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|ymhk~e Ynfh`f h`vn{|`yn|`
Jmf`hm Omfeyn|
Fmy L`|`jen{`hJnfmh`
^MF KMF@J AHM[@J OMMEPNYEN[
|ymhk~e Ynfh`f h`vn{|`yn|`
Jmf`hm Omfeyn|`
JMF>;7 I`hmj`f Kmfj Ynfh``
Gmt{empmh4 Kncj In{nkmp >2==
In{|` _n{nh4R{ao( I{( J~|ymom \mvl
Ym{`g4 ;;* H`|mh* ;2==
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;
`hinf`en{
C[
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
9
=( GM_MM[ML@ KMF@J OMMEPNYEN[
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
9
=(=( ^mf Kmfjhh Ymhj
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
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=(;( Kmfjh \hoemhi{ejm|
(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
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=(;(=( henp`l`
Kmfj((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
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=(;(;( Itney`l`
Kmfj(((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
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=(
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(=( Ptnp
myemfem{((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
(;( Ptnp Mey vnpm C`te`
myemfem{((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
((9( Kmemjm Nenjmh Ymfe
Ine`fen{((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
;(>(>( myemf I~{i~{jm Ine`fen{`
((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
;(>(?(
Lvmymem{((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
;(>(3( Fmphmf
I`f`en{`((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
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Gm|m{((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((((
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9
C[
^mf kmfj omme`pnyen{`h`h gmvmpae~ `enyjn|` ``hin hnje` k`{ pn{`
k~e~hjmfymi{( Kmfj% njh`pnye`
k`{ ~~% ~mh cvnh`e`{e``vn ~~m gmt{ aejm| ``h nh hnje` omfy{i{(
Mph tmjmhim gmvmpae~
`enyjnl`|`h`h yare~j tn{`hinf` |mpcheh nyf`enpnh k`{ ph in
k~e~hjmfymi{( K`{ gmvmpae~
`enyjn|`hn m`y gmvm m{mem{hh |f |f m{tmemhjm|% ynfh`f hninhen{en
fmefh cnl`fjn|`% ~~
|{m|him kmt mf|mfefem{h pmmhjm| c`k` hninhen{ gmvmpae~
`enyjn|`h`h `jmd vn |mpcheh
ae~j|~t phin nyf`enjnfyni`{( K~h~hem k`{e`fyn k~ c`k`
mf|mfefem{h pmmhjm|% gmvmpae~ `enyjn|`
``h rm{m% tmjmh vn ``e`f c`in{en{`h` m{yy{i ``h yaremj
jme`pnyen{`h af pf|nejn|`hn hninh
aejmfymi{( ^mf kmfj c`in{en{` nyf`e` k`{ kmfj a{cmh`tm|pah~
ae~y~{~e~{|m fahy{ae meyhm
mehmk`enlnf ynf c`in{ fmenj`i`{(
^mf kmfj% ~mh `jmemyhimh kmempr g`tjnyynh fmei{ejm|hm fmim{ cnnh
|{n ``hin ~mhgn{ tmjmh pmr|me vn oahf|`pahne aem{mf `ef chf fmim{
pnh`% ynj`t% `p` vn itch me{ i~{~jim
aejm| vn mph tmjmhim nfahaj`f vn ~~m nevn{`e` aemk`ejn|` pmh`
cvnh`{e``h`h ymj aejm| ``h
pmremh omme`pnyen{i`{(^mf kmfjhim hlne`fe` mjm gn{ tmjmh
njh`pnyy`{(
Kmfj pmre{fnh kmfj remhem{hm% kmfj ne f`ymrem{hm% {ny`l` vn
gmvmlef aya{`yn|`h`h yme`jmyem{hm
c{n cn{nfe` `enjen{ pmre{( Yj k~ yme`jmyem{ ~~ cvnh`{e``h`
