TSDC Psychoanalysis Aff

7/23/2019 TSDC Psychoanalysis Aff

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1AC


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Contention 1 is AnxietyFirst, the surveillance method of counter-terrorism in the

status quo fails to recognize the impossibility of complete

security our desire for innite pleasure means that the !ar

on terror becomes innitely sustained" #e have come to en$oy

the !ar because it symbolizes the reta%ing of the American

&dentity and a satiation of the anxiety !e experience as a

result of loss" 'his ma%es the !ar and con(ict a self-fullling

prophecy

)c*o!an, +1Todd McGowan, Associate Professor in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Vermont; Enjoying WhatWe Dont Have: A Psychoanalytic Politics, University of Neras!a, "#$%, &g' $(#)$(%

.o!here is the retreat from en$oyment to pleasure more evident than inthe American response to the attac%s of /eptember 11, +1' The attac!simmediately reinvigorated the social ond for a ma*ority of Americans' 'he loss that they occasionedbrought sub$ects bac% to the shared sacrice that denes theirmembership in American society" 0ven as they !ere horried by the imageof the to!ers burning and then falling, most Americans, in the strictpsychoanalytic sense of the term, en$oyed the attac%s insofar as theattac%s allo!ed them to experience once again their social bond !ithgreat intensity' This is a ond that one s+ers, *+st as one s+ers from a terrorist attac!' -ven tho+gh it followed from anattac!, this ond was not one formed thro+gh the male logic of friend.enemy, which is why the headline in /e Monde on Se&temer$","##$, co+ld &roclaim, 0No+s sommes to+s Am1ricains'2"3 The ond formed aro+nd the Se&temer $$ attac!s was not initially aond of e4cl+sivity with a clear o+tside and inside' Any s+*ect willing to accede to the e4&erience of loss co+ld ecome a&art ofAmerican society at that moment' The not)all of the social ond occ+rs thro+gh the e4&erience of loss, +t the recognition of this

ty&e of ond is +nearale' ne en$oys it !ithout deriving any pleasure from it" &t is, in

fact, painful" .ot only is it painful, but it also entails complete humiliation'The society e4&eriences the shame of eing a victim and end+ring tra+ma 5the shame of en*oyment itself'&n order todisguise this shameful en$oyment, the 2nited /tates quic%ly turned to anassertion of po!er that !ould carry !ith it the promise of a restored!holeness 3 the recovery of an imaginary perfect security" 'he attac% onAfghanistan brought pleasure to most members of American society" 'hispleasure had the function of rendering the en$oyment that emergedthrough traumatic loss bearable, but it could not fulll its inherentpromise" 0n$oyment satises, and pleasure al!ays disappoints" 'hedisappointing nat+re of the attac!on Afghanistan paved the !ay to thesubsequent attac% on &raq in a further attempt to nd an actual pleasureequal to !hat !e anticipated" &n terms of American society, these foreign!ars serve as alibis for the en$oyment of the traumatic attac%sthemselves' 6eca+se we see! res&ite from the loss that inds +s, we 7ee from the social ond des&ite o+r &+r&orted desirefor it' The a+thentic social ond e4ists only in the shared e4&erience of loss 5that is, only according to the female logic of not)having' 6+t the attac! on 8ra9 also ill+strates the inesca&aility of the en*oyment attached to loss' The 8ra9 :ar clearly follows fromthe male logic of having and aims at &rod+cing the &leas+re res+lting from &ossession the United States wo+ld con9+er arecalcitrant dictator and otain a


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the &leas+re of having leads to the loss that inevitaly accom&anies this &+rs+it' 8m&erial &owers do not attem&t to stretch theirmilitary and economic reach to the &oint that it rea!s eca+se of an inesca&ale will to &ower or a iological +rge for in


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'he paranoid anxiety of the status quo results in the pro$ection

of threats onto the other in an e4ort to suture the 6ac% this

type of politics mobilizes the population to!ard fascism

)c*o!an, +1Todd McGowan, Associate Professor in the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of Vermont; Enjoying What

We Dont Have: A Psychoanalytic Politics, University of Neras!a, "#$%, &g' )E

:hile nostalgia locates the +ltimate en*oyment in the s+*ect?s own &ast, &aranoia locates it in the other' Paranoiath+s oers the s+*ect not *+st the image of the +ltimate en*oyment li!e nostalgiaD +t also an e4&lanation for itsasence' Nostalgia and &aranoia +s+ally o&erate side y side in order to &rovide the s+*ect a way of ther' A thoro+ghly consistent social a+thority, while logically +nthin!ale, wo+ld notdraw the desire of the s+*ect in this way' 8t might force individ+als into oedience, +t it wo+ld not create theinvestment in the social order that the inconsistent social a+thority creates' Confronting the inconsistency of sociala+thority is not an easy tas! for the s+*ect' Many try to s+stain a elief in its consistency thro+gh an imaginaryconstr+ction that re&resses contradictory ideas' The &rolem with this sol+tion is that these ideas ecome more&owerf+l thro+gh their re&ression, and the res+lt is some form of ne+rosis' Another &ossiility is the &aranoidreaction' ather than trying to wrestle with the &rolem of the ga& in a+thority, the &aranoid s+*ect eliminates ity &ositing an other e4isting in this ga&, an other ehind the scenes &+lling the strings' As Slavo* JiIe! e4&lains it,


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KParanoia is at its most elementary a elief into an H>ther of the >ther; into an >ther who, hidden ehind the >therof the e4&licit social te4t+re, &rograms what a&&ears to +s as the +nforeseen eects of social life and th+sg+arantees its consistency eneath the chaos of mar!et, the degradation of morals, and so on, there is the&+r&osef+l strategy of the Lewish &lot'K The comfort that &aranoia &rovides for the s+*ect derives solely from thisg+arantee' =or the &aranoid s+*ect, the s+rface inconsistency of social a+thority hides an +nderlying consistencya+thoriIed y a real a+thority whom most s+*ects never notice' Paranoia sim+ltaneo+sly allows the s+*ect tosense its own s+&eriority in recogniIing the cons&iracy and to avoid confronting the horror of an inconsistent sociala+thority' As with nostalgia, &aranoia is &rimarily aligned with a right)wing &olitical agenda' 8ts s+s&icion of the

other no+rishes a nationalistic politicsand energiIes the call for a ret+rn to traditional socialarrangements' L+st as m+ch of the investment in the Cold :ar str+ggle derived from &aranoia, itfuels thecontemporary !ar on terror' The e4em&lary right)wing &olitical formation, Fascism, has itsbasis in paranoia, seeing the Lew or some e9+ivalent as secretly controlling the social order to thedetriment of all law)aiding citiIens' 'he idea of an other operating behind the scenesserves to $ustify restrictions on civil liberties, racism, police violence, andso on" A paranoid populace is a populace ready to embrace a Fascistregime' @es&ite the inherent lin! etween &aranoia and conservatism, leftists em&loy &aranoia to a vast e4tent,far more than they do nostalgia' Paranoid theories ao+t the secret ro!ers of &ower who decide the fate of theca&italist world are wides&read on the /eft' 8t is common sense among leftists that ig oil com&anies haves+&&ressed the develo&ment of alternative energies, that the C8A assassinated ennedy, and that ma*or dr+gcom&anies control the =ood and @r+g Administration, *+st to name a few of the more well !nown cons&iracy

theories' The tr+th or falsity of these theories has nothing to do with their f+nction for the s+*ect who acce&tsthem' The &aranoid s+*ect is often correct in its vario+s s&ec+lations, +t &aranoia nonetheless &rovides a way forthe s+*ect to avoid confronting the inconsistency of social a+thority' =or the &aranoid s+*ect, cons&iracy theoriesdonHt sim&ly e4&lain a single event; they solve the &rolem of the social order as s+ch' According to this tho+ght&rocess, all loss stems from the cons&iracy, which has derailed the social order and +&set its alance' The &aranoids+*ect cannot acce&t the necessity of loss, and the cons&iracy theory wor!s to render loss em&irical rather thanontological' This is evident in >liver StoneHs L= $EE$D, a


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other has een van9+ished' 'he en$oyment that paranoia does provide requires thecontinuing existence of the threat , even though it imagines an en$oymentthat !ould come !ith the threat7s disappearance' Paranoia r+ns agro+nd d+e to itsfail+re to admit the connection etween en*oyment and loss' 8t allows the s+*ect to imagine that loss is thecontingent res+lt of a secret malevolent force that we might con9+er' 6y im&licitly &ositing the avoidaility of loss,&aranoia leaves s+*ects +nale to locate and recogniIe the nat+re of their own en*oyment'


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This anxiety is the core problem of the psyche" ur inability tocome to terms !ith this void is a fate !orse than death" ur

anxiety functions as the condition for the possibility of

8iroshima and Ausch!itz" &n attempts to master this

emptiness !e pro$ect our !ea%ness through con(ict" 'hispro$ection provides us the unrestrained po!er to bombard the

other !ith pure su4ering and destruction in an attempt to

control the contingencies that constitute existence"

9avis, +1:alter A' @avis, &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University, Deracinations: Historicity, Hiroshima, and theTragic Imperative, Pg' $#%)$#B

