Toefl_tieng Anh Co Ban

7/27/2019 Toefl_tieng Anh Co Ban

1/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL

hc - hc na -hc m i2

FOR MOR INFORMATION, PLEASE CONTACT

1. Ch ng(subject). 7

1.1 Danh t m -c v khng m -c.

1.2 Qu n t a (an) v the

1.3 C ch s dng Other v another.

1.4 Cch s dng litter/ a litter, few/ a few

1.5 S hu c ch

1.6 Some, any

2. ng t ( verb)

2.1 Hin ti (present)

2.1.1 Hin ti n gin (simple present)

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)

2.1.3 Present perfect ( hin ti hon thnh)

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).

2.3 T-ng lai2.3.1 T-ng lai n gin (simple future)

2.3.2 T-ng lai tip din ( future progressive)

2.3.3 T-ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)


2/125

Ti ng Anh c bn

Khng hc - khng bit. Hc ri - s bit 3

3. S ho h p gia ch ngv ng t.

3.1 Ch ngng t ch khi ng t.

3.2 Cc danh t lun i hi ng t v i t s it.

3.3 C ch s dng none, no

3.4 Cch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

3.5 C c danh t tp th

3.6 C ch s dng A number of/ the number of

3.7 Cc danh t lun d ng s nhiu.

3.8 Cch d ng c c thnh ngThere is, there are

4. i t

4.1 i t nhn x-ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

4.2 i t nhn x-ng tn ng

4.3 Tnh t s hu

4.4 i t s hu

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexive pronoun)5. ng t d ng lm tn ng

5.1 ng t nguyn thlm tn ng

5.2 Ving d ng lm tn ng

5.3 3 ng t c bit

5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gi i t

5.5 Vn i t i tr-c ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng. 6. Cch s dng ng t b n khim khuyt need v dare

6.1 need

6.2 Dare


3/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL

hc - hc na -hc m i4

7. Cch d ng ng t to be + infinitive

8. Cu hi

8.1 Cu hi yes v no

8.2 Cu hi thng b o

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ngca cu hi

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho c c bng(when, where, why, how)

8.3 Cu hi gin tip (embedded questions)

8.4 Cu hi c ui

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.

9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.

9.2 Li ni ph ho ph nh

10. Cu ph nh

11. Mnh lnh thc

11.1 Mnh lnh thc trc tip.

11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.

12. ng t khim khuyt.

12.1 Din t thi t-ng lai.

12.2 Din t cu iu kin.

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin -c thi hin ti.

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin -c thi hin ti.

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin -c thi qu kh.

12.2.4 Cc c ch d ng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong c c mnh if


4/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


13. C ch s dng thnh ngas if, as though.

13.1 Thi hin ti.

13.2 Thi qu kh.

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.

14.1 Thi t-ng lai.

14.2 Thi hin ti

14.3 Thi qu kh.

15. Cch s dng thnh ngused to v get/be used to

15.1 used to.15.2 get / be used to.

16. C ch s dng thnh ngWould rather

16.1 Loi cu c mt ch ng.

16.2 Loi cu c 2 ch ng

17. Cch s dng Would Like

18. Cch s dng c c ng t khim khuyt din t c c trng th i hinti.

18.1 Could/may/might.

18.2 Should

18.3 Must

19. Cch s dng c c ng t khim khuyt din t c c trng th i thi

qu kh.20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb).

21. ng t ni.

22. So s nh ca tnh t v danh t


5/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL

hc - hc na -hc m i6

22.1 So s nh bng.

22.2 So s nh hn, km

22.3 So s nh h p l

22.4 Cc dng so s nh c bit

22.5 So s nh a b

22.6 So s nh kp (cng ....thcng)

22.7 No sooner ... than (va m i ... th; chng bao lu ... th)

23. Dng nguyn, so s nh hn v so s nh hn nht.

24. Cc danh t lm chc n ng tnh t

25. Enough v i tnh t, ph t v danh t

26. Cc t ni chnguyn nhn

26.1 Because/ because of

26.2 Mc ch v kt qu (so that- )

26.3 Cause and effect

27. Mt s t ni mang tnh iu kin

28. Cu bng

29. ng t gy nguyn nhn

29.1 Have/ get / make

29.2 Let

29.3 Help

30. Ba ng t c bit

31. Cu trc phc h p v i t quan hthay th

31.1 That v Which lm ch ngca cu ph

31.2 That v wich lm tn ngca cu ph


6/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


31.3 Who lm ch ngca cu ph

31.4 Whom lm tn ngca cu ph

31.5 Mnh ph bt buc v mnh ph khng bt buc

31.6 Tm quan trng ca du phy trong mnh ph

31.7 Cch s dng All / both/ several / most ... + of + whom / which

31.8 What v whose

32. C ch loi b c c mnh ph

33. Cch s dng phn t 1 trong mt s tr-ng hp c bit

34. Cch s dng nguyn mu hon thnh35. Nhng c ch s dng kh c ca that

35.1 That vi t- cch ca mt lin t (rng)

35.2 Mnh c that

36. Cu gi nh

36.1 Cu gi nh d ng would rather that

36.2 Cu gi nh d ng v i ng t trong bng.36.3 Cu gi nh d ng v i tnh t

36.4 Dng vi mt s tr-ng hp kh c

36.5 Cu gi nh d ng v i it is time

37. Li ni bao hm

37.1 Not only ... but also (khng nhng ... m cn)

37.2 As well as (cng nh-, cng nh- l)

37.3 Both ... and ( c ... ln )

38. C ch s dng to know v to know how

39. Mnh nh-ng b


7/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL

hc - hc na -hc m i8

39.1 Despite / in spite of (mc d )

39.2 although, even though, though

40. Nhng ng t dgy nhm ln

41. Mt s ng t c bit kh c.

PPhhnn IIII

TTiinngg AAnnhh vv iitt I. Cc li th-ng gp trong ting anh vit

42. S ho h p ca thi ng t

43. Cch s dng to say, to tell44. T i tr-c gii thiu

45. i t nhn x-ng one v you

46. Cch s dng phn t m u cho mnh ph

46.1 V+ing m u mnh ph

46.2 Phn t 2 m u mnh ph chbng

46.3 ng t nguyn thchmc ch m u cho mnh ph

46.4 Ng danh t hoc ng gii t m u mnh ph ch s t-ng ng

47. Phn t d ng lm tnh t

47.1 D ng phn t 1 lm tnh t

47.2 D ng phn t 2 lm tnh t

48. Tha (redundancy)49. Cu trc cu song song

50. Thng tin trc tip v thng tin gin tip

50.1 Cu trc tip v cu gin tip


8/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


50.2 Ph-ng php chuyn i t cu trc tip sang cu gin tip

50.3 ng t v i tn ngtrc tip v tn nggin tip

51. Ph t o ln u cu

52. Cch chn nhng cu tr li ng

53. Nhng t dgy nhm ln

54. Cch s dng gi i t

54.1 During - trong sut (hnh ng xy ra trong mt qung thi gian)

54.2 From (t) >< to (n)

54.3 Out of (ra khi) >< into (di vo)54.4 by

54.5 In ( trong, ti) - ngha x c nh hn at

54.6 on

54.7 at - ti (th-ng l bn ngoi, khng xc nh bng in)

55. Ngng t

56. S kt h p ca c c danh t, ng t v tnh t v i c c gi i t

GRAMMAR REVIEW

Cu t r c cu t ing AnhSubject +Verb as predicate + Complement + Modifier.

Ch ng ng t vng tn ng bng

1. Ch ng (subject) ng u cu lm ch ngv quyt nh vic chia ng t.


9/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL

hc - hc na -hc m i10

Ch ngc thl 1 cm t, 1 ng t nguyn th(c to), 1V+ing, song nhiu nht vn l 1 danht v1 danh t c lin quan t i nhng vn sau:

1.1 Danh t m -c v khng m -c.- Danh t m -c c th -c dng vi s m do c hnh thi s t, s nhiu. N c th dng-c dng vi a (an)vthe.

- Danh t khng m -c khng dng -c vi s m do n khng c hnh th i s nhiu. Do ,n khng dng -c vi a (an).

- Mt s cc danh t m -c c hnh thi s nhiu c bit v d:

person - people woman women

mouse - mice foot feet

tooth - teeth man - men.

-Sau y l mt s danh t khng m -c m ta cn bit.

Sand soap Physics Mathematics

News mumps Air Politics

measles information Meat Homework

Food economics advertising* Money

* Mc d advertisingl danh t khng m -c, nh-ng advertisementli l danh t m-c.

V d:

There are too many advertisements during television shows.

There is too much advertising during television shows.

- Mt s danh t khng m -c nh-food, meat, money, sand, water, i lc -c dng nh- ccdanh t m -c ch cc dng kh c nhau ca loi danh t .

Vd:

This is one of the foods that my doctor has forbidden me to eat.(chra mt loi thc n c bit no )

He studies meats

( chng hnpork, beef, lamb. vv...)

Bng sau l cc nh ng dng -c vi danh t m -c v khng m -c.

Danh t m -c (with count noun) Danh t khng m -c (with non-count noun)

a (an), the, some, anythis, that, these, those,none,one,two,three,...manya lot of

the, some, anythis, thatnonmuch (th-ng dng trong cu ph nh hoc cu hia lot of


10/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


plenty ofa large number ofa great number of, a great many of.(a) fewfew ... thanmore ... than

a large amount ofa great deal of(a) littleless ... thanmore ... than

- Danh t timenu d ng v i ngha thi gian l khng m -c nh-ng nu dng vi ngha s ln hocthi i li l danh t m -c.

Vd:

We have spent too much time on this homework.

She has been late for class six times this semester.

1.2 Qu n t a (an) v the

1- a v an

an --c dng:- tr-c 1 danh t s t m -c bt u bng 4 nguyn m (vowel) a, e, i, o

- hai b n nguyn m u, y

- c c danh t bt u bng h cm.

vd: u : an uncle.h : an hour

- hoc tr-c cc danh t vit tt -c c nh- 1 nguyn m.

Vd: an L-plate, an SOS, an MP

a : -c dng:

- tr-c 1 danh t bt u bng ph m (consonant).

- dng tr-c mt danh t bt u bng uni.

a university, a uniform, a universal, a union.

- tr-c 1 danh t s t m -c, tr-c 1 danh t khng xc nh c th v m t c im, tnhcht, v tr hoc -c nhc n ln u trong cu.

- -c dng trong cc thnh ng ch s l-ng nht nh.

Vd : a lot of, a couple, a dozen, a great many, a great deal of.

- dng tr-c nhng s m nht nh, c bit l ch hng trm, hng ngn.

Vd: a hundred, a thousand.

- tr-c halfkhi n theo sau 1 n vnguyn vn.

Vd: a kilo and a half v cng c thc l one and a half kilos.Ch : 1 /2 kg =half a kilo ( khng c atr-c half).

- dng tr-c halfkhi n i v i 1 danh t kh c to thnh t ghp.

