21
Bulletin of the Geological survey ofJapan,vol.31(10),P。467-487,1980 551.243.1 M毘9蹴量t闘,d、e団IFre嘔盟e醜cy R㊧且鼠重量o臨最躍D量§聾》且窺¢⑱腱⑱聡重 of M量蹴or F題u亙慮s盆蹴d,亙ts S量9露戯竈¢訊聡ce量臨C欝魍§ta・且且》e翫》蟹麗a,誠⑪蝕 Toshihiro KAKIMI* KAKIM1,T。(1980) Magnitude-frequency relation for displacement signi且cance in crustal defbrmation。伽JJ.060」,3鉱7∂。」ψαn,voL31(10),p ALstract3Magnitude-fヒequency relation fbr the displaceme several cases in which the£aulting condit圭ons,such as stress state,sens materials etc。,aredif琵rentfromeach other。Ineverycasethen between Tand T十4Tis expressed approximately as IV(T)4T=KT一 ん一卿log T,where K,んand窺are the numerical constants.Values窺£&11int L3to2.4£or n廿nor£aults developed in the Neogene strata of the South Ka ThecoefacientsKandκarethefUnctionofare舩nddensityof to the intensity of regional defbrmation。ThC exponent m indicates the magnitude of£ault displacement related actually to the tecton region,such as the homogeneity of mechanical struc加re,stability regional defbrmation,etc_The variation in規一values obtained is li di価rences in tectonic conditions in the observed region. Sincethethrowineach魚ultisaresultofrepeatedslipsりハ乙 correspondingto thedegreeofprogressivedeformation。In theear largein valuefbr both sets ofa co両ugate魚ultsystem.In themore mat thetwosetswill becomepredominantso thatits窺一valuewillde will rema五n at the earlier stage。Thus,the magnitude一丘equency relat expressedbythe aboveequationsis usefulfbrestimatingtheregi tectonic conditions. 且.夏醜蜜odl題c慮且o聡 Minor伽1ts whose displacement is meso. scopic in scale,on the order ofmillimeters to a 飽w meters,have long been investigated in detail mainly in order to ascertain the5渉7655 /2614and渉66♂01zづ060フz4髭乞01z5・such as strength of materials,ductility,depth丘om the ground surface,etc.,und.er which these faults were generate(i.On the other hand,quantitative studies on5加勉4ゑ伽6㍑孟∫oηusing minor鉛ults have been scracely fbund.in spite of their im- portance as we11.Minor魚ults tend to be thought that they are ofminor contributionfbr regional de最}rmationofrocks as comparedwith “major魚ults”which have been considered to *Environmental Geology Department bear the‘‘major”portion of def ifthey are驚w in number。Howeve minor飴ults are much abundan than the major餓ults,accumulat displacement by the minor faults be negligible as compared wit m勾or魚ults. In this viewpoint,the present w collaborator (KAKIMI and Ko treated statistically the d.istribu ofdisplacement in minor faults h slip sense observed in a certain proposed,asa丘rst.apProximat fbrmulae fbr representing the 飯ults as afじnctionoftheir displ /V(T)4T=κT『吻4T, (1) or log.〈7(T)・=ん一勉10g T (2) 一467一

Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

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Page 1: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

Bulletin of the Geological survey ofJapan,vol.31(10),P。467-487,1980 551.243.1

     M毘9蹴量t闘,d、e団IFre嘔盟e醜cy R㊧且鼠重量o臨最躍D量§聾》且窺¢⑱腱⑱聡重

of M量蹴or F題u亙慮s盆蹴d,亙ts S量9露戯竈¢訊聡ce量臨C欝魍§ta・且且》e翫》蟹麗a,誠⑪蝕

Toshihiro KAKIMI*

KAKIM1,T。(1980) Magnitude-frequency relation for displacement of minor£aults and its

   signi且cance in crustal defbrmation。伽JJ.060」,3鉱7∂。」ψαn,voL31(10),p。467-487。

ALstract3Magnitude-fヒequency relation fbr the displacementof㎡nor魚ultsiscxam三nedin

several cases in which the£aulting condit圭ons,such as stress state,sense offault-slip,ductility of

materials etc。,aredif琵rentfromeach other。Ineverycasethenumber2Vofthe£aultswiththrow

between Tand T十4Tis expressed approximately as IV(T)4T=KT一配4T,or,10gπ(T)=

ん一卿log T,where K,んand窺are the numerical constants.Values窺£&11into a wide r我nge of

L3to2.4£or n廿nor£aults developed in the Neogene strata of the South Kanto district。

    ThecoefacientsKandκarethefUnctionofare舩nddensityof£aultdisplacementre1&ted

to the intensity of regional defbrmation。ThC exponent m indicates the spectral structure on

the magnitude of£ault displacement related actually to the tectonic conditions in the飴ulted

region,such as the homogeneity of mechanical struc加re,stability ofstress五eld,sharpness of

regional defbrmation,etc_The variation in規一values obtained is likely to re丘ect well the

di価rences in tectonic conditions in the observed region.

    Sincethethrowineach魚ultisaresultofrepeatedslipsりハ乙Trelationmayvarywithtime

correspondingto thedegreeofprogressivedeformation。In theearlierstage of毎ult三ng,窺willbe

largein valuefbr both sets ofa co両ugate魚ultsystem.In themore matured stage,either one of

thetwosetswill becomepredominantso thatits窺一valuewilldecrease,whereas飛oftheotherset

will rema五n at the earlier stage。Thus,the magnitude一丘equency relation fbr£ault displacement

expressedbythe aboveequationsis usefulfbrestimatingtheregional and temporalvariations in

tectonic conditions. ,

且.夏醜蜜odl題c慮且o聡

  Minor伽1ts whose displacement is meso.

scopic in scale,on the order ofmillimeters to a

飽w meters,have long been investigated in

detail mainly in order to ascertain the5渉7655

/2614and渉66♂01zづ060フz4髭乞01z5・such as strength of

materials,ductility,depth丘om the ground

surface,etc.,und.er which these faults were

generate(i.On the other hand,quantitative

studies on5加勉4ゑ伽6㍑孟∫oηusing minor鉛ults

have been scracely fbund.in spite of their im-

portance as we11.Minor魚ults tend to be

thought that they are ofminor contributionfbr

regional de最}rmationofrocks as comparedwith

“major魚ults”which have been considered to

 *Environmental Geology Department

bear the‘‘major”portion of defbrmation,even

ifthey are驚w in number。However,since the

minor飴ults are much abundant in number

than the major餓ults,accumulated amoun.t of

displacement by the minor faults should never

be negligible as compared with that by the

m勾or魚ults.

 In this viewpoint,the present writer and.his

collaborator (KAKIMI and KoDAMA, 1974)treated statistically the d.istribution(spectrum)

ofdisplacement in minor faults having nomia1-

slip sense observed in a certain εしrea, and

proposed,asa丘rst.apProximation,fbllowing

fbrmulae fbr representing the fyequency of

飯ults as afじnctionoftheir displacementl

 /V(T)4T=κT『吻4T,       (1)

or

 log.〈7(T)・=ん一勉10g T      (2)

一467一

Page 2: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

Bμ伽πφhθσθol・9σ6αJS%吻ゲ」α卿,%1。31,飾。10

 In these equations the number offaults with

displacement(downthrow,in this case)be-

tween T and,T十4T is d,enoted by2V(T)4T,

whileκ,ん(=10gκ)and解are constants.They

pointed out that Eq。(1)takes the same fbrm

with the well-known Ishimoto-Iid&,s(1939)

fbrmula expressing the fヒequency distribution

of earthquakes in respect to maximum trace

amplitudeαrecord.ed.at a certain station,by

 η(α)吻=肱叩4α,      (3)

where n(α)吻is the number of earth像uakes

having a maximum trace amplitudeσtoα十

伽,andんand観are both constan.ts.Ishimoto-

Iida’s fbrmula is closely related to Gutenberg-

Richter’s fbrmu1乱,the mostwidely used onefbr

representing the m&gnitude-ffequency relation

of earthquakes expressed at first by GuTENBERG

and RJGHTER(1944)as lo9η(ハ4) = α一 6ハ4.            (4)