:e egin with an eort to descrie what is the dee&est e4&erience5the one most dee&ly denied'Catastrophicanxiety is that fear that haunts us from !ithin, the fear that one hasalready been annihilated: that,li!e 6ec!ett, one has ;never been born properly;and never !ill be because inner paralysis is the psyche7s dening

condition5a tr+th attested each time when, lining to cohere as a s+*ect, one colla&ses efore the tidal wave of anegression against oneself that rises +& from within' An +ns&ea!ale dread weds the &syche to terror' All other formsof anxiety are pale after-thoughts" 'here is a threat !orse than extinction"'he deepest self-%no!ledge !e harbor, the %no!ledge that haunts usas&erha&s o+r dee&est self)reference is the fear that our inner !orld is ruled by a forceopposed to our being' @eath is the icy wind that lows thro+gh all we do' This is the an4iety from which otheran4ieties derive as dis&lacements, delays, and vain attem&ts to deny or atten+ate o+r terror efore a dread that is nameless and

m+st remain so lest des&air


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disorders and foridden desires in others so that we can wage an attac! on o+r inner con7icts then watch the ens+ing s&ectaclefrom a safe distance' -vac+ation th+s ther' 8n the hiba!shaone gets to see oneHs Thanatos as anarrative &rinci&le, a force in history' >ne gets to see, over time, what it is li!e to live death' So+l)m+rder as the innermost reality ofthe cry&t, &rod+ces and


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the o*ect m+st ecome something one can st+dy, ins&ect, &erform o&erations +&on' Catastrophic anxiety isthe a proiri that gives Ausch!itz and 8iroshima their necessity in thegenocidal imagination" The 6om constit+tes an -vent eca+se the &syche reverses its core condition5its cardiacarrest in inner self)loathing5thro+gh a &ro*ection that is total and irreversile'&f the evacuation of trauma isthe abiding motive atop the crypt, there is nothing abstract or 6acanian

about the =eal that results from its pro$ection" 0vacuation is thatmalevolent reversal that condemns one to endless repetition' >ne lows oneHs self)hatred and oneHs rage over that state f+lly o+t into the world +t is therey rendered &owerless to do anything +t ga&e in ra&tamaIement at oneHs creation' That is &erha&s why, for over


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'he moralization of anxiety manifests itself in our inability

confront evil" 'o displace this anxiety, !e ma%e ourselves

>good? to protect ourselves from danger" Failure to confront

this psychical con(ict reies the original trauma and ma%es

the destruction of the self meaningless"9avis, +1:alter A' @avis, &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University, Deracinations: Historicity, Hiroshima, and theTragic Imperative, PgB()B3

No wonder resistance ecomes the !ey term in the &&osing aects m+st e created and marshaled as a


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#e have become creatures full of instincts" 'he crucial tas% of

the a4 is to open up the unconscious counter narrative to

provide a mirror to re(ect upon the presupposed American

identity"

/ucharov, +@Mira M' S+charov, assistant &rofessor of Political Science at Carleton University, 0The 8nternational Self Psychoanalysis and theSearch for 8sraeli Palestinian Peace,2 Pg "3)"B

ust as individuals and groups possess consciousness and an unconscious,& argue that every society maintains not only a dominant Bconsciousnarrative, but an unconscious counternarrative as !ell,which the former has in &artarisen to conceal' Asthe counternarrative represents the role that society mostfears adopting, it resides in the +nconscio+s, where it will not interfere with the day)to)day transmission and f+lneofthewaysthiscanedoneisthro+ghrit+al' 6eing re&etitive while symolically im+ed,rit+al gains meaning only thro+gh the symols attri+ted to it y the gro+&, and is a collective &rocess that serves to lin! actors to aseries of &ast events for which they may not have een &hysically &resent' Moreover, &rivate rit+als that are collectively &rescried,s+ch as &rayer, serve to ind the individ+al to the collective, &artic+larly when there is a formaliIed lit+rgy' Most collective rit+alsocc+r according to the calendar, and therefore can encom&ass reg+lar ceremonies that come to act as mar!ers for the individ+alHs&ersonal time cycle"%BSometimes&artic+larcollectivememoriesthathaveeens+stainedovertimearer+&t+red,withcitiIenscontem&latingnewfactsao+ttheirco+ntryHs&ast'evisionisthistoryisane4am&leofanattem&ttoringforththesesortsofnewfacts':henhistoryisreinter&reted,thesocietycaneithersh+nthedissentingvoices,orelsegrad+allyreeval+atetheoriginalnarratives' :henthisreeval+ationocc+rs,societyismorea&tto+ncoverthehitherto+nconscio+sco+nternarratives,adiscovery


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thatcanleadtotherealiIationthatthestateHsehaviormightecontradictingthestateHsrole)identity'8notherwords,revisionisthistoriansandotherdomesticdissenterscanserveastheKmirrorKreferredtolater'


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Dote aErmative to give up hope in the face of guarantees -

only holding yourself completely open in the face of the

promise of a sustainable status quo can open space for self-

overcoming that allo!s us to engage in ne! forms of praxis

9avis, +

:alter A' @avis, &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University, Deaths Dream 'ingdom, Pg' (%

'o %no! this situation for !hat it is challenges !hat is nally the deepestand most fundamental of the guarantees' The &rinci&le of 8ope' To a&&ro&riate -liotKAfter s+ch !nowledge, what forgivenessK There is &erha&s nothing that can e done to change the sit+ation 8Hvedescried' 6+t then what is the &+r&ose of !nowing s+ch things if they only &rod+ce meaningless s+ering 8sdes&air the end res+lt of a life shorn of the g+arantees >r are we HNeillHs The 8cemanCometh, !nowing that in order to s+stain the ill+sions re9+ired to go on living they m+st &rono+nce ic!ey mad and

re*ect everything he revealed to them ao+t their lives as a &rod+ct of that madnessG Herhaps it7s timeto admit !hat the need for 8ope really signies" 9enial of responsibilityfor certain situations under the assumption that %no!ing them correctly!ould lead to despair' aising that s&ecter is, of co+rse, the rhetorical &loy invo!ed to &remat+relyterminate in9+iry lest it im&inge on emotional and &sychological needs' @es&air th+s remains an em&ty conce&t'

#e don7t %no! !hat it is and never !ill as long as !e use the need forhope to prevent discovery of our capacities to endure" #hether despair is!hat !e !ill nd on the other side of hope is something !e can7t %no!"For all hope really signies is a testament to our !ea%ness and our fears"Perha&s we are called to something eyond it' :hat Sha!es&eare called tragic readiness' For in openingourselves to the possibility of despair !e also open ourselves to thepossibility of self-overcoming and through it the discovery of a praxis thatlies on the other side of the conceptual and existential paralyses createdby the guarantees' :e canHt !now Kwhat is to e doneK as long as we contin+e to res&ond to o+rsit+ation y invo!ing ahistorical val+es and g+arantees that are gro+nded in an essentialistic and ahistorical theoryof h+man nat+re'


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Hlan'he 2nited /tates federal government should substantially

curtail its domestic surveillance by ceasing all domestic

surveillance"


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Contention + is FramingAn ethics of existence forecloses the tragic struggle in !hich

!e never confront our inner trauma- only our aErmative can

open ne! !ays of relating to ourselves that can overcome

these limitations- the 1AC is a precondition for any meaning to

our lives

9avis, +:alter A'@avis, &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University @eathHs @ream ingdom &g'"%B)"#D

8n her criti9+e of antian ethics Alen!a J+&ancic often refers to the /acanian idea that there is a lossdeeper than one7s life" 'he loss of one7s reason for living" The a&ostle of d+ty oersa heroic e4am&le of how one esca&es the threat of that loss' :hat 8Hm s+ggesting here is that ethics act+ally eginson the other side of it' :ith the &ossiility that ne isg+ilty toward oneself for having failed to honor the d+ties that one ears to oneself, for having so thoro+ghly lied tooneself ao+t oneHs life' As amlet learns, it is thro+gh that recognition that one


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o+rselves is not dee&ly re&ressed and +n!nown' 8tHs closer than we thin!, availale to intros&ection if we +t dared'

6+t thatHs what ma!es the !ind of im&assioned re7ection amlet engages in so terrifying' &t exemplieseverything !e %no! and don7t !ant to %no! about ourselves"$B ere is anattem&t to oer an image that descries in de&th the e4istential)&sychoanalytic condition from which the &ossiilityof ethics derives' 8n George >rwellHs *+- :inston Smith when tort+red with the thing he most fears etrays thething he loves' To save his life he sacri


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'he ethic of the a4 is %ey - only an ethical act that confronts

our inner trauma !ith a constant and inner openness can !e

create the conditions for self-overcoming necessary to open

ourselves to a meaningful existence - the only ethical choice is

to fully confront contingency9avis, +:alter A' @avis, &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University @eathHs @ream ingdom &g'"%Q)"%B

#hat follo!s attempts to distill the ethic of existence in to its fundamentalprinciples' 8 also try here to &resent those thesis in a way that will engage the readerHs &syche and emotions at&reciselythe &lace within +s where each of +s ma!es a asic decision ao+t o+rselves' ThatHs the only KselfK thatmatters' The others are selfreifying defenses' The arg+ment th+s constit+tes oth an a&&eal to the readerHsfreedom and an attem&t to im&inge on that freedom, to ring each reader efore him or herself y challengingdefenses with the &ower that some ideas have to light a


