Tìm hiểu về SCADA

7/26/2019 Tm hiu v SCADA

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BO COMNG TC CAO

ti: Tm hiu vSCADA

Ging vin: o c Thnh

Sinh vin: Hong Ngc Hng

MSSV: 20121858

TRNG I HC BCH KHOA H NI

VIN IN-BMN O V TIN HC CNG NGHIP


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MC LCI. Tng quan vSCADA................................................................................................ 3

1. nh ngha: ............................................................................................................... 3

2. Chc nng v vai tr:.............................................................................................. 3

II. Hthng SCADA..................................................................................................... 4

1. Kt cu ca mt hSCADA................................................................................... 4

2. Phn cng v phn mm ca hSCADA:............................................................ 7

3. Truyn thng trong hSCADA............................................................................. 8

4. Nhng yu cu chung vmt hSCADA........................................................... 12

III. V dng dng.......................................................................................................... 13

1. ng dng trong ng st.................................................................................... 13

2. ng dng trong cng tc iu hthng in Vit Nam............................... 14


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I. Tng quan vSCADA1. nh ngha:

SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) l hthng iu khin gim st vthu thp dliu. iu khin y l iu khin mt cch gim st. SCADA khc vi cchthng iu khin DCS ch, cc hDCS l mt hthng iu khin phn tn trn

mng din rng v c chiu khin c giao cho ccc phn tcp di, trong khi hthng SCADA thin vgim st v thu thp dliu trn mng tp trung, mi thao tc lnhu di siu khin ca trung tm.

2.

Chc nng v vai tr:

Mi hthng sn xut cng nghip thng c tchc theo nhiu cp qun l. Mi cpc nhim vo lng, thu thp v iu khin gim st ring ln tng i tng cthcahthng. Chnh v thvic SCADA cho mt hthng sn xut cng nghip cng c

phn ra tng cp SCADA cth, tuvo quy m ca tng cp m c nhng yu cu cth

khc nhau song ni chung mi cp SCADA l phi thc hin nhng dch vsau:

Thu thp sliu txa (qua ng truyn sliu) cc sliu vsn xut v tchcvic lu trtrong nhiu loi c ssliu (sliu vlch ssn xut, vskinthao tc, vbo ng).

iu khin v gim st hsn xut trn cscc dliu thu thp

c.

Thc hin cng tc truyn thng sliu trong v ra ngoi h(c/vit sliuPLC/RTU, trli cc bn tin yu cu tcp trn vsliu, vthao tc h).

Nhn chung SCADA l mskt hp gia phn cng v phn mm theo mphng thctruyn thng no tng ho vic qun l gim st, iu khin cho mt i tngcng nghip. V ta nhn thy rng xu thtng ho l mt xu thkhng thtrnh khido vy vic p dng bi ton SCADA l mt vic lm tt yu nu chng ta khng mun tthu trong sn xut. Vai tr ca n l rt r dng, SCADA gip ta thu thp rt chnh xc vhthng t c tha ra cc quyt nh ng n vh, ng thi ta cng ddngtrong cng tc iu khin v ra quyt nh. Vic lm ny sgim ng kvic chi ph vvn nhn lc, vvn hnh iu ny gp phn ng ktrong vic gim gi thnh sn

phm, tng sc cnh tranh.


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II. Hthng SCADA1.

Kt cu ca mt hSCADA

Hthng SCADA c sdng kim sot ti nguyn phn tn ti nim dliu thuthp c tp trung li c ngha quan trng trong iu khin. Nhng hthng ny csdng trong cc hthng phn phi nh phn phi nc v hthng thu gom nc thi,

ng ng dn du v kh t, hthng truyn ti in v phn phi in, v ng st vhthng giao thng cng cng khc. Hthng SCADA tch hp hthng thu thp dliuvi hthng truyn dn dliu v phn mm HMI cung cp mt giao din gim st tptrung v hthng iu khin cho nhiu qu trnh u vo v u ra. Hthng SCADAc thit kthu thp thng tin trng, chuyn giao n n mt c smy tnh trungtm, v hin thcc thng tin cho cc nh iu hnh, do cho php cc nh iu hnh gim st v kim sot ton bhthng tmt vtr trung tm trong thi gian thc. Davo thit lp ca hthng c nhn, kim sot ca bt khthng c nhn no, hot ng,hoc cng vic c thc tng, hoc n c thc thc hin bi cc lnh iu hnh.