Vd : a half-holiday na k ngh, a half-share : na cphn.

- dng tr-c cc t s nh- 1/3, 1 /4, 1/5, = a third, a quarter, a fifth hay one third, one fourth,one fifth .

- D ng trong c c thnh ngchgi c, tc , t l.


11/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Vd: five dolars a kilo; four times a day.

- Dng trong cc thnh ng tr-c cc danh t s t m -c, dng trong cu cm thn.

Vd: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl!

Nh-ng: such long queues! What pretty girls.

- a c th -c t tr-c Mr/Mrs/Miss+tn h (surname):

Vd: a Mr Smith, a Mrs Smith, a Miss Smith.

aMr Smithngha l ng-i n ng -c gi l Smith v ng l ng ta l ng-i l i ving-i ni. Cn nu khng c atc l ng-i ni bit ng Smith.

2- The

- -c s dng khi danh t -c xc nh c th v tnh cht, c im, v tr hoc -c nhc n lnth 2 trong cu.

- The + noun + preposit ion + noun.

Vd : the girl in blue; the man with a banner; the gulf of Mexico; the United States of America.

- The + danh t + i t quan h+ mnh ph

Vd: the boy whom I met; the place where I met him.- Tr-c 1 danh t ng ch mt vt ring bit.

Vd: She is in the garden.

- The +tnh t so s nh bc nht hoc s t th t hoc only way.

Vd : The first week; the only way.

- The+ dt s t t-ng tr-ng cho mt nhm th vt hoc vt th c th b thev i danh t sang snhiu.

Vd: The whale =Whales, the shark =sharks, the deep-freeze =deep - freezes.

Nh-ng i vi danh tman(ch loi ng-i) th khng c qun t (a, the) ng tr-c.

Vd: if oil supplies run out, man may have to fall back on the horse.

- The + danh t stch thnh vin ca mt nhm ng-i nht nh.Vd: the small shopkeeper is finding life increasingly difficult.

- The + adji din cho 1 lp ng-i, n khng c hnh thi s nhiu nh-ng -c coi l 1 danh t snhiu v ng t sau n phi -c chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

V d: the old = ng-i gi ni chung; The disabled = nhng ng-i tn tt; The un employed =nhngng-i tht nghip.

- Dng tr-c tn cc khu vc, vng ni ting v mt a l hoc lch s.

Vd: The Shahara. The Netherlands. The Atlantic.

- The + East / West/ South/ North + noun .

Vd: the East/ West end.

The North / South Pole.

Nh-ng khng -c dng thetr-c cc t ch ph-ng h-ng ny, nu n i km vi tn ca mt khuvc a l.

Vd: South Africal, North Americal, West Germany.

- The + tn cc hp x-ng, cc dn nhc c in, cc ban nhc ph thng.

Vd: the Bach choir, the Philadenphia Orchestra, the Beatles.

- The + tn cc t bo ln/ cc con tu bin/ khinh khcu.


12/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Vd: The Titanic, the Time, the Great Britain.

- The + tn h snhiuc ngha l gia nh h nh ...

Vd: the Smiths =Mr and Mrs Smith (and their children) hay cn gi l gia nh nh Smith.

- The + Tn st + cm t/ mnh c th -c s dng phn bit ng-i ny vi ng-i khcc ng tn.

Vd: We have two Mr Smiths. Which do you want? I want the Mr Smith who signed this letter.- Khng d ng thetr-c 1 s danh t nh-Home, church, bed, court, hospital, prison, school, coll ege,universitykhi n i v i ng t v gi i t chchuyn ng (chi t i lm mc ch chnh).

Vd: He is at home. I arrived home before dark. I sent him home.

to bed ( ng)

to church (cu nguyn)to court (kin tng)

We go to hospital (cha bnh)to prison (i t )to school / college/ university (hc)

T-ng tin bedat church

We can be in courtin hospitalat school/ college/ university

We can be / get back (hoc be/ get home) from school/ college/university.

leave schoolWe can leave hospital

be released from prison.

V i mc ch kh c thphi d ng the.

Vd:

I went to the church to see the stained glass.

He goes to the prison sometimes to give lectures.

Student go to the university for a class party.

SeaGo to sea (thy th i bin)

to be at the sea (hnh kh ch/ thu th i trn bin)Go to the sea / be at the sea =to go to/ be at the seaside : i tm bin, nghm t.

We can live by / near the sea.

Work and office.Work (ni lm vic) -c s dng khng c the tr-c.

Go to work.

nh-ng officeli phi c the.


13/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Go to the office.

Vd:

He is at / in the office.

Nuto be in office (khng c the) ngha l ang gichc.

To be out of office - thi gichc.

TownThec th b i khi ni v th trn ca ng-i ni hoc ca ch th.

Vd:

We go to town sometimes to buy clothes.

We were in town last Monday.

Go to town / to be in town- V i mc ch chnh l i mua hng.

Bng dng the v khng dng the trong mt s tr-ng hp c bit.

D ng the Khng dng the

Tr-c cc i d-ng, sng ngi, bin, vnh vc c h s nhiu.Vd:

The Red sea, the Atlantic Ocean, the PersianGulf, the Great Lackes.

Tr-c tn cc dy ni.Vd:

The Rockey Moutains. Tr-c tn 1 vt th duy nht trn thgi i hoc

v tr.Vd:

The earth, the moon, the Great Wall

Tr-c School/college/university + of+nounVd:

The University of Florida.The college of Arts and Sciences.

Tr-c cc s th t + noun.Vd:

The first world war.The third chapter. Tr-c cc cuc chin tranh khu vc vi iu

kin tn cc khu vc phi -c tnh t ho.Vd:

The Korean war. Tr-c tn cc n-c c t 2 t tr ln. Ngoi

trGreat Br itain.

Vd:The United States, the United Kingdom, theCentral Africal Republic.

Tr-c tn cc n-c -c coi l 1 qun o.

Tr-c tn 1 h (hay cc h s t).Vd:Lake Geneva, Lake Erie

Tr-c tn 1 ngn niVd:Mount Mckinley

Tr-c tn cc hnh tinh hoc cc chm saoVd:Venus, Mars, Earth, Orion.

Tr-c tn cc tr-ng ny khi tr-c n l 1 tnring.Vd:Coopers Art school, Stetson University.

Tr-c cc danh t m sau n l 1 s m.Vd:World war onechapter three. Khng nn dng tr-c tn cc cuc chin

tranh khu vc nu tn khu vc nguyn.

Tr-c tn cc n-c c 1 t nh- : Sweden,Venezuelav cc n-c -c ng tr-c binewhoc tnh t ch ph-ng h-ng.

Vd: New Zealand, South Africa.


14/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Vd: The Philipin.

Tr-c cc ti liu hoc s kin mang tnh lchs.Vd: The constitution, the Magna Carta.

Tr-c tn cc nhm dn tc thiu s.Vd:

The Indians, the Aztecs. Nn dng tr-c tn cc nhc c.

Vd:To play the piano.

Tr-c tn cc mn hc c th.Vd:

The applied Math.The theoretical Physics.

Tr-c tn cc lc a, tiu bang, tnh, thnhph, qun, huyn.Vd: Europe, California.

Tr-c tn bt c mn th thao no.Vd:Base ball, basket ball.

Tr-c tn cc danh t mang tnh tru t-ngtr nhng tr-ng hp c bit.Vd: Freedom, happiness.

Tr-c tn cc mn hc chung.Vd:Mathematics, Sociology.

Tr-c tn cc ngy l, tt.Vd:Christmas, thanksgiving.

1.3 Cch s dng Other v another.Hai t ny tuy ging nhau v mt ng ngha nh-ng khc nhau v mt ng php.

Dng vi danh t m -c Dng vi danh t khng m -c

another +dt2 s it =1 c i na, 1 c i kh c, 1ng-i na, 1 ng-i khc.Vd: another pencil

other +dt2 s nhiu =my c i na, my c ikhc, my ng-i na, my ng-i khc.Vd: other pencils =some more.

the other + dt2 s nhiu =nhng c i cuicng, nhng ng-i cui cng cn li.

Vd: the other pencils =all remaining pencils

the other +dt 2s t = ng-i cui cng, cicui c ng ca 1 b, 1 nhm.

other +dt khng 2 =1 cht na.Vd: other water =some more water.

other beer =some more beer. the other +dt khng 2 =ch cn st li.

Vd:The other beer =the remaining beer. (ch bia

cn li)

- Anothervotherl khng xc nh trong khi the otherl x c nh. Nu danh t hoc ch ng trn -c hiu hoc -c nhc n, ch cn dng anothervothernh- 1 i t l .

Vd:

I dont want this book. Please give me another.

- Nu danh t -c thay th l s nhiu th other-c s dng theo 1 trong 2 cch (other+nounshocothers) m khng bao gi -c s dng (others+DTSN).

- C thd ng i t thay thonehoconescho danh t sauanother, the othervother.

L-u rng thisvthatc thd ng v i i tonenh-ng thesevthosetuyt i khng d ng v i ones.

1.4 C ch s dng l i tter/ a l i tter, f ew/ a few-Little + dt khng m -c : rt t, hu nh- khng.

Vd:

There is little water in the bottle.

I have little money, not enough to buy groceries.


15/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


-A little + dt khng m -c: c 1 cht, d ng.

Vd:

I have a little money, enough to buy a ticket.

-few + dt m -c s nhiu : c rt t, khng .

Vd:

She has few books, not enough for references.

- a few + dt m -c s nhiu : c mt t, .

Vd:

She has a few books, enough to read.

- Nu danh t trn -c nhc n th d-i ch cn dng (a) fewv(a) li ttlenh- 1 i t l .

Vd:

Are you ready in money? Yes, a little.

- quite a few =quite a lot =quite a bit =kh nhiu.

- only a few =only a little =c rt t ( nhn mnh).

1.5 Shu cch

The + nouns + noun .

- Ch -c dng trong cc danht ch ng-i hoc ng vt, khng dng cho bt ng vt.

Vd:

The students book.

The cats legs.

- Nu c 2 danh t c ng ng s hu c ch thdanh t no ng gn danh t bs hu nht s mangdu s hu.

Vd:

Tom and Marks house.- i v i nhng danh t s nhiu c sthchcn t du l .

Vd:

The students books.

- Nh-ng i vi nhng danh t c s nhiu c bit khng c sti ui vn phi d ng nguyn du shu.

Vd:

The childrens toys.

- N -c dng cho thi gian (nm thng, thk, thin nin k.)

Vd:The 1980 events.

The 21 st centurys prospect.

- N -c dng cho cc ma trong nm ngoi tr ma Xun v ma Thu. Nu dng s hu cch chom a Xun v m a Thu tc l ta ang nhn c ch ho m a .

Vd:

The summers hot days.


16/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


The winters cold days.

The springs coming back =Nng Xun ang tr v.

The autunms leaving =s ra i ca Nng Thu.

Tr-ng hp ny hin nay t dng. i vi mt s danh t bt ng vt ch dng trong 1 s tr-ng hptht c bit khi danh t nm trong c c thnh ng.