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tort+red from witho+t y the madness of the other; and the inh+man logic that madness re9+ires in order to !nowitself' Styron calls the oFcer who forces the choice on So&hie a Kgeni+sK of the eich'D amlet is tort+red fromwithin y the logic of self)criticism and self)overcoming that informs the e4istentialiIing &rocess' :e are fort+nate ifwe never face a sit+ation li!e So&hieHs; nor s+er the death)in)life that is the res+lt of s+ch choices' 6+t insofar aswe have a &syche amletHs sit+ation is the general one that de


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+AC


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A+ =ealism


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#e control the internal lin% to their impacts" 'he

psychoanalysis of the aErmative forces an internal

investigation of the !ays in !hich the sub$ectIs subconscious

desires rationalize !hat !e !ould consider self-interest" 'his

means that !e can only ma%e sense of realism through a lens

of psychoanalysis"

/ucharov, +@Mira M', assistant &rofessor of Political Science at Carleton University, 0The 8nternational Self Psychoanalysis andthe Search for 8sraeli)Palestinian Peace,2 &g $3)$BD

The &sychological t+rn that international relations too! with the rise of ehavioralism in the$E(#s has eg+n to e4&and eyond foc+sing on cognition5how individ+als thin!5to a widera&&reciation of the role of emotional determinants of action, one of many factors that werelong dismissed as +nscienti


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relationshi&sisessentialinsha&ing&ersonalityands+se9+entehavior,&sychoanalysisoersamorecom&rehensivemodelofidentitycreationthanthose&+tforthycognitivetheorists'ecogniIingthesee4&lanatoryene


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Forcing the state a!ay from !hat it considers a core tenet of

national defense in the exact opposite !ay it desires creates

the conditions necessary for re(ection of the eEcacy of the

initial policies of surveillance, !hich changes future policy"

/ucharov, +@Mira M', assistant &rofessor of Political Science at Carleton University, 0The 8nternational Self Psychoanalysis andthe Search for 8sraeli)Palestinian Peace,2 &g %")D

/i!e most individ+als, states possess a complex arsenal of motivations thatare not all palatable to the polity7s sense of self5not least of which is d+e tothe discre&ant voices vying for in7+ence in any society'Jet the dominant self5that overarching gro+& ethos that does not necessarily re7ect each singles+Dvoice5implicitly prescribes a set of normatively acceptable behaviors"/hould a state adopt a policy course that contradicts the state7s role-identity, !e can expect some sort of cognitive dissonance to arise, leadingto a radical realignment bet!een actions and identity' L+st as a man whoonce str+c! his wife might oer the a&ologetic &lea that 8 donHt !now what got into

me,K it is +& to the analyst to hel& the s+*ect come to terms with the aggressionthat has, evidently, een very m+ch inside of him all along' 'he policy shifttherefore results from the force of the ;role-identity; prodding the ;self;bac% into behavioral consistency" 8o!ever, acting in contradiction to one7srole-identity does not necessarily result in a behavior shift" 'he dissonancebet!een role-identity and behavior must be both unbearable andexperienced at an emotional level in order for such a shift to result' 8f thedissonance remained at a cognitive level, it is li!ely that the s+*ect wo+ld em&loyone of a n+mer of cognitive iases in order to rationaliIe the discre&ancy'" 'hedredging up of the unconscious counternarrative assures that thedissonance is experienced deeply enough to result in the ta%ing of radical

action to realign actions !ith identity'% This hy&othesis of Kcognitive)emotional realiIationK is gro+nded in the clinical


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result" 'he important question that remains is< !hat contributes to thisrealizationG .umerous sources may act as the ;mirror; necessary for thestate to re(ect on its behavior' =or clarity, 8 have divided them into threecategories domestic elements incl+ding the military, the &eace movement,revisionist historians, artists and the domestic mediaD, other states incl+ding allies

and adversaries, as well as those stateHs news mediaD, and international str+ct+resincl+ding international organiIations, norms, and regimesD' @omestic -lementsThe Military' &f the military acts in a !ay that the populace sees ascontradicting the state7s self-image even if the military is merely carrying o+tgovernmental &oliciesD, society can experience a corresponding cognitivedissonance' &n a democracy, the military ta%es its directives from thegovernment: ho!ever, military culture is instrumental in shaping thebroader strategic culture encompassing foreign-policy decisions3and role-identity3more generally' Most of the time, the relationshi& etween the civilianand military s&heres resemles a symiosis commands are given y civilians andim&lemented y the military, which in t+rn will advise and resha&e s+se9+ent&olicies' 8n some cases, e4)military &ersonnel will &+rs+e a career in government oneing discharged' owever, it is possible for the military to experience asense of dissonance bet!een a particular policy and its overall defensedoctrine, or ethic' Soldiers might artic+late discomfort in carrying o+t a &artic+larmission, or the n+mer of conscientio+s o*ectors may rise' 8n a co+ntry in whichconscientio+s o*ection is &revio+sly +nheard of, the fo+nding of s+ch a movementwill therefore signal an even higher degree of dissonance etween ehavior andinstit+tional role)identity' 8n e4amining foreign)&olicy shifts, the role of the military iscr+cial in re&resenting the degree of concordance etween national role)identityand foreign &olicy' 8n states where the military has &artic+lar salience forestalishing national identity5those states with mandatory and +niversalconscri&tion, for instance5that instit+tion will e &artic+larly salient'


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'heir dependence on pragmatism to $ustify unrealistic internal

lin% chains and counter psychological methods creates the

!orst type of moral tunnel vision in !hich !e become

incapable of understanding the carnage of our ideology this

ma%es ethics impossible"9avis, +:alter A', &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University @eathHs @ream ingdom &g'3)BD

6+t itHs always a good idea when see!ing an e4&lanation of the h+man motivesehind actions to stic! with the em&irical' :ith stated intentions and oFcialrationales' >therwise we give o+rselves over to &sychoale' @es&ite oFcialdenial y the @e&artment of @efense that @U is harmf+l, a series of e4&lanationsare now in &lace to acco+nt for the develo&ment and +se of @U wea&ons' @U iscost)eective, militarily eFcient, and t+rns to &rod+ctive +se a waste &rod+ct weHdotherwise have to dis&ose of at great cost' 8n a variety of ways for the &ast twodays K:e who leave here in sorrow !now that we will one day e re+nited with her

in *oy'K My concern here is not with the ontological stat+s of this &re&ostero+s elief,+t with its &sychological f+nction as a g+arantee that oers h+man eings a way tode&rive death of its


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matter how ad things get weHll always r, 8 mean, itHs, itHsnot relevant' So, why sho+ld 8 waste my ea+tif+l mind on something li!e thatKB 8two+ld e easy to deride Mrs' 6+sh, to congrat+late oneself on not sharing herattit+de' :hat 8 ho&e to show, however, is that on an essential level, one

determinative in the last instance, we are in f+ll agreement with her and del+deo+rselves as long as we thin! otherwise'


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IR SPECIFIC 'he method of the aErmative best supplements

our understanding of international relations by including

elements that are absent in normal policy examinations of

international relations"

/ucharov, +@Mira M', assistant &rofessor of Political Science at Carleton University, 0The 8nternational Self Psychoanalysis andthe Search for 8sraeli)Palestinian Peace,2 &g $B)"#D

8t has long een arg+ed that even within the con


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intentionality can therefore encom&ass an +nconscio+s com&onent' The secondview means that the +nconscio+s does not have to e +nderstood as a &re)wiredcom&onent of the +nit that in t+rn sha&es ehavior; rather it can e viewed as anemergent and mediating &henomenon' :e can therefore +nderstand cognition aseing inherently sit+ated within social &rocesses' This is consistent with a relational

view of social life, and yet it is an im&ortant theoretical addition to the &revailingwisdom in international relations ao+t how social +nderstandings +ltimately sha&eehavior' A


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IR SPECIFIC #hat their internal lin%s consider to be >self-

interest? for a state doesnIt actually exist" /tates are not

sentient" &nstead, they are composed by a collection of minds

that act in self-interest, !hich means that psychoanalytic

evaluation of the self is a prior question to understanding theinterests of the state"

/ucharov, +@Mira M', assistant &rofessor of Political Science at Carleton University, 0The 8nternational Self Psychoanalysis andthe Search for 8sraeli)Palestinian Peace,2 &g "$)""D

ather than referring to a notion of collective selfhood that is shared y m+lti&lestates) as some constr+ctivist theorists of Kcollective identityK wo+ld maintain5thetitle of this oo!, Kthe international self,K is meant to s+ggest not only that eachstate &ossesses a distinctive identity, +t that this identity develo&s o+t of thestateHs relationshi& with other international actors' This conce&t also im&lies thatdecisions emanating from the &olity are derived from a &rocess not sim&ly the s+mof the stateHs K&arts'K Ret while we have already shown that &sychoanalysis canaccommodate a role for environmental &rocesses in sha&ing ehavior, !e stillneed to be a!are of the ris%s of anthropomorphizing the state, a practicethat gets to the heart of the debate bet!een t!o analytical positions thatcut across the social sciences< methodological individualism and holism":hile methodological individ+alism views social life as the &rod+ct of actions ta!eny individ+als, holism +nderstands the gro+& to e a meaningf+l +nit in and of itself'

