Prof Dr Badrul Munir Md Zain

Department of Biological Sciences and BiotechnologyFaculty of Science and Technology Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia

abgbadd@ukm.edu.my

Transboundary Primates: Current status and Conservation Genetics

1-Family Hominidae2-Family Hylobatidae3-Family Cercopithecidae

Subfamily CercopithecinaeSubfamily Colobinae

4-Family Loridae5-Family Tarsiidae

MALAYSIAN PRIMATES

MALAYSIAN PRIMATES 25Peninsular Malaysia PRIMATES 13INDONESIAN PRIMATES 61THAILAND 16

Ape (6)1-Pongo pygmaeus CR IUCN Category

2-Symphalangus syndactylus EN3-Hylobates agilis EN4-Hylobates lar EN5-Hylobates abbotti EN6-Hylobates funereus EN

Colobine (11)7-Nasalis larvatus EN 8-Presbytis siamensis NT9-Presbytis femoralis VU10-Presbytis robinsoni VU11-Presbytis chrysomelas CR12-Prebytis hosei VU13-Prebytis sabana EN14-Presbytis rubicundaVU15-Presbytis frontata VU16-Trachypithecus obscurus EN17-Trachypithecus cristatus VU

Cercopithecine (3) 18-Macaca nemestrina EN 19-Macaca fascicularis VU20-Macaca arctoides VU

Slow Loris (4)21-Nycticebus coucang EN22-Nycticebus menagensis VU23-Nycticebus kayan VU24-Nycticebus bengalensis EN

Tarsier (1)25-Cephalopachus bancanus VU

Tarsier Slow loris

Nycticebuscoucang

Nycticebusmenagensis

NycticebuskayanCephalopachus

bancanus

Nycticebusbengalensis

Cercopithecine

Macacafascicularis

Macacanemestrina

Macacaarctoides

Colobine

Nasalis larvatus

Presbytis siamensis

Presbytis neglectus

Presbytis robinsoni

Presbytis chrysomelas

Presbytis hosei

Presbytis sabana

Presbytis rubicunda

Presbytis frontata

Trachypithecuscristatus

Trachypithecusobscurus

Ape

Hylobates lar Hylobates agilis

Hylobatesabbotti

Symphalangus syndactylus

Pongopygmaeus

Hylobatesfunereus

Source: Roos et al. 2014

Transboundary Primates

Transboundary: moving or having effect across a boundary or boundaries.

A transboundary primate is a primate living and crosses at least one political border, either a border within a nation or an international boundary.

Transboundary conservation is a process of cooperation to achieve conservation goals across one or more international boundaries.

Wildlife habitats in two or more countries that are necessary to sustain populations of migratory species and involve some form of cooperation.

Neglected Primates

Neglected:

are those to which little attention is paid or which are entirely ignoredReasons:

Very difficult to follow

Bias towards selected studied species

Large gap between previous researches

Transboundary Primates

Malaysia -Indonesia

Prebytis chrysomelas CRPresbytis frontata VNPresbytis hosei VNPresbytis saban ENPresbytis rubicunda VN

Neglected Transboundary Primates

Malaysia -Indonesia

Prebytis chrysomelas chrysomelasPrebytis chrysomelas cruriger

Presbytis chrysomelasEnglish Common name Nama tempatan di Malaysia

Bornean Banded Langur Lutong penatat

Sarawak surili Muis

Tricolour langur Lutong ceneka

Cross-marked Langur Nama tempatan di Indonesia

???

-Endemic Borneo-IUCN: Critically Endangered, Sangat Terancam-Confine distribution-habitat is getting smaller

-Previously classified under Presbytis melalophos-Unique: distinguish call from Presbytis robinsoni, Presbytissiamensis & Presbytis femoralisPrr tat tat tat, Prr ke ke ke ke

-2 subsp: P. p. cruciger & P. p. chrysomelas-What character 2 subsp in P. chrysomelas?

Distribution

Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas only can be found Sarawak at 3 localities

i) Sanktuari Hidupan Liar Samunsam ii) Taman Negara Tanjung Datuiii) Taman Negara Similajau

Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger-Taman Negara Maludam, Malaysia- Danau Santarum, Indonesia

Gunung Pueh (Lundu) & Samunsam (Sematan) Sarawak

Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary

Gunung Pueh

Habitat

© Md-Zain & Mohd Ridwan

Vegetation Sanktuari Hidupan Liar Samunsam & Taman Negara Tg Datu

Mixed Diptercarp ForestPrimary forest

Taxonomy & Systematics Presbytis melalophos chrysomelas Oates et al 1994Presbytis femoralis chrysomelas/cruciger Brandon-Jones et al 2004Prebytis chrysomelas chrysomelas Groves 2001Prebytis chrysomelas cruciger Groves 2001Current taxonomy Roos et al 2014

-subspp chrysomelas vs cruciger--Penemuan cruciger Danau Santarum will open research colloboration oppurtunity between Indonesia & Malaysia in molecular systematics

Vun et al 2011 Abdul-Latiff et al 2019

Ekologi

Live in small group between 5-6 individuals only (Payne et al. 1985; Bennet 1992).

