Topic 2All these problems are very

serious.

UNIT 2

不定代词和不定副词somebody, someone, something, somewhere,

anybody, anyone, anything, anywhere,

none, nobody, nothing, nowhere,

everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere.

一般情况下：

somebody,someone,something,somewhere 用于肯定句中

anybody,anyone,anything,anywhere 用于否定句和疑问句

none, nobody, nothing, nowhere 本身表示否定

everybody, everyone, everything, everywhere 可用于各种句式。

注意：1. 形容词 , 不定式或 else 修饰不定代词，要放在后面。 eg ： I have something important to tell you. I want something to drink. I don’t know anything else about it.2. 不定代词作主语时谓语动词要用单数。 eg: Nobody is in the classroom. Everything goes well.3. nothing ,nobody 本身具有否定意义 , 可构成否定句。此外 如果 everything, everybody 用于否定句中，则表示部分否定。eg: In learning English, grammar is not everything.

4. 在反意疑问句中，表示人的不定代词作主语时，其反意疑问句主语用 they 或 he ；当句子中的主语是指物的不定代词时，其反意疑问句主语通常用 it.eg: Everyone is here, aren’t they (isn’t he)? Everything goes well , doesn’t it?

Exercise: 用方框中的单词补全句子。1.—Listen! Can you see_________ behind the tree? ---Sorry, I can see __________.2.Do you know__________ in the shop?3.There is _________ in the room. It’s empty.4.Could you give me ________ to drink?5.Jane got _________ ready for her birthday party.6.Listen! __________ is knocking at the door.7. –Kangkang, is _________ here today? --No, Jim isn’t here. He is ill.8. Did you feel _________ strange about him?

something, anything somebody,anybody,nothing, everybody, nobody, everything

anythingnothing

anybody

nothing

somethingeverything

Somebody

everybody

anything

Exercise: 用方框中的单词补全句子。1.—Listen! Can you see_________ behind the tree? ---Sorry, I can see __________.2.Do you know__________ in the shop?3.There is _________ in the room. It’s empty.4.Could you give me ________ to drink?5.Jane got _________ ready for her birthday party.6.Listen! __________ is knocking at the door.7. –Kangkang, is _________ here today? --No, Jim isn’t here. He is ill.8. Did you feel _________ strange about him?

something, anything somebody,anybody,nothing, everybody, nobody, everything

anythingnothing

anybody

nothing

somethingeverything

Somebody

everybody

anything

Section A

It is too dirty and there is too much heavy smoke here.

What harm can it cause?It is air pollution.

It can cause sore eyes, breathing problems and even cancer.

What kind of pollution is it?

China has become the world’s largest producer and user of coal. As a result, air pollution has become a serious problem.

What should we do as students?

Protect the environment.

Don’t spit everywhere.

We shouldn’t leave rubbishhere and there.

leave rubbish

spit everywhere

Don’t walk on grass.

walk on grass

We shouldn’t pick flowers.

pick flowers

Everyone should care for wild animals.

care for wild animals

We should plant more trees.

plant more trees

1b. Work alone

1.What are they talking about?

2.Why is air pollution a serious problem in China ?

3.What should students do and not do to protect the environment?

4.Can you give some advice to the government?

They are talking about air pollution and envirenment protection.

Because China has become the world’s largest producerand user of coal.

Everyone should care for wild animals and plant more trees. We shouldn’t leave rubbish here and there, spit everywhere in public ,walk on grass or pick flowers.

Yes,….

M:Kangkang, read this article.

K:What’s it about?

M:It’s about air pollution in China. It says that

China has become the world’s largest producer

and user of coal. As a result, air pollution has

become a serious problem.

K:Yeah.But the government is doing something

useful to protect the environment.

M: That’s great.None of us likes pollution. What

should we do as students?

1a

K:We shouldn’t leave rubbish here and there. Dn’t

spit anywhere in public. Don’t walk on grass or

pick flowers. Everyone should care for wild

animals and plant more trees .

M: That’s right. We should do everything we can

to protect the environment.

1. sth+ says that…

eg: It says “Best wishes to you” on the card.

The clock in the hall said it was 7:30.

2. as a result 结果，由于，因此eg: Miss Gao often helps me with my English in

her free time. As a result, I can do well in it now.