Ret, to an e4tent, the deate etween the two &ers&ectives is already


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the views of signi


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A+ 9isadvantages'he internal lin%Is dependence on rationality only serves to

protect us from the un%no!n that the future holds" 'his

ultimately reduces all forms of %no!ledge to something that

can be calculated, !hich ensures violence" 'he only !ay to

reverse this trend is to force a confrontation !ith tragedy and

the un%no!n"

9avis, +:alter A', &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University @eathHs @ream ingdom &g'Q$)Q"D

-motional'he innermost need of human beings is to feel good about themselves"#hatever threatens that feeling must be exorcised ' ealth, normalcy, and&rod+ctivity de&end on avoiding negative feelings' o&e and o&timism arenHt *+sthealthy attit+des; they are re9+irements of o+r nat+re' 6iologically wired' :ecannot remain for long in tra+ma' ecovery, moreover, must restore our faith in

the guarantees and our hopes for the future ' The need for ho&e is, 8n fact, thecapstone of the entire system of guarantees'Ret it too a&&arently has a history'

Today over $# million of o+r children are on &rescri&tion dr+gs to &revent de&ressionand an4iety' 8nformed of this fact y 6ill Maher, the =rench actress L+lie @el&hys&o!e the s&ontaneo+s wisdom of an archaic c+lt+re K@onHt they !now thatde&ression is a good thing; that itHs something yo+ have to go thro+gh in order togrowK Not anymore''he %ey to understanding the po!er of the guarantees is to understand the fearsthat they exorcise" 'han%s to religion, death, su4ering, and evil are deprived oftheir po!er" 'hrough the attainment of reason, all other forms of consciousness

and !hat they might reveal are put in their place" Poetic !nowing is de&rived othof its legitimacy and its terror' Science, as f+l


32/70

and not the solution" For the grandest function of the system of guarantees, as a!hole and in each one of its parts, is to blind us to history"

And so to ta!e +& again the 9+estion stated &revio+sly, how did the sit+ation noweing created in 8ra9 come ao+t The ne4t three sections constit+te an attem&t toanswer that 9+estion y constr+cting for America a re&ressed history'


33/70

'he negative is attempting to apply reason to ethics and

psychology" 'his only creates a hard understanding of our

inner psyche, !hich is a loss of the self that out!eighs every

other impact"

9avis, +:alter A', &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State UniversityDeath/s Dream 'ingdom pg)*1-2*134

This recognition im&lies a &rimary 9+estion' :hat is the nat+re and e4tent of theethical res&onsiility h+man eings have for s+ch a condition To what e4tent canevil and the actions that 7ow from it e said to e chosen in the e4ercise of a$reedom for which one ears ethical res&onsiility 'raditionally ethicalresponsibility only applies to actions that are ta%en after deliberation and!ith full %no!ledge of the consequences< actions !here choice is afunction of our ability to reason: !here the moral la! is %no!n: and !hereone chooses to violate it for motives that can be specied as functions of aself-interestthat overrides all other motives and considerations' )itigate any ofthese factors and one mitigates ethical responsibility' -thical res&onsiility iscom&romised or eliminated, for e4am&le, if oneHs action is determined y forceso+tside oneHs control if one acts witho+t &remeditation, +nder d+ress, in lindoedience to c+stoms or a+thorities, as the res+lt of a &athology, eca+se of somelimitation in the aility to thin! or to +nderstand the conse9+ences of oneHs action,or eca+se one acted witho+t any conscio+s intention to do wrong' 8o!everdeplorable their deeds the mad, for example, are not evil" 0vil requiresconsciousness, choice, freedom" 8f evil is to e a h+man &ossiility on a &ar withthe &ossiility of goodness it m+st e something that is determined within the orderof freedom' 'he trouble !ith the traditional understanding of theseconditions, however, is the e4ort to conne them !ithin the limits ofrationalism and a purely cognitive model of the mind" =ationality is noblebut single-minded devotion to it leaves the true life of the psycheundetected' =oc+sing on it &remat+rely shifts disc+ssion to a rare


34/70

the three cardinal categories of ethics are a mon+ment to that motive' estricting intention,motive, and choice to the canons of rationality fashions them to the designs of h+manmendacity' =or if y intention we mean a delierate rational choice with f+ll !nowledge ofthe conse9+ences, evil, as 8Hve descried it, is not chosen' 8f along the same lines we restrictmotive lo &+r&oses for which we ear res&onsiility eca+se they iss+e not from frailties ofo+r nat+re or the force of circ+mstances +t from an e4&licit !nowledge of what one is doing

and why, evil, as th+s far descried, does not e4ist within the order of h+man motivation'>ne can identify self)interest, careerism, and ha&&iness as motives, +t to say that manyagents act in order to advance Thanatos is hard to fathom' Unless, that is, we e4&and thecategory of motive to incl+de &+r&oses that derive from the &syche in all its inherentcon7ictedness' 6+t once &osit s+ch a &ossiility, choice ecomes a conce&t that m+st eretho+ght in a radically new way'


35/70

'heir internal lin%s are symptoms of the fantasy that !e strive

to maintain" 'his logic becomes used to $ustify atrocity" 'he

aErmativeIs re$ection of attempting to control the future

allo!s alternate practices to emerge" Dote aErmative to

traverse the fantasy of their internal lin% chains" 0ven if youdonIt thin% !e can solve, the 1AC is a more productive through

experiment than their disad"

9avis, +(Walter A., professor emeritus at The Ohio State University@eathHs @ream ingdom &g'(%)(QD

K8s there anything more evil than shooting children in a school yard or 7ying &lanesinto +ildingsK >ne hears this rhetorical 9+estion often today' Getting it


36/70

was to give +s a rief glim&se at what the mainstream media &roscrie'D Aolition ofthe image is one of the &rimary conditions of ecocide' -verything m+st e renderedastract, invisile, +nreal' No image can e allowed to tro+le o+r slee&, to lacerateo+r so+l' =or then we might egin to !now that there is indeed an evil far worsethan shooting children in schoolyards or 7ying air&lanes into +ildings' To move +s

toward that !nowledge let me end with the foridden, which 8 m+st here attem&t toconvey solely thro+gh the more astract medi+m of words since 8Hve not yet gained&ermission to re&rod+ce a &hotogra&h 8 saw not long ago' It/s the pict!re o$ an Ira5ibaby, a victim o$ D6, (ho (as born (ith no nose, mo!th, eyes, an!s or genitals and

(ith 7ipper limbs, a common res!lt o$ radiation e%pos!re in !tero) That child/s body,

$!ll o$ red open !lcers, is t(isted in nots, its !lcerated $ace contorted in a loo o$

!nspeaable s!"ering) An a!thentic image o$ the sacredness o$ h!man li$e) 8$ the

precio!sness o$ every breath)To loo! at that child is to realiIe oneHs d+ty to mo+rnit, to give voice to its right to invade >+r conscio+sness and e4&ose the evil of thosewho &rate on ao+t eing &ro)life while ref+sing to let +s see what theyHve red+cedlife to' /+!e, $3$)"' The image of that child m+st ecome the force in o+r mindsthat motivates +s to deracinate all g+arantees that shield +s from the reality of thatchildHs sit+ation' >r to &+t it another way every time one demands catharsis,resol+tion, and renewal that child is orn again, condemned to its writhing' That iswhy its image m+st emolden +s to 9+estion the most hallowed of the g+arantees,the one 8Hve refrained from disc+ssing +ntil now' 8n the face of s+ch evil what is toe done 8s resistance ever *+sti


37/70

A+ Counterplans'heir counterplan still attempts to maintain some type of

guarantee for the future" 'heir obsession !ith security and

the future fail to force a confrontation !ith the trauma of the

un%no!n - this means that only the a4 can solve" Anything

else results in a return to the ideology of security"

9avis, +

:alter A', &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University @eathHs @ream ingdom &g'%B)%ED

6+t to +nderta!e that tas! we m+st &+rge o+rselves of the thing in o+rselves thatstands in the way' 8 have termed it the g+arantees' 6y that term 8 refer to all thoseass+rances we set +& a &riori to &rotect o+rselves from the reality of historicaltra+ma' The signi+r eort m+st e t o do the o&&osite and therey s+stain the vital &ossiilityim&licit in an event ' That &ossiility is to s+stain a rea! with the g+arantees andtherey


38/70

of the g+arantees as ha&&ens when /ove and -ros are &osited as ahistorical val+es'8f anything, the &ossiility of /ove is far more diFc+lt and e4acting than deatheca+se it can only arise y reversing the &rior force that death has within +s' Thefollowing two sections oer a rief &ict+re of the !ind of agonistic &rocess s+ch aneort entails in order to whet o+r a&&etite for something that sho+ld y now e

evident' The criti9+e of ideology cannot e a merely intellect+al e4ercise' 8t m+st ethe activation within o+r &syche of a co+ntervailing drama'

Any ris% of >solvency? for the counterplan is a reason to vote

a4 because it is an attempt to guarantee the future by pre-

emptive action" 0ven claims of a >net-benet? are a lin% to the

aErmative criticism" nly the a4 forcibly confronts the

un%no!n"

9avis, +:alter A', &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University @eathHs @ream ingdom &g'Q$)Q"D