SHL Samunsam:17 groups 8-13 individual (Ampeng 2006)

Abundance food resources in Samunsam, groups do not require long distances of daily movement to obtain food except fruit season

Ampeng, A. & Md-Zain, B.M. 2007. A short note on methodology of detecting leaf monkeys (Presbytis melalophos chrysomelas and Trachypithecus crisatus) in Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary, Sarawak. The Journal of Wildlife and Parks 24: 7-9

Ampeng, A. & Md-Zain, B.M. 2012. Ranging Patterns of Critically Endangered Colobine, Presbytis chrysomelas chrysomelas. The ScientificWorld Journal Volume 2012, Article ID 594382.

Main group Sub Adult Group

Type Frequency(%)

Frequency(%)

Young Leaf 208 (52.8) 98 (53.0)Shoots 78 (19.8) 44 (23.4)

Mature Leaf 65 (16.5) 15 (8.1)Fruit 25 (6.3) 20 (10.8)Seed 15 (3.8) 8 (4.3)

Fruit Skin 2 (0.5)Dry Leaf 1 (0.3)

N = 394 N=185

Threats

Habitat Destruction-Illegal Logging (Ampeng 2006)- Pan Borneo Highway(Telok Melano, Sarawak to Tawau, Sabah)Langurs may left this area due to habitat destruction

Illegal hunting by local ethnics (Ampeng 2006)© Md-Zain & Mohd Ridwan

In the past, Samunsam and Tg Datu could be accessed only by sea

Two years ago, the Pan Borneo highway was officially opened causing the arrival of large crowds, especially on weekends and public holidays in Telok Melano and Tg Datu

Eco Tourism

© Md-Zain & Mohd Ridwan

Conservation-Corridors connect the forest-Restricting the ecotourism industryin the National Park area-Security squad monitors hunting-Local community conservation education

P. m. chrysomelas: Schedule 1 of animals completely protected in accordance with the Sarawak wildlife protection ordinance amendment 1998, section 29 (1) (c).

According to this section, no one is permitted to own unless authorized in writing byDirector of the Forest DepartmentSarawak.

Permission is granted for research and educational purposes only.Guilty of violating section: fineRM 25,000.00 and 2 years imprisonment

-ecological aspects of the population P. c. cruciger-eDNA P. c. cruciger-Philogeneous relationship P. c. cruciger vs P. c. chrysomelas-Metagenomics P. c. chrysomelas-Population status in Samunsam P. c. chrysomelas-Collaboration of Malaysian primatologistsand Indonesia involves lutong genetic study

Future Studies

-lutong penatat is very threatened-More drastic conservation efforts-More research from ecological, behavioral and genetic aspects

-The genetic relationship status of subsp cruciger & chrysomelas needs to be known immediately for the purpose of taxonomic review and conservation management-Research collaboration between Malaysia & Indonesia sharing data and expertise

Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger

Maludam National Park, Sarawak

Presbytis chrysomelas cruciger

Symposium dan Kongres Primata IndonesiaTempat : University Club UGM, DI. Yogyakarta18-19 Sept 2019

-Kebutuhan Mendesak Konservasi Lutung Cenaka di Lansekap DanauSentarum (Mohamad Arif Rifqi, Tulus Pambudi, Muhammad Khotiem,Asri Ali Gesshaa)-Eksplorasi Presbytis chrysomelas ssp. cruciger (Thomas, 1892) di BukitSemujan, TNl Danau Sentarum (Aripin, Syarief M. Ridwan, ArdiAndono, Arief Mahmud)-Presbytis chrysomelas in Malaysia: Critically endangered langur withfew scientific information (Badrul Munir Md Zain)

webinar NEW RECORD Langur Borneo Indonesia

Aug 10, 2020

Molecular systematics studies

Research Colloboration

Neglected Transboundary Primates

Malaysia -Thailand

Nycticebus coucangN. bengalensisMacaca arctoidesPresbytis robinsoniPresbytis siamensisHylobates larHylobates agilisSymphalangus syndactylus

Nycticebus coucang Greater Slow loris EN

Road kill samples

N. menagensis Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia (Sabah & Sarawak), Phillipines

N. kayan North Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah, east & south Kalimantan)

N. bengalensis Bangladesh, Cambodia, China, India, Myanmar, Thailand,Vietnam, possibly in northern peninsular Malaysia (Streicher et al. 2008)