Hnh 1: Cc lp ca hthng SCADA

Hnh 1 cho thy cc thnh phn v cu hnh chung ca mt hthng SCADA. Trung tmiu khin nm mt my chiu khin (MTU) v cc thit bnh tuyn thng tin linlc. thnh phn trung tm iu khin khc bao gm HMI, my trm kthut, v cc nhlu trdliu, tt cc kt ni bi mt mng LAN. Cc trung tm iu khin thu thpv ghi thng tin c thu thp bi cc khu vc hin trng, hin ththng tin cho HMI,v c thto ra cc hnh ng da trn nhng skin pht hin. Trung tm iu khincng c trch nhim bo ng tp trung, phn tch xu hng, v bo co. Nhng ni tgim hin trng thc hin kim sot c cu chp hnh v gim st cm bin. imiu tra thng c trang bmt khnng truy cp txa cho php cc nhn vin iukhin thc hin chn on txa v sa cha thng hn l vic rch ri dial up hoc


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kt ni WAN ring bit. Tiu chun v cc giao thc truyn thng c quyn chy quatruyn thng ni tip c sdng vn chuyn thng tin gia cc trung tm kim sotv khu vc hin trng sdng cc kthut txa nh ng dy in thoi, cp, , v tnsv tuyn.

MTU - RTU kin trc truyn thng khc nhau gia vic trin khai . Cc kin trc khc

nhau c sdng c thhin trong hnh 2. imim l chc nng n gin. Tuynhin , n l tn km v cn cc knh c nhn cn thit cho mi kt ni. Trong mt cuhnh hng lot , slng knh c sdng gim i; Tuy nhin , knh chia sc nhhng n hiu quv tnh phc tp ca hot ng SCADA . Tng tnh vy , m hnhsao cu hnh sdng mt knh cho mi thit bnn kt qul hiu sut gim v tng

phc tp hthng .

Ni mt cch n gin, hthng SCADA c ba phn: Cc PC phng iu khin trungtm, cc RTU( remote terminal unit) hay PLC(programable logic controller) cc trm xav thit bthng tin kt ni hai phn trn vi nhau.

Kt cu phn mm ca phn PC phng iu khin trung tm c thhin trong bngHnh 2. Chng ta sthy cc chc nng ca cc PC ca hthng SCADA tng tnh

phn HMI ca hthng DCS: Hin th, iu khin tphng iu khin trung tm, thu thpdliu, qun l cc sliu, qun l bo ng, bo co.

Cc hthng SCADA c chy trn mi trng DOS, VMS hay UNIX. Cc hthng mihn chy trn nn ca Windows, Linux.


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Hnh 2: Kt cu phn mm phng iu khin ca hthng SCADA

a. SCADA Server

SCADA Sever chnh l my Server ca hthng SCADA trung tm c ni vi cc

RTU hay PLC. Trong cu trc phn mm my chServer c chc nng thu thp, chiasdliu vi cc my Client thng qua mang Ethernet v gi mnh lnh tcc Client trctip n cc biu khin.V vy trn cc my Server thng c dng ci t cc

phn mm pht trin (development), thit lp cu hnh truyn thng kt ni vi thit bhin trng.

b. SCADA Client


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SCADA Client gm cc my tnh cng nghip c ni vi my Server bng mngEthernet. Cc my tnh ny sc ci cc phn mm giao din ngi my (HumanMachine Interface) kt ni vi dliu ca my Server hin thhoc iu khin. Tlcc my Client nay sthu thp cc trng thi v iu khin cc bcontroller gin tipthng qua my Server. Mi quan hgia cc Client v Server do cc ks lp trnh thitlp, tuthuc vo phn mm cng nghip c sdng trong hSCADA.

c. PLC- RTU

RTU c nh ngha l mt thit bc iu khin bng bvi xl, c khnng xlcc u vo ra theo thi gian thc, thu thp sliu v bo ng, bo co vSCADAServer, v thi hnh cc lnh ca SCADA Server. Theo truyn thng, hthng SCADAthng sdng cc thit bRTU. Nhng ngy nay, vi spht trin ca PLC, cc nh tchhp hthng thch dng PLC thay v RTU cho vic thit kcho nhiu hthng SCADA.