Vd:A stones throw.

- i khi i v i nhng danh t chni chn hoc a im chcn d ng s hu c ch cho danh t m khng cn danh t theo sau.

Vd:

At the hairdressers

At the butchers

1.6 Some, any

somevanyngha l 1 s hoc 1 l-ng nht nh. Chng -c s dng vi (hoc thay th) cc

danh t s nhiu hoc danh t khng m -c.+Somel dng s nhiu caa/anvone:

Vd: Have a biscuit/some biscuits. I ate a date/ some dates.

+ some, any of + the/ this/ these/ those/ i t ring/ i t s hu.

Vd: Some of the staff can speak Japaneses.

Did any of your photos come out well?

+some-c s dng vi :

- Cc ng t thkhng nh.

Vd:

They bought some honey.- Trong c c cu hi m c cu tr li l yes.

Vd:

Did some of you sleep on the floor? ( Ng-i ni ch i cu tr li l yes)

- Trong c c cu nghv yu cu:

Vd:

Would you like some wine?

Could you do some typing for me?

+any-c sdng:

- V i ng t thph nh

Vd:

I havent any matches.

- V i hardly, barely, scarely( c c ph t ny u mang ngha ph nh)

Vd:

I have hardly any spare time.

- V i withoutkhi without any ... =with no...


17/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Vd:

He crossed the frontier without any difficulty/ with no difficulty.

- V i c c cu hi

Have you got any fish?

Did he catch any fish?

- Sau i f/ whetherc c thnh ngmang tnh nghi ng.

Vd:

If you need any more money, please let me know.

I dont think there is any petrol in the tank.

2. ng t ( verb) ng t trong ting Anh chia lm 3 thi chnh:

- Qu kh.

- Hin ti.

- T-ng lai.Mi thi chnh li chia ra lm nhiu thi nh xc nh chnh x c thi gian ca hnh ng.

2.1 H in ti (present)

2.1.1 Hinti n gin (simple present)Khi chia ng t ngi th 3 s t, phi c s ui v vn phi -c c ln.

Vd:

John walks to school everyday.

- N d ng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra thi im hin ti, khng xc nh c thvmt thi gian

v hnh ng lp i lp li c tnh quy lut.- N th-ng dng vi 1 s ph t nh-: now, pr esent day, nowadays. c bit l1 s ph t chtn suthot ng: often, sometimes, always, frequentl y.

Vd:

They understand the problem now.

Henry always swims in the evening. (thi quen)

We want to leave now.

Your cough sounds bad.

2.1.2 Hin ti tip din (present progressive)am

Subject + is +[verb +ing ]...are

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra thi hin ti. Thi gian -c xc nh c th bngcc ph t nh-now, r ight now, presently.

- N dng thay th cho thi t-ng lai gn.

Vd:


18/125


19/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


We have yet to decide what to do with the money. =We havent decided what to do with the moneyyet.

Ch : Cn thn s dng yettrong mu cu k o nhm v i yettrong mu cu c yetlm t ni mangngha nh-ng

Vd:

I dont have the money, yet I really need the computer.My neighbors never have the time, yet they always want to do something on Saturday nights.

2.1.4 Hin ti hon thnh tip din ( preset perfect progressive)Have been +verbing.

- Dng ging ht nh-present perfectnh-ng hnh ng khng chm dt hin ti m vn ang tip tcxy ra. N th-ng xuyn -c dng vi 2 gii tfor, since+time.

Vd:

John has been living in the same house for ten years. =John has live in the same house for ten years.

Mt s thd

Jorge has already walked to school. (thi gian khng x c nh)

He has been to California three times. (hn 1 ln)

Mary has seen this movie before. (thi gian khng x c nh)

They have been at home all day.

We havent gone to the store yet. (thi gian khng x c nh).

John has worked in Washington for three years.

HocJohn has been working in Washington for three years.

(vn ch-a kt thc - John vn ang lm vic Washington).

Phn bit c ch d ng g ia 2 t h i

Present perfect Present perfect progressive

Hnh ng chm dt hin ti, do c ktqu r rt.

Vd:

I have waited for you for half an hour (now Istop waiting)

Hnh ng vn tip tc tip din hin ti dovy khng c kt qu r rt.

Vd:

I have been waiting for you for half an hour.

(and continue waiting hoping that you willcome)


20/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


2.2 Qu kh ( Past)

2.2.1 Qu kh n gin (simple past)Verb +ed

- Mt s ng t trong ting Anh c qu kh c bit v ng thi cng c phn t 2 c bit.

- Mt s c c ng t c c 2 dng:

Vd:

Light - lighted - lighted

lit - lit

Ng-i Anh -a dng qu kh th-ng khi chia ng t v phn t 2 c bit.

Vd:

He lighted the candle on his birthday cake.

N thp ngn nn trn chic b nh sinh nht

Nh-ngI can see the lit house from a distance.

Ti c thnhn thy t xa ngi nh s ng nh in.

N d ng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra dt im trong qu kh, khng lin quan gt i hinti.

Thi gian hnh ng trong cu l rt r rng, n th-ng dng vi mt s ph t ch thi gian nh-:yesterday, at that moment, l ast +thi gian nh-:

Last night

month

week vv...

L-u : Nu thi gian trong cu l khng r rng thphi d ngpresent perfect.

Vd:

John went to Spain last year.

Bob bought a new bicycle yesterday.

Maria did her homework last night.

Mark washed the dishes after dinner.

We drove to grocery store this afternoon.

George cooked dinner for his family Saturday night.

2.2.2 Qu kh tip din (Past progresive).Was / were +Ving


21/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


- N -c dng din t 1 hnh ng ang xy ra vo 1 thi im nht nh trong qu kh khnglin hgt i hin ti. Thi im trongcu -c xc nh bng cc ph t ch thi gian nh-:

At +thi gian qu kh.

Vd:

He was eating dinner at 7 P.M Last night.

- N -c dng kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua 2 lin t Whenvwhilech1 hnh ng angxy ra trong qu kh th1 hnh ng khc t ngt xen vo (t-ng -ng vi cu Ting Vit Khiang ... thbng).

*

Subject1 +simple past +while+subject2 +past progressive.

Vd:

Somebody hit him on the head while he was going to his car.

Subject1 +past progressive +when+subject2 +simple past.

Vd:He was going to his car when someone hit him on the head.

L-u : Mnh c whenvwhilec th ng bt k ni no trong cu nh-ng sau whennht thit phil 1simple pastv sauwhilenht thit phi l 1past progressive.

- D ng din t 2 hnh ng song song c ng 1 lc, ni v i nhau bng lin twhile.

Subject1 +past progressive +while+subject 2 + past progressive.

Vd:

He was reading newspaper while his wife was preparing the dinner in the kitchen.( Mnh khng c while c th -c chuyn sang simple past nh-ng him khi v s nhm ln vi *)

Vd:

Jose was writing a letter to his family when his pencil broke.

While Joan was writing the report, Henry was looking for more information.

When Mark arrived, the Johnsons was having dinner, but they stopped in order to talk to him.

2.2.3 Qu kh hon thnh (past perfect).Had +P2

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng xy ra tr-c 1 hnh ng khc trong qu kh. (trong cu bao gi cngc 2 hnh ng: 1 tr-c v 1 sau.

- D ng kt h p v i 1 simple pastthng qua 2 gi i t chthi gianbeforevafter.


22/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Subject +past perfect +before+subject +past simple

Vd:

I had gone to the store before I went home.

The professor had reviewed the material before he gave the quiz.Before Ali went to sleep, he had called his family.

George had worked at the university for forty-five years before he retired.

The doctor had examined the patient thoroughly before he prescribed the medication.

Subject +past simple +after+subject +past perfect

Vd:

John went home after he had gone to the store.

After the committee members had considered the consequences, they voted on the proposal.

- Mnh c beforevafterc thng u hoc cui cu nh-ng sau beforenht thit phi l 1 sim-ple pastv sauafternht thit phi l 1past perfect.

- Beforevafterc th -c thay bng whenm khng s bnhm ln vtrong cu bao gi cng c 2hnh ng: 1 tr-c v 1 sau.

Vd:

The police cars came to the scene when the robbers had gone away.

( trong cu ny when c ngha l after vsau when l past perfect.)

2.2.4 Qu kh hon thnh tip din (past perfect progressive).Subject +had+been+[Verb +ing]...

N -c dng ging ht nh-past perfectnh-ng hnh ng khng dng li m tip tc tip din chon thi im simple past. N th-ng -c kt hp vi 1 simple pastthng qua ph t before. Trongcu th-ng c sincehoc for+thi gian.

- Thi ny hin nay t dng v -c thay thbngpast perfect.

Vd:

Henry had been living in New York for ten years before he moved to California.

George had been working at the university for forty-five years before he retired.


23/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


2.3 T-ng lai

2.3.1 T-ng lai n gin (simple future)Will/ shall

+[ Verb in simple form ]Can/may.

- Ngy nay ngph p hin i, c bit l M d ng willcho tt c c c ngi cn shallch -c dngtrong cc tr-ng hp sau:

Mi mc ng-i kh c 1 c ch lch s.Vd:

Shall we go out for lunch?

Shall I take your coat?

ngh gip ng-i khc 1 cch lch s.Vd:Shall I give you a hand with these packages.

D ng ng gi khi mua b n, mc c.Vd:

Shall we say : fifteen dollars?

- N dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra vo thi im nht nh trong t-ng lai. Thi im nykhng -c xc nh r rt. Cc ph t th-ng dng l tomorrow, next+thi gian, in the future.

Near future. (t-ng lai gn)

To be going to do smth - sp lm g.

- Dng din t 1 hnh ng s xy ra trong 1 t-ng lai gn, thi gian s -c din t bng 1 sph t nh- : in a moment(l t na), tomorrow.Vd:

We are going to have a meeting in a moment.

We are going to get to the airport at 9 am this morning.

- Ngy nay, c bit l trong vn ni ng-i ta th-ng dng Present progressivethay th.

- Dng din t 1 s vic chc chn s xy ra d rng khng phi l t-ng lai gn.

Vd:

Next year we are going to take a TOEFL test for the score that enables us to learn in the US.

2.3.2 T-ng lai tip din ( future progressive)Will/ shall

+be +[ verb +ing ]Can/may.

- N din t 1 hnh ng s ang xy ra 1 thi im nht nh ca t-ng lai. Thi im ny -cx c nh c thbng ngy, gi.


24/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Vd:

I will be doing a test on Monday morning next week.

- N -c dng kt hp vi 1 present progressivedin t 2 hnh ng song song xy ra, 1 hinti, 1 t-ng lai.

Vd:

Now we are learning English here but by the time tomorrow we will be working at the office.

2.3.3 T-ng lai hon thnh (future perfect)Wil l have+P2

- N -c dng din t 1 hnh ng s phi -c hon tt 1 thi im no trong t-ng lai.Thi im ny th-ng -c din t bng : by the end of, by tomorrow.

