Tổng quan về Công nghệ cán ống.pdf

5/25/2018 T ng quan v C ng ngh c n ng.pdf

1/20

Tng quan v Cng ngh cn ng | ng thp hn v ng thpc18.09.2012 ByGi thng Mi1 Comment

Khi nim v Cng ngh cn ng:Cn ng l phng php to ng thp bng phngphp cn, ging nh cc loi hnh cn khc (cn tm, cn hnh, cn bi, cn ren, cn bnhrng ), Cn ng cng theo nguyn l bin dng do kim loi gia cc trc cn.Phn loi ng thp c v ng thp hn:Cn c vo cng ngh sn xut v hnhdng phi s dng ch to, ngi ta li chia ra sn phm cacng ngh Cnng thnh 2loi ln: ng thp c (phi trn) v ng thp hn (phi tm, l).1. ng thp c:Cn c vo cng ngh ch to, chia ra gm ng thp c cn nng v ng thp c cn ngui. ngthp c cn ngui li gm ng trn v ng hp.

a). Khi qut v quy trnh cng nghCn nng (ng p lc) : Phi trn > nung nng> khot l > y p > thot l > nh ngknh> lm lnh > ng phi> nn thng > kim tra p lc > nh du > nhp kho.Cn ngui : Phi trn > nung nng> khot l > chnh u > gim la > ra axit > phundu (m ng) > cn ngui nhiu ln > ng phi > x l nhit > kim tra p lc > nh du

> nhp kho.1. ng thp hn:Cn c vo cng ngh hn m chia ra thnh ng hn l, ng hn in v hn t ng.Cn c vo hnh thc hn chia lm 2 loi ng hn l ng hn thng v ng hn xon,cn c vo hnh dng u hn chia ra lm hn trn v hn d hnh (vung, vt). Cnc vonguyn liu v mc ch s dng chia ra cc loi.Quy trnh sn xut ng thp hn c th tm tt bng s sau:
http://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/http://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/http://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/http://giothangmuoi.com/author/BKMetalx/http://giothangmuoi.com/author/BKMetalx/http://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/#commentshttp://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/#commentshttp://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/#commentshttp://giothangmuoi.com/tag/cong-nghe-canhttp://giothangmuoi.com/tag/cong-nghe-canhttp://giothangmuoi.com/tag/cong-nghe-canhttp://giothangmuoi.com/tag/cong-nghe-canhttp://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/#commentshttp://giothangmuoi.com/author/BKMetalx/http://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/http://giothangmuoi.com/tong-quan-ve-cong-nghe-can-ong-ong-thep-han-va-ong-thep-duc/


2/20

Cc bn c th tham kho thm video v cng ngh sn xut thp ng c v thp nghn y:http://giothangmuoi.com/video-cong-nghe-san-xuat-thep-ong-duc-va-ong-han.htmlSo snh c bn:- Chi ph: ng thp hn t tn km hn so vi ng thp c.- Kch thc: ng hn c kch tht v chiu di ln hn. - Chu p lc: ng thp c chu p lc tt hn ng thp hn (khong 20%).- Dung sai cho php : ng thp hn c sai lch ln. Ngy nay ngi ta cho php dungsai vi ng thp hn ln nn vic dng ng thp hn cng kh ph bin.Tuy nhinkhuyt tt ch to ng thp c c hn ch rt nhiuso vi phng php hn.

BKMetalx @Qun Gi thng Mitng hp
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3/20

Chia s: Google Facebook Twitter DiggFiled Under:Kin thc C khTagged With:Cng ngh Cn,Kin thc C kh,Thp ng,Vt liu

Ren h Inch: Tiu chun, k hiu v phng php tnh ton27.07.2012 ByGi thng Mi6 Comments

Ren h Inchc nhiu loi, in hnh vi loi nh sau:

Chng ta ch tp trung vo ren thng gp nht l Unified Screw Threads (cn cgi l Unified national thread), loi ny k hiu l UN, c dng thng nht gia 3nc Anh, M v Canada bt u vo nm 1949 cho n nay.