Need to reconfirm by direct sighting for morphological appearance

Macaca arctoides Beruk Kentoi VU

Macaca arctoides

Macaca arctoidesFor nearly 20 years: report on border crossing Thai-Malaysia2019: First population report 2020: First metabarcoding report

Molecular phylogenyMetagenomics &Metabarcoding (COI)

Currently 3 groups are more reside in MalaysiaPressure to huntingSensitive to human presence

Md-Zain, Ridwan Rahman©

Presbytis robinsoni (Northern Malay Peninsular, Thailand and Myanmar)

Being elevated to species level (Md-Zain 2019)

Hunting Pressure

Population genetics

Metabarcoding & Metagenomics

Md-Zain, Ridwan Rahman©

Presbytis femoralis (Johor and Singapore), Presbytis percura (Sumatra)Presbytis robinsoni (Northern Malay Peninsular, Thailand and Myanmar)Presbtyis siamensis siamensis (Malay Peninsular, Southern Thailand)

P. femoralis

P. robinsoni

Symphalangus syndactylus Siamang EN

Subspecies differentiationMalay peninsular vs Sumatran

Hylobates larLar gibbon Ungka Tangan Putih EN

Subspecies differentiation never been tested especially H lar lar and H. l. entelloides

Hylobates larLar gibbon Ungka Tangan Putih EN

Subspecies differentiation never been tested especially H lar lar and H. lar entelloides

Hylobates agilisAgile gibbon Ungka Tangan Hitam EN

Metagenomics

Involved process DNA extraction from natural environmental samplesto gain information organisms of the DNA originated from

Transforming our knowledge of diversity, ecology, evolution andtaxonomy of organisms to better understanding of human health andhost conditions particularly for zoonosis epidemiology and stress level

NGS approaches combined with bioinformatics for identification ofpathogens in animal reservoirs.

As advantage, metagenomic approach would characterize largenumbers of pathogens and animal stress related without any a prioriinformation

Metabarcoding

Diet of primate can be determined traditionally by direct observation of foraging or microscopic examination of gut or fecal content.

These methods require a long observation time and training for food identifying.

Universal primers for amplification of three non-coding regions of chloroplast DNA were designed.

This give a new approach in plant DNA barcoding for studying the wider taxonomic of plant.

DNA metabarcoding combine with the high-throughput sequencing technologies (NGS) is becoming a powerful tool for understanding the diets of wild animals.

Plant barcode databases have allowed to perform diet analysis by identifying the DNA sequences of consumed items from faecal material

• CLC Genomic Workbench (CLC)• PAST 3

DNA extraction PCR qPCR DNA sequence

• Next-generation sequencing (NGS)

• KAPA Hifi HotstartReadyMix

• KAPA SYBR FAST qPCR Master Mix

Metagenomic and Metabarcoding

3 fecal samples29 plant orders46 Families124 genera145 species

COI and gut microbiome

Transboundary Primates

Research Colloboration at International level

Sharing ecological and behavioral data

Collecting genetic samples for genetic analyses

Protecting habitats

Creating transboundary conservation areas

Scientific discussions

Whole Genome Sequencing: at competitive and reasonable prices

Conservation management: how genetic data are being implemented

Multidicipline research: eg wildlife trafficking to include DNA barcoding, phylogeography, population genetics, morphology, GIS

Molecular ecology studies: Social Organization, mating systems

FUTURE DIRECTION

Md-Zain©

• Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia• Universiti Tun Hussein Onn• Jabatan Perhilitan • Jabatan Perhutanan Sem. Malaysia • Jabatan Perhutanan Sarawak• Sarawak Forestry Corporation• Zoo Taiping, Zoo Melaka• Local Universities and Overseas colloborators• Perlis Nature Wildlife• Photos Credit (Eddie Chan, Syafizan, • Thach Mai Hoang, Ridwan Rahman, • Pak Ardi Danau Santarum)

Research Grants:GUP-2019-037

Cytogenetic lab members and Colloborators:Dr Abdul-Latiff MAB, Mohd Ridwan, Nur Azimah O,Dr Nor Aifat R, Dr Nur Syafika MY, Dr Kayal Vizi K, Dr Ahmad Ampeng, Nurhartini, Mardiah M. many others

Acknowledgements

Acknowledgements

INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON BIODIVERSITYSOCIETY FOR INDONESIAN BIODIVERSITY &

UNIVERSITAS SEBELAS MARETTaman Negara Betung Kerihun Danau Santarum

Jatna SupriatnaArdi Andono

Ahmad Dwi Setyawan