In this equ&tion the number of earthquakes

with magnitude between M and M十4M is

denote(i by n(ハ4)4ハ4andαand6are both con-

stants.Under some reasonable assumptions

(AsADA6渉α1。,1951),Eq.(3)is equivalent to

Eq.(4)in which the coe伍cientみis connected

with the exponentηz by the equation

 解=6+L        (5) The physical meanings of these fbrmulae

and・qf.迄he exponent勉and coe伍cient6were

discussed by MoGI(1962)based upon the re.

sults of laboratory experiments on the f士actur-

ing of various materials.In his papers it was

deduced that the magnitude(amplitud.e).fヒe-

quency relation ofelastic shocks accompanying

brittle fヒactures ofheterogeneous materials de-

pends both on the structural states ofmaterials

andthestressstatesinthemedium,andthattheexponent呪increases with the degree ofhetero.

geneity and that of the spatial variation in the

stress distribution.

 NAGuMo(1969)discussed the physical mean-

ingsofIshimoto-lid&,sfbrmula(Eq。3)fyomthe

viewpoint of theoretical relation between de-

fbrmation and f士acture.He pointed out,und.er

some reasonable assumptions,that the power

fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一

mula is due to the same representation fbr the

spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

and the exponentηz indicates the sharpness of

the spectrum ofthe defbrmation.

 In the previous paper(KAKIMI and KoDAMA,

1974)a field.example on magnitud.e-fピequency

relation of丘acturing was first exhibited,.How-

ever,the relation was examined only on a

speci丘ed且eld and,therefbre,discussions on the

significance ofEq。(1)stayed in the prelin豆nary

state。In the present paper the magnitude一

位equency relation of魚ulting is examined on

various types of minor魚ults including those.

treated.in the previous papeL Then,it is shown.

in this paper that Eq.(1)is a common fbrmula

expressing the strain distribution in a faulte(i

area.The significance ofthe exponent窩against

the fヒacturing and.defbrmation of an area are

also dealt with.

2。 Ge⑰且09置c 箆臨認 Tee重:⑭聡量e 聖置a麗e恥ア⑰窟監s

題既dl Ge臨e職亘A叩ec電⑰刑MI舳儲E箆翻電s Use戯

盆躍A臨題且ys量s

 Minor飴ults which the writer treated in the

presentpaperarethosedevelopedinMi皿aandBoso Peninsulas,South Kanto(iistrict.General

geology and geologic structures of the fie1(i are

shownschematicallyinFig,L

 TheUpperMioceneMiuraGroup,probablyincluding the:Lower Pliocene strata,is mainly

composed ofsiltstone,sandstone and the alter-

nationofthemwhich are intercalated.withthin

layers oftuff.The uppermost partofthe Group

is composed ofmedium-tQ very coarse-grained

sandstone of volcaniclastic materials such as

pumice,scoria,1ithic fヒagment,etc・

 The Kazusa Group,:Late Pliocene to Early

Pleistocene in age,overlies the Miura Group

with slightly oblique unconfbmity which are

wellknownastheKurotakiUnconfbrmity.TheGroup is composed.ofvolcaniclasticrocks in the

basal part and of siltstone,sandy mudstone,

we11-sorted.sand.stone and,the altemation of

them in the main part.Thin tuff layers are

also intercalated,in the Group.

 InbothGroupssiltstone andsandymudstone

一468一

Page 3: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

瀬α9.一E769。Rθ」漉oηノb7F側1≠DJψ砒6η2癬(T。K盈伽∫)

TOKYoo覧/

∂o

YOKOHAMA

70κγ0θ!qγ

CHIB O  一

O

欝璽

10 20

㍍.臨

 両 鉱唱_既τ

再拶

30km

TA

:・1溝1・

憲.臥      KATSUURA

/卿籍丁。KYや

目1

曜2

懸3

目4

皿5

匿ヨ6

麗7

皿8

ぎす り ミ

1…翻棚柵 蔓7q

00ε4〃

B

C

D   へ

ぬ・

Fig。1 Geological and tectonic sketch map of the South Kanto District(a丘er MITsuNAsHI,

1968)・

1.Shimosueyoshi and Narita Fomations,2.Sagami Group,3。Upper Kazusa Group,

4.MiddleKazusaGroup,5.LowerKazusaGroup,6.MiuraGroup,7.HotaGroup,7a。Hota Group in subsea areasラ8。Mineoka Group。

InsertisanindexmapinwhichA,B,CandDdenoteareastreatedinthepresentpaperas CASE-A,一B,一C and-D respectively。A/denote the site near O両uku where the fault

denSityWaSeXamined。

are moderately consolid,ated.while we11-sorted

sandstone is scarcely consolidated・

 The structural trend.of the upper Neogene

and.10wer Pleistocene in the area is genera且y

E-W as shown in Fig。1.In this area,minor

亀ults are developed.as well as the faults of

larger displacement.They are classi且ed into

severa1(six or more)fault systems on the basis

ofp&rallelism of血ult-p1&ne direction,mode of

occurrence,successive relationship,etc.Using

these魚ult systems the writer(KAKIMI,1974)

had clari丘ed the temporal change in tectonic

stress field since the latest Neogene to(迦ater-

nary in the area。Of these飴ults,those belong-

ing among two systems,one of which is the

Younger Normal-Fault System and the otheris

the Older:Reverse-Fault System,both named

by K.AKIMI6♂α」.(1966),are most widely and.

commonly fbund over both Peninsulas.

 Faults ofthe Younger Normal-Fault System,

一469一

Page 4: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

.B撹JJ翻げ孟h806・」・9歪6αISμ7吻げ」吻π,%1.31,恥.10

which the writer call hereafセer the Younger

Normal Faults,have strikes of approximate

N-S and dip steeply toward E or W.It is

considered fピom the corGugate relation ofthese

鉛ults that theywere fbrmed.under a stress field

where the axis ofmaximum tension lies nearly

horizontalbutdipsgentlytow&rdEorWinlocally、Smallshearangle,30。to50。ingeneral,

and open slip-Plane of these faults suggest that

they had occurred under a brittle condition,

probably at shallow subsurface depth.

  Faults of the Old.er:Reverse-Fault Systemン

called here the Older Reverse Faults have                                 ,

generalstrikesofE-WorWNW-ESEandslip-planes showing reverse separation.The fault

sur魚ces are closed.and.1ithified to the same

degree as the surrounding rocks。When these

魚ults are fbund in corjugate relation,shear

angles are very large,sometimes exceeding90

degrees.Fault drags are observe(i occasionally.

All these characteristics suggest that the Older

:ReverseFaultshad.occurredundermored.uctile

conditions than those under which the Younger

Normal Faults were generated.

  The Older:Reverse:Fa,ults which are infヒrred,

to be generated during the Late Pliocene and

Early Pleistocene are alw&ys cut off by the

Younger Normal Faults generated probably

during the Middle Pleistocene,

  Faultexampleswhichare treatedfbr analysis

in this paper belong either of two systems

mentioned above&s fbllows:

  CASE-A: Younger Normal Faults in the

             eastern part of Boso Peninsula.

  CASE-B: Younger Normal Faults in the

             northem part of Miura Penin-

             sula.

  CASE-C: Younger Normal Faults at the

             southem tip ofMiura Peninsu-

             1a.

  CASE-D: 01d.er Reverse Faults in the

             northem part of Miura Penin-

             sula.