3.do something useful to do sth. 采取有用的措施来做某事

=take useful measures to do sth.

something useful

形容词或不定式 修饰不定代词做后置定语。

nothing serious something important anything else something to eat

4.none of + 不可数 n 谓语动词单三 none of +n 复数 / 代词 / 单数 n 谓语动词单复数均可 None of the work was done. None of my friends has/ have been there. None of buses go(es) there. None of the money is mine 注意：对“ none” 提问通常用“ How many/much”.

How much money is yours?

How many buses go there?

“none” 与“ no one” 的区别： “none” 既可指人也可指物；“no one” 只能指人 , 不能与 of 连用，谓语动词单三 。 No one knows how to solve the problem. No one has been there.

5. “everyone” 与“ every one” 的区别： 前者表示“每人，人人，大家”，相当于 everybody, 只指人不指物，不接 of 短语，强调整体 , 作主语时谓语 动词用单数。 Everyone knows him , don’t they/dosen’t he? 后者表示“每一个，人人，每个人”，既可指人，又可指 物 , 可接 of 短语，强调 个体。• Every one of us likes English. • His books are wonderful. I have read every one of them.• He ate every one of the apples.

( 指人 )

（指物）（指物）

7.“everyday” 与“ every day” 的区别： 前者是形容词，意为“每天的，日常的” , 只能作 定语。后者是副词，意为“每天”，作状语。 everyday life everyday English 他每天喝牛奶。 He has milk every day.8. everything 与 nothing everything 表示“每一事物，一切，所有的事物” 作主语谓语动词用单数。I’m OK, how’s everything with you?Everything goes well with them, doesn’t it?nothing 表示“没什么 , 无事 , 无物”作主语谓语动词用单数 Nothing can stop her now, can it?

Michael: Kangkang, read this article.Kangkang: What’s it about?Michael: It’s about air pollution in China. It says that__________________________________________.______________, air pollution has become a serious problem.Kangkang: Yeah. But the government __________________ to protect the environment.Michael: As we know, _______________ likes pollution.______________________________?Kangkang: We shouldn’t __________________.Don’t _________________.Don’t_______________ or_______________. Everyone should ___________________and plant more trees.Michael: That’s right. We should do everything we can to protect the environment.

China has become the world’s largest producer and user of coal.As a result

has done something useful

none of us

What should we do as studentsleave rubbish here and there

spit anywhere in public walk on grasspick flowers care for wild animals

Dear headmaster, I’m writing to tell you __________ important.___________likes to be untidy, however, some students throw waste paper and bottles__________. We all need a quiet place to study, but some students often make too much noise at school. Even worse, some of them are quite rude when talking to________. ______________ knows their behavior is bad, but _______of us knows how to stop them. I think we should make rules to change the situation. Perhaps it will be hard for us to keep the rules in the beginning, but if__________________ does their best to follow the rules, our school will become better and better day by day.

somethingNobody

everywhere

others Everybody/Everyonenone

everyone/everybody

2

结果

做一些有用的事

作为学生

到处乱扔垃圾

在公众场合到处吐痰

践踏草地

摘花

关注野生动物

as a result

do something useful

as students

leave litter here and there

throw litter about

spit everywhere in public

walk on grass

pick flowers

care for wild animals

乱扔废纸和瓶子 制造太多噪音更差劲制定规章改变状况一开始执行规章 遵守规章一天天

throw waste paper and bottles make too much noiseeven worse make rules to change the situationin the beginningkeep the rulesfollow/obey the rules day by day

3 Work alone

A .become weaker destroy the environment

disappear rapidly on the earth

enough bamboo to eat B.

1.Now some kinds of animals are becoming ___ ___ ___

2.Some animals are __ _______ of dying out completely.

3.In the past, pandas lived a quiet life and had ____ __ food.

4.Humans have come to ________ the importance of

protecting animals.

5.We should ____ ____ ____ to protect them. 　

fewer and fewer

in danger

plenty of

realize

do our best

破坏环境处于完全消失的危险中

逐渐认识到保护动物的重要性

destroy the environment be in danger of dying out completelycome to realizethe importance of protecting animals

The wind is blowing strongly. cut down trees

Section B

The wind blows the earth away.

sand

storm

How is the weather?