Cc RTU v cc PLC c ni vi cc I/O ti cc trm. Cc u vo, qua RTU hay PLC

cho cc thit bSCADA phng iu khin trung tm bit trng thi ca hthng ti hintrng.Thit bSCADA c thiu khin bng cch thao tc u ra, cng nh qua ccRTU hayPLC.

Nh vy, RTU v PLC l thit bc trc tip ni vi I/O v trung tm iu khin tnhiu.

2. Phn cng v phn mm ca hSCADA:

Hthng SCADA bao gm cphn cng v phn mm. phn cng tiu biu bao gm mt

MTU t trung tm iu khin, thit bthng tin lin lc (v d, radio, ng dy inthoi, cp, hay vtinh), v mt hoc nhiu khu vc hin trng phn phi gm: mt RTUhay PLC, kim sot thit btruyn ng v / hoc mn hnh cm ng. Cc MTU lu trvxl thng tin tu vo v u ra RTU, trong khi cc RTU hay PLC iu khin cc qutrnh hin trng. Cc phn cng truyn thng cho php truyn thng tin v dliu quali gia cc MTU v cc RTU hay PLC. Phn mm ny l lp trnh bo cho hthngnhng thay i nhng tham strong phm vi chp nhn c, v nhng p ng ca hthng vn hnh. Mt IED, chng hn nh mt r le bo v, c thgiao tip trc tip vicc trm chSCADA, hoc mt RTU a phng c ththm d cc IED thu thp cc

dliu v chuyn n n trm SCADA ch. IED cung cp mt giao din trc tip kimsot v gim st thit bv cm bin. IED c thc hi trc tip v kim sot bi cctrm chSCADA v trong hu ht cc trng hp c chng trnh a phng cho phpcc IED hot ng m khng hng dn trc tip ttrung tm iu khin SCADA. Hthng SCADA thng c thit kc hthng nhn din li vi nhng dphngquan trng c xy dng trong kin trc hthng.


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a. Phn cng

Tuthuc vo tng hng chto, cc hSCADA smang mt sc im khc nhau, tuynhin ni chung phn cng ca hSCADA sgm nhng phn sau:

My tnh PC vi cc dch vtruyn thng chun v cc chng trnh giao din hoc thit ksn.

Cc biu khin logic c khnng lp trnh PLC (Programmable LogicController).

Cc transmitter/RTU sthng minh.

Card mng v hthng cp ni i theo phc vcho qu trnh thu tht v

iu khin.

b. Phn mm

Phn mm ca SCADA l mt chng trnh thc hin cc nhim vcthca mt hSCADA. Phn mm phi c khnng thu thp dliu theo thi gian thc v c khnngiu khin p ng cc yu cu kthut ca hthng. Ngoi ra, phn mm SCADA phic khnng kt ni mng, chng hn nh Internet hay Ethernet, c thchuuyn cc boco di nhiu hnh thc khc nhau, nh dng bng thng k, dng biu hay dng th.

3. Truyn thng trong hSCADA

Bn kin trc c bn thhin trong Hnh 3 c thc tng cng hn na bng vic sdng thit bchuyn dng vthng tin lin lc qun l trao i thng tin lin lc cngnh chuyn i tin nhn v m. Hthng SCADA ln, cha hng trm RTU, thng sdng phMTUs gim bt gnh nng trn MTU chnh. y l loi cu trc lin kt c


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hin thtrong Hnh 4.

Hnh 3:Lin kt truyn thng SCADA c bn


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Hnh 4:Cu trc lin kt truyn thng SCADA rng

Hnh 5 cho thy mt v dvtrin khai thc hin hthng SCADA. Hthng SCADA cbit ny bao gm mt trung tm iu khin chnh v ba khu vc hin trng. Mt trung

tm iu khin sao lu thhai cung cp dphng trong trng hp c sctrung tmiu khin chnh. kt ni im-im c sdng cho tt ccc trung tm iu khin truyn thng hthng hin trng, vi hai kt ni tsdng xa sdng v tuyn. thbahthng hin trng trng l xc nh thng tin gi n trung tm iu khin v sdngmng din rng (WAN) cho truyn thng. Mt trung tm kim sot khu vc trn trungtm iu khin chnh cho mt mc cao hn ca iu khin gim st. Cc mng cng tyc quyn truy cp vo tt ccc trung tm kim sot thng qua mng WAN, v cc hthng hin trng c thc truy cp txa cho cc hot ng xl scv bo tr.