-motional'he innermost need of human beings is to feel good about themselves"#hatever threatens that feeling must be exorcised ' ealth, normalcy, and&rod+ctivity de&end on avoiding negative feelings' o&e and o&timism arenHt *+sthealthy attit+des; they are re9+irements of o+r nat+re' 6iologically wired' :ecannot remain for long in tra+ma' ecovery, moreover, must restore our faith inthe guarantees and our hopes for the future ' The need for ho&e is, 8n fact, thecapstone of the entire system of guarantees'Ret it too a&&arently has a history'

Today over $# million of o+r children are on &rescri&tion dr+gs to &revent de&ressionand an4iety' 8nformed of this fact y 6ill Maher, the =rench actress L+lie @el&hys&o!e the s&ontaneo+s wisdom of an archaic c+lt+re K@onHt they !now thatde&ression is a good thing; that itHs something yo+ have to go thro+gh in order togrowK Not anymore' 'he %ey to understanding the po!er of the guarantees is tounderstand the fears that they exorcise" 'han%s to religion, death, su4ering, andevil are deprived of their po!er" 'hrough the attainment of reason, all other forms

of consciousness and !hat they might reveal are put in their place" Poetic !nowingis de&rived oth of its legitimacy and its terror' Science, as f+l


39/70

de&recate @+ya and, a&&arently, to hold onto the idea that heHs a tem&oraryaerration' 6+t the &rolem goes dee&er' To revive a attle cry from the $E(#s,insofar as one is !edded to any one of the guarantees one is part ofthe problem and not the solution" For the grandest function of thesystem of guarantees, as a !hole and in each one of its parts, is to

blind us to history" And so to ta!e +& again the 9+estion stated &revio+sly, how didthe sit+ation now eing created in 8ra9 come ao+t The ne4t three sections constit+te anattem&t to answer that 9+estion y constr+cting for America a re&ressed history'


40/70

Any net benet to the counterplan lin%s to the criticism of the

aErmative and is a reason that the counterplan cannot solve

the aErmative" #e must confront the un%no!n to solve"

9avis, +1#atler A", professor emeritus at 'he hio /tate 2niversity, 9eracinations< 8istoricity, 8iroshima, and

the 'ragic &mperative, Hg" M-L>ne +&shoot of that act is a recovery of the dialectic of -ros and Thanatos as a wayof thin!ing ao+t history' 8n antici&ation of later develo&ments cha&ter , &art "D, 8only &resent the asic lines of this idea here' The de&th)charge so+nded y an-vent is its aility to reveal that the relationshi& of -ros and Thanatos is not eternal+t historical to the core with the end of that dialectic entailing the &ossilee4tinction of one of the terms' This is the s&ectre =re+d e4orciIed y estalishing ad+alistic way of conce&t+aliIing the two categories' The alternative is an immanentdialectic, one where history as contingency s+*ects everything to irreversilechange with Thanatos a force in c+lt+re dedicated to the e4tinction of -ros and withthe &ower to ring ao+t that clos+re to the KeternalK dialectic' Tra+matic events

constit+te an ar+&t and &ainf+l reversal of the KeternalK dialectic eca+se in themwe f+nd -ros de&rived of all ass+rances' Contra =re+d, there is nothing +niversal,iological, or ahistorical ao+t Kthe eternal attle'K 6oth terms are f+lly im&licated inhistory, ca+ght +& in &rocesses Ca&ale of &rod+cing irreversile transformations'=orces in the &syche o&&osed to life, which we have &ersistently marginaliIed in&roclaiming o+r h+manism, rise +& in the -vent to challenge all we elieve ao+tKh+man nat+reK and history' ather than a world gro+nded in love, the &rimacy ofgoodness in Kh+man nat+re,K the achievement of rationality and the ameliorativevirt+es of the social &rocess, the -vent reveals a world in which envy and hate stal!life, see!ing a


41/70

6+t to +nderta!e that tas! we m+st &+rge o+rselves of the thing in o+rselves thatstands in the way' 8 have termed it the g+arantees' 6y that term 8 refer to all thoseass+rances we set +& a &riori to &rotect o+rselves from the reality of historicaltra+ma' The signi


42/70

A+ Nriti%sur ethics come rst --9iscovery of the unconscious is crucialto the recognition of responsibility by every sub$ect- only our

frame!or% opens space for agency and recognition of our

choices- our ethics are crucial to understand the historical

contingencies that ma%e up the status quo and open space for

change

9avis, +(Walter A., professor emeritus at The Ohio State University@eathHs @ream ingdom &g'$B")$BQD

Freud discovered more than the 2nconscious" 8e discovered our responsibilityfor it; for becoming a!are of ho! !hat !e repress rules our life and therefore ourdut to gain %no!ledge of our unconscious as the precondition for becoming an

ethically responsible agent"8n terms of ethics thereHs a 9+ic! way to s+mmariIe thesignince ma!e the &sychoanalytic t+rn and theso+rces of self)!nowledge increase e4&onentially'0very time one understandsadream, a &ara&hra4is, an aesthetic experience, a fantasy, one su4ers in principle arevolution in one7s life" For such experiences put one in touch !ith the deep

con(icts that dene the psyche' A dream, for e4am&le, does not tell +s ao+tsomething o+tside the realm of o+r conscio+s gras&, tho+gh this view of re&ressionty&i


43/70

are" 0verything stays in the safely guarded spaceof delierative, disc+rsive, 9+asi)*+dicial rationality as if this were the &rimary way we relate to o+rselves or, to t+rnthe screw a &eg f+rther, as if when we arenHt relating to o+rselves this way wearenHt f+lly moral agents f+lly res&onsile for o+r actions' 6+t once let res&onsiilitye4&and into the inner life of the &syche and we ta!e on a new ethical +rden to%no! oneself in depth and not recoil in horror from !hat one learns or persist in

virtuous denial of the hidden motives one must confront in order to becomeresponsible for one7s psyche' 8ndeed, delieration is itself transformed y l he&sychoanalytic t+rn' =re+d shows that to delierate correctly one m+st foc+s thein9+iry on those motives that one tries to conceal from oneself, since they arewhere the tr+th of oneHs cond+ct may lie'8n terms of the &rolem of evil this line of tho+ght has an ovio+s im&lication'urprimary responsibility, which we contin+ally shir!,is to nd the evil in ourselves"'heoretically and emotionally the same thing prevents that discovery< the desireto uphold the idea that human nature is inherently or basically good, !ith evil anaberration, a fall, a brea% !ith the natural order of things, an exception to therule of human decency" Hsychoanalysis, li%e history, renders such sentiments

questionable at best'And irrelevant to where in9+iry m+st egin5with

&sychological con7ict, the &rimary fact that de


44/70

e contin+ally deferred, then rendered im&ossile, eca+se an4iety and 7ight fromthat an4iety denein which to !now is to s+er irreversile change in oneHs eliefs, val+es, and even inoneHs Kidentity,K with nothing in the logos of tho+ght ale to &rotect +s from that&ossiility The reign of the a &riori wo+ld therey come to an end, the &rinci&le ofho&e a category weHd ris!, not one weHd need to renew at whatever cost' Co+ld s+chan engagement constit+te the tr+e Kforce and signi


45/70

'he permutation solves psychoanalytical evaluation of our

anxiety and our reliance on stability and security are prior

questions to the alternative and the frame!or% of the

criticism" 'he alternative is still castrated by desire, !hich

means that it does not access proper historical context"

9avis, +:alter A', &rofessor emerit+s at The >hio State University, @eracinations istoricity, iroshima, and the Tragic8m&erative, &g' $)%

8n A+g+st $EQ -lias Canetti writes the following in his *o+rnal KA tormenting tho+ght; as of a certain &oint, historywas no longer real' :itho+t noticing it, all man!ind s+ddenly left reality; everything ha&&ening since then wass+&&osedly not tr+e; +t we s+&&osedly didnHt notice' >+r tas! wo+ld now e to


46/70

from our frame!or%s by immersing ourselves in other !ays of thin%ing"#e can then use that experience to become a!are of things that ourculture and its dominant interest groups do not !ant to %no! aboutthemselves"The im&lication of s+ch an orientation for history is considerale, since historical e4&lanation is&erha&s the &rimary way in which a comm+nity estalishes the str+ct+res of elief, mind, and feeling on which it

de&ends in giving an KidentityK to its memers' 'han%s to the explosion of the

multicultural, !e no! have a !ay to internally distance ourselves fromsuch beliefs and practices, even &erha&s, following NietIsche, to to+ch all that Kgoes witho+t sayingKwith the hammer as with a t+ning for!'