Loi ny li c chia nh nh sau.UNC = Unified National Coarse Series

UNF = Unified Nationlal Fine Series

UNEF = Unified National Extra Fine Series

UNM = Unified National Miniature Series

V d vi k hiu:1/4-28 UNC-2B2B: l ren l (trng hp ren trc l 2A).1/4 =0.25: l ng knh ln nht ca ren, trng hp ny l ng knh chn ren. 28: l tng s ren trn 1 inches, suy ra bc ren l 1/28 = 0.0357 =0.9071 mm.

UNC: l vit tt ca Unified National Coarse Series.Tng t i vi ren UNF hay cc loi ren khc. tra cc loi ren ny cc bn xemtrong sch Machinerys Handbook hocc th tham kho website sau:http://www.gewinde-normen.del

Tnh ton:V d vi ren c k hiu:8-32 UNC-2B
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4/20

y l ren trong, s 8 v c 32 threads/inchTrc khi bt u, cc bn cn tham kho bng ny trc. Bng ny rt hu dng,chng ta s li dng n khi n phn gia cng v kim nghim ren.

y khng c UNM v y l loi ren c ng knh ngoi cc nh v c tnh tonc phn khc.Nhng loi ny cng t khi gp.

Nh vy ta thy size ca ren cng nh size ca qun o, i t 0 n 12, tip theo l nhng phn s. Cc bn hy n phnMajor DiavMinor Dia. y chnhl ng knh ngoi v ng knh trong ca ren.

Nhng khng l i u ta cng k k ci chart ny bn mnh ? Ti s gii thch cchtnh c c ci chart trn, nu cc bn nm r th khi lm vic m khng c chartvn khng b tr ngi.ng knh ngoiCi ny rt d tnh.Nu t ren #0 n ren #12 th s thy Major Dia increments(tng ly tin, khng bit t ny ng khng?) bng 0.013, bt u vi Major Dia ca

ren #0 = 0.060. Tip theo ren #1 = 0.060+.013=0.073 , ri ren #2 = 0.060+.013+.013=0.086


5/20

Cng thc nh sau :

Nominal Dia cng ng ngha vi Major Dia.Tip theo l cc ren bng phn s ca 1 inch. Nh ren 1/4-20 chng hn th Major Dia

bng 1/4 inch hay 0.250 inchQu d tnh ng knh ngoi phi khng cc bn.Cc bn ch cn nh duy nhtng knh ngoi ca ren # 0 l 0.060 v cng thm 0.013 cho mi mt s k tip.

Nh c iu ny cc bn s c thm kh nng phn bit kch c ca cc loi bulonghay xc nh chnh xc kch c ca mt cy tap cho du ch ghi kch c trn cy tap

b m. Phn ny cng s ni sau.ng knh trong tnh ng knh trong ( Minor Dia ) chng ta cn phi bit Pitch, bc tin ca renv lm vi bi ton lng gic tm sin ly i chia huy .UN c biu hin bi Thread per Inch cho nn tnh Pitch ta ch n gin chia 1inch cho s threads ca loi ren

Thm ci hnh ny na l c s tnh ng knh trong.


6/20

Nh vy chiu su H ca ren c tnh l:H=1/2 tg 60 X Pitch = 0.86603 X Pitch

Lu l Minor v Major Dia c tnh ch flat ca nh v y ren ch khng phil chp nhn. Do khc bit ca nh v y ( hay gia Major v Minor Dia ) ch

bng 0.625 H m thi .Trong lc gia cng ren trn my phay CNC bng helical milling vidng c ct thng

c gc nhn,ngi lp trnh thng phm li v ch program bng Major Dia m quncng thm vo phn chp nhn bng 0.125 H nh trong hnh trn, nn thng bundersize m khng hiu l do v sao. Ri th c m cutter comp chnh nhiu lncho n khi con bulong tng ng vn vo c. Nu ghi nh iu ny th c th lptrnh ch mt ln.