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Hnh 5: V dtrin khai hthng SCADA (Phn phi Gim st v iu khin )

a. Cc dng truyn tin trong hSCADA

Ngoi vic sdng cc my tnh cng nghip, cc Server, thit bmng phng theodi trung tm. Mt bphn khng ththiu c trong hthng SCADA l hthngtruyn tin. N lin quan n tnh n nh v schnh xc ca hthng. V vy, mt htruyn tin c chntng mt hSCADA phi thomn cc tiu chun nh: gii tc truyn, giao thc truyn thng, truyn ng b hay db, khong cch a l Hthngtruyn tin c chn phi tng thch vi thit btrng v my chServer. Mt sthit

bc thsdng c truyn dliu trong hSCADA nh sau: Modem RDT (Radio

Data Technology) ca Anh quc c cc loi truyn sng Radio, v tuyn; cc thit bthupht sng ca Motorola, cc bRTU, GPS. Tutheo m hnh, phm vi ca tng h

SCADA m ta p dng tng loi thit btrn spht huy ht tnh nng tc dng ca n.Hthng SCADA cp quc gia v min dng cc RTU c thit kc bit cho ngnhin (theo tiu chun IEEE v IEC, c khnng chu c nhiu in t). Cc thit b


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RTU thng minh vi cc trung tm iu qua thtc truyn tin IEC-870-5-101. Ngoira, vi nhiu hSCADA dng PLC dng thtc truyn tin l Profibus.

Bng di y tng kt li cc dng truyn tin thng dng trong hSCADA:

Truyn tin Kiu truyn tin Tiu chun thng dngMy chvi IDE hin

trng

Khng ng bkiu

multidrop

RS-485

PLC thu thp vi IDE hintrng

Khng ng bkiumultidrop

RS-485

My chvi my dphngDMS, EMS, DTS

ng bkiu multidrop Ethernet

My chvi SCADA cptrn

Khng ng bkiusingledrop

RS-232 + ti ba, modemHay Ratio 450Hz

SCADA vi cc ng dng

khc

Bn tin qua bnh DDE (Dynamic

Exchange)

Data

SCADA vi cc th vin c/vit th vin DLL(DynamicLibrary)

Link

SCADA vi cc h Qun l cc ca s Windows

SCADA vi my in Song song, ni tip RS- 232, ASIIb. Truyn tin sc. Truyn tin hin trng

4. Nhng yu cu chung vmt hSCADA

a. Nhng yu cu chung vphn cng:

My tnh PC dng thu thp v iu khin phi mang tnh phthng v c khnng giao tip tt vi cc hng thit bphn cng khc nhau.

C hiu hnh a nhim c khnngmrng v giao tip d dng vi cc phnmm v phn cng khc.

b. Nhng yu cu chung vphn mm:

C khnng tng thch vi cc giao thc (Protocol) thng dng. Ddng thit kv nng cp khi cn thit.

c. Vdch vSCADA:

C khnng thu thp, lu tr, sdng sliu c t nht trong mt nm.


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Cung cp sgiao tip v giao din ddng cho ngi sdng v vn hnh. Ddng cho ng dng hin ths v thtrong gim st cng nh in bo co.

Gip thao tc iu khin txa ddng, tuy nhin vn phi bo m thao tciu khin bng tay.

d. Yu cu vgi thnh v chi ph lp t phi r, hp l.

III. V dng dng1.

ng dng trong ng st

Hnh 6 cho thy mt v dvvic trin khai cho vic gim st v kim sot ng st . Hthng ny bao gm mt trung tm kim sot ng st , ni cha hthng SCADA v ba

phn ca mt hthng ng st . Hthng SCADA thm d cc phn ng st vccthng tin nh tnh trng ca xe la, hthng tn hiu, hthng in , v my bn v t.Thng tin ny cng c a vo vn hnh trong trung tm iu khin ng st . Cc h

thng SCADA cng theo di cc u vo iu hnh ti trung tm kim sot ng st vphn tn cc lnh iu hnh cp cao n cc thnh phn ca 1 hthng ng st. Ngoira, mn hnh hthng SCADA hin thiu kin tng phn ca hthng ng st vua ra cc lnh gii quyt da trn nhng iu kin ( V d, dng mt chuyn tu khng i vo mt khu vc c xc nh l bngp lt da vo vic gim st iu kin).