47/70

Case /tu4


48/70

#ar on 'error 5ad'he myth of e4ective security fosters a violent pro$ect that

necessitates the creation of terrorists to be sacriced on the

altar of society

)c*o!an, +1Associate Professor at the University of Vermont Todd, -n*oying :hat :e @on?t ave, Pro*ect M+seD

The f+ndamental arrier to the estalishment of an a+thentic social ond is the resistance to avowing the tra+matic

nat+re of that ond' :e +se the &leas+re that accom&anies the oming of Afghanistanto disg+ise the shared en*oyment we e4&erience thro+gh the tra+matic e4&erienceof loss' 6+t this &leas+re inevitably disappoints us and triggers the belief thatsomeone has stolen the com&lete &leas+re that we e4&ected to e4&erience'This iswhy there can &ro&erly e no end to the :ar on Terror, no endto the list ofco+ntries that the United States &lans to invade to attain complete security, noend to the n+mer of terrorist leaders executed'%$ Com&lete sec+rity, li!ecom&lete &leas+re, is mythical' 8t attem&ts to bypass the one e4&erience that

cannot e y&assed 5 the fo+ndational e4&erience of loss 5 and it is thise4&erience that holds the !ey to an authentic social bond"The str+ct+re ofsocietywhich is the res+lt of the str+ct+re of signi


49/70

6oss of the /elf/urveillance devastates the gap bet!een the /elf and our

informaticized bodies the total %no!ledge it provides

deprives one of the ability to function as a sub$ect, eradicating

oneIs identity this results in complete annihilationFriesen et al, +1+@r' Norm =riesen is Canada esearch Chair in -)/earning Practices at Thom&son ivers University' is academiccredentials incl+de a Ph@ in -d+cation from the University of Alerta' Andrew =eenerg, School of Comm+nication,Simon =raser University' Grace Smith, Ara&i!i Sol+tions, 8nc' Norm =riesen, Andrew =eenerg, Grace Smith, andShannon /owe, "#$", 0-4&eriencing S+rveillance2, &&' B")B%, eD8nventing The 8nternet,htt&..lin!'s&ringer'com.cha&ter.$#'$##3"=E3B)E)(#E$)3%)ED

St+dents of s+rveillance have een so im&ressed y the ever)growing com&leteness of this data image that theyanimate it as tho+gh it were an act+al &erson' 8dentity is seen as coeval with an assemlage of traces rather thanwith act+al &resence' Th+s, van der Ploeg writes of 0the inaility to disting+ish etween ?the ody itself? and ?ody

information2? van der Ploeg, "##%, &' (ED' aggerty and -ricson similarly write, the s+rveillanceassemlage standardiIes the ca&t+re of 7esh.information 7ows of the h+man ody'8t isnot so m+ch immediatelyconcernedwith the direct &hysical relocation of the h+man ody altho+gh thismay e an +ltimate conse9+enceD, +t with transforming the ody into &+re information, s+chthat it can e rendered more moile and com&arale'aggerty W -ricson, "###, &' ($%D Thereis something right ao+t this t+rn in s+rveillance theory, and yet it is ovio+s that we are still ale to disting+ish thereal &erson from the traces that &erson leaves ehind' The trace is o+nd to +s y its origin and often y internalsigns of vario+s sorts, so we do not 9+ite leave it ehind after all' And yet we do not want to drag along every traceof o+r &assage thro+gh life' :e co+nt on the eras+re of most traces' 8t is this eras+re that enales +s to face theworld afresh each day and to face it with a self)image we constr+ct at least &artially anew for each new sit+ation in

which we outed? is to be annihilated"

'he gaze of surveillance invades and traps one psychologically,

rendering one enslaved

Daz, 1LL@Angelina, =all $EEQ, @alho+sie =rench St+dies Vol' %", Mises en scXne d+ regard =all $EEQD, &&' %3)%B, 0:hoHs Gotthe /oo! SartreHs GaIe and =o+ca+ltHs Pano&ticism2, LST>,htt&..www'*stor'org.stale.#B%3##D
http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-6091-734-9_4http://www.jstor.org/stable/40837004)%20http://www.jstor.org/stable/40837004)%20http://www.jstor.org/stable/40837004)%20http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-94-6091-734-9_4


50/70

This grand form+la is even a&&licale at the level of an enco+nter etween two individ+als where the theme of

0s+*ection y e4&os+re2 is dominant' As Sartre says, 0eing)seen constit+tes me as adefenseless eing for a freedom which is not my freedom YZ[' 8 am a slave to thedegree that my eing is de&endent at my center of a freedom which is not mine andwhich is the very condition of my eing26eing, &' %QBD' 8n this sense, the gaIe does not

*+st create and invade &hysical s&aces; there is a sense in which the gaIe invadesand tra&s me &sychologically'As a tem&oral)s&atial o*ect in the world, being loc%ed atforces me to apprehend myself as the ob$ect of the therIs un%no!ableappraisals-of value $udgments' And these val+e *+dgments aect me'Th+s, as the0o*ect of val+es which come to 9+alify me witho+t my eing ale to act on this9+ali


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A'< Hsych not falsiableKHsych 5adHsychoanalysis is both falsiable and accurate

*rant and 8arari, +@@on and -dwin, &sychiatrists, 0Psychoanalysis, science and the sed+ctive theory of arl Po&&er,2 A+stralian andNew Jealand Lo+rnal of Psychiatry %ED

Attac!s on &sychoanalysis and the long)term thera&ies derived from it, have en*oyed a long history and m+ch&+licity Y$)[' Ret, the *+sti


52/70

Falsiability is a bad standard3it incorporates unexamined

materialism !hich undermines the basis of the theory and also

turns their frame!or% arguments by undercutting

metaphysical debate and argumentative clash" 'hereIs no

o4ense because metaphysical belief is inevitable but

falsiability drives us to hold them !ithout debate

Castellano, +1+@aniel, The 8ns+Fciency of -m&iricism, htt&..www'arcane!nowledge'org.&hiltheo.em&iricism"'htmD

Since falsi


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/cientic analysis creates a psychic split and solves sub$ective

value

Nalaid$ian, +1+:alter, &rofessor at Lohns o&!ins' 0Traversing Psychosis /acan, To&ology, and \The Let)Pro&elledCo+ch?2' Pgs' $E#)$E$' American 8mago, Vol' (E, No' ", $BQO"$%' "#$" y The Lohns o&!ins University

Press'Th+s, the M]i+s stri& gives to&ological re&resentation to the division that s&lits the s+*ect of scienti


54/70

.eg /tu4


55/70

Hsychoanalysis bad for &=Hsychoanalysis canIt explain international relations --- the

move from the clinic to the macro-sphere is too great -

obviously not everyone shares the exact same fantasies and

thereIs no mechanism to actualize change

5oucher +1literary and &sychoanalytic st+dies at @ea!in University Geo M', 0JiIe! and Politics A Critical 8ntrod+ction2,htt&s..oo!s'google'com.oo!shl^enWlr^Wid^hmr6gAA6ALWoi^fndW&g^PP$Wd9^CQ6@iCQ6-e!_and_Politics_An_8ntrod+ctionWots^%+9gdGUw4CWsig^MNP3oMG3L`g:M*EyI"@Ts(68v^one&ageW9Wf^falseD..tre&!a

Can we ring some order to this host of criticisms8t is remar!) ale that, for all the criticisms ofJiIe!Hs &olitical omanticism, no one has arg+ed that the +ltra)e4tremism of JiIe!Hs &olitical&osition might re7ect his untenable attempt to sha&e his model for &olitical actionon the c+rative rder'This leads him to analyse o+r entire c+lt+re as a singles+*ect)o*ect, whose &erverseor &erha&s even &sychoticD str+ct+re is e4&ressed in everymanifestation of contem&orary life' JiIe!Hs decisive &olitical)theoretic errors, one s+stantive and theother methodological, are dierent see =ig+re Q'$D The s+stantive &rolem is to e9+ate any&olitical changeworth the name with the total change of the s+*ect)o*ect that is, today, gloal ca&italism' This is a ty&e ofchange that can only mean e9+at) ing &olitics with violent regime change, and+ltimately emrac) ing dictatorial govermnent, as JiIe! now fran!ly avows8@/C $")$ED' :e have seen that the +ltra)&olitical form of JiIe!Hs criti) cism of everyone else,

the theoretical /eft and the wider &olitics, is that no one is s+Fciently radical forhim ) even, we will discover, Chairman Mao' :e now see that this is eca+se JiIe!Hs model of &olitics&ro&er is modelled on a &re)critical analogy with the total transformation of a s+iectHs entire s+*ective str+ct+re,

at the end of the tal!ing c+re' =or what co+ld the concrete conse9+ences of this governing analogy e :e haveseen that JiIe! e9+ates the individual fantasy with the collective identity of anentire people' The social fantasy, he says, str+ct+res the regimeHs HinherenttransgressionsH at once s+*ectsH hait+al ways of living the letter of the law, and the regimeHs myths of originand of identity' 8f &olitical action is modelled on the /acanian c+re, it m+st involve the


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complete 7traversal7) in egelHs terms, the astract vers+s the determinate negation ) of all these livedmyths, &ractices and haits' Politics m+st involve the &eriodic fo+nding of of entire new s+*ectOo*ects' Providingthe model for this set of ideas, the rder efore the eginning of time 8@/C $Q%; >6 $OBD' 6+t can the &olitical theoristreasonaly ho&e or e4&ect that s+*ects will sim&ly give +& on all their inherited!ays, myths and eliefs, all in one !orld- creating momentGAnd can they e

legitimately as!ed or e4&ected to, on the asis of a set of ideals whose legitimacythey will only retros&ectively see, after they have acceded to the *reat 6eapFor!ard And if they do notO for bie! laments that today s+*ects are &oliticallydisengaged in +n&recedented waysO what means can the theorist and his allies +se tomove them to do so