Nh vy Minor Dia ca ren # 8 s l :Minor D = Major D 2 X 0.625 H= 0.164 ( 2 X 0.625 X 0.86603 X 0.03125 )

= 0.164 0.0338

=0.1302

y chnhl gii hn di ca Minor Dia trong Chart phn trn.Trong Solidworks, thit k mt l (trc) ren h Inch ta lm nh sau.V d vi mt ren ng, bc u tin ta v mt im lm tm cho l, lSketch2:


7/20

C th do thit lp m SW khng cho thy cc sketch (sau khi thot khi ch

Sketch) nn ta khng thy im u na:

Khi to l, ta hy right-click Sketch2 v chnShow n hin th:
http://farm6.static.flickr.com/5256/5496205026_02abcc6f7a_b.jpghttp://farm6.static.flickr.com/5137/5496204956_f74d59f33f_b.jpg


8/20

Dng lnhHole Wizard, chn kiuPipetap:

Ngun tham kho:Hi v ren h Inch trong SolidworksBKMetalx @Qun Gi thng Mitng hp, chnh sa.

Chia s:
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9/20

Google Facebook Twitter DiggFiled Under:Kin thc C khTagged With:Kin thc C kh,Ren,Ren h Inch

Hp kim ng: ng thic ng thau ng Niken11.07.2012 ByGi thng Mi1 Comment

Hp kim ngl vt liu trn c s ng c hp kim ha vi cc nguyn t ha hckhc, v d nh thic, ch, km, bc, vng, ng ti moan Hp kim dng c c tnhchng n mn tt trong mi trng bnh thng cng nh trong cc mi trng c

bit, cc tnh nng c tnh v tnh c ca n cng vt tri so vi ng nguyn cht.Do nhng tnh nng trn, Hp kim ng c ng dng kh nhiu trongC kh,nhtrong chuyn ng trc vt bnh vt, lm bcchng mn, ch to cc chi tit chu mntrong mi trng nc bin

Cu to c bnc im khc nhau ca hp kim ng c quyt nh bi nguyn t ha hc thamgia hp kim ha cng vi ng. S a dng ca hp kim ng do s c mt ca nhiukim loi v kim cho ta mt tng hp a dng v s phn loi chng, ng thau,ng thic, ng niken, ng-niken-km, ng-ch, v hp kim ng c bit hin nay

ngi ta dng hp kim ng-Coban ch to vt liu GMR (t in tr khng l).
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10/20

Cc sn phm Hp kim ng

Phn loi hp kim ca ng

ng thic (bronze)c ng dng sm nht l ng thic (i khi cn gi l ng thanh). Thic c ccnh hng tng t nh km ln cc tnh cht c kh ca ng, n tng cao bn v do.Hp kim ngvi thic t c bn chng n mn cao v cc tnh cht chumi mn tt. Cc tnh cht ny gip cho ng thic c ng dng trong cng nghip hacht ch to cc dng c c, cng nh trong vai tr ca vt liu chu mi mn trongcc lnh vc khc.Hp kim ng thic c gia cng kh tt bng p lc v ct gt. co ngt ca n rtnh khi c, di 1%, trong khi co ngt ca ng thau v gang l khong 1,5% vthp l trn 2 %. V th, cho d c xu hng v pha thin tch (s khng ng nhtkhi

kt tinh) v chy long tng i khng cao, ng thic vn c ng dng snxut cc vt c c hnh th phc tp, k c cc c ngh thut. Hp kim ng thicc bit n v s dng t thi c i. Phn ln cc sn phm c i t ng iucha 7590 % ng v khong 2510 % thic, lm cho b ngoi ca chng khi mic trng ging nh vng, nhng chng kh nng chy hn.Cc dng ng thic hp kim ha c vi km, niken v pht pho. Km c th chovo ti 10%, vi mc nh th n gn nh khng thay i cc tnh cht ca ng
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11/20

thic, nhng lm cho ng thic tr nn r tin hn. Ch v pht pho lm tng kh nngchu mi mn ca ng iu v kh nng gia cng bng ct gt. ng thau (hay cn gi l latng; brass)ng thaul hp kim ca ng v km. T l pha ch gia ng v km cho ta mt

lot cc ng thau a dng khc nhau. ng thau l mt hp kim thay th, n c ngdng nhiu vo cc lnh vc nh trang tr, vt liu hn, thit b inng thau c mu vng, i khi kh ging mu ca kim loi vng, n c th duy trc sng bng trong iu kin mi trng bnh thngng thau c ngi tin s bit n kh sm, trc rt lu khi con ngi tm ra km,n l sn phm ng hnh trong qung calamin, l mt khong vt cha km v ng.Km trong ng thau gip cho im nng chy ca ng thau thp xung ng k,tng tnh c .Trong vn ha ng sn, mc d dng tn gi l ng thau nhng thc cht l hp kimca ng- thic hoc ng chthic (cn gi l bronze). Hp kim ng km sauny mi c s dng vo khong th k 17 tr li y. Hp kim ng km l k thuthp kim ca phng Ty ch khng phi l hp kim mang tnh truyn thng ca Vit

Nam.