  Ineverycasetreated here,thefaultdatawere

collected in fbrmer times by various investiga-

tors including the presentwriter mainly fbr the

purpose ofobtaining the infbrmation on stress

cond.itions but not strain cond.itions.Therefbre,

as to the amounts of displacement,the co1-

1ected.data are not always strictly sta,tistic(uni-

fbrmly random).Especially on the range of

魚ult.displacementless than ten centimeters the

sampling number may be insu缶cient statisti-

cally as compared with the number of魚ults

with larger displacement.A more correct(sta-

tistic)sampling was once carried out at a small

area,as will be shown in the{bllowing section.

3。 Fre噸聰e皿cy Dist即量b覗樋⑰聡s of Fa聡互慮s量臨

Respe硫重oThOW舳曲eSever顧Cases

1) (泌SE一∠1: yo%η967 ハ酉07呪α1

6α5667ηρα76げBo50P6痂η躍彪

Eαz61な  zlz 渉ho

  The Younger Normal Faults which are pre-

dominantly developed in this area were investi-

gated in de偽il by KINu(}AsA6渉α1.(1969)at the

coastal district and by the Minor Fault Re-

search Group(MFRG,1973)at the district

around.Otaki Town.From the co増ugate rela-

tion offaulting,it is known that these faults are

almost purely of norma1-slip type having

scarcely the strike-slip component.

  In addition to the minor飯ults,the“m勾or

魚ults,’ofnorma1.slip sense whose range ofdis-

placement is fヒom several meters to a hundred

meters are well d.eveloped in the present area.

They are represented.well in precise geological

maps prepared by:KoIKE(1955),MITsuNAsHI

6麺乙(1961)and.IsHIwADA6緬1.(1971)and are

schematic&11y shown in Fig=2.From the para1-

1elism of the魚ult-plane direction and the

similarity of魚ult occurrences,the m司or and

minor飴ults are consid.ered to be fbrmed to-

gether under the same stress field.。Of these

major魚ults arrangedincorjugaterelationship,

the faults which dip toward east tend,to develop

more fピequently than those dipping toward.

west,and therefbre this area is subsi(led grad-

ually eastwards as shown in Fig。3.

  Using the data on downthrow1)ofthe minor

1》Vertical component ofnormalseparationis conventionally

 ca11ed downthrow in this paper.

一470一

Page 5: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

砿α9・一F御,R6」観oηノb7Eα嘘D卿」α66耀η♂(T。κ励勉ぎ)

N

」「

B

「1』

\OTAK工

AMATSU

1b 3Pl

      セ

  メ      3・

           露一

 ~

DA工TO

鰍ノこ2010 5

OHARA

幽〆/,

ノw

                           ’0        5        10km

                            -Fig.2Distribution ofthe“major,,魚ults in theeastempartofBoso Peninsula(a丘er MFRG,

    1973)。Numeralsrepresent theamount ofdownthrowin meters。W:westside.down.

    thrown£ault,E:eastside-downthrown fault.

魚ults obtained by琿FRG(1973)shown inTable1,graphs on the distribution ofthe num.

berハ70ff乞ultswithmagnitud,eofthrowbetween

Tand、T十∠T(」TislOcminthiscase)aremad,e up as shown in Fig。4,which is prep&red.

fbr each ofthe e&stsid,e-down and,the westside-

down thrown groups of the co可ugate fault

system&nd theirsum・As a丘rst apProximation,

relation between log IV(T)and log T seems

to be expressed as a linear fUn£tion,and there-

fbre N seems to be expressed by a power-type

distribution such as

 ハ7(T)4T=κT『配4T,’      (1)

or

 logハ7(T)=ん一規10g T,     (2)

whereκ,ん(=Iog K)and窩are constants.

Using the least squares method.んand勉are

calculatedwithin the rangeof10cm≦T<300

一471一

Page 6: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

B%漉あηげJh8(ヌ60Jo9歪6αJ S%πノ¢yヴ」吻りαπ,17b乙31,葡。10

A

YORO R.  ↓     工SUM工 R.

’一一一一一一一!…・

      監

YORO R。  ↓

    Coastal Lineh一r 

!,    一r〆いA

B

     工SUM工 R。

        ↓

ざ一一曝B脚

YORO R。  ↓

C-9     一一一一一一一一一一一一一.

ISUM工 R.

B3  500

300

200

               1000   1   2   3   4   5hM   50

                0

C’

Fig,3 Schematic profiles showing eastward subsidence due to the

MFRG,1973)。Profile lines are shown in Fig.2.

“m司or£aults,,(a丘er

cm,and the regression lines are drawn批s in

Fig。4.

  It is noticeable that the d.if琵rences among

three7η一values are fairly signi且cant,whereas

ん一values are not significantly dif琵rent between

the eastside-d.own(E-down,fbr simplicity)and.

thewestside-down(W-down)魚ultgroups。Fig.

5,which is made up ffom the data on Table1,

is批graphical representation ofthe cumulative

                     T

amount ofdisplacementΣN(T)・Tper10cm                    T=O

interval of throw T fbr the E-downandW-

downgroups and.thesumo£andthe d.i価rence

between them respectively.From this且gureand aboveん一andηz-values,it is deduced that in

the minor faults the E.down group tends to

occur more丘equently than the W-down one

and that the larger is the fault slip,the more

marked the tendency。When we compare Fig。

5with Fig.3this tend.ency is Hkely to exist in

the major faults as wel1.

  On the process ofcalculatin.9ん一an(iηz-values

and drawing the best-fit lines,丘equency d&ta of

throw smaller than10cm(plotted as triangle

marks in Fig.4)are omittedbecause ofstatistic

insu缶ciency of sampling as mentioned above.

A more strict sampling was carried out by the

writer along a road near Or感uku(A’in Fig.1),

slightly outside ofthe area studied by MFRG

(1973)。Thero乱dis&bout1,000mlongand

515mofitiscomposedofroad-cutwallswherethe minor魚ults are entirely observable.The

trend ofroadis nearlyNW-SE andis roughly

perpendicular to the strike of the Younger

Normal Faults.At these w乱11s,魚ults ofwhich

the downthrow(vertical separation)is larger

th&n one centimeter are wholly collected so

that the density of魚ult development can be

calculated.:From the data shown in Table2

κ_andηz-values are calculated fbr the sum of

the E-down and W-down伽1ts as shown in

Fig・6.In this calculation,fピequency data on

一472一

Page 7: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

M1α9.一F脚.ノ~6」漉oηノわ7勘嘘D砂」α66η36瑠(T.κ励加乞)

魚ults whose throw is larger than l cm arc all

included.It seems clear that,when we collect

samples statistically,theηz_value is applicable

enough fbr the faults with throw larger than

one centimeter。It is likely that the deviationof

丘equencyノ〉against the throw range ofsmaller.

Table1 Frequency distribution of血nor 魚ults in

CASE-A with respect to downthrow.Data in

parentheses are not in¢luded for calculation

ofん一and7η剛values.

Table2 Frequency distribution ofdownthrowfbr the

minor£aults ofYomger Normal Fault Sys-

tem observed at a road-cut wall,near O垣u-

ku.

Throw(cm)

   T<

10<T<

20<T<

30<T<

40<T<

50<T<

60<T<

70<T<

80<T<

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

90<T<100

100<T<150

150<T<200

200<T<250

250<T<300

300<T<350

Total

350<T

Ground TotaI

Eastside-

downGroup

(131)

 70

 34

 23

 17

 11

 14

 10

  7

  2

25

 6

14

 3

 7

374

(4)

378

Westside.

downGroup

(124)

 59

 30

 26

  8

 10

  2

  6

  2

  1

11

 3

 6

 2

 0

290

(1)

291

Tot&1 Throw(cm)

(255)

129

 64

 49

 25

 21

 16

 16

  9

  3

36

 9

20

 5

 7

1<Tく

10<T<

20<T<

30<T<

40<T<

50<T<

60<T<

70<T<

80≦T<

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

90<T<100

100<T<150

150<T<200

200<T<250

250<T<300

300<T<350

664 Tota1

(5) 350<T

669 Ground Tota1

E-side-

downGroup

54

11

10

 0

 1

 1

 1

 0

 0

 2

11110

84

(2)

86

W-side-

downGroup

43

12

10

 2

 2

 1

 1

 0

 0

 0

20211

77

(0)

77

Tota1

97

23

20

 2

 3

 2

 2

 0

 0

 2

31321

161

(2)

163

1000

 N

100

10

1

E-SI DE DOWN

  k=ミ.52  m=1,39

1000

 N

100

10

10

T(cm)

1001000 1

W-SIDE DOWN  k=3。86  m=1.73

1000

 N

100

10

10

T(cm)

1000    11000

TOTA L

k=・3.98

m=1.54

10

T(cm)

100 1000

Fig.4 Relations between the throw Tand its mmber IV(T)fbr the minor£aults in CASE-A。

Solid triangle mark reprcsents the number of魚ults having throw smaller than10cm,

which is excluded for calculatingん一an山π一values.