Vd:

We will have taken a TOEFL test by the end of this year.

L-u : Thi ny phi c l do c bit m i s dng.

3. S ho h p gia ch ng v ng t.Thng th-ng th ng t ng lin ngay v i ch ngv phi chia theo ngi ch ng. Song c nhngtr-ng hp khng phi nh- vy.

3.1 Chng ng tch khi ng t.- ng xen vo gia ch ngv ng t l 1 nggi i t ( 1 gi i t m u kt h p v i c c danh ttheo sau). Nggi i t ny khng quyt nh gn vic chia ng t. ng t phi chia theo ch ngchnh.

Subject +[ng gii t] +verb

Vd:The study of languages is very interesting.Singular subject singular verb

Several theories on this subject have been proposed.Plural subject plural verb

The view of these disciplines varies from time to time.Singular subject singular verb

The danger of forest fires is not to be taken lightly.Singular subject singular verb

The effects of that crime are likely to be devastating.Plural subject plural verb

The fear of rape and robbery has caused many people to flee the cities.Singular subject singular verb

- Cc thnh ng trong bng d-i y cng vi cc danh t i ng sau n to nn hin t-ng ng chng. Cm ng ch ngny phi ng tch bit ra khi ch ngchnh v ng t bng 2 du phy vkhng c nh h-ng g ti vic chia ng t.


25/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Together with along with

accompanied by as well as

Vd:

The actress, along with her manager and some friends, is going to a party tonight.Singular subject singular verb

Mr. Robbins, accompanied by his wife and children, is arriving tonight.Singular subject singular verb

L-u : - Nu 2 ng ch ngni v i nhau bng lin t andthng t lp tc phi chia ngi th 3s nhiu (they).

Vd:

The actress and her manager are going to a party tonight.

- nh-ng nu 2 ng ch ng ni vi nhau bng lin torthng t s phi chia theo danh tng sau or. Nu l danh t s t th phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ng-c li.

Vd:The actress or her manager is going to a party tonight.

3.2 C c danh t lun i hi ng t v i t sit. l c c ng t trong bng sau:

any +danh t s t no +danh t s t Some +danh t s t

anybody nobody somebody

anyone no one someone

anything nothing something

every +danh t s it each +danh t s teverybody

everyone either*

everything neither*

* Either v either l s t nu n khng -c s dng vi or v nor.

L-u :

- either(1 trong 2) ch dng cho 2 ng-i, 2 vt.Nu 3 ng-i, 3 vt tr ln phi dng any.

Vd:

If either of you takes a vacation now, we wont be able to finish this work.

If any of students in this class is absent, he or she must have the permission of the instructor.

- Neither(khng 1 trong 2) chdng cho 2 ng-i, 2 vt. Nu 3 ng-i, 3 vt tr ln phi dng not any).

Vd:

Neither of two his classes gets an c


26/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Not any of those pairs of shoes fits me.

3.3 Cch s dng none, no

none of the: -c s dng ty theo danh t ng ng sau n.

- nu danh t l khng m -c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

None + of the+non-count noun +singular verb

Vd:

None of the counterfeit money has been found.

- nu sau none of thel 1 danh t m -c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

None+of the+plural noun +plural verb

Vd:

None of the students have finished the exam yet.

No-c s dng cng tu theo danh t ng sau n.

- nu sau nol danh t s t hoc khng m -c th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

Singular nounNo+ +singular verb

non-count noun

Vd:

No example is relevant to this case.

- nh-ng nu sau nol 1 danh t m -c s nhiu th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

No+ plural noun +plural verb

Vd:

No examples are relevant to this case.

3.4 C ch s dng cu trc either ... or v neither ... nor.

iu cn l-u nht khi s dng cp thnh ng ny l ng t sau phi chia theo danh t sau orhocnor. Nu danh t l s t th ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t v ng-c li.

Neither nor+noun +singular noun +singular verb

either or

Vd:


27/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Neither John nor Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Either John or Bill is going to the beach today.Singular noun singular verb

Neither nor+noun +plural noun +plural verb

either or

Vd:

Neither Maria nor her friends are going to class today.Plural plural

L-u :

Khi ch ngl 1verbingthng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

3.5 Cc danh t tp th l nhng danh t trong bng d-i y dng ch mt nhm ng-i hoc 1 t chc. Cho d vy,

chng vn -c xem l danh t st v do , c c ng t v i t i c ng v i chng phi ngi th3 s t.

congress family group committee class

organization team army club crowd

government jury majority* minority public

- Nu ng t ng sau nhng danh t ny chia ngi th 3 s nhiu thn m chc c thnh vin catchc hoc nhm ang hot ng ring r .

Vd: The congress votes for the bill.

The congress are discussing the bill (some agree but some dont).(TOEFL khng bt li ny)

* Majority

Danh t ny -c dng tu theo danh t i ng sau n.

The major ity+singular verb

The major ityof the plural noun +plural verb.

Vd: The majority believes that we are in no danger.

The majority of the students believe him to be innocent.L-u : Danh t policelun -c coi l danh t ngi th 3 s nhiu do vy ng t ng sau n phichia ngi th 3 s nhiu.

Vd:

The police come to the crime scene at good time and arrested a suspect.

Mt sthd:


28/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


The committee has met, and it has rejected the proposal.

The family was elated by the news.

The crowd was wild with excitement.

Congress has initiated a new plan to combat inflation.

The organization has lost many members this year.Our team is going to win the game.

Cc cm t trong bng d-i y ch mt nhm gia sc ng vt cho d danh t ng sau gi i t ofc s nhiu thng t sau vn phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

flock of birds, sheep herd of cattle pack of dogs school of fish pride of lions

Vd:

The flock of birds is circling overhead.

The herd of cattle is breaking away.A school of fish is being attacked by sharks.

L-u : Tt c c c danh t tp h p chthi gian, tin bc, s o u i hi c c ng t - i t - bngi c ng n phi ngi s t.

(TOEFL bt li ny).

Vd:

He has contributed $50 and now he wants to contribute another fifty.

Twenty-five dollars is too much to pay for that shirt.

Fifty minutes isnt enough time to finish this test.

Twenty dollars is all I can afford to pay for that recorder.

Two miles is too much to run in one day.

3.6 C ch s dng A number of / the number of

a number of+danh t s nhiu +ng t s nhiu

- a number of:mt s l-ng ln nhng... . i v i danh t s nhiu v ng t phi chia ngi th 3s nhiu.

- the number of:mt s.... i vi danh t s nhiu nh-ng ng t phi chia ngi th 3 s t.

the number of+ danh t s nhiu + ng t s t

Vd:A number of applicants have already been interviewed.

The number of residents who have been questioned on this matter is quite small


29/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


3.7 Cc danh t lun dng snhiu.C c danh t sau y lun phi d ng dng s nhiu.

Trousers eyeglasses tongs - c i kpshorts scissors- c i ko tweezers- c i nhp

Jeans pants- qun pliers - c i km

Vd:

The pants are in the drawer.

A pair of pants is in the drawer.

Cc danh t trn th-ng xuyn dng s nhiu v chng bao gm 2 thc th, do vy cc ng t vi t i c ng chng phi ngi th 3 s nhiu.

Vd:

The pliers are on the table.

These scissors are dull.

- Nu mun bin chng thnh s t d nga pair of... v lc ng t v i t i c ng v i chng phi ngi th 3 s t.

Vd:

This pair of scissors is dull.

The pair of pliers is on the table.

3.8 C ch dng c c thnh ng There is, there are

Thnh ng ny ch s tn ti ca ng-i hoc vt ti 1 ni no . Phi phn bit chng vi ng t tohave.

There is

There are

To have chs s hu (possession)

To possess (get, hold i nstinctively).

- Ch ngtht ca thnh ngny i ng sau ng t to be. Nu danh t l s nhiu thng tchia s nhiu v ng-c li.

- Mi bin i vthi v thu nhm vo ng t to becn phn t 2 thda vo tr ng t to have/has been.

there isthere was + singular subject ...there has been ( hoc non-count)

there arethere were + singular subject ...there have been ( hoc non-count)

Vd:

chs tn ti (existance)


30/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


There is a storm approaching.singular singular

There have been a number of telephone calls today.Plural plural

There was an accident last night.singular singular

There were too many people at the party.Plural plural

There has been an increase in the importation of foreign cars.Plural plural

There was water on the floor where he fell.Plural non-count

4. i t i t trong ting Anh chia 5 loi c c c chc n ng ring bit.

4.1i t nhn x-ng ch ng (Subject pronoun)

Gm : I weyou youhe theysheit

Chc n ng:

- ng u cu lm ch ngtrong cu v quyt nh vic chia ng t.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

Vd: The teachers who were invited to the party were George, Batty.

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh- than, as. Tuyt i khng -c dng i t nhn x-ng tn ng

trong tr-ng hp ny.Vd: He is taller than I (am) - khng -c dng me.

She is as beautiful as my girlfriend.

- i vi cc i t nhn x-ng ch ng nh-we, youv i t nhn x-ng tn ng nh-usc thd ng 1danh t s nhiu ngay sau .

Vd: We students, you teachers, us workers.

Cc i t nh-all , bothc th -c dng theo li ny vi cc ngi s nhiu.

we

you all/ both

they

Vd:

I am going to the store.

We have lived here for twenty years.

It was she who called you. (sau ng t be)

George and I would like to leave now.


31/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


We students are going to have a party.

4.2i t nhn x-ng tn ng

me usyou youhim themherit

- n ng ngay sau ng t hoc cc gi i t lm nhim v ca mt tn ng.

- i v i c c ngi i t nhn x-ng tn ng s nhiu c th dng allhocbothngay sau .usyou all / boththem

Vd:

They called us on the phone.complement

The teacher gave him a bad grade.complement

John told her a story.complement

The policeman was looking for him.sau gi i t

To us, it seems like a good bargainsau gi i t

L-u : Nn nh rng nhiu gii t c th c chc nng nh- cc thnh phn khc trong cu, chng hnnh- ph t hoc lin t. V vy, ta cn phi xc nh cc xem chng ng vai tr g- cn da vo ng

cnh ch khng phi da vo s hiu bit bnh th-ng v chc nng ca chng.Vd:

Janet will make her presentation after him.preposition complement pronoun

Janet will make her presentation after he finishes his speech.conjunction subject pronoun

clause

( mt mnh (clause) gm 1 ch ngv 1 ng t. Trong mnh trn, hel ch ngv finisheslng t).

4.3 Tnh t shu

my ouryour yourhisher theirits

- N ng ngay tr-c danh t v ch s s hu ca ng-i hoc vt i vi danh t ng ng sau.


32/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Vd:

John is eating his dinner.

This is not my book.

The cat has injured its foot.

The boy broke his arm yesterday..

She forgot her homework this morning.

My food is cold.

L-u : Itskh c v i Its. Itsc ngha l it ishoc it has.

4.4 i t shu

mine oursyours yourshishers theirsits

- D ng thay thcho tnh t s hu v danh t -c nhc n trn.

possessive pronoun +possessive adjective +noun

- N c th -c ng lm ch ng trong cu.