Hp kim ng hin iDo gi thnh cao ca thic nn ngi ta tm cc cht thay th cho ng thic. Ccloi hp kim ng mi ny cha t thic hn so vi ng thic trc kia s dnghoc hon ton khng cha thic.

Ngy nay, tn ti mt lot cc loi hp kim ng khng cha thic, thm ch c km.Chng l hp kim kp hay nhiu thnh phn ca ng vi nhm, mangan, st, ch,

niken, berili, silic v.v. co ngt ca cc loi hp kim ny u cao hn ca ng thic.Tuy nhin, theo mt vi tnh cht khc th hp kim mi li u vit hn ng thic. ngnhm, silic v c bit l ng berili c tnh cht c kh tt hn, ng nhm tt hntheo chng n mn, cn ng silic tt hn v chy long.

Ngoi ra, bn ca ng nhm v ng berili c th gia tng bng gia cng nhit.Cng cn phi cp ti cc hp kim ca ng vi pht pho. Chng khng th phcv trong vai tr ca vt liu ch to c kh, v th ni chung ngi ta khng gi n lng iu. Tuy nhin, n l mt hng c giao dch trn th trng th gii v phcvtrong vai tr ca hp kim trung gian sn xut nhiu chng loi ng iu c cha

pht pho, cng nh kh xy cc hp kim trn c s l nn ng.

HNguyn t to hp kim ch

yuS UNS

ng thau Km (Zn)C1xxxxC4xxxx, C66400C69800[2]

ng thic Thic (Sn) C5xxxxng nhm Nhm (Al) C60600C64200


12/20

ng silic Silic (Si) C64700C66100ng niken, nikenbc

Niken (Ni) C7xxxx

ng Niken (Nickel)Hp kim ng Niken(CuNi) cn c gi lng trngl hp kim ca ng, vinguyn t hp kim ha chnh niken v tng cng thm cht m, nh l Fe v Mn

Nguyn t nickel c thm vo ng tng ng ko v kh nng chng n mnnhng vn gi li tnh do, d gia cng ca ng, hp kim Cu Ni c bit chng nmn trong mi trng nc bin cc tt do tim in nng ca n c iu chnh trung lp i vi nc bin.C 2 mchp kimng niken chnh l 90/10 v 70/30, trong mc 70/30 c c tnhtt hn ng thi tnh chng n mn trong nc bin cng cao hn, nhng mc 90/10li c gi thnh r hn kh nhiu, ng thi vn p ng c phn ln nhu cu cangi dng nn c xu hng c s dng rng ri hn. C hai hp kim u cha mt

lng t nhng rt quan trng cc nguyn t Fe v Mn, chng gip ti u cho kh nngchng n mn ca hp kim Cu Ni trong nc bin cng nh trong cc trng hp nmn khc.

V thnh phn phn trm, 2 mc thp trn c thnh phn phn trm v k hiu nh sau:

Bng thnh phn ha hc ca hp kim Cu Ni theo tiu chun UNSTiu chun

UNSTn thng

thngTiu chun chu

uNi Fe Mn Cu

C70600 90-10 CuNi10Fe 9-11 1-1.8 1Cn

liC71500 70-30 CuNi30Fe

2933

0.41.0

1Cn

li

C71640 66-30-2-22932

1.72.3

1.52.5

Cn

liV bng tnh cht c hc ca cc mc hp kim trn

C tnh ca mt s hp kim Cu Ni

AlloyDensity

g/cm3

Thermalconductivity

W/(mK)

TEC

m/(mK)

ElectricalresisitivityOhmcm

Elasticmodulus

GPa

Yieldstrength

MPa

Tensilestrength

MPa90-10 8.9 50 17 19 135 105 275

70-30 8.95 29 16 34 152 125 360

66-

30-2-

2

8.86 25 15.5 50 156 170 435
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13/20

BKMetalx @Blog Gi thng Midch v tng hpChia s: Google Facebook Twitter DiggFiled Under:Kin thc C khTagged With:Hp kim,Hp kim ng,Vt liu,ng hp kim

Thp khng g: Cc mc thp, c trng v cng dng17.03.2012 ByGi thng Mi2 Comments

Cc bn tham kho bng sau tm hiu v cc mc (lp) thp khng g thng dng,

c trng v cng dng ca tng mc, tng lpthp khng g.