It’s terrible. There are sandstorms

Do you know what causes the sandstorms?

sandstorms

wash the earth away many trees change into desert

forest gone sandstorms come into being

cut down trees

( ) ( ) ( )

( ) ( ) ( )

1

2

4

3

5

6

1c

Rich land has changed into desert.

What should we do to stop it?

We shouldn’t cut down too many trees. Trees can help us in many ways.

Listen to 1a and answer the following questions:

1. What behavior （行为） may cause

sandstorms?People have cut down too many trees. A lot of rich land has changed into desert.

2. How can trees affect the weather?

Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away. And a lot of water can be saved by forests. They can also preventthe water from washing the earth away.

K: What bad weather! The wind is blowing strongly with lots of land. I couldn’t see anything , and my face hurt while I was walking down the street just now.M: I’m sorry to hear that. But what causes these sandstorms?K: People have cut down too many trees. As a result, a lot of rich land has changed into desert.M: That’s bad, but how can that affect the weather?J: Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away.K: And a lot of water can be saved by forests.J: They can also prevent the water from washing the earth away.K:Cutting down trees is harmful to human beings, animals and plants. Although we have built “ the Great Green Wall”, we still need to work hard to protect the environment.

1a

K: What bad weather! The wind is _________ with lots of land. I couldn’t see ____________, and my face hurt while __________________________________M: I’m sorry to hear that. But ________________?K: People have ___________ too many trees. As a result, a lot of rich land has _____________ desert.M: That’s bad, but how can that _____________?J: Trees can ____________________________.K: And a lot of water _____________________.J: They can also ______________________________.K:_________________________________________, animals and plants. Although we have built “ the Great Green Wall”, we still need to _____________ protect the environment.

blowing stronglyanything

I was walking down the street just now.what causes these sandstorms

cut downchanged into

affect the weatherstop the wind from blowing the earth away.

can be saved by forestsprevent the water from washing the earth away.

Cutting down trees is harmful to human beings

work hard to

1b Work alone.

B.A lot of water can be saved by forests.

A.Trees can stop the wind from blowing the earth away.

C. Tree can prevent the water from washing the earth away.

Trees’ functions

1. What are they talking about?

2.What causes this kind of bad weather?

They are talking about sandstorms

People have cut down too many trees.

be saved 为被动语态结构。save v. “贮存，保留，保存”存钱买一辆车save money to buy a carsave v. 还有“挽救”和“节约”的意思。 挽救病人的生命是医生的职责。It’s a doctor’s duty to save patients’ lives. 我们必须节约每一滴水。 We must save every drop of water.

A lot of water can be saved by forests. 森林可以贮存大量的水分

1.blow strongly/hard 刮大风 2. cut down 砍伐Trees are very useful to us. We shouldn’t cut them down.

cut down 降低，减少 The article should be cut down to 1000 words.

cut off 中断，切断（电、煤气、水等）供应The electricity company cut off electric supply for us.Don’t cut me off when I am reporting.3. change sth into = turn into 把…变成…She is waiting for the traffic lights to change into green.

The cold weather changed water into ice.

rain heavily/hard

snow

The heavy rain kept/prevented/stopped us from going out.4 . prevent sb/sth (from) doing sth 阻止某人做某事 =stop sb/sth (from) doing sth =keep sb/sth from doing sth(from 不能省略）Nothing can stop/ prevent/ keep him from working.The heavy rain has prevented us from going there.5.blow sth away 把……吹 / 刮 走 wash sth away 把……洗掉， 把……冲走6. earth 与天空相对的土地，泛指泥土 soil 指用于种植庄稼的土壤 ground 指大地表面 land 指与河，湖，海洋相对的陆地

7. “although” 与“ though” 都可作连词，引导让步状语从句，意为“虽然…但是”，两词都不能与 but 连用，单可以与 yet/still 连用。 eg: Although/Though he is in poor health, (yet) he works hard.区别：（ 1 ） although较正式，多用于句首， though 在非正式文体中较普遍。 （ 2 ）只能用 though 不能用 although 的情况 a. 表示强调时用 even though b. though 可用于倒装句中 c. though 可作副词，表示“然而”，通常放于句末。 eg: He said he would come; he didn’t, though.