- ng ng sau ng t to be.

- N c thlm tn ngkhi i sau 1 ng t hoc sau 1 gi i t.

Do you remember to take your money?

- ng ng sau cc ph t so snh nh- than, as.Your book is as good as mine.Mt sthd:

This is my book =This is mine.

Your teacher is the same as his teacher =Yours is as the same as his.

Her dress is green and my dress is red =Hers is green is green and mine is red.

Our books are heavy =Ours are heavy.

Their coasts are too small. Theirs are too small.

I forgot my homework =I forgot mine.

4.5 i t phn thn (reflexi ve pronoun)

myself ourselvesyourself yourselveshimself themselvesherselfitself


33/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


L-u : c c ngi s nhiu, ui - selfbin thnh - selves.

Chc n ng:

- Ch ch ng lm vic g cho chnh mnh. Trong tr-ng hp ny n ng ngay sau ng t hocng cui cu sau gi i t forhoc to.

Vd:He sent the letter to himself.

You can see the differences for yourselves.

- Ch ch ng t thn lm ly 1 vic g. Trong tr-ng hp ny n ng ng sau ch ng hoc cui cukhi ni.

Vd:

I myself believe that the proposal is good.

He himself set out to break the long distance flying record.

She prepared the nine-course meal herself.The students themselves decorated the room.

You yourself must do this homework.

John himself bought this gifts.

By + one-self = alone.

Vd:

John washed the dishes by himself =John washed the dishes alone.

5. ng t d ng lm tn ng- Khng phi bt c ng t no trong ting Anh cng i hi 1 danh t hoc i t theo sau n lm

tn ng. C mt s ng t li yu cu tn ngsau n phi l mt ng t kh c. Chng chia lm 2 loisau:

5.1 ng t nguyn thlm tn ngBng sau l nhng ng t i hi tn ngsau n phi l mt ng t kh c. Chng tun theo mu cunh- sau:agree to do something.desire to do something.decide to do something.

agreedesirehopeplanstrive

attemptexpectintendpreparetend

claimfaillearnpretendwant

decideforgetneedrefusewish

demandhesitateofferseem

Vd:

John expects to begin studying law next semester.


34/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Mary learned to swim when she was very young.

The budget committee decided to postpone this meeting.

The president will attempt to reduce inflation in the next your years.

The soldiers are preparing to attack a village.

Cynthia has agreed to act as a liaison between the two countries.

5.2 Ving dng lm tn ng

- Bng sau l 1 s c c ng t i hi tn ngsau n l 1Vingtheo cc mu cu sau:

admit doing something (th nhn lm g)

Vd: He admitted having done wrong.

Enjoy doing something (thch th khi lm iu g)

admitdelay

missreportsuggest

appreciatedeny

postponeresentavoid

enjoypractice

resistcant helpfinish

quitresume

considermindrecallrisk

L-u : Trong bng trn c mu ng t:

cant help

cant resist

Vd:

With such good oranges, we cant help (resist) buying 2 kilos at a time.

L-u :Nu mun t ph nh cho cc tr-ng hp ny t nottr-c nguyn th b tohoc Ving.Tuyt i khng -c cu to dng ph nh ca ng t chnh.

Vd:

John decided not to by the car.

We regretted not going to the party last night.

Mt sthd:

John admitted stealing the jewels.

We enjoy seeing them again after so many years.

You shouldnt risk entering that building in its present condition.Michael was considering buying a new car until the price went up.

The Coast Guard reported seeing another ship in the Florida Straits.

Would you mind not smoking in this office?

* Cc ng t bng sau l nhng ng t m tn ngca chng c thl ng t nguyn thhayVing m ngngha ca chng khng thay i.

Vd:

+(against) doing smth : khng th dng -c, khng th nhn -c ...


35/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


begin to do smth =begin doing smth.

beginhateregret

cant standlikestart

continuelovetry

dreadprefer

L-u : Trong bng trn c mu ng t :

to do smth

doing smth

Vd:

waiting such a long time.

to wait such a long time.

I hate to ride her bicycle to school =I hate riding her bicycle to school.

5.3 3 ng t c bit l c c ng t m ngngha ca chng thay i khi tn ngsau n l 1 nguyn thhoc 1Ving.

Stop to do smth : dng li lm g.

Vd:

He stops to get gasoline.

Stop doing smth : dng vic gang lm li.

Vd:

He stops writing and goes out.

Remember to do smth : nh s phi lm g.

Vd:

I remember to send a letter at the post office.

Remember doing smth : nh lm g.Vd:

I remember locking the door before leaving but I cant find the key.

Forget to do smth : qun s phi lm g.

Vd:

He forgets to call his friend this afternoon.

Forget doing smth : qun lm g.

Vd:

I forget doing the homework yesterday.

L-u : ng t forgettrong mu cu mang ngha ph nh.

I forget getting to the airport to meet my girl-friend this morning.

5.4 Cc ng t ng ng sau gii t

- Tt c c c ng t ng ng sau gi i t u phi dng Ving.

( Khng th chu ng -c khi phi lm g)cant stand

I cant stand


36/125


37/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


* able :able capableunable incapable

Vd:

These students are not yet able to handle such difficult problems.

These students are not yet capable of handling such difficult problems.Mt sthd:

Mohammad is eager to see his family.

It is dangerous to drive in this weather

We are ready to leave now.

It is difficult to pass this test.

It is uncommon to find such good crops in this section of the country.

Ritsuko was pleased to be admitted to the college.

L-u :

- Mt s cc ng t ting Anh th-ng c gii t i km pha sau. Khng -c nhm ln gii t v i to ca ng t nguyn th. Chng hn mt s ng t trong bng sau:

object to: phn i look forward to : mong i confess to : th nhn lm g

Vd:

John gave up smoking because of his doctors advice.

Mary insisted on taking the bus instead of the plane.

Fred confessed to stealing the jewels.

We are not looking forward to going back to school.

Henry is thinking of going to France in August.You would be better off leaving now instead of tomorrow.

5.5 Vn i t i tr-c ng t nguyn th hoc Ving lm tn ng.- ng tr-c 1 ng t nguyn th lm tn ng th dng ca i t phi l tn ng.

PronounSubject +verb +complement form +[ to+verb] ...

noun

Sau y l bng c c ng t i hi i t (hay danh t ) i sau n phi dng tn ng.

allowinviteremind

askorderurge

begpermitwant

convincepersuadeexpect

instructpreparepromise

Vd:

Joe asked Mary to call him when he woke up.

to do smth = of doing smth


38/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


We ordered him to appear in court.

I urge you to consider your decision.

They were trying to persuade him to change his mind.

The teacher permitted them to turn their assignments in late.

You should prepare your son to take this examination.

Tuy nhin, ng tr-c 1 Vinglm tn ngthdng ca danh t hoc i t phi dng s hu.

dng s hu ca danh tCh ng+ng t + +[verb +ing] ...

tnh t s hu

Vd:We understand your not being able to stay longer.

He regrets her leaving.

We are looking forward to their coming next year.

We dont approve of Johns buying this house.We resent the teachers not announcing the test sooner.

We object to their calling at this hour.

6. Cch s dng ng t b n khim khuyt need v dare6.1 needng t ny -c s dng ra sao cn ph thuc vo danh t ng ng sau n l ng vt hay btng vt.

- khi ch ngl ng vt (li ving thing)

Subject as a living thing +need+to +verb

(cn phi lm g)

Vd:

I need to clean my house.

John and his brother need to paint the house.

My friend needs to learn Spanish.

He will need to drive alone tonight.

-Tuy nhin khi ch ngl mt bt ng vt (unliving thing) thng t sau need s i kh c.

Subject as unliving thing +need + [Verb +ing]

to be+P2

Vd:


39/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


The grass needs to be cut. Hoc The grass needs cutting.

The television needs repairing. Hoc The television need to be repaired.

The composition needs rewriting. Hoc The composition needs to be rewritten.

L-u :

need =to be in need of+noun

to be in need of +noun c ththay thcho c 2 cng thc trn.

Vd:

Jill is in need of money =Jill needs money.

The roof is in need of repair =The roof needs to be repaired.

The organization was in need of volunteers =The organization needed volunteers.

6.2 Dare

- Darekhng -c dng nhiu khng nh. N ch -c dng ph nh v nghi vn. ng t saun theo l thuyt l c tonh-ng trn thc t th-ng b to. N c thd ng v i tr ng t to dohocd ng trc tip.

He doesnt dare (to) say anything

= He dares not (to) say anything.

Does he dare (to) say anything =Dares he (to) say anything.

- Darekhng -c dng th khng nh tr tr-ng hp - I dare saymang 2 ngha:

- Ti cho l.

Vd: I dare say there will be a restaurant car at the end of the train.

- Ti cng nhn l.Vd: I dare say you are right. Ti tha nhn l anh ng.

- How dare (dared) +subject ... (sao d m).

Vd:

How dareyou open my letter? Sao cu dm bc th- ca ti ra th ?

- Darecn -c dng nh- 1 ngoi ng t mang ngha dm, thch theo mu cu sau:

To dare smb to do smth

(th ch ai lm g)

They dare the boy to swim across the river in the cold weather.7. Cch dng ng t to be + infinitive

BE +INFINITIVE

- N -c dng truyn t nhng mnh lnh hoc nhng ch dn tt ng-i th nht qua ng-i th 2ti ng-i th 3.

Vd:

No one is to leave this building without the permission of the police.


40/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


(khng ai -c php ri to nh ny m khng -c php ca cnh st).

He is to stay here until we return.

(n phi li y cho t i khi bn tao quay li).

- D ng v i mnh i fmang tnh bt buc hoc mnh lnh.

Vd:Something must be done quickly if extinct birds are to be saved

He said if he fall asleep at the wheel, we were to wake him up.

- truyn t mt d nh.

Vd:

She is to be married next month.

(c y s c-i vo thng ti)

The expedition is to start in a weeks time.

Cu trc ny rt thng dng trong bo ch v nu n l ta bo th ng-i ta b bei tit kimch.

Vd:The Prime Minister is to make a statement tomorrow.

=The Prime Minister to make a statement tomorrow.

- Was/ were +infinitive

din t 1 t-ng v smnh.

Vd:

They said good bye without knowing that they were never to meet again.

(h chia tay nhau m khng bit rng s chng bao gi h gp li nhau)

- To be about to +verb =near future =to be in the point of Ving.

8. Cu hi8.1 Cu hi yes v no

S d gi l nh- vy v trong cu tr li c th dng yeshocno u cu. Nn nh rng:

Yes +positive verb

No +negative verb.

Khng -c nhm ln dng cu tr li ting vit.

auxiliarybe +subject +verb ...do, does, did

Is Mary going to school today?

Was Mary sick yesterday?

Have you seen this movie before?

Will the committee decide on the proposal today?


41/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Do you want to use the telephone?

Does George like peanut butter?

Did you go to class yesterday?