Mt sn phm thp khng g in hnh

PHN LOI MC THP CNG DNGAUSTENITE201 v 201L Np ni, than ni, kp ng, vng gng pit-tng (xec

mng) cc xe moc ti v khung ca

301 Xe la, khung my bay, bng chuyn, c vt, l xo

303 c vt, b long v.v
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14/20

304 Chu ra, ng trang tr ni tht, bnh nng lnh, vitm, ni un si, linh kin xe my, thit b y t, vtliu trang tr cao c, cng nghip ho cht thc phm,cng nghip dt, cng nghip ch bin sa, linh kintu bin

304L My mc cng c dnh cho ngnh ho cht, than ,du kh cn chng g cao, cc b phn cch nhit, xl nhit

304Cu Chai, chu ra, m, ca.

304N1 S dng trong ngnh ho cht, n ng, bn nc,ng nc

304LN Thit b trao i nhit, tu cha ho cht.

304H,M,S Dy, bn l, c vt, inh c

304HA,HC,HD,HN Cn xe, ng thng gi, b long, c vt c ln v trung,inh..

305 dng n ung, thit b in

316 Thit b x l nc bin, thit b cho ngnh ho cht,giy, phn bn, cng nghip thc phm, xy dng

316L Li chng g cao hn mc 316

316S Li

321 ng x kh my bay, ni hi, thit b trao i nhit

PHN LOI MC THP CNG DNG

FERRITE409L ng x xe my (p xe), thit b trao i nhit, cng-ten-n

chu nhit

410L Khung my, ng x kh cho ng c, n

430 Thit b chng nng, in gia dng, v bc chu ra, vtliu xy dng cao c, c vt

430 L Bn ra chn, ng x xe my, linh kin in

436L ng x xe my, thit b cp nc

444 My nc nng bng nng lng mt tri, my nc nng

bng in


MARTENSITE 410 Li dao, linh kin my, ng thng gi, tha, na.

420J1 Dao dng trong ba n, qut nc.


15/20

420J2 Dao, ko, van.

PHN LOI MC THP CNG DNGDUPLEX 2205 X l ha cht, vn ti, thit b gia cng thm d tr du

kh, thng thy phn giy v bt giy, bn cha cht lng,mymc cho ngnh giy

2507 Thit b cng nghip du kh, b trao i nhit, h thngdch v x l nc, h thng chng la, cng nghip x lha cht, b trao i nhit, thng cha, ng, ph kin chngmn bn cao


BIN CNGPHN TN

PH

17-4 PH(AISI-630)

Tu khng gian, ha ch t, ha ch t d u kh, gia cng thcphm, giy, cng nghip, thit b gia cng kim loi

17-4 PH

(AISI-631)

Nc ngt, cng nghip, nc bin, ng dng nhit cao bn cao, thit b x l ha cht, b trao i nhit, ni hi,ng tng nhit

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Thp khng g: Vai tr ca cc nguyn t ha hc17.03.2012 ByGi thng Mi3 Comments

Mi nguyn t ha hc trong thp khng g c mt vai tr nht nh, Chng ta cng tmhiu vai tr ca cc nguyn t hp kim trong cc mcthp khng gtrong phn ny.
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16/20
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17/20

S thp khng g t thp thng

CARBON (C)Hm lng Cacbon l ch yu v lun hin din trong thp khng g. Mc cacbonthng mc kh thp vi tt c cc h thp khng g ngoi tr h Martensitic.