刮得很大沿着街道走导致沙尘暴砍树肥沃的土地变成沙漠影响天气防止风刮走泥土

防止水土流失

blow strongly

walk down the street

cause sandstorm

cut down trees

rich land

change into desert

affect the weather

stop the wind from blowing the earth away]

prevent the water from washing the earth away

Saving Water

Protecting and Saving Water

Water is very important to human beings,

but not everybody knows how to protect and

save it. Here are some way:

1.Pass laws against water pollution.

2.Stop factories pouring waste water into rivers

3.Remember to turn the tap off when you leave.

4.Collect and reuse waste water.

人类

通过禁止水污染的法律

关 / 开水龙头

重复使用废水

human being

pass laws against water pollution

turn the tap off/on

reuse waste water

What air pollution

water pollution

sandstorm

Why factories/ cars burn gas, coal, oil…

factories pour…into

cut trees

How …

根据以下表格写一篇文章。

There are many kinds of pollution in today’s world, such as air pollution, water pollution and so on. Sandstorm is also serious in some cities.

Factories send out terrible gas by burning gas, and coal. Cars use oil and it makes the air dirty.

With the development of industry, more and more factories pour waste water into the river. Farmers use too much chemicals. Water pollution has become more and more serious.

Trees can save rainwater and keep the earth. But people cut them down freely. Forests have become desert. Sandstorm is doing harm to human being.

To make less pollution, we should not use too much coal and chemicals. We need to ride bicycles instead of driving cars. We shouldn’t cut down trees and should plant more trees. Let us be greener people.

Section C

1.2.3. 4.5.

Fewer treesTraffic pollutionFactory pollutionThe ozone layerMore carbon dioxide

Can you choose a suitable title for each paragraph from the phrases below?

Listen to 1a and answer the following questions:

1.How many years have we humans lived on earth?

2.What result may factory and traffic pollution cause?

3.What pollution has made a big hole in the ozone layer?

4.What causes the level of the sea to rise?

We humans have lived on earth for only 35000years.

Air pollution.

The greenhouse effect.

Factory pollution causes dead rivers and lakes.Traffic pollution causes many people to have healthy problems.

The earth is 4600 million years old. We humans

have lived on earth for only 35000 years, but

during this period we have changed our planet a lot

in many ways. Some things we’ve done are very

good for the earth while some are bad.

___________ . All over the world, people have cut

down millions of trees. When it rains or when the

wind blows, the earth is taken away. Forests have

become deserts, so more and more sorts of animals

and plants are disappearing.

____________. In big cities, cars and buses have

1a

Fewer trees

Traffic pollution

polluted the air. Many people in cities now have

health problems.

_____________. Factories have also polluted the

land and the water. As a result, many rivers and

lakes are now dead.

___________ Around the earth, there’s a special kind of oxygen called “ozone”(O3). It is

important to the earth. But now air pollution is

destroying if and that has made a very big hole in

the ozone layer. Too much harmful radiation from

the sun passes through the hole and reaches the

earth directly. This is very dangerous because

Factory pollution

The ozone layer

this kind of radiation can cause cancer.

_________________ .Carbon dioxide (CO2) in the

air has increased a lot. It mainlycomes from burning

oil, coal and wood .This has formed a “blanker”

around the earth. The heat from the sun can’t escape

so the temperature is rising.This is called “the

greenhouse effect”. It causes the level of the oceans

to rise and the climate of the earth to change.

All these probblems are very serious, so we must

do something now.

More carbon dioxide

1.during this period 在这段期间 a period of five months

2.take away 拿走，取走 I don’t like these books, please take them away.take 有关的短语 :

take off

take…to…

take sb. for a walk

take one’s time

take a bus (ship/train…)

take turns

take care of

It takes sb. time/money to do sth.

take a look

take a holiday

take a rest

take a seat

take photos

1b1.refer to sb/sth 谈及 / 说起 / 描述某人或某事 ,

比 mention 更为正式的用语她的母亲再也没有提起过他。

Her mother never referred to him again.

这一段说的是去年发生的事。

This paragraph refers to the events of last year.

你是说我吗？

Are you referring to me?

2. 区别 rise 与 raiserise rose risen vi, 升起、上升、起立，

The sun rises in the east.The sea level has risen in recent years.raise raised raised vt. 举起、提起，抬高，

raise one’s glass to sb.raise one’s head/hands

2.Written work.