一473一

Page 8: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

β吻枷φhθ0θ・」・9彦6αJS%吻げ」卿π,砺1・31,葡・10

ΣD(m)

2QO

150

100

50

0

E 十w

E-DOWN

E   W

____一________.__話    W-DOWN

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7T(m)

Fig.5 Cumula丘ve curves of displacement against throw fbr the minor魚ults in CASE-A・

than lO cmf}omtheregressionlines in Fig。4is

not due to a real change in characteristics of

these sma】1er faults but merely due to insu傘

旦ciencyofsampling。Asfbrthe魚ultswiththrow

smaller than one centimeter,however,the

fピequency IV does not increase but tends to

decrease as fゑr as the writer observed at this

site.

2)0鳳SE一β:y・%π967枷窺αIE励3z瞬h6π・7∫h67砂副ヴM伽αP6η伽1α

  In this area includ.ing Zushi and Yokosuka

Cities and Hayam乱Town,the stress且eld and.

other tectonic conditions related to faults of

this system had been investigated by KAKIMI

6緬1。(1966)。The shear angles obtained f士om

the co煽ugate魚ults are very small,32。on an

average value。This and other modes ofoccur-

renceimply that theYounger Normal Faults in

this area were generated.under more brittle

state than those in CASE-A.Among three axes

of principal stresses obtained,the(iirection of

the maximum tension axis is comparatively

stable andindicatesaromdWNW-ESE direc-tion.which is para11el to the general structural

trend of Miura Per面sula。:Besidesl it gently

plunges toward east and west in harmonywith

undula.tion of the longitudinal structural trend

(:KAKIMI6渉α」。,1966).Directions of other two

principal axes are,however,rather unsta.ble

and tend to rotate about the axis ofmaximum

tension.From these stress distributions the

474一

Page 9: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

Mα9,一F籾。R6」画o箆!わ1E側髭Z)紳」α6θη撚♂(T。Kα肋η乞)

writer(:KAKIMI,1975)pointed out that the

Younger Normal Faults in this area had oc-

curred as a speci乱1type of the conical faults

under some unstable stress cond.itions.There一

最》re,the net-slip of these faults is purely of

normal-slip in some places,but in other places

it h&s large component of strike-slip。

 Table3shows the倉equency of faults at

everyintervalof10cminthrow.Fig.7andFig.

8are prepared.fヒom the dat&on Table3mder

Table3 Frequency distribution of n亘nor fゑults in

CASE-B with respect to downthrow.Data in

parentheses are not used fbr calculation of斥一

and規一values。

1000

N

100

10

1

0.1

Throw(cm)

TOTALk=2。84

m=1.41

㊥  ⑲

lOO        IDOO

㊥\嘲

   T<10

10<T<2020<T<3030<Tく4040<T<5050<T<6060<T<7070<T<8080<T<9090<T<100

lO

100<T<150

150<T<200

200<T<250

250<Tく300

300<T<350

350<T<400

Tota1

Fig.6 :Relation between the throw Tand its number

lV(T)fbr the Younger Normal Faults ob-

served at road-cut walls near Onjuku.

400<T

Ground Tota1

E-side-

downGroup

(218)

125

 41

 30

 25

 20

 13

  8

  4

  2

12

54010

508

(12)

520

W-side-

downGroupし

(237)

180

 68

 32

 41

 20

  8

  8

  2

  4

29

74

 1

22

645

(7)

652

TotaI

(455)

305

109

 62

 66

 些0

 21

 16

  6

  6

41

12

8 1

 3

2

1,153

(19)

1,172

1000

N

100

10

1

0.1

o o

W-SIDE DOWN

 k=4.79 m=2.07

o

o

1000

 N

100

10

10

T(cm〉

100 10001

0.1

E-SIDE DOWN

 k=5.03 m=2.28

o

o

1000

N

100

10

10

T(cm)

100 ●

9 ●

looo l

O.1

o

o

o

TOTALk=5.26

m=2.20

10T(cm)

100

1000

Fig.7 Relations between the throw Tand its numberハr(T)fbr the minor faults in CASE-B.

一475一

Page 10: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

.B磁伽げ吻(穿6・」・9∫・αJS%吻げ」卿π,鳳31,飾.10

300

ΣD

 (m)

200

100

0

w 十 E

W-DOWN

E-DOWN

W   E

1 2 3 4T(m)

Fig.8 Cumulative curves of displacement&gainst throw for thc minor伍ults in CASE-B.

the same processes as in CASE.A,and calcu-

1&ted,ん一and呪一values are shown in Fig。7.As

clearly shown in Table3and Fig.8,both fault

丘e傑uency and accumulated amounts ofthrow

fbrtheW-down魚ultsarelargerthanthosefbrthe E-d,own faults.The m-value ofthe E-d.own

飴ults in this case is significantly larger than that

oftheW.down飯ults,contrarytotheCASE-A.These may suggest the opposite mode of d.e-

fbrmationby飴ultingbetweenBoso andMiuraPeninsulas.

3)C翅SE-0:y・%π967加7観αIFα幽α≠渉h6

5傭h6捌ψげハ4伽αPθnぎn5π1σ

  At the uplifted abrasion platfbrm around

Jogashima Island located at the southern tip of

Miura Peninsula,minor魚ults belonging to

some offbur systems are developed abundantly

in the altemation strata ofmudstone and vo1.

caniclastic sandstone of the Miura Group。

Among them the Younger Norma1:F&ults are

the most predominant.

  Accord.ing to KoDAMA (1968,1974)the

Younger Normal Faults are of comparatively

1乱rge downthrow,the largest amount ofwhich

isupto3。5m飢aplatfbrmobserve(1,andofthick she乱r zone composed of many sheets of

smaller fault plane.They sometimes are

branched-ofif and separate(l to several fゑults of

smaller slip and are re圏connected to a single

飴ult of larger slip and thick she乱r zone.These

suggest that faulting had progressed repeate(lly

even in minor魚ults.In this district the W.                                ,

d.owngroup is more predomin乱nt innumber as

well as in amount of throw than the E-down

one。The shear angle is about40。in an avemge

value which is similar to tha,t in the CASE-A.

  :Relation between fピequency and magnitud.e

ofthrowoftheYoungerNormalFaultsisshown

in Fig.9which was prepared by K。oDAMA

(1974)fbr those developed.inJogashima Island

and Misaki district.ん一and窺一values are shown

in Fig。9。The窩一value fbr the W-down伽lts

seems to be signi丘can.tly smaller than that fbr

the E-down魚ults.This result is compatible

withthattheW-down魚ultsaremorepredom.inant than those of the oPPosite sense, as

mentioned abgve.Fig.10is another expression

ofthepredominancyoftheW-down魚ultsoverthe E-d.own魚ults,我nd the mode of defbrma.