8.2 Cu hi thng bo

L loi cu hi m trong cu tr li ngoi yeshoc nora cn phi thm mt s c c thng tin kh c. C ccu hi ny d ng v i mt s c c i t nghi vn.

8.2.1 who v what lm ch ng.Who

+ verb +(complement) +(modifier)what

Who opened the door? (someone opened the door)

What happened last night? (something happened last night.)

Ch :Khng ng khi ni :Who did open the door?

What did happen last night?

8.2.2 Whom v what l tn ngca cu hiwhom auxiliary

+ +subject +verb +( modifier)what do, does, did

Ch :

Mc d trong vn ni, nhiu ng-i s dng whothay chowhomtrong loi cu hi ny nh-ng tuyt ikhng -c dng nh- vy trong vn vit (li c bn)

Vd:

Whom does Ahmad know from Venezuela? ( Ahmad know someone from Venezuela)

What did George buy at the store? ( George bought something at the store)

8.2.3 Cu hi dnh cho c c bng(when, where, why, how)whenwherewhyhow

When did John move to Jacksonville?

Where does Mohamad live ?

Why did George leave so early?

Auxiliary+ be +subject +verb +(complement) +(modifier)

do, does, did


42/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


How did Maria get to school today?

Where has Henry gone?

When will Bertha go back to Mexico?

8.3

Cu hi gi n tip (embedded questi ons)L loi cu hi c c c c im sau:

- Cu c 2 thnh phn ni v i nhau bng 1 i t nghi vn.

- ng t mnh 2 phi ng xui sau ch ng khng -c cu to cu hi thnh phn th 2.

- i t nghi vn khng chbao gm 1 t m nhiu khi c thl 2 hoc 3 t chng hn: whose + noun,how many, how much, how long, how often, what time, vwhat kind.

Subject +verb ( phrase) +question word +subject +verb

Vd:Cu hi : Where will the meeting take place?Cu hi gin tip: We havent ascertained where the meeting will take place.

Q word subject verb phraseCu hi: Why did the plane land at the wrong airport?Cu hi gin tip : The authorities cannot figure out why the plane landed at the wrong airport.

Q word subject phrase

auxiliary +subject +verb +question word +subject +verb

Do you know where he went?Could you tell me what time it is?

Mt sthd:The professor didnt know how many students would be in her afternoon class.

I have no idea how long the interview will take.

Do they know how often the bus runs at night?

Can you tell me how far the museum is from the college?

Ill tell you what kind of ice cream tastes best.

The teacher asked us whose book was on his desk.

8.4 Cu hi c ui

Khi s dng loi cu hi ny nn nh rng n khng nhm mc ch hi m nhm khng nhli kin ca bn thn mnh bit.

- Cu chia lm 2 thnh phn t ch bit nhau bi du phy.

- Nu ng t phn chnh thkhng nh th phn ui l ph nh v ng-c li.

- ng t to be-c dng trc tip, cc ng t th-ng dng tr ng t to do, c c ng t thi kp:futur e, perfect, progressived ng v i chnh tr ng t ca thi .

- C c thnh ngthere is, there arevi t isd ng li phn ui.


43/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


- ng t to havetrong ting Anh ca ng-i M l ng t th-ng do n s dng vi tr ng t todo.

Vd:

There are only twenty-eight days in February, arent there?

Its raining now, isnt it? It isnt raining now, is it?

The boys dont have class tomorrow, do they?You and I talked with the professor yesterday, didnt we?

You wont be leaving for another hour, will you?

Jill and Joe have been to Mexico, havent they?

You have two children, dont you?

(Trong ting Anh, ths d ng havent you?)

L-u :

Trong c c bi thi TOEFL nu ng t chnh lhavethng sau phi d ng tr ng t do.

Vd:

She has an exam tomorrow, doesnt she?

9. Li ni ph ho khng nh v ph nh.9.1 Li ni ph ho khng nh.

- Dng ph ho li khng nh ca mt ng-i khc t-ng -ng vi cu ting vit cng th vng-i ta s dng sovtootrong cu trc ny.

- ng t to be-c php dng trc tip, cc ng t th-ng dng vi t r ng t to do, c c ng t thi kp (future, perfect, progressive)d ng v i chnh ng t ca n.

- Khi be-c s dng trong mnh chnh th thi ca ng tbes dng trong cu ph ho cngphi c ng thi v i be mnh chnh.

Subject +verb(be) +tooAffirmative statement (be) +and+

So+verb(be) +subject

Vd:

I am happy, and you are too.

I am happy, and so are you.- Khi mt ng t thkp (auxilary +verb), vd, wi l l go, should do, has done, have wr itten, mustexamine, vv... xut hin trong mnh chnh th tr ng t ca mnh chnh -c s dng dng

khng nh, v ch ngv ng t phi ho h p.

Subject +auxiliary only +too

Affirmative statement +and+

(ng t thkp) So+auxiliary only +subject

Vd:


44/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


They will work in the lab tomorrow, and you will too.

They will work in the lab tomorrow, and so will you.

Subject +do, does, or did+too.

Affirmative statement +and+

(ng t n tr be) So + do, does, or did+subject

Vd:

Jane goes to that school, and my sister does too.

Jane goes to that school, and so does my sister.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and we did too.

John went to the mountains on his vacation, and so did we.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and they will too.

I will be in New Mexico in August, and so will they.

He has seen her plays, and the girls have too.He has seen her plays, and so have the girls.

We are going to the movies tonight, and Suzy is too.

We are going to the movies tonight, and so is Suzy.

She will wear a costume to the party, and we will too.

She will wear a costume to the party, and so will we.

9.2 Li ni ph ho phnh

- Dng ph ho li ph nh ca ng-i khc, t-ng ng vi cu ting vit cng khng.

- Cu trc d ng cho loi cu ny leithervneither.

Nn nh rng: Not ... either / N either ... positi ve verb.Cc tr-ng hp dng ging ht cng thc khng nh.

Subject +negative auxiliary or be+either.

Negative statement +and+Neither+positive auxiliary or be+subject.

Vd:

I didnt see Mary this morning. John didnt see Mary this morning.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and John didnt either.

I didnt see Mary this morning, and neither did John.

She wont be going to the conference. Her colleagues wont be going to the conference.

She wont be going to the conference, and her colleagues wont either.

She wont be going to the conference, and neither will her colleagues.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet. I havent seen the new movie yet.


45/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and I havent ether.

John hasnt seen the new movie yet, and neither have I.

10. Cu ph nh thnh lp cu ph nh ng-i ta t notvo sau ng t to be, tr ng t to doca ng t th-ng,

v c c tr ng t ca ng t thi kp.- tanyng tr-c danh t nhn mnh cho ph nh.

- Trong mt s tr-ng hp nhn mnh cho danh t ng sau b ph nh, ng-i ta ng t nguyn thv t notr-c danh t. ( no = not at all).

Nagative +nagative =Positive

Vd:

Its really unbelievable that he has no money.

Nagative +comparative =Superlative

Vd:

Professor Baker couldnt be more helpful =Pr. Baker was the most helpful.

We couldnt have gone to the beach on a better day. Tc l: Today is the best day to go to the beach.

Nagative ..., much less +noun.

(khng m li cng khng)

Vd:

He didnt like to read novels, much less text books.

Its really unbelievable how he could have survived, after such a free fall, much less live to tell about iton TV.

Mt s ph t trong ting Anh mang ngha ph nh, khi dng n trong cu tuyt i khng -cdng phnh ca ng t na.

Vd:

HardlyScarcely Hu nh- khng ( Almost no)

Barely

Hardly ever

Rarely Hu nh- khng bao gi ( almost never).

Seldom


46/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Cng thc d ng v i c c ph t trn.

Subject +nagative +adverb +positive verb

L-u : Barelyv scarcelyi khi mang ngha va , va son (just enough). Phi c n c theo ngcnh ca cu hoc cc cu tr li d-i phn nghe tm ra ngha ng.

Vd:

He scarcely has money for the tuition fee and not any coins left.

(N va tin tr hc phv khng cn xu no c.)

11. Mnh lnh thcChia lm 2 loi trc tip v gi n tip.

11.1Mnh lnh thc trc t ip.

Mnh lnh thc trc tip l cu m mt ng-i ra lnh cho mt ng-i khc lm vic g . N c th cpleasei tr-c. Ch ng -c hiu l you. S dng dng n gin ca ng t (Nguyn thb to).

Vd:

Close the door. Open the window.

Leave the room. Pay your rent.

Please turn off the light. Be quiet.

Dng mnh lnh thc ph nh -c thnh lp nhcng thmdonttr-c ng t.

Dont close the door.

Please dont turn off the light.

Dont open the window, please.( Pleasec thng u hoc cui cu mnh lnh thc lm cho cu tr nn lch s hn).

11.2 Mnh lnh thc gin tip.Th-ng dng vi 4 ng t sau:

to order

to ask

to tell

to say

Vd:

John told Mary to close the door.

Jack asked Jill to turn off the light.

The teacher told Christopher to open the window.

Please tell Jaime to leave the room.

John ordered Bill to close his book.

to do something.not to do somethingsmb


47/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


The policeman ordered the suspect to be quiet.

L-u :

ui ca Lets ...., shall we.

Vd:

Lets go out for lunch, shall we?

Kh c v i let ustrong cu mnh lnh thc.

Vd:

Lets go now (chng ta i thi) kh c v i Let us go, please. ( xin hy cho chng ti i)

12. ng t khim khuyt.S d gi l nh- vy v ng t ny mang nhng c tnh nh- sau:

- Khng c tiu t tong tr-c.

- ng t no i sau n cng phi b to.

- Khng bao gi 2 ng t khim khuyt i c ng v i nhau, nu c thbt buc ng t th 2 phi

chuyn sang mt dng kh c.Vd:

Will have tomust

Will be able tocan

Will be allowed tomay

ng t khim khuyt -c s dng vi cc chc nng sau:

12.1Din t thi t-ng lai.

12.2 Din t cu iu kin.

12.2.1 iu kin c th thc hin -c thi hin ti. Will/shall

If+Subject +simple present +subject + +[verb in simple form]

can/may

Vd:If I have the money, I will buy a new car.

If you try more, you will improve your English.

We will have plenty of time to finish the project before dinner if it is only ten oclock now.

If+subject +simple present tense +subject +... + simple present tense


48/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Mu cu ny cn -c dng din t mt thi quen.

Vd:

If the doctor has morning office hours, he visits his patients in the hospital in the afternoon (khng cng t khuyt thiu.)

John usually walks to school if he has enough time.

If+Subject +simple present tense ... + command form* ...

* Nn nh rng mnh lnh thc dng n gin ca ng t. ( simple form)

Mu cu trn c ngha l nh ai, ra lnh cho ai lm g.

Vd:

If you go to the Post Office, please mail this letter for me.

Please call me if you hear from Jane.

12.2.2 iu kin khng th thc hin - c thi hin ti.Would/should

If +Subject +simple past +subject + +verb in simple form

could/ might

Vd:

If I had enough money now, I would buy this house( but now I dont have enough money.)