O3:

CO2:

A special kind of oxygen called ozone

Ozone is very important to the earth.The

ozone layer can prevent the sun’s hurmful radiation

reaching the earth. But now air pollution is

destroying the ozone layer. This is very dangreous

because this kind of radiation can cause cancer. Carbon dioxide. It mainly comes from hurning oil ,coal and wood.

Carbon dioxide around the earth makes the

temperature rise.

More and more carbon dioxide forms a

“blanket” around the earth .The heat from the sun

can’t escape so the temperature is rising. It causes

the level of the oceans to rise and the climate of the

earth to change.

The greenhouse effect:

Section D

Look at the picture. It shows us a big problem.

Do you know what problem it is?

It’s rubbish pollution.

Listen and answer the following questions:

1.How many tons of waste do people produce in

Britain every year?

2. How do people deal with it?

People in Britain produce about 430 million tons of waste every year.

People put about 85 percent of the waste into the land.

( )1.In Britain, people produce about 5 million tons

of waste every year.

( )2.People in Britain put 85 percent of the waste into

the land every year.

( )3.Lots of garbage only takes up some space.

( )4.In Hong Kong, about eleven twentieths of the

garbage can’t be recycle.

( )5.Garbage has become a serious problem in cities

around the world.

F

T

F

F

T

People in Britain produce about 430 million tons of waste every year, and put about 85_______ of the waste into the land. This harms the environment and take up a lot of _____. It’s difficult to find ____ land to put the garbage in . At the same time, dealing with the waste _____ too much money.

Every year, people in Hong Kong produce about 5 million tons of waste. Of all the garbage, about 35 percent can be recycled while the ___can’t.

The garbage produced every day has become a _______problem around the world. How shall we deal with it?

1a

percent

space new

costs

rest

serious

1.in 和 into两词的区别： in 表示的是静态，指物体位置的静止状态，反义词为 out, 可作介词也可作副词。 into 表示的是动态 , 指动作的方向 , 意为“进入…里” , 反义词为 out.The book is in my bag.He threw the ball into the water. 注 : 在 put/throw 等词后 ,两者都可用。2.deal with 对付，应付，处理， 只能与疑问词 how 连用 do with 处理， 对付，只能与疑问词 what 连用 How can you deal with this problem? What did you do with the bad boy?3.take up 占去，占用（时间或空间） These things will have to take up much room.Doing his homework took up most of the weekend.

4.while 连词 , 表示转折 , 用以强调两种情况 ,活动之间的对比。文中表示 “然而”，她妹妹喜欢看书，而她喜欢唱歌。Her sister likes reading while she likes singing.他们出去了，而她留在家里。They went out, while she stayed at home. 5.have difficulty /trouble (in ) doing sth.“ 做某事有困难 / 麻烦，费力” , 其中 difficulty, trouble 为不可数名词 , 前面可用some,much,little, no, any 等来修饰。找到他的地方没有困难，因为我已经去过几次了。I had no trouble / difficulty (in) finding his place because I had been there several times.

People in Britain produce about ___________________ every year, and put about ______________________ intothe land. This harms the environment and__________ a lot of space. . It’s difficult to find new land to ___________________. At the same time, ____________ the waste costs too much money Every year, people in Hong Kong ________ about 5 million tons of waste. Of all the garbage, about 35 percent can be ________ while _________ can’t. The garbage produced every day ____________ a serious problem around the world. ________________________?

430 million tons of waste85 percent of the waste

put the garbage in

dealing with

takes up

produce

recycled the resthas become

How shall we deal with it

1b

1.This is harmful to the evironment and needs too much room.

2.People have difficulty finding new land to put the

rubbish in.

3.It costs too much to deal with the waste.

4.People can recycle about seven twentieths of the rubbush.

This harms the environment and takes up a lot of space.

It’s difficult to find new land to put the garbage in.

Dearing with the waste costs too much money.

Of all the garbage, about 35 percent can be recycled.

一、 (1) 肯定性不定代词 : both, all, many, much, one, other, each another, the other, a few, a little, either, some (someone, somebody, something), any (anyone, anybody, anything) every (everyone, everybody, everything)

(2) 否定性不定代词 : no, none, nobody, nothing, few, little1.no 和 none 表示 “无” , “ 没有” no = not a/not any none 后跟 of 短语 , 表示 “没有任何东西或人” I have no friends here. =I don’t have any friends here. None of the shirts is clean. I know none of them.