一476一

Page 11: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

ハ血8㌧一ル89。ノ~6伽加ノわ7勲鳩D卿勧8η26η’(Tκ4初痂)

1000

100

10

1

O.1

W-S工DE DOWN

  k=4.07

  m=1.83

o

1000

N

100

10

10

Fig。9

T(c血)lOOoe  lOOO

1

0.1

E-S工DE DOWN

  k=4.42

  m=2.15

1000

N

100

10

10

T(cm)

100

g  e

0

10001

O.1

TOTALk=4.50

m=1.95

㊦ ⑨

10T(cm)

100

Relations between the throw Tand its mmber万(τ)fbr the minor鉛ults in CASE-C

(redr&wn f士om KoDAMA,1975).

o

1000

トー

2]寓「Lユ」

りく一」の

o]>

←(匡コ区コリ

 凹130

120

llO

100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

  一一「 J「

        一    一一」一F_脚」一

  一_∫一一’

一r(A)DOWNTHROW WESτ

∫一』

r一一一一一一一1

   r__」

(B)DOWNTHROW’EAST

     「

   「

  r

F

(C)(A)一(B)

Fig。10

0 50 ユ00  ユ50  200 250      300      350CM

                ㌔   鵬GNITUDE OF DISPmCENENT

Cumulativecurvesofdisplacementagainstthrowfortheminor£aultsinCASE-C(after

KODAMA,1975)。

t至on in this area.

4)C協3E-D:Ol467Rθ∂6756E励5伽h6π・7渉hθ7π

μπげハ4伽αP6痂5吻

  The area in which the Older Reverse Faults

are丘equent and the areε』where the Younger

Normal Faults treated in CASE-B occur,just

overlap to each other.This area is situated

tectonically on the northem limb of the Ha.

yama UplifヒZone.The stress且eld翫nd other

tectonic con(1itions related to these faults were

studied by:KAKIMI蜘1.(1966).Most ofthese

魚ults have general strike ofE-W to NW-SE

and are divided into the northside-up and

southside-up groups fbrming a co可ugate亀ult

system,but partly,especially at the northem-

most part,they have variable strikes and make

upaconica1鉛ultsystemofR.一Wtype(:KAIqM耳,

1974).Thusフconsidering the existence ofconical

魚ultsinpart,theaxisofmaximumcompression

477一

Page 12: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

B%ZZoあηげ孟h6060Zogゑ6αJS%摺夢ゲ」1砂αηラ%」。31,ハ石o.10

1000

N

100

10

1

O.1

o

S-S工DE UP

k=4.94

m=2.29

0 0

1000 1000

1000

N

lOO

10

10

T(cm)

1

0.1

▲      ●

o

N-S工DE UP

k=4.98

m=2.31

o

1000

1000

N

100

10

lO     lOO

   T(cm)   ●

o

1

0.1

TOTALk=5.33

m=2.36

10T(cm)

loo o o 1000

Fig.11 Relations between the throw Tand its numberハ7(T)fbr the minor£aults in CASE-D.

Table4 Frequency distribution of血nor£aults in      CASE-D with respect to upthrow』Data in

      parenthesesaren・tincludedf・rcalcula-

      tion of’ん一andηz-values.

Throw(cm)

   T<10

10<T<2020<T<3030<T<4040<T<5050<T<6060<T<7070<T<8080<T<9090<T<100

100<T<150

150<T<200

200<T<250

250<T<300

300<T<350

350<T<4fOO

き}

ii

萎き

聾嚢

錘錯

嚢塁鍵

鐘き

Tota1

400<T

Ground Tota1

Southside-

upGroup

(85)

81

51

20

18

13

 6

 3

 3

 4

534000

296

(2)

298

Northsi(ie_

upGroup

(87)

83

59

27

22

17

 9

 3

 9

 2

13

10201

335

(4)

339

Tota1

(172)

164

110

 47

 40

 30

 15

  6

 12

  6

18

44201

631

(6)

637

indicating nearly N_S is relatively stable but

the other pr圭ncipal stress axes are rather

unstable.

 Table4and.Fig.11show the ffequency dis一

tribution of upthrow2)・in the Old.er R,everse

Faults。On the occasion of calculating勉一and

ん一values,丘equency of魚ults whose throw is

samller than10cm is not included because the

data which are plotted on Fig.11by solid.

triangle marks deviate distinctly f}om the best一

且tlines.However,sincein this case the number

offaultswhose throw is intherange10≦T<20

cm seems to be also less su伍cient,such large

deviation in smaller飴ults may not be merely

due to insu伍ciency of s批mpling as examiゴed

in CASE-A,but may be attributed to&n es-

sential characteristics of the faulting in this

system・

 As showninTable4,the northside-upthrown(N-up〉group is slightly larger in number than

the southsid,e-up(S-up)one。This tend.ency is

represented also in Fig.12which shows cumu.

               Tlative displacementΣ亙(T)・Tper lO cm in-              T=O

terval of throw T fbr the N-and S-up groups.

These are incompatible apparently with that

this area is situated on the northem limb ofthe

Hayama Uplift zone where it is expected that

the southside-up movement is predominant・

However,since the collected,d.ata are not

strictlystatisticフitisnot我fHrmedwhetherthese

d.if琵rences in number andcumulative d.isplace-

mentarereallysigniHcant・rn・t.lns・魚ras

21Vertical component ofreverse separationis conventionally

 called upthrow五n this case.

一478一

Page 13: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

ル勉9.一乃躍.ノ~6伽加ノわ7勘嘘Z万ψ伽θフη翻(T・κ4初雁)

200

ΣD

 (m)

150

100

50

N十S

N-UP

S-UP    r一一一一一1

「”

N-S

0 1 2 3 4ラ

5T(m)

6

Fig.12 Cumulative curves of displacement我gainst

   throwfor theminor魚ults in CASE-D.

勉.values shown in:Fig。11批re concemed.,there

are no sign.ificant dif琵rence between N-up and.

S-up groups of these faults.

展。夏》量s㈱舘量⑱鵬

1)孟π吻7・α6h渉・哲hθ9襯窺∫渉㈱6翻剛伽げ

6郷観4⑳剛加妙ル%」渉51ψ

 Equation (1) or (2) can be regarded as a

consequenceofrepresentingthespectrumofthe

crustal defbrmation borne by魚ulting.If the

empirical Eq.(1)holds good throughout a

throw-range in question,we could estimate the

distribution of crustal deR)rmation of the given

area more or less quantitatively,The total dis.

placement1)ofwhich the magnitude ofthrow

(displacement in each魚ult)is between Tan.d

T十4Tcan bewrittenfヒom Eq.(1)as

 1)(T)4T=2V(T)T4T=κT一遡+14T.(6〉

In this equation,ifηz is larger than l,total dis-

placementZ)becomes smallerwith theincrease

in throw T.When勉is equal to1,.Z)w皿be a

constant value regardless of the amount of T.

And,if7ηis smaller th批n1,D becomes larger

with the increase in T.Since雛values are

always la,rger than Hbr the cases treated,in this

paper,the mod.e of crustal de{brmation may

be such that the total amounts ofdisplacement

by larger faults are rather smaller than those by

smaller faults so蜘as we use the equal inter-

vals fbr throw scale.It is interesting that this

result is quite similar to the relation of total

seismic energyannuallyreleasedto eachenergy

level which was pointed out’by AsADA6渉α」.

(1951)as

 N(E),配E=c・nst.×E-o。5紹, (7)

where.〈7(E)E is the total energy annually re.

leasedinshallowe乱rthquakes havingthe energy

between E and.E十4E。Thus we can say丘om

E旦。(7)th飢the annual total energy becomes

smaller with the increase in E,if the earth.

quakes are classiHe(i at equal intervals ofenergy

scale.

 From Eq.(6)it is ded.uced that the ac-

                  T2cumulated amountofdisplacementΣD                 T=T1(T)4T ofwhich the range ofthrow is between

Tl and T2is expressed.as

  T2       T2  Σ1)(T)4T・= Σ」V(T)四Tl T=TI         T=Tl

or

/lD(T)4T-/lκT一一・4T

    =0×[T一躍+2]罫1,(T≒0), (8)

where Cis the numerical constant and equal to

K/(一窺+2).