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Psychoanalysis 6adHsychoanalysis is rooted in the logic of calculable sub$ects,

assimilating ethics into an economy of %no!ledge that does

not allo! for alterity" 'his culminates in the obliteration of the

ther

9errida, ++YLac9+es, =rench &hiloso&her, orn in =rench Algeria' @errida is est !nown for develo&ing a form of semioticanalysis !nown as deconstr+ction' e is one of the ma*or f a life that is still worthy of eing lived, once and for all' >ne cannot *+stify a


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&aci


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Hsychoanalysis7s relationship to the outside community

replicates the logic of sovereignty, !hich is the foundation of

modern violence" &nstead, !e must resist the resistance

created by psychoanalysis, as such, and open ourselves to

revolution"

9errida, ++YLac9+es, =rench &hiloso&her, orn in =rench Algeria' @errida is est !nown for develo&ing a form of semioticanalysis !nown as deconstr+ction' e is one of the ma*or


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Hsychoanalysis is silent in the face of the call of the ther" #e

must not ground politics in psychoanalysis if !e are to %eep

open the possibility for an ethical responsibility for alterity

9errida, ++Lac9+es, =rench &hiloso&her, orn in =rench Algeria' @errida is est !nown for develo&ing a form of semiotic analysis

!nown as deconstr+ction' e is one of the ma*or


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8 have already e4&ressed some do+ts ao+t the homogeneo+s str+ct+re of this m+lti&le conce&t of resistance

:tderstandD in =te+d' 8 will do so dierently today' No do+t the !orld, the process of!orld!ide-ization of the !orld, as it goes along, !ith ail its consequences3political, social, economic, $uridical, techno-scienitic, and so forth3resists psychoanalysis today' 8t does so in new ways that yo+ are do+tless in the &rocess ofinterrogating' &t resists in an unequal fashion that is diEcult to analyze" &t

opposes psychoanalysis not only !ith a model of positive science, or evenpositivistic, cognitvistic, physicalistic, psycho-pharmacologcal, genetisticscience, but notably also sometimes the academicism of a spiritualist,religious, or (at-out philosophical hermeneutic or eveneca+se none of these arem+t+ally e4cl+siveD archaic tnstitutions, concepts, and practices of the ethical,the $uridical, and the political that seem to be still domlnated by a certainlogic, that is, by a certain onto-theological metaphysics of sovereigntyBautonomy and omnipotence of the sub$ect5individ+al or state5freedom, egological will,conscio+s intentionality, or if yo+ will, the ego, the ego ideal, and the s+&erego, etcD' 'he rst gesture ofpsychoanalysis !ill have been to explain this sovereignty, to give an acco+nt of itsinel+ctaility while aiming to deconstr+ct its genealogy5 which &asses also y way of cr+el m+rder' As for the

&hysical, ne+ronal, or generic sciences, =re+d was the o+ilywhaI remains archaic in this woridwide)iIation' 8t doesnHt li!e what it sees,+t it doesnHt tac!le it, doesnHt analyIe it' And this resistance is also ; a self)resistance' There is something wrong, inany case an a+toimm+ne f+nction in &sychoanalysis as everywhere else, a re*ection of self, a resistance to self, toits own &rinci&ality, its own &rinci&le of &rotection'

Hsychoanalysis has not thought through politics, ethics, andsovereignty, and thus o4ers no real hope for the future"

9errida, ++Lac9+es, =rench &hiloso&her, orn in =rench Algeria, @errida is est !nown for develo&ing a form of semiotic analysis!nown as deconstr+ction' e is one of the ma*or


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that the conce&t of cr+elty, this osc+re and enigmatic conce&t, this site of osc+rantism oth within and witho+t

&sychoanalysis, calls for indis&ensale analyses, to which we will have to ret+rn' 'hese are all thingsabout !hich, if 8 am not mista!en, psychoanalysisas s+ch, in its stat+tory and a+thoriIed disco+rse,or even in the 9+asi f totality of its &rod+ctions, has so far said next to nothing, has hadnext to nothing original to say' 8n the very &lace where one e4&ects the most s&ecin a more &ersonal level, &olitical &ower re7ects the aility to choose

freely whether to act and what action to ta!e in a given sit+ation' HPoliticsH refers to the inter&lay etweenthe &ersonal and &+lic dimensions of &ower'That is, there is an artic+lation etween &+lic, economic&ower and &ower as e4&ressed on the &ersonal, &rivate level' This artic+lation is demonstrated in family organiIation, gender andrace relations, and in religio+s and artistic ass+m&tions as they aect the life of individ+als' 8 have also tried to e consistent in my+se of the terms Hc+lt+reH, HsocietyH and HcollectiveH'DHere is an e4am&le of the diFc+lty with &sychological rcd+c)tionism to which 8am referring' At a conference $ attended in /ondon in $EE#, a disting+ished &sychoanalyst referred to the revol+tionary st+dents inParis in $E(B as Hf+nctioning as a regressive gro+&H' Now, for a large gro+& of st+dents to e said to regress, there m+st e, in thes&ea!erHs mind, some sort of normative develo&mental starting &oint for them to regress to' The social gro+& is s+&&osed to have aayhood, as it were' Similarly, the s&ea!er m+st have had in mind the &ossiility of a healthier, &rogressive gro+& &rocess 5 what

a more mat+re gro+& of revol+tionary st+dents wo+ld have loo!ed li!e' 6+t

com&le4 social and &olitical&henomena do not conform to the individ+alistic, chronological, moralistic,&athologiIing framewor! that is often im&orted'The &rolem stems from treatingthe entire c+lt+re, or large ch+n!s of it, as if it were an individ+al or, worse, as if it were aay' Psychoanalysts &ro*ect a version of &ersonality develo&ment co+ched in

*+dgemental terms onto a collectivec+lt+ral and &olitical &rocess' 8f we loo! in thismanner for &athology in the c+lt+re, we will s+rely


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&athology, +t this is a retros&ective &ro&hecyto +se a &hrase of =re+dHsD, twenty)twentyhindsight' 8n this &sychoanalytic ta+tologiIing there is really nothing m+chto get e4citedao+t' Too m+ch &sychological writing on the c+lt+re, my own incl+ded, has s+ered from this !ind of sm+g HcorrectnessH when theHmaterialH &roves the theoretical &oint' >f co+rse it does 8f we are interested in envy or greed, then we will


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&sychoanalysis on the whole lac!ed the tools that other disci&lines had to de+n! or&rove new theories'6y what criteria co+ld &sychoanalysts re*ect or acce&t a new hy&othesis 8n &hysics, anew model was e4&ected to e com&atile with c+rrently availale data, as well as ale to ma!e &redictions to econther +sing &sychoanalytic categories' 8n Cha&ter , we saw bie!?s res+lting elision of the

distinction etween the s+*ectiveD -go 8deal and the o*ectiveD Symolic >rder'This leads him to analyse o+rentire c+lt+re as a single s+*ectOo*ect,whose &erverse or &erha&s even &sychoticD str+ct+re is e4&ressedin every manifestation of contem&orary life' bie!?s decisive &olitical) theoretic errors, one s+stantive and the other

methodological, are dierent see =ig+re Q'$D 'he substantive problem is to equate any political

changeworth the name !iththe total change of the sub$ectob$ectthat is, today, gloal ca&italism' Thisis a ty&e of change that can only mean e9+ating &olitics with violent regime change, and +ltimately emracing dictatorialgovernment, as bie! now fran!ly avows ID;0 $"O$ED' :e have seen that the +ltra) &olitical form of bie!?s criticism of everyone

else, the theoretical /eft andthe wider &olitics, is that no one is s+Fciently radical for himO

even, we will discover, Chairman Mao' :e now see that this is eca+se bie!?s model of &olitics&ro&er ismodelled ona &re) critical analogy !iththe total transformation of a sub$ectIsentire sub$ectivestructure, at the end of the tal%ing cure" =or what co+ld the concrete conse9+ences of this governing

analogy e :e have seen that bie! e9+ates the individ+alfantasy withthe collective identity of anentire &eo&le'The social fantasy, he says, str+ct+res the regime?s \inherent transgressions? at once s+*ects? hait+al waysof living the letter of the law, and the regime?s myths of origin and of identity' 8f &olitical action is modelled onthe /acanian c+re, it m+st involve the com&lete \traversal?O in egel?s terms, the astract vers+sthe determinate negation O ofall these lived myths, &ractices and haits' Politics m+st involve the &eriodic fo+nding of entirenew s+*ectOo*ects' Providing the model for this set of ideas, the < rst bie!ian &olitical s+*ect was Schelling?s divided God, who


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gave irth to the entire Symolic >rder efore the eginning of time ID;0 $Q%; 8< $OBD' 6+t can the &oliticaltheorist reasonalyho&e or e4&ectthat s+*ects will sim&ly give +& on all their inheritedways, myths and eliefs, all in one !orld- creating momentGAnd can they e legitimately as!ed or e4&ectedto, on the asis of a set of ideals whose legitimacy they will only retros&ectively see, after they have acceded to the Great /ea&

=orward And if they do notO for bie! laments that today s+*ects are &olitically disengaged in +n&recedented ways Owhat means can the theorist and his allies +se to move them to do so

