gii hn ch Chnh trong ngha ca Bt Chnh onh c Pht ging dy. Trong phm vi , theo thin , Chnh - dchtheo ch Pli Samm - l nhng g c ch li v cn thit cho s hnh tr tn dit kh au, a n gii thot, gic ng.

Bt Chnh o l con ng c 8 yu t - mi yu t c tn gi bt u

bng ch Chnh. Tht ra, danh t Bt Chnh o ch l mt li dch thot,khng st ngha. Ch Pli lAriya atthangika-magga, c ngha l con ngthnh (cao sang) gm c 8 chi phn, ting Anh dch l "the Noble Eightfold

Path". Trong cc bn dch Kinh tng, Ha thng Thch Minh Chu dch l"Thnh o Tm ngnh". Tuy nhin, v danh t Bt Chnh o rt phthng trong hng Pht t chng ta, nn chng ti thng dch l Con ngTm Chnh.

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Cn Chnh Kin l g? L nhn ng, thy ng. Nhng nhn ng nh thno? Ty theo ng cnh v mc ch, trong sinh hot vn ha, kinh t, xhi, chnh tr, lun l, lch s, v.v., chng ta thy c th c nhiu ci ngkhc nhau, c khi tng hp, c khi tng phn. Tuy nhin, lng trong BtChnh o, Chnh Kin l ci nhn, ci thy, ci hiu bit nh th no mang li li ch cho con ng hnh tr, dit kh u, a n hnh phc anlc, tin n gic ng gii thot. c Pht ging r rng v cc yu t


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Chnh - k c Chnh Kin - ca Bt Chnh o, trong nhiu bi kinh. Xinchp li y, mt on kinh trong Tng ng b, Tp 5, chng ta cngnhau n li nh ngha ca Bt Chnh o:

- "Ny cc v T-khu, th no l chnh tri kin? l s thng hiu vkh, s thng hiu v nguyn nhn ca kh, s thng hiu v s dit kh, v

s thng hiu v con ng dit kh.

Th no l chnh t duy? l t duy v ly dc, t duy v v sn, t duy vv hi.

Th no l chnh ng? l t b ni lo, t b ni hai li, t b ni lic c, t b ni li ph phim.

Th no chnh nghip? l t b st sanh, t b ly ca khng cho, t bhnh ng t dm.

Th no l chnh mng? l on tr t mng, nui sng vi chnhmng.

Th no l chnh tinh tn? l tinh tn ngn chn khng cho khi sanhcc bt thin php cha sanh, tinh tn tr dit cc bt thin php sanh,tinh tn pht khi cc thin php cha sanh, v tinh tn duy tr cc thin

php sanh.

Th no l chnh nim? l sng qun thn trn thn, nhit tm, tnhgic, iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun th trn th, nhit tm,tnh gic, iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun tm trn tm, nhittm, tnh gic, iu phc mi tham u trn i; sng qun php trn cc

php, nhit tm, tnh gic, iu phc mi tham u trn i.

Th no l chnh nh? l ly dc, ly php bt thin, chng v tr Thin-na th nht, mt trng thi h lc do ly dc sanh, c tm, c t; ri lm chotnh ch tm v t, chng v tr vo Thin-na th hai, mt trng thi h lc

do nh sanh, khng tm, khng t, ni tnh, nht tm; ri ly h tr x,chnh nim, tnh gic, thn cm s lc th m cc bc Thnh gi l x nimlc tr, chng v tr vo Thin-na th ba; ri x lc, x kh, dit h u cm th trc, chng v tr vo Thin-na th t, khng kh, khng lc, xnim thanh tnh."


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Cho nn, tr li cu hi th no l Chnh Kin, chng ta c th ghi li lica c Pht: l thng hiu v kh (Kh), thng hiu v nguyn nhnca kh (Tp), thng hiu v s dit kh (Dit), v thng hiu v con ngdit kh (o). Hay ni tm tt, Chnh Kin l ci nhn ng n v TDiu .

Trong kinh Chnh Tri Kin (Sammditthi sutta), bi kinh s 9 thuc TrungB, Ngi X-li-pht ging cn k v nh ngha ca Chnh tri kin l:

- Tu tri bt thin v cn gc ca bt thin.- Tu tri thin v cn gc ca thin.- Tu tri c thc n, gm on thc, xc thc, thc thc v t nim thc;v cn gc ca thc n.- Tu tri kh trong tin trnh kh-tp-dit-o.

- Tu tri tng chi phn Duyn khi, theo vng ngc, t gi cht, ri sinh,hu, th, i, th, xc, su nhp, danh sc, thc, hnh, v minh, v lu hoc.Khi v thnh t tu tri nh vy, v y on tr tt c tham ty min, tysch sn ty min, nh tn gc kin mn ty min "Ti l", on tr vminh, khin minh khi ln, dit tn kh au ngay trong hin ti. Nh th, vy c chnh tri kin, c tri kin chnh trc, c lng tin Php tuyt i vthnh tu diu php.

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Ni n Chnh Kin th chng ti li ngh n ch Tu. Chng ta thngnghe ni "o Pht l o ca Tr tu". Tu c hiu the

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