 Fig。13represents the curves of cumulat三ve

       T2displacementΣ Z)against T2fbrvariable規.      T=Tlvalues when both C and.TI are equal to unity。

As shown in Fig。13,if呪is larger than1,the

curves are con』vex upward.s。Therefbre,the rate

of increase in cumulative displacementΣD

becomes smaller with the increase in T.Since

一479一

Page 14: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

B%IJ6伽φh6σ6・」・9∫641S%吻げ」‘吻η,%」.31,茄.10

T2ΣDT=r I

5

4

3

2

1

0

m=0.5m=1.0

m=1。5

m=2.0

m=2.5

m=3。0

m雪4.0

1    2    3    4 5 6    7    8    9    10

T2

Fig。13                         アセCurves ofcumulative displacementΣD against throw T2for                         でヨユ

when O and TI in Eq。8are put as unity。

variableηz-values

ηz is larger than l in a11cases treated in the pre-

vious chapter,the curves of cumulative dis.

placement actually measured are convex up-

wards as shown in Figs.5,8,10and12.Thus,if

Eq・(1)ho1(ls{br all the ranges丘om the smallest

to the largest throws,we could.estimate the

whole displacement in a certain area surveyed,

so far as窺一andん一values c呂n be obtained with

accuracy。In practice,however,it would,be

difncult to obtain h-valuq of Eq.(1),becauseκ

is a value concemed,with the d.ensity of fault

developmentwhich is乱pt to vary丘om place to

Place.

  In the eastern part of Boso Peninsula de-

scribed in CASE-A,the amount of disp1批ce-

ment ofthe m勾or魚ults,the throw ofwhich is

Iargerthan lOmeters,iswellknownbydetailed

geological surveys(MITsuNAsHI6齢1。,19611

1sHIwADA6厩1.,1971).The accumulated&一

mount of vertical displacementsΣZ)at A-A’

1ineinFig.2isabout650mfbrtheEdown魚ult group and about150m fbr the W-down

one respectively,and,the dif驚rence between

both groups,namely,the amount of eastward

subsidence,isabout500masshowninFig。3.Assuming that窺一values,窺E(=L39)&nd窩w

(=L73)fbr the E-down and W-down魚ult

groups obtained.fンom the minor魚ults,hold as

well fbr the m勾or faults of which the throw-

rangeisbetween10mandlOOm3),wecanestimate O-values丘om the fbllowing equations

as

   100m

   Σ Z)(T)4T=OE[100¶E+2-10吻E+2]

  T=10m               =650(m)

and,

   100m   Σ .D(T)4T・=Ow[100一脚w+2-10吻w+2]

  T=10m               =150(m),

where OE and Ow are O.values in Eq.(8)fbr E-

down and W-down魚ults respectively.Con-

sequently,the total amount of d。isplacement

bothbyminorandm司or魚ultscanbeobtainedusing these C-values。In the casc of A-A’1ine

in Fig.3,the di餓rential amount of regional

displacement obtained by subtracting the a-

mount ofcumulative displacement ofW-down

group fヒom that ofE-down group is about500

minthesenseofeastward.subsidence.ThetotalamountofhorizontalstretchduetonormaI

魚ulting among A-A/1ine,about20km in

length,willbeabout400mwhichis6btained丘om the operation offbllowing equation

3》As shown in Figs.2and3,the maximum amount of downthrow is approximately lOO meters in both E-down

 and W-down魚ult groups treated here.

_480一

Page 15: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

ハ4α9.一F猶89.R6」観oηノわ7Fα協D砂1α06ηz6鉱(T。καhゑηz彦)

R6

5

4

3

2

1

0

署,噛

,塁,噛

1.0 1。5 2。0 2.5

m

Fig.14 Curves ofratio R ofthe cumulative displacementfbr the smallerfaults to that fbr the

larger鉛ults againstηz-value。

・・tθ[嵩mD(T・)4T+黒m卿丁]・

                                   (9)

where7毛and Tw mean throws ofEdown and.

W-down鉛ult groups respectively,&ndθis the

mean angle of fault dip which is70。in this

case.

  If窺.value is assumed as the same value on

the whole throw range,we can calculate the

ratioofcumulativedisplacementfbrthesmaller

魚ults to that fbr the larger魚ultsffomthe Eq.

(8)。In the c&se mentioned above,the ratio R

ofthe cumulative displacement fbr the smaller

飴ults ofthe throw range of10cm≦T<10mto thαt fbr the larger faults having throws of

10m≦T<100misO.31fbrtheE-down血ults,and O.83fbr the W-down飯ults.These ratios

can be obtained solelyfピom窺一values regardless

of O.orん.values as shown in Fig.14.If窺is

l乱rger than1。8the ratio R becomes larger than

l,and when m is2.5,.R becomes much larger

than10.Thus,minor魚ults should never be

negligible fbr the p皿pose of estimating the

regional defbrmation quantitatively・

2) Sづ9η夢6αη669プηz一襯1%6砺απゴη4づ6碗079ププ勉6一

伽吻96・励伽3

  It is asserted by many investigators such as

MIYAMuRA(1962)that the regional variations

in6-values in Gutenberg-Richter’s fbrmula

(Eq。1)orルvalues圭n Ishimoto.Iida’s fbrmula

(Eq.2) are related to geotectonic structures,

although the skeptic opinions that these v乱ria-

tions are mainly attributed to the statistical

insu伍ciency,are supPorted by some investiga-

tors(e,g。ラsee UTsu,1971).For example,it has

been well known that the窺一value is excep-

tionally large in the volcanic earthquakes of

very shallow fbci.

  MoGI(1962)discussed the physical mean.

ings ofηz-or6-value on the basis of laboratory

experiment on brittle fヒacturing of various

materials。According to his experiments,the

magnitude.fヒequency relation of elastic shocks

accompanying the f士acturing satisfies the Ishi-

moto-lida,s fbrmula in many cases。Theη3-

values v乱ry in the wide range fヒom O.3to2.7

dependent mainly upon the mechanical struc.

tures of medium and.the applied.stress states。

The logπ一10gαrelation,in whichπis the

number andσis the maximum trace amplitud.e

of shock,is hnear fbr the heterogeneous solids

having irregular structures,and椛一valuc in一

αeases with the increase in degree of hetero-

geneity which is equivalent to the increase in

local concentration of apPlied stress,On the

other han(1,the lo9π一10gαcurve is often

concave downwards fbr solids having some

一481一

Page 16: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

B㍑IJ6漉φh6σ6・」・9乞6α13%吻ヴ」‘ψ翻,%1・31,葡・10

Table5 窺一values and tectonic conditions fbr the minor£aults developed in dif驚rent regions

Case

A

B

C

D

Region

E.Boso Pen.

N.Miura Pen.

S.Miura Pen.

N.Miura Pen.

Sense of£ault-slip

Norma1

Norma1*

Norma1

Reverse*

窺一values

For one of the

conjugate pairFortotal

(E-down)

  1。39

(W-down)

  1.731.54

(W-down)

  2.07

(E-down)

  2.28 2.20

(W-down)

  1.83

(E-down)

  2.151.95

(S-up)

 2.29

(N-up)

 2.31 2.36

Averageangle ofshear

40。

32。

40。

83。

Ductility

Brittle

Verry brittle

Brittle

Ductile

Stability in

stress state

Stable

Unstable

Stable

Unstable

*Including the strike-slip component.

regular structures。Particularly in a block struc-

ture,the c皿ve is composed oftwo straightlines

intersectingattheamplitud.ewhichisrelatedto

the unit dimension of the block structure

(MoGI,1962,1967)。

  In this section,the present writer would like

to examine the relation between the variations

inηz_values and the tectonic conditions under

which minor魚ults had generated.The窺一

values and other characteristics suggesting the

飴cturing conditions fbr each fault.system

treated,in the previous chapter are shown in

Table5.Although any d.efinite conclusion is

not deduced yet because of魅the statistical in-

su岱ciency,the fbllowing tendencies may be

recognized.