If I had the time, I would go to the beach with you this weekend.

(but I dont have the time.) ( Im not going to the beach with you.)He would tell you about it if he were here.( he wont tell you about it.) ( He is not here).

If he didnt speak so quickly, you could understand him.(He speaks very quickly.) (You cant understand him.)

L-u :

ng t to besau i f mu cu ny phi chia lmwere tt c c c ngi.

I... they were.

Vd:If I were you, I wouldnt do such a thing.(but Im not you.)

12.2.3 iu kin khng th thc hin -c thi qu kh. Would/should


49/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


If +Subject +past perfect +subject + + have +P2

could/might

Vd:

If we hadnt lost the way we could have been here in time.

(but in fact we lost the way, so we were late.)If we had known that you were there, we would have written you a letter.(We didnt know that you were there.) ( we didnt write you a letter.)

She would have sold the house if she had found the right buyer.(She didnt sell the house.) (She didnt find the right buyer.)

If we hadnt lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.(We lost our way.) (we didnt arrive early.)

Cu iu kin khng phi lc no cng tun theo ng cng thc trn, trong mt s tr-ng hp 1 vca cu iu kin qu kh cn mt v li hin ti do thi gi an ca tng mnh quy nh.

Vd:

If she had caught the flight she would be here by now.L-u :

Trong mt s tr-ng hp cu iu kin khng th thc hin -c thi qu kh, ng-i ta bi fi v o hadln u cu nh-ng ngha vn gi nguyn.

Had+subject +[verb in past participle ]...

Vd:

Had we known you were there, we would have written you a letter.

Had she found the right buyer, she would have sold the house.

Hadnt we lost the way, we would have arrived sooner.

12.2.4 C c c ch d ng c bit ca Will, would v sould trong c c mnh if Thng th-ng nhng ng t ny khng -c dng ng sau i fnh-ng nu -c dng n s mang

ngha sau:

I fyou wil l/would.

Th-ng -c dng trong cc yu cu lch s ( Wouldlch s hn)

Vd:If you would wait a moment, I will see if Mr John is here.

(Nu c vui lng ch mt cht, ti s xem liu ng John c y khng.)

I would be very grateful if you will/ would make an arrangement for me.

If you could+verb in simple form.


50/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Nu ng vui lng - Ng-i ni cho rng ng-i kia s ng nh- mt l tt nhin

Vd:

If you could fill in this form.

If you could open your books.

If + subject + wil l/ would.

Nu ... chu - Din t t nguyn

Vd:

If he will (would) listen to me, I can help him.

Nu n chu nghe theo li ti thti c thgip n.

If + subject + wil l.

Din t s ngoan c.

Vd:

If you will learn English this way, a failure for TOFEL test is sure awaiting you.

Nu cu m c hc ting Anh theo cch ny th tr-t k thi TOFEL chc chn ang ch n cu.

If + subject +should.

Din t mt hnh ng d rt c th -c song kh nng rt t v khi ni ng-i ni khng tin l svic li c thxy ra.

Vd:

If you shouldnt know how to use this TV set, please call me up this number.

Nu anh khng bit cch s dng chic tivi ny, hy gi in cho ti s my ny. (Ni vy nh-ngng-i ni khng cho rng l anh ta li khng bit s dng chic tivi .)

If you should have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.

(Ng-i thy khng cho rng cu hc sinh li khng lm -c nhng bi tp - vchng rt dhoccu hc tr rt thng minh)

- Trong mt s tr-ng hp ng-i ta b i fi v o shouldln u cu m ngngha khng thay i.

Vd:

Should you have any difficulties while doing these exercises, please feel free to ask me.

Should it be cloudy and gray, the groundhog will supposedly wander around for food - a sign thatspring is near.

Nu tri c nhiu my v bu tri xm xt th ng-i ta cho l con sc t s i lang thang kim n - l du hiu ca m a Xun ang t i gn. Thc ra, khi s dng cu trc ny tht c gi cho rng khi con


51/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


sc t chui ra thrt him khi tri li c nhiu my v bu tri li x m l i - c thl do kt qu thngk.

13. Cch s dng thnh ng as if, as though.(C ngha l : d-ng nh- l, nh- th l)

- Mnh ng sau 2 thnh ng ny th-ng hay dng iu kin khng th thc hin -c v chialm 2 thi:

13.1 Thi hin tiNu ng t mnh tr-c chia simple presentthng t mnh sau phi chia simple past,ng t to bes phi chia lwere tt c c c ngi.

as ifSubject +verb (simple present) + + subject +verb (simple past)

as though

Vd:The old lady dresses as if it were winter even in the summer.

Hin ti qu kh

(It is not winter.)

Angelique walks as though she studied modelling.Hin ti qu kh

(She didnt study modelling)

He acts as though he were rich.Hin ti qu kh

(He is not rich)

13.2 Thi qu kh.

Nu ng t mnh tr-c chia simple pastthng t mnh 2 phi chia past perfect.

Subject +verb (simple past) + + subject +verb (past perfect)

Vd:

Betty talked about the contest as if she had won the grand prize.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt win the grand prize.)

Jeff looked as if he had seen a ghost.Past simple past perfect

(She didnt see a ghost.)

He looked as though he had run ten miles.

as if

as though


52/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Past simple past perfect

(He didnt run ten miles.)

C 2 dng chia sauas ifu din t iu kin khng ththc hin -c.L-u :

Trong mt s tr-ng hp nu iu kin l c tht th 2 cng thc trn khng -c tun theo. ng tli tr v dng bnh th-ng theo din bin ca cu.

Vd:

He looks as if he has finish the test.

14. Cch s dng ng t To hope v to wish.Hai ng t ny tuy ng ngha nh-ng khc nhau v mt ng php.

+ ng sau ng t to hopel mt cu din bin bnh th-ng.

Vd:

I hope that they will come. ( I dont know if they are coming.)

( Ti hy vng l h s t i.)We hope that they came yesterday. ( We dont know if they came.)

+ Nh-ng ng tto wishli i hi ng sau n phi l mt iu kin khng th thc hin -c. iukin ny chia lm 3 thi.

14.1 Thi t-ng lai. ng t mnh sau s phi lWould / could + verbhocwere + Ving.

Could +verbSubject +wish +(that) +Subject* + would +verb +...

were +Ving

Subject* : c thl c ng hoc kh c ch ngv i ch ngtrong mnh chnh.

Vd:

We wish that you could come to the party tonight. (Y ou cant come.)

I wish that you would stop saying that. (You probably wont stop.)

She wish that she were coming with us. ( She is not coming with us.)

14.2 Thi hin ti

ng t mnh 2 s chia simple past. ng t to bephi chia lmwere tt c c c ngi.

Subject +wish +(that) +Subject* + verb in simple past ...

Vd:

I wish that I had enough time to finish my homework. ( I dont have enough time.)


53/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


We wish that he were old enough to come with us. ( He is not old enough.)

They wish that they didnt have to go to class today. ( They have to go to class.)

14.3 Thi qu kh. ng t mnh sau s phi chia Past perfecthocCould have + P2

Past perfectSubject +wish +(that) +Subject +

Could have +P2

Vd:

I wish that I had washed the clothes yesterday. ( I didnt wash the clothes yesterday.)

She wish that she could have been there. ( She couldnt be there.)

We wish that we had had more time last night. ( We didnt have more time.)

L-u :

ng t wishch c th nh h-ng n mnh ng sau n bng cch buc mnh phi iu kin khng th thc hin -c. Nh-ng iu kin thi no li do thi gian ca mnh quyt nh khng hph thuc vo thi ca ng t to wish.

Vd:

He wished that he could come to the party next week.Qu kh iu kin t-ng lai T-ng lai

Ph h p vthi

The photographer wished that we stood closer together than we are standing now.Qu kh iu kin hin ti hin ti

Ph h p vthi

- Phi phn bit v i to wish dng cu ny vi ngha -c g, mong g vi to wishtrong mucu sau:

To wish somebody something

Vd:

I wish you a happy birthday.

15. Cch s dng thnh ng used to v get/be used to15.1 used to.

Used to + [Verb in simple form]... ( Th-ng hay, tng) (*)


54/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Ch mt thi quen, hnh ng th-ng xuyn xy ra lp i lp li trong qu kh.

Vd:

When David was young, he used to swim once a day. ( Thi quen trong qu kh)

Chuyn sang cu nghi vn:

Did +Subject +use to +Verb

=Used +Subject +to +verb.

Vd:

When David was young, did he use to swim once a day?

used he to swim once a day?

Cu phnh:

Subject +didnt +use to +Verb

=Subject +used not to +verb.

Vd:

When David was young, he didnt use to swim once a day.

he used not to swim once a day.

15.2 get / be used to.

BE / GET USED TO + VING

( tr nn quen v i) (noun)

L-u : Trong cng thc (*) c th thay used to=Wouldnh-ng dnhm ln.

16. Cch s dng thnh ng Would ratherWould rather ... than =Prefer ... to

(Thch ... hn l; th ... hn l)

ng sauwould ratherphi l mt ng t nguyn thb to(bare infi niti ve) nh-ng ng sau pre-ferphi l mt verb+ing.Vd:

John would rather drink Coca-Cola than orange juice.

John prefer drinking Coca-Cola to drinking orange juice.

L-u :


55/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Vic s dng thnh ngny cn tu thuc vo s ch ngv ngha ca cu16.1 Loi cu c mt chng.

loi cu ny chd ngWould rather(khng c than) v chia lm 2 thi :

1. Thi hin ti.

ng t sauWould ratherl nguyn thb to. Nu mun d ng ph nh t nottr-c ng t nguynthb to( cng thc 1)

Subject +Would rather+(not) bare infinitive

Vd:

Jim would rather go to class tomorrow

Trong cu ny ng-i ni mun ni Jim thch n lp vo ngy mai (ch hm nay Jim khng mun)

2. Thi qu kh.

thi qu kh sauwould ratherlhave + past parti ciple(hay cn gi l phn t 2 - P2) - Cng thc 2.

Subject +would rather+have +(P2)

Vd:

John would rather have gone to class yesterday than today ( John thch i hc vo ngy hm qua hnngy hm nay).

16.2Loi cu c 2 chng loi cu ny thnh ng -c s dng s l Would rather that(-c g, mong g) v chia lm

nhng mu cu nh- sau:

1. Cu ginh

L loi cu din t ng-i th nht mun ng-i th 2 lm mt vic g , nh-ng lm haykhng cn tu thuc vo vo pha ng-i th 2. Do vy cu trc ng t sau ch ng2 phi l nguynthb to- Cng thc 1.

Subject1 +Would rather that+Subject2 +bare infinitive

Vd:I would rather that Jones call me tomorrow ( Ti mun Johnes gi in cho ti vo ngy mai - Nh-ng

Jonesc gi in cho ng-i ni hay khng cn tu vo Jones).

We would rather that he take this train. ( p chuyn tu hay khng cn tu vo anh y - H chmun vy).