H Martensitic c mc tng va c cng v bn cao. Nhit luyn mc cao,ti v ri gim lnh pht trin pha Martensit.Cacbon c th hiu qu chu mn cao. Nu cacbon kt hp vi Chrom trong cabit, cth gy tn thng lp tr hnh thnh. Vi nhng khu vc cc b; nu hm lngChrom gim ti di 10.5% lp tr s khng hnh thnh.CROM (Cr)Bn cht tr ca thp khng g gii thch c l nh Crom l nguyn t phn ngcao. Nh c crom nn thp khng g chu c tc dng mn ho v g oxid ho thngthng xy ra vi thp cacbon khng c bo v. Mt khi hm lng crom ti thiu

mc 10.5% th c mt lp mt khng tan bm cht hnh thnh ngay ngn chn skhuych tn oxid ho trn mt v ngn oxid ho st. Mc Crom cng cao th mc chngg cng cao.NIKEN (Ni)

Niken l nguyn t hp kim chnh ca mc thp khng g sri 300. S c mt ca Nikenhnh thnh cu trc austenite lm cho mc thp ny c bn, tnh do v dai, ngayc nhit hn hp lm ngui. Niken cng l cht khng t tnh. Trong khi vai trca Niken khng c nh hng trc tip ln s pht trin ca lp tr trn mt, nikenci thin ng k vic chu c acid tn cng, c bit l vi acid sulfuric.MOLYBDEN (Mo)Cht ph gia Molybden thm vo mc thp Cr-Fe-Ni s tng tnh chng mn l chcc b v chng mn k nt tt hn (c bit l vi mc thp Ferritic Cr-Fe ). Molybdengip chng tc ng thit clorua (mc thp 316 c 2% molybden tt hn mc thp 304dng ti min ven bin). Lng Molybden cng cao (i khi c mc thp c 6%molybden), th mc chu clorua cng cao.MANGAN (Mn)Thng thng Mangan thm vothp khng g gip kh oxy ho, trong khi nu chy ngn vic hnh thnh cht bn sunfua st c th to ra v nt. Mangan cng l chtlm n nh mc thp Austenite v khi hm lng Mangan cao (t 4% -> 15%) th s

thay niken trong cc mc thp sri 200.SILIC & NG (Si & Cu)Lng nh Silic v ng thng thm vo mc thp khng g Austenitic c Molybden ci thin tnh chng mn vi Acid Sulfuric. Silic cng ci thin tnh chng oxy hov l cht n nh ho mc thp Ferrite. Vi mc thp khng gAustenitic, hm lngsilic cao ci thin tnh chng oxy ho v ngn vic thm cacbon nhit cao (th dnh mc thp 309 v 310)
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18/20

NIT (N)Cc mc thp khng g Ferritic, Austenitic v song pha Duplex, Nit gip tng s tncng ca mn l ch cc b v s n mn gia cc ht. Hn ngh dng vi mc thpaustenitic cacbon thp (cacbon nh hn 0.03%) v khi hm lng cacbon thp s gim

ti thiu s ri ro nhy cm ho. Tuy nhin, hm lng cacbon thp c xu hng gimsc bn. Cht ph gia Nit gip tng sc bn nh mc mc thp chun.NIOBI (Nb)Cht ph gia Niobi ngn mn gia cc ht, c bit ti vng chu nh hng nhit saukhi hn. Niobi gip ngn vic to thnh crom cacbua c th ginh cu trc t vi calng crom cn cho ho tr. Vi mc thp khng g Ferritic, cht ph gia Niobi lcch hiu qu ci thin chng mi nhit.LU HUNH (S)Lu hunh thng c gi mc thp do c th to ra sunfua bn. Lu hunh dng ci thin kh nng gia cng (trong cht bn gi nhim v b phoi). Tuy nhin,lng lu hunh d lm gim kh nng chng mn l ch.Thng tin thm:


19/20

Mt s to thp khng g khc thng quacc nguyn t ha hc
http://giothangmuoi.com/thep-khong-gi-vai-tro-cua-cac-nguyen-to-hoa-hoc.html/so-do-inox-02


20/20

- Vthnh phn ca cc nguyn tha hc trong cc mc thp khng g, cc bn xemthm:Ti y- Vc tnhca cc mc thp khng g, cc bn xem thm:Ti y- V bngca cc mc thp khng g, cc bn xem thm:Ti y

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