  Whenwecomparethe窺一valuesforthewhole魚ults,拠..多eems to be in(1ependent of ductility

of materials as shown in Table5in which a

wide range ofductility丘om verybrittle to very

ductile states is treated.On the other hand,ηz-

value seems to be related to the spatial varia-

tion in stress distribution,namely,解is sm我11

when applied stress is rather stable so that the

parallelism of魚ult plane is魚irly good as

shown in CASE.A and一(〕,and窺is large in the

other cases in which the stress state is unstable

so that the local variation in s右rike and dip of

魚ult is m乱rkedly large。This tendency is con-

fbrmable to one ofMoGI’s(1962)results.

  Another problem is that the log1〉一10g T

relation is not expressed by a straight line but is

expressed by a curve convex upward,s or two

straight lines.This tend,ency is likely to be

recognizedin such cases as theW-downgroup

of CASE-A,E-d.own group of CASE-B,and.

both N-up and S-up groups of CASE-D。In

every case,the amount ofthrow Tcorrespond-

ing to the intersecting point oftwo straight lin。es

is around.several tens ofcentimeters.Accord.ing

to MoGI(1962),this tendency maycorrespond

to such cases that the faults occurred in the

medium having some regular structures。Ifso,

what is the“ragular,,structure in the present

casesP Considering thatthe Miuraand:Kazusa

Groups are composedmainly ofthe altemation

ofsandstone and siltstone in which the sandstone

is almost unconsolidated,whereas the siltstone

ismoderatelyconsolidated,the“regular,,struc-

turemayindicatethelayeredstructuredif驚rent

in the degree of consolidation between sand-

stone and siltstone.

  However,it should.be carefhl that theπ一σ

relations in seismicity and MoGI’s experiments

fbr elastic shocks hndamentally dif琵r fンom the

2V-Trelationfbrthethrowoffゑultinsuchpoint that the throw itselfis probably the result

of multiple slips even in the minor魚ults.

Around this point the writer will discuss in the

neXt SeCtiOn.

  From another standpoint,NAGuMo(1969a,

b〉pointed out that the Ishimoto-lida,s fbr-

mula(Eq.3)isthe・reticallyderivedfめmadefbrmation-fヒacture relation.His basic as-

sumptions are that the number of earthquakes

is proportional to the curvature of the plastic

defbrmation of the mediumラ翫nd the size of

earthquake is govemed by the structura,l wave-

1ength,namely,the larger earthquake is pro-

ducedbythestructure ofthelongerw&velength.

一482一

Page 17: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

.Mlα9。一F769。ノ~61観o箆ノ∂7E側lJ D煙1α66ηz6η孟(T Kαん加ゴ)

Thus,the power fhnction representation of

Ishimoto-lida,s fbrmula is due to the same

representation fb;the spectrum of plastic de-

fbrmation of the medium.The coe缶cient解

indicates the sharpness of the spectrum of

defbrmation,that is,ηz-value in Eq。(3)is large

whenthecrustaldefbrmationissharp乱nd、smallin scale,whereas it is small when the defbrma-

tion includes the co血ponents of long wave-

1ength.

  As shown in Table5,窩一values in Eq.(2)fbr

theYoungerNormalFaultsinMiuraPeninsula(CASE一:B and一(〕)are significantly larger than

those in Boso Peninsula(CASE-A).On the

other hand,it has bcen fbund in the previous

studies that the defbrmation pattern along the

direction perpendicular to the strike of’the

Younger Normal Faults in CASE.A is gentle

but large in scale as shown in Fig。3,whereas

the pattem in CASE一:B shows the undulation

with relatively short wavelength which is

representedtypically・nastructur我lpr・Hle

made by KAKIMI66α1・(1966)・Besides,KoDA-

MA(1974)clari丘ed using the topographic pro一

且1es fbr both peninsulas and surrounding sea

bottoms that the area ofCASE-A is situated.at

the eastern shoulder of a large slope dipPing

gently towards the eastem continental slope,

whereas the&rea of()ASE-C is located at the

westem shoulder ofa steep slope having small

radius of curvature.

  Thus,accord.ingto NAGuMo,s arguments,the

dif蹴encein呪一valuesfbrtheY・ungerN・mal:Faults between Miura and Boso Peninsula,s is

likelyduet・thedi撫enceinsharpness・fdefbrmation between both peninsu1乱s.

3)Chαng痂解一∂吻6・776ψ・漉η9弼hψ・9765四

吻6伽6σ5痂ノ磁1♂4∫ψ1α66膨撹

  Since the throw in each fault is considered

to be a result of repeated slips even in the

minor魚ults as shown in CASE-C,窺一value

(andん.value,&s well)may vary during the

periodso働ultdevelopment』Rememberingtheconcept of“maturity”of魚ult development

(KAKIMI and KINuGAsA,1977)and many re.

sults of laboratory experiment on丘acturing,

minor飴ults distributing unifbrmly over a wide

area can be consi(lered as the products at the

initia1“immature,,stage of crustal defbrma-

tion,In the next stage,丘acturing w皿con.

centratet・arelativelylarge魚ultsina奪wnarrow zones and the“m勾or,,f乞ults will take

place(TsuNEIsHI6渉α1.,1975). It has been

長)und in the studies on earthquake faults that

there is an upPer limit of single slip of faulting

fbr a given飴ult system as well as a lower limit

ofit,when aseismic鉛ult-creep is disregarded.

For example,MATsuDA(1975)proposed that

the批mount ofunit displacement4accomp乱ny.

ing an earthquake has a relation with the

earthquake magnitud.eハ4roughly as

  lo94(meter)=0・6ハ4-4・O

fbrJapanese inland earthquakes.According to

his empirical fbrmula,if the upper limit of

earthquake magnitude is equal to7fbr a region

concemed,theupperlimitofunit displacement

amounts about L6meters.In the case of the

Younger Normal Faults in Boso and MiuraPeninsulasコthe upper limit of single fault-slip

is likely to be smaller than one meter,since the

魚ults were d,eveloped und,er a tensional stress

field at very shallow depth so that the magni.

tude of energy release fヒom the single slip is

also small in this case.If we assume that the

distribution of unit displacement fbllows the

Eq.(2)on the range below the upper limit

4maxoffaults,1092V-logTrelationisexpressedas a straight line with largeηz-value truncate(i

at4m、x。As MoGI(1962)pointed out,the ma岡

gnitude of4m、x may be related to some“regu旧

1ar”mechanical structures such as layered

structure composed of the alternation strata

with dif琵rent degrees of consolidation。Cor-

respon(1ing to the progressive fゑulting,the faults

with throw larger than4m、、will take place and

increasegraduallyinn,umberandlog1V-10gTrelation willbe representedwith a curve convex

upwards or two straightlinesfbrdif琵rent throw

ranges,as shown schematically in Fig.15。The

amount of throw T*corresponding to theintersection point ofthe two lines will be equa1

一483一

 

Page 18: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

離i

韓垂

B%伽ηφh606・」・9ぎ6αJS%吻げ」‘ψ伽,%」.31,飾・10

  ↑

log N

      1:

      I l

      l i

      l i

      I I

嵩la’1ヨノ      I i

progressedstage

           dm談\T、  ・・9T→

Fig.15Changesinthelog/V-logTcurvescor-      responding to the progressive development of

      色ulting・

to,or somewhat larger than the maximum unit

displacement4m、、ofa鉛ult system.