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Hnh 6: V dtrin khai hthng SCADA( Gim st v kim sot ng st)

2.

ng dng trong cng tc iu hthng in Vit Nam

Qu trnh pht trin ca cng nghiu khin hthng in:

Tnhng nm 1970, hthng my tnh c ng dng rng ri trong cc trung tmiu hthng in ln trn thgii. Lc u, hthng my tnh phc vvic qun lkthut, qun l cc dliu, cc thit btrn hthng in v phc vvic tnh ton cc

bi ton ri rc, n l. Dn dn cc phn mm chuyn dng phc vqun l, iu hnh hthng in c ra i.

Vo u nhng nm 1980,, hu ht cc trung tm iu khin ca cc hthng in ln trnthgii c trang bHthng thu thp dliu v gim st iu khin gi tt lSCADA. Chc nng c bn ca hthng SCADA l thu nhn tng, xl cc dliu,hin thtrn mn hnh bng s cc tn hiu thi gian thc ca cc phn ttrn hthngin nh: tn s, in p cc im nt, thng svn hnh (cng sut tc dng, cng sut

phn khng, dng in, in p, nhit , p lc du) ca cc thit b(my pht in,my bin p, ng dy in). N hin thtrng thi lm vic ca tt ccc thit bngct, tng gim nc phn p ca my bin p gip cho cc ks iu hnh hthng iniu khin txa, theo di, gim st slm vic ca ton bhthng in.


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Nguyn l lm vic ca hthng SCADA:

Khi cc thit bang vn hnh vi phm cc gii hn cho php ca cc thng skthuthoc bsc, hthng tng a ra cc tn hiu cnh bo dng chung, ci; hin thnidung skin cnh bo bng nhng dng lnh theo mu sc v nhp nhy, iu ny gipcho cc ks iu hnh hthng in c nhng hnh ng ng xkp thi a cc

thit btrli trng thi vn hnh bnh thng hoc a cc thit bdphng vo hotng thay thnhm m bo cho hthng in vn lm vic trng thi n nh v kinht.

Tt ccc skin xy ra i vi cc thit btrn hthng in, i vi cc chvnhnh hthng in u c lu trtng theo trt tthi gian, c chnh xc ntng mili giy(ms), c thtruy xut khi cn thit di dng cc bng biu, thgip choqu trnh xl v phn tch scc chnh xc.

Hthng SCADA cho php cc ks iu hnh c ththc hin cc thao tc, iu khin

cc thit btxa nh khi ng hay ngng cc tmy pht in, thay i cng sut theoyu cu, ng ct cc thit b, iu chnh nc in p ca cc my bin p Khnng nycho php gim bt nhn lc, tin ti c thxo bchngi trc vn hnh cc trmin, cc nh my. Cc thit blm vic hon ton tng, c iu khin txa tcctrung tm iu .

Tthp k90 trli y, cc hthng tch hp thu thp dliu v iu khin gim stc ng dng v pht trin rng ri. Chc nng c bn ca hthng SCADA tch hp ln c trang bthm nhiu phn mm ng dng khc htrtrong vic tng ly cc d

liu thi gian thc ca hthng, a vo tnh ton v cho ra kt qubng cc lnh iukhin trc tip ln mt phn thit bca hthng in hoc a ra cc khuyn co cthcho cc ks iu hnh thc hin nhm m bo slm vic ca hthng in c nnh, an ton v kinh tnht.

Cc phn mm ng dng thng thng i km l:

- iu khin pht in tng (AGC: Automatic Generation Control).

- iu kinh t(ED: Economic Dispatch).

- Phn tch cht bin (CA: Contingency Analysis).

- nh gi trng thi (SE: State Estimation).

- Tnh ton tro lu cng sut (DLF: Dispatch Load Flow).

- Ti u ho tro lu cng sut (OPF: Optimal Power Flow).

- Dbo phti (LF: Load Forecast).

- Lp khoch vn hnh (GP: Generation Planning).

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