Hsychoanalytic critique causes passivity and destroys political

struggle

*ordon, +1Pa+l Gordon, &sychothera&ist living and wor!ing in /ondon, ace W Class,"##$, v' ", n' , &' %#)$

The &ostmodernistsH &rolem is that they cannot live with disa&&ointment' All the tragedies of the&olitical &ro*ect of emanci&ation)) the evils of Stalinism in &artic+lar )) are seen as theinevitale &rod+ct of men and women trying to create a etter society' 6+t,rather than engage in a critical assessment of how, for instance, radical

&olitical movements go wrong, they discard the emanci&atory &ro*ect andim&+lse itself' The &ostmodernists, as Sivanandan &+ts it, lame modernity for having failed themthe intellect+als and academics have 7ed into disco+rse and deconstr+ction andre&resentation )) as tho+gh to inter&ret the world is more im&ortant than tochange it, as tho+gh changing the inter&retation is all we co+ld do in a changing worldH'QB To *+stify their7ight from a &olitics holding o+t the &ros&ect of radical change thro+gh self)activity, the disa&&ointedintellect+als r, as Sivanandan states, are they eaten o+t on the smithy of a &eo&leHs collective str+ggle =+rthermore,


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all attem&ts to legislate against ideology are o+nd to fail eca+se theyhave to ado&t technologies of s+rveillance and control identical to those+sed y the stateH' Note here the =o+ca+ldian lang+age to set +& the notion that all s+rveillanceH is ad'6+t is it No society can f+nction witho+t s+rveillanceof some !ind' The &oint, s+rely, is thatthere sho+ld e a &+lic conversation ao+t s+ch moves and that those res&onsile for im&lementing them e at alltimes acco+ntale' To e9+ate, as Cohen does, a co+ncil &oster ao+t Stam&ing o+t racismH with >rwellHshorrendo+s &ro&hecy in $EB of a oot stam&ing on a h+man face is l+dicro+s and ins+lting' >rwellHs image wasintensely &ersonal and destr+ctive; the other is ao+t the need to challenge not individ+als, +t a collective evil'DCohen reveals himself to e dee&ly amivalent ao+t &+nitive action against racists, as tho+gh &+nishment orother


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&henomenon and inter&ret it in a com&letely dierent way that is contradictory tothe


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No -ndless :ar

.o ris% of endless !arfare

*ray, +PYColin, @irector of the Centre for Strategic St+dies and Professor of 8nternational elations and Strategic St+dies atthe University of eading, grad+ate of the Universities of Manchester and >4ford, =o+nder and Senior Associate tothe National 8nstit+te for P+lic Policy, formerly with the 8nternational 8nstit+te for Strategic St+dies and the +dson8nstit+te, L+ly "##3, 0The 8m&lications of Preem&tive and Preventive :ar @octrines Aeconsideration2, htt&..www'ciaonet'org.w&s.ssi$#Q($.ssi$#Q($'&df[

3' A &olicy that favors &reventive warfare e4&resses a f+tile 9+est for asol+te sec+rity' 8t co+ld do so' Most

controversial &olicies contain within them the &ossiility of mis+se' 8n the hands of a &aranoid oro+ndlessly amitio+s &olitical leader, &revention co+ld e a &olicy for endless warfare'owever, the American &olitical system, with its chec!s and alances, was designede4&licitly for the &+r&ose of constraining the e4ec+tive from e4cessive folly' 6oth the

Vietnam and the contem&orary 8ra9ie4&eriences reveal clearly thataltho+gh thecond+ct of war isan e4ec+tive &rerogative, in &ractice that a+thority is disci&lined y &+licattit+des' Cla+sewitI made this &oint s+&erly with his designation of the &assion, the sentiments, of the &eo&leas a vital com&onent of his trinitarian theory of war' Q$ 8t is tr+e to claim that &ower can e, and indeed is often,a+sed, oth &ersonally and nationally' 8t is &ossile that a state co+ld ac9+ire a taste for the a&&arent swiftdecisiveness of &reventive warfare and over+se the o&tion' >ne might arg+e that the easy s+ccess achievedagainst Talian Afghanistan in "##$, &rovided f+el for the +rge to see! a similarly ra&id s+ccess against Saddam+ssein?s 8ra9' 8n other words, the delights of military s+ccess can e hait forming' >n alance, claim seven is not&ers+asive, tho+gh it certainly contains a germ of tr+th' A co+ntry with +nmatched wealth and &ower, +n+sed to&hysical insec+rity at home5notwithstanding " years of n+clear danger, and a high level of g+n crime5is

v+lnerale to demands for &olicies that s+&&osedly can restore sec+rity' 6+twe o+ght not to endorse thearg+ment that the United States sho+ld eschew the &reventive war o&tion eca+se itco+ld lead to a f+tile, endless search for asol+te sec+rity' >ne might as well arg+e

thatthe United States sho+ld ado&t a defense &olicy and develo& ca&ailities sha&ed strictly for homelandsec+rity a&&roached in a narrowly geogra&hical sense' Since a &resident might mis+se a militaryinstr+ment that had a gloal reach, why not deny the :hite o+se even the&ossiility of s+ch mis+se 8n other words, constrain &olicy ends y limiting &olicy?smilitary means' This arg+ment has circ+lated for many decades and, it m+st e admitted, it does have acertain elementary logic' 8t is the o&inion of this en9+iry, however, that the claim that a &olicy whichincl+des the &reventive o&tion might lead to a search for total sec+rity is not at allconvincing' >f co+rse, folly in high &laces is always &ossile, which is one of the many reasons why &o&+lardemocracy is the s+&erior form of government' 8t wo+ld e as+rd to &ermit the fear of a f+tileand dangero+s 9+est for asol+te sec+rity to &recl+de &revention as a &olicy o&tion'@es&ite its as+rdity, this rhetorical charge against &revention is a stoc! favoriteamong &revention?s critics' 8t sho+ld e recogniIed and dismissed for what it is, adeating &oint with little &ragmatic merit' And strategy, tho+gh not always &olicy, must benothing if not pragmatic'
http://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdfhttp://www.ciaonet.org/wps/ssi10561/ssi10561.pdf


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A'< 6oss of the /elf>.o value to life? doesnIt out!eigh - prioritize existence

because value is sub$ective and could improve in the future

'Qnns$R, +11YTor*]rn, the ristian Clakson Professor of Practical Philoso&hy at Stoc!holm University, "#$$, 0Shalt Tho+Sometimes M+rder >n the -thics of illing,2 online htt&..&eo&le's+'se.*olso.S)te4ter.shalttho+'&df[

8 s+&&ose it is correct to say that, if Scho&enha+er is right,if life is never worth living,thenaccording to +tilitarianism we sho+ld all commit s+icideand &+t an end to h+manity'6+t this does not mean that, each of +s sho+ld commit s+icide' 8 commented on this incha&ter two when 8 &resented the idea that +tilitarianism sho+ld e a&&lied, not only to individ+alactions, +t to collective actionsas well' 8t is a well)!nown fact that &eo&le rarely commit s+icide' Someeven claim that no one who is mentally so+nd commits s+icide' Co+ld that e ta!en as evidence for the claim that&eo&le live lives worth living That wo+ld e rash' Many &eo&le are not +tilitarians' They may avoid s+icide eca+se

they elieve that it is morally wrong to !ill oneself' 8t isalso a &ossiility that,even if &eo&le leadlives not worth living, they elieve they do' And even if some may elieve that their

lives, +& to now, have not een worth living, their f+t+re lives will e etter' They maye mista!en ao+t this' They may hold false e4&ectations ao+t the f+t+re' =rom the &oint of view of evol+tionaryiology, it is nat+ral to ass+me that &eo&le sho+ld rarely commit s+icide' 8f we set old age to one side, it has &oors+rvival val+e of one?s genesD to !ill oneself' So it sho+ld e e4&ected that it is diFc+lt for ordinary &eo&le to !illthemselves' 6+t then theories ao+t cognitive dissonance, !nown from &sychology, sho+ld warn +s that we may

come to elieve that we live etter lives than we do' My strong elief is thatmost of +s live livesworth living' owever, 8 do elieve that o+r lives are close to the &oint where they sto& eing worth living' 6+tthen it is at least not very far)fetched to thin! that they may e worth not living, after all' My assessment may e

too o&timistic' /et +s *+st for the sa!e of the arg+ment ass+me that o+r lives are not worthliving, and let +s acce&t that, if this is so, we sho+ld all !ill o+rselves ' As 8 noted aove,this does not answer the 9+estion what we sho+ld do, each one of +s' My con*ect+re isthat we sho+ld not commit s+icide' The e4&lanation is sim&le' 8f 8 !ill myself, many &eo&lewill s+er' ere is a ro+gh e4&lanation of how this will ha&&en ''' s+icide 0s+rvivors2 confront a com&le4 arrayof feelings' Vario+s forms of g+ilt are 9+ite common, s+ch as that arising from aD the elief that one contri+ted tothe s+icidal &ersonHs ang+ish, or D the fail+re to recogniIe that ang+ish, or cD the inaility to &revent the s+icidal

act itself' S+icidealso leads to rage, loneliness, and awareness of v+lneraility in thoseleft ehind' 8ndeed, the sense that s+icide is an essentially sel


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TSDC Psychoanalysis Aff