  In the more“matured,,stage of魚ulting,itis

expected.that the slip movementwill take place

along the faults with larger throw and.the faults

with smaller throw will cease fUrther d.evclop-

ment。Consequently,the Iog2V-10g T curvewill gradually become close to a straight line,

and窺一valuesw皿be d.ecreased.with the increase

in the‘‘maturitゾ’of魚ulting・

  As fbr the minor faults in Boso Peninsula

(CASE-A),the log2〉一10g T curve is likely to

be upward convex fbr the W-down group in

the corりugate毎ult system and the amount of

T*corresponding to the inflexion point of

assumed two lines is apProximately several tens

of centimeter.If so,it is likely that the upPer

limit4m、x ofthe unit displacements in this sys-

tem amounts also to around several tens of

centimeter。On the、contrary,logノ〉一log T

re1乱tion in the E-down group is expressed as a

single straight line rather than a curve convex

upwards.

  Thus,we may d.ist孟nguish the d.evelopment

stages in魚ulting by means of examining the

勉一values and.the fbrm of log!〉.log Tcμrve。

Although two fault sets of a co勾ugate fault

system are equivalent to each other fbr the

stress Heldwhichinitiates minor飯ults,they are

not always cquivalent to each other fbr the

“d.efbrmation丘eld”under which面splacement

develops.In the early immature stage of魚ult-

ing,the勉一value will be large and the logノ〉一

10g T relation will be represented.with two

straight lines fbr both sets of’a co垣ugate sys-

tem.In the more matured stage,either one of

the two sets becomes to develop predominantly

in harmony with the regional defbrmation so

thatthe勉一valuedecreasesandthelogN-10gTcurve becomes close to a straight line,whereas

the other set remains relatively at the earlier

stage・

5。 s聡囎戯鵬a欝yε邑聡認c⑪聡¢且魍s量o聰

  Magnitude一丘equency relation 食)r the (1is-

placement of minor飴ults is examined in

several cases among which the魚ulting condi.

tions,such as stress state,sense of fault-slip,

ductility・fmaterialsetc.,aredi飾ent倉・m

each other.In each case the number亙ofthe

魚ults with throw between T and T十4T is

expressed approxim乱tely fbr a certain throw

ra,nge by a power-type cquation as

  ハ「(T)4T=κT-M4T,        (1)

or

  log2V(T)=ん一η210g T,     (2)

where K,んan(iηz are the numerical constants。

In the cases treated in the present paper,ca1_

culated,解一v&1ues fall into a.wid.e ra.nge of L3

to2.4.

  If these equations hol(l good f≧)r a certain

area and throw range in question,we could

estimate the distribution ofcrustal d.efbrmation

of the area more or less quantitatively.The

coe缶cients K and.んare the fUnction of area

and the density of魚ult displacement which is

related to the intensity ofregional defbrmation。

The exponent解indicates the spectral structure

一484一

Page 19: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

ハ4α9.一F769.ノ~6」襯oηノわ7Fα嘘D細1α68ηz翻(T・Kα窺痂)

on the magnitude of魚ult displacement which

is actually related to the tectonic conditions in

the faulted region,such as the homogeneity of

mechanicalstructure,stabilityofstress distribu-

tionりsh&rpness of regional defbrmation,etc。

So魚r as the writer examined in the c批ses

treated above, the dif琵rence in ηz-value is

likely to reflect well the tectonic conditions,and

the results are coincident,to a certa五n degree,

with those deduced by MoGI(1962)and NA-

GuMo(1969)with respect to the magnitude of

e1εしstic shocks(earthquakes)・

  Ifηz-value is larger than 1,the portion of

cmstal defbrmation by the larger魚ults is

rather smaller than the portion by the smaller

毎ults so far as we adopt the equal intervals圭br

throw scale。When窺is larger than2.0,the

total displacement by the smaller faults be-

comes always larger,even if we adopt the

logarithmic intervals fbr throw scale.Thus,

minor f乞ults should never be negligible fbr the

qu&ntitative estimation of regional defbrma-

tion。

  Since the displacement in each魚ult is a

result of repeated slips and the faulting itself is

considered to ch乱nge its mode with time,1〉一T

relation in Eq.(1)may vary with time cor-

responding to the degree of progressive defbr-

mation・In∫he earlier(immature)stage of魚ulting,the規一value will be large and.the log

ハ7-10gTrelationwillberepresented.byatruncated.1ine or two straight lines fbr both sets

of a co可ugate魚ult system。In the more ma.

tured stage,either one of the co可ugate sets

which is compatiblewith the regional defbrma-

tion,will become predominant so that the

彫一valued.ecreasesand.thelog/V.10gTcurve becomes close to a straight line through a curve

convex upwards,where4s the other set still

remains at the earlier stage.

   In conclusion,it can be stated that the

magnitude.fヒequencyrelationfbr魚ultdisplace-

ment expressed by the Eq.(1)or(2)is not only

usefα1fbr the estimation of regional tectonic

conditions but fbr the estimation of temporal

changes in them,as wel1翫s the Gutenberg一

Richter,s fbrmu1&is so fbr the examination of

regional and temporal variations in seismicity.

Ac髭鯉》w亘e《量ge醗e醜

  This study is a part of the writer,s doctoriaI

thesis presented at the Faculty of Science,H:ok-

kaido University.The writer wishes to express

his hearty thanks to pro琵ssor MAsAo MINATo

of Hokkaido University fbr his continuous

enco皿乱gement throughout this study.He also

express his sincere thanks to Dr.K KoDAMA

and I)r。H』KoIDE of the Geological Survey of

Japan fbr their kind advice and discussion f≧)r

the significance of magnitude-ffequency rela-

tions on faulting and.seismicity。Thanks&re

also due to Mr.Y.:KINuGAsA and other mem-

bers ofthe Seismotectonics Research Section of

the Geological Survey who are assisting with

all aspects of the witer’s study.Most of the

且gures were dra負ed by Mr.Y,MIYAzAwA.

Re蛋鯉e聡ces

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        Tectonic stress-fields deduced f士om the

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垂講

i嚢

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       minor fault systems in the northem p乱rt of

       theMiuraPeninsula.Jio麗7.0θol.306.」吻箆,

       vo1.72,P。469-489.

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一486一

Page 21: Toshihiro KAKIMI*fUnction representation of Ishimoto-Iida’s fbr一 mula is due to the same representation fbr the spectrumofplastic defbrmationofthe medium,

ルZα9。一、F籾一R6」漉oη声7F1α嘘D卿1α06η2θη渉(Tκαん翻)

小断層の変位の規模別頻度分布とその地殼変形における意義

垣見 俊弘

要  旨

 小断層における変位の規模と頻度の関係を,応力状態・断層変位のセンス・媒質のダクティリティ

等,断層形成条件の異なる幾つかの場合について検討した.いずれも,落差がTとT+4Tの範囲にあ

る断層の数Nは,K,ん,寵を常数として,およそMT)4T=1てT一呪℃または,lo91▽(T)=ん一窺

10g Tで表される。南関東の新第三紀層に発達する小断層においては,勉値はL3から2。4まで広範囲に

及んでいる.

 常数Kまたはκは,『測定面積と,地域の変形度に関係する断層変位密度の関数である.ベキ数窺は断

層変位のスペクトル構造の指標であり,実際上は地域の造構条件,すなわち構造の均一性・応力湯の安

定性・地域変形の鋭どさ等に関連する量である.調査地域から得られた窺値の変動は,造構条件の違い

をよく反映しているように思われる.

 断層の落差自体は複数回の変位の結果であるから,亙とTの関係は変形の進行に応じて時と共に変化

している可能性がある.断層運動の初期にあっては,勉値は共役断層系の両セットでともに大きな値を

示すであろう。運動がより成熟した段階では,共役両セットのうちどちらか一方が卓越するようになり,

その郷値は減少するが,他方の郷は以前の段階のままであろう.このように,上記の式で表される断層

変位の規模別頻度分布は,造構条件の地域的変化ならびに時間的変化を検討するうえで有効である.

(受付=1979年11月22日;受理:1980年6月10日)

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