2. iu kin khng thc hin -c hin ti (ngha ca cu tri vi thc t).

(1)

(2)

(1)


56/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


ng t sau ch ng2 s chia Simple past, ng t to bes phi -c chia thnh Were tt c c cngi - Cng thc 2

Subject1 +would rather that+Subject2 +Simple past...

Vd:Henry would rather that his girlfriend worked in the same department as he does

(In fact his girlfriend doesnt work in the same department.)

Jane would rather that it were winter now.

(It is not winter now.)

Nhn xt:

- Trong c c cu trn ngha ca vth 2 lun tr i v i thc t thi im hin ti.

- Nu mun thnh lp thph nh d ng

3. iu kin khng th thc hin -c trong qu kh ( Ngha ca cu l tri vi thc t.)Trong loi cu ny ng t mnh th 2 s phi -c chia Past perfect- Cng thc 1.

Subject1 +would rather that +Subject2 +Past perfect

Vd:

Jim would rather that J ill had gone to class yesterday.

(nh-ng trong thc t th Jill khng ti lp ngy hm qua v ng-i ni ch ly lm tic l Jill

khng t i l p vo ngy hm qua.)Nhn xt: Trn thc tngha ca to wishvwould rather that(vi ngha -c, mong mun) trongtr-ng hp trn l ging nhau nh-ng Wish-c s dng trong ting Anh bnh dn (hng ngy). CnWould rather thatmang kch tnh nhiu hn.

17. Cch s dng Would LikeThnh ng ny dng mi mc ng-i kh c mt cch lch s hoc din t mong mun ca

mnh mt c ch nh nhn sau phi l ng t nguyn thc to(infinitive).

Subject +would l ike+[to+verb] ...

Vd:

Would you like to dance with me?

I would like to visit Hongkong.

We would like to order now, please.

The president would like to be re-elected.

They would like to study at the university.

Did not +verb

Were not +verb

(2)

(1)


57/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


Would you like to see a movie tonight?

L-u :

- Nu hnh ng -c xc nh c th v mt thi gian hoc thi gian l hin ti th dng ng t nguyn thsau like.

- Nh-ng nu thi gian l khng xc nh th phi dng Verb+ing.

Vd:

Would you like a lemonade now? (thi gian l hin ti now)

She likes watching TV every night. (thi gian l khng x c nh - chs thchhobby)

Hoc I would like eating a steak and salad.

18. Cch s dng c c ng t khim khuyt din t c c trng th i hin ti.18.1 Could/may/might.

Could/may/might+[Verb in simple form]

C th/c l .

Chmt kh n ng c thxy ra hin ti song ng-i ni khng chc. C 3 ng t c gi trnh- nhau.

Vd:It might rain tomorrow It will possibly rain tomorrowIt may rain tomorrow = ORIt could rain tomorrow Maybe it will rain tomorrow

Ch :Maybel s kt h p camayvbe, nh-ng n l mt t v khng phi l tr ng t. N ng nghav i perhaps.

Mt s vd vCould, may, vmight:

The president said that there might be a strike next month.

I dont know what Im doing tomorrow. I may go to the beach or I may stay home.

(L-u l ng-i Anh th-ng ni l stay at home nh-ng ng-i M li ni l stay home.)

It might be warmer tomorrow.

I may not be able to go with you tonight.

I dont know where Jaime is. He could be at home.

18.2 Should

Should+[Verb in simple form]

Ngha l :


58/125


59/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


- Had tothay chomust qu kh.

Vd:

The teacher had to attend a science conference yesterday.

thi hin ti have to-c thay th cho mustkhi:Hi xem mnh c bbuc phi lm iu gkhng hoc din t s bt buc do kh ch quanmang li lm gim nhtnh bt buc camust.Vd:

Q : Do I have to leave a deposit?

A : No, you neednt but you have to sign in this register, Im sorry but thats the rule.

19. Cch s dng c c ng t khim khuyt din t c c trng th i thi qukh.

Could/ May/ might+have+P2(c l )

Ch mt kh nng qu kh song ng-i ni khng dm chc.Vd:

It might have rained last night, but Im not sure.(C l m qua tri m-a)

The cause of death could have been bacteria.(Nguyn nhn ca c i cht c l l do vi tr ng)

John might have gone to the movies yesterday.(C l John t i rp chiu bng ngy hm qua)

Could +have+P2(c l c thnh-ng thc t th khng)

Vd:

We could have solved this problem at that time (But we couldnt in fact)(L ra lc chng ti c th gii quyt -c vn ny.)

SHOULD +HAVE+P2 (l ra phi, l ra nn - nh-ng thc t th khng)

Thnh ng ny t-ng -ng vi Was / were / Supposed to.

MUST HAVEP2 - Hn l

(Chs suy lun logic da trn nhng hin t-ng c tht trong qu kh)

Vd:

Paul did so well in his speech today that he could have rehearsed it many times this past week.

(Hm nay Paul c li ph t biu rt hay, hn l tun qua n din tp rt nhiu ln ).


60/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


MIGHT HAVE BEENVERB+ING - c l lc y ang

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin t-ng c tht trong qu kh)

Vd:I didnt hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at that time.

I didnt watch that scene on television, I might have been paying attention to the argument.

MUST HAVE BEENVERB+ING - chc hn lc y ang

(Ch s suy lun logic da trn nhng hin t-ng c tht trong qu kh)

Vd:

I didnt hear you knock, I must have been sleeping at that time.

I didnt see him this morning, he must have been working in the office.

20. tnh t v ph t (adjective and adverb). Mt tnh t bao gi cng b ngha cho mt danh t v ch danh t. N ng ngay tr-c

danh t . Trong ting Anh chc mt danh t duy nht ng sau danh t m n bngha l: galore( nhiu, phong ph, di do).

Vd:

There are errors galore in the final exam.

- Mt ph t bao gi cng bngha cho:

+Mt ng t - mt tnh t - v mt ph t kh c.

Vd:He runs very fast.

verb adv adv

She is terribly beautiful.Adv adj

- Adj + ly=advnh-ng phi cn thn v khng phi bt c t no c ui lyu l ph t. Mt s c ctnh t cng c tn c ng l ly.

Vd:

Lovely, friendly, lonely.

- Mt s cc cm t m u bng gii t ch a im, thi gian, ph-ng tin hnh ng, tnhhung hnh ng cng -c coi l ph t. V d: in the office.

- Mt s cc ph t c cu to c bit nh-soon, very, almost.

- Vtrc c ph t trong ting Anh t-ng i thoi mi nh-ng cng c nhng phc tp. C mt s quylut nh- sau:

+ Cc ph t b ng s th-ng xuyn ng cui cu theo th t -u tin:

* ch ph-ng thc hnh ng (ui ly),


61/125

l uyn t hi ToEFL


* cha im (here, there, at school...),* chthi gian,* ch ph-ng tin hnh ng,* chtnh hung hnh ng.

+ Mt ph t khng bao gi -c ng xen vo gia ng t v tn ng.

Vd:

I have terribly a headache. (cu sai vph t ng xen gia ng t v tn ng)

+Nu trong cu chc ph t chthi gian thn thng ln u cu.

Vd:

In 1975 I graduated but I didnt find a job.

+C c ph t chtn s (always, sometimes...) th-ng bao gi cng ng tr-c ng t chnhkhi n l ng t hnh ng, nh-ng bao gi cng ng sau ng t to be.

Vd:

- They have often visited me recently.

- He always comes in time.Nh-ng: The president is always in time.

21. ng t ni. l c c ng t trong bng sau.

bebecomeremainstay

appearseemsound

feellooksmelltaste

Cc ng t trn c nhng c tnh sau:

Khng din t hnh ng m din t bn cht ca s vt, s vic, nh- mu sc, mi v ... ng sau chng phi l mt tnh t khng -c l mt ph t.L-u : cc cp ng t

appear to happen

seem = to chance ( D-ng nh-)

- To appearc ththay thcho to seemv ng-c li nh-ng khng th thay th cho to happenv tochance.

- 3 ng t to be, to become, to remainc nhng tr-ng hp c mt danh t hoc mt ng danh ttheo sau, lc chng mt i chc n ng ng t ni.

- 4 ng t to feel, to look, to smellv to tastetrong mt s tr-ng hp i hi sau n l danh t lmtn ngv tr thnh mt ngoi ng t. Lc ny chng mt i chc n ng ca mt ng t ni v trthnh mt ng t din t hnh ng v c quyn i hi 1 ph t i btr (chng thay i vmtngngha).


62/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


- To feel =s, nn, kh m xt.

- to look at : nhn

- to smeel : ngi.

- to taste : nm.

22. So s nh ca tnh t v danh t22.1 So snh bng.

So snh bng ch ra 2 thc th chnh xc ging nhau (bng nhau hoc nh- nhau) v ng-c li nu cutrc so s nh dng ph nh.

Cu trc

As ... as

adj nounS +verb +as+ +as+

adv pronoun

Nu l cu trc ph nh asth nht c ththay bng so.Vd:

He is not so tall as his father.

L-u :

Ta cn phi nh rng i t sauaslun dng ch ng.

Peter is as tall as I. You are as old as she.

Mt sthd v so s nh bng.

My book is as interesting as your.Tnh t

His car runs as fast as a race car.Ph t

John sings as well as his sister.Ph t

Their house is as big as that one.Tnh t

His job is not as difficult as mine. Hoc His job is not so difficult as mine.Tnh t Tnh t

They are as lucky as weTnh t

Danh t cng c th d ng so s nh cho cu trc ny nh-ng tr-c khi so snh phi xc nh chcchn rng danh t c nhng tnh t t-ng -ng nh- trong bng sau:

Tnh t Danh theavy, lightwide, narrowdeep, shallowlong, short

weightwidthdepthlength


63/125


64/125

Ti ng Anh c bn


Subject +verb + +than+

happy - happier

friendly - friendlier (hoc more friendly than)

- Tr-ng hp ngoi l: strong - str onger.

- i v i tt c c c ph t v tnh t di d ngmore(nu hn) v d ng less( nu km).

Vd: more beautiful, more important, more believable.

adj +eradv +er* nounmore+adj/ adv pronounless+adj

* c ththmervo tn cng ca mt s ph t nh-: faster, qui cker, sooner, vlater.

L-u :

- ng sau ph t so snh nh- thanvasphi l i t nhn x-ng ch ng, khng -c php l i tnhn x-ng tn ng ( li c bn).

Vd:

Johns grades are higher than his sisters.Today is hotter than yesterday.

This chair is more comfortable than the other.

He speaks Spanish more fluently than I .

He visits his family less frequently than she does.

This years exhibit is less impressive than last years.

- nhn mnh cho tnh t v ph t so snh ng-i ta dng farhocmuchtr-c so snh.

Subject +verb +

far

much

adv

+ adj +er +than

noun

+ pronoun

Subject +verb +

far

much

more+

less

adj+

adv+than

noun+

pronoun

Documents

Toefl_tieng Anh Co Ban