不定代词归纳 :

2.nobody,no one, nothing 只能单独使用 , 不与 of 连用． Nobody can speak French. =None of them can speak French.3.nothing回答 what 问句； nobody, no one回答Who 问句 ; none回答 How many/How much 问句What’s in the room?

---Nothing.

Who is in the room?

---Nobody./No one.

How many people are there in the room?

---None.

二、表示“三三两两”的不定代词

词义 指两人或两物 指三者或三者以上的人或物

每一个 each every/each

任何一个 either any

另一个 (the) other another

都 both all

都不 neither none/no

三、复合不定代词

肯定句 否定或

疑问句通用 肯定句 否定或

疑问句通用

指人 指物

someonesomebodyeveryoneeverybody

anyoneanybody

everyoneeverybodynobodyno one

something

anything everythingnothingno one

do something useful to do leave rubbish here and there spit everywhere walk on grass pick flowers care for wild animals protect/destroy the environment even worse make rules keep the rulesfollow the rules

采取有效的措施…乱扔垃圾到处随地吐痰践踏草坪采摘花朵保护野生动物保护 / 破坏环境更糟糕的是…制定规章执行规章 遵守规章

Key phrases:

乱扔废纸和瓶子 制造太多噪音一开始越来越好一天天 处于…危险中开始认识到…砍倒 / 切断把…转换成…影响天气把…吹走把…冲走对人类有害

throw waste paper and bottles make too much noise in the beginning better and better day by day be in danger of +n/doing come to realize cut down/off change …into… affect the weather blow sth. away wash sth. away be harmful to human beings

努力做某事形成沙尘暴在地球上对…有益 /害遍及世界带走，拿走致癌臭氧层二氧化碳交通 / 大气 /工厂污染燃烧的油温室效应海平面… 的重要性收集和再利用废水

work hard to dosandstorms come into being on the earth be good/bad for all over the world take away cause cancer the ozone layer carbon dioxide traffic/air/factory pollution burning oil the greenhouse effect the level of the oceansthe importance of…collect and reuse waste water

导致某人做某事把…放到…处理占据，占用刚才；现在结果 ; 由于提到；涉及；关于关上水龙头在这段期间尽某人最大的努力做某事

阻止某人做某事 世界上最大的煤炭生产国和消费国

cause sb. to do sth. put …in/into…

deal with take upjust nowas a resultrefer toturn the tap offduring this perioddo one’s best to dostop/prevent/keep sb./sth.from doing sth

the world’s largest producer and user of coal

( ) 1. We shouldn’t the tress because trees can clean air

and save a lot of water. A. cut off B. cut out C. cut up D. cut

down( ) 2. -- Hi, Bob! I can’t find my history book. Have you seen it ? — Sorry, I haven’t. Why don’t you ask Jim? Perhaps he has seen it. A. somewhere B. every where C. nowhere D. anywhere( ) 3. Trees can prevent the wind the earth away. A. from blowing B. to blow C. blow D. blows( ) 4. — Oh, dear! Who made the wall so dirty? — Jack Martin. They were drawing on it just now. A. Neither; nor B. Not; but C. Either; or D. Both;

or

D

D

A

C

( ) 5. This kind of animals has nearly because their homelands are gone.

A. died out B. died of C. died D. been dead( ) 6. The driver was badly hurt of the traffic accident.

A. at a result B. in the result C. with the result D. as a result( ) 7. You made many mistakes in your English exams. What will you them?

A. help with B. do with C. take with D. bring with( )8.You’d better not read today’s newspaper because there is in it.

A. something interesting B. nothing specialC. important thing D. anything new

( ) 9. trees are planted in our city every year.A. The millions of B. Million of C. Millions of

D. Million

A

D

B

B

C

( ) 10. Remember this, boys and girls. careful you are, mistakes you will make.

A. The more; the more B. The fewer; the moreC. The more; the fewer D. The less; the fewer

C

1.My friend (change) in many ways during the past four years.2. It’s our duty (protect) the environment.3. Mr. Black is one of (produce) about MP4.4. None of them (pass) the exam. How sad they are!5.The (important) of this problem has not been known.

has changed

to protect

producers has passed

importance