m{yy{jmf vn njh`pny` |memjm f
mjmlpem tmjmhem a{ympm fj yme`jmyem{i{( Kmfj omme`pnyen{` `en
mmimf` fa~eem{ |memhj
ae~h~{4
^~em{ njh`pnyen cn{nfeny`{`e`{( ^mf cvnh`e`{e`` m{ym{( ^mf
nyf`e` nf`ein f~eemhe{( Gmvm ymjmlehm aemh yare~j `ec`|` m{yy{e{(
\nfy{ cne``{(
=(
GM_MM[ML@ KMF@J OMMEPNYEN[
=(=( mf KmfjhhYmhjIhpm Gmvm Paeem{ Ynfh`f Omme`pnyen{ \tehin
'SMYAC*Sa{ei M`{e`hn| Ynlgh`lme Arn{my`ah|
Cea||m{p) kmfj% gmvm m{ml vn gmvm m{mlrm{mem{h pnh`enjnf vnpm
memk`e`{ i~{~jim y~yjmf ``h
|n{v`|% ahm{j% in``fe`f% kpf kmfj% fahy{ae vn i~{~j yn|r`y`
pmrjmf c`k` `enjen{inh ae~mh
omme`pnyen{ aem{mf ymhjemhjy{(^mfkmfjem{%pmrei pn{n vn `n{``hn
kme aem{mf gmy vn mhm
kmfj aejmf tn{n `f`pn mp{ejmfymi{(
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>
Gmy Kmfj4 ^mfpm im ~mfrm{m|hh% efnh`h |`v`e gmvmlef aya{`yn|`
ym{mohimh ahmpemhj|ymhim{yem{m c{n ahm{jem{hh pmrejm|h vn gm|m{em{h
a{ymimh fmei{ejm|h `omin
nyjnfyni`{( H`yne`fe` vn pnyf`e` `cl `en pa~h |{nen{en ~mf vn
|`|ynjen{`h`h
fahy{aeen{`h`h pmrei% ~mfymf` |a{~hem{h yng`| ni`e`r itney`ei``
kmfji{(
Mhm Kmfj4 ^mhgmhcm{ vn myepnen{in ahmpemhj |ymhim{yem{m c{n kpf
kmfj% ahm{j% rm{m in`y`{jn vnpm gm|m{ c`in{jn c`k` `en{`h k`{e`fyn
vnpm mp{ pmrejm|h `omin
nyjnfyni`{( Ymfv`j kmte fahy{aeen{% jaya{ in``j`% `h` ymfjem{
ahm{j% pmr|me
ymi`emyem{ c`k` |{nen{`h pn{ mei kmfji{(
nf`e =(= Y{f Gmvm Paeem{ Kmfj Jn{fnt`hin kmfj ahm{j
omme`pnyen{`
=(;(Kmfjh \hoemhi{ejm|Kmfj omme`pnyen{` mjml `y`km{`pen henp`l`
vn itney`l` kmfj aejmf tn{n `f`pn mp{ejmfymi{(
=(;(=( henp`l` Kmfjhenp`l` kmfj% efnh`h |`v`e gmvmlef aya{`yn|`
vn ~mf vn ~mf nenjmhem{h {nynh o`{jmem{
ym{mohimh kne`{enhj` |ymhim{yem{ fmr|mjhim% kne`{enhnh m{mef vn
tmjmhem{im kmfj `enjen{`h`h
pmrejm|hm vn kpenln imgm |ah{mimh ae~mk`enlnf aem| m{tm vn
gm|m{em{ henjnpn phne`f
kmfji{( R{ac{mje kmfjem{ '[~y`h Kmfj) henp`l` kmfj fmr|mjhm
c`{jnfyni`{( R{ac{mje
kmfjem{h pmfemf .02 c`k` af kpf k`{ kej ~mf tn{`hin pmremh kmfj
omme`pnyen{`hinh%
cn{`pn fmemh .=2e~f k`{ kej `|n ~mf tn{`hin pmrejmpmh kmfj
omme`pnyen{`hinh ae~jmfymi{(
Gn{ ~mf chef kmtim rn{`pai`f fahy{aeen{n ymk`` y~y~e~{( ^mf 'i
pmrim c{h{ mhjm% myemf%
nhy`f vn knhtn{ gm|m{em{% fmmfem{% ynfn{en{in mhjm c`k`
~pc~h|~te~fem{ phhinh) k`{ kyh aem{mf
`hlnenh`{% kmfj `gy`pmem{ vn c`{`en{` m|himh kmfj |`l`een{`
'eackaaf) fahy{ae ni`e`{( Gmhcm{ ``hin
pmrejm m{y pafy~{( K~ ~pc~emjm a{ymemjm ~mf kmhm chin ;
mimj*|mmy |{nk`ejnfyni`{(
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?
R{ac{mje kmfjem{ r`|yah jaya{e~ gmvm m{mem{ ``h gn{ >2
|mmye`f ~~ |mmy` |ah~him% y~{kar{ar vn
y~{ka moy jaya{e~ gmvm m{mem{ ``h gn{ ;22 |mmye`f ~~ |mmy`
|ah~him ~pc~emhjmfymi{( Cnh`
cvine` kpf pael~ ~mfem{him `|n kmfj |nv`pnen{` M% K% L vn I
kmfjem{ mi meyhim
~pc~emhjmfymi{( Gn{ k`{ kmfj rn{`pai~ k`{ hlnf`hinh imgm fmr|mje
vn imgm omtem tmjmh memh
kmfjem{i{( {hn`h Kan`hc 32 ~~ |mmy`hin K kmfj ?>2 ~~
|mmy`hin% L
kmfj
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Fahy{ae ptnpen{`% l`gmtem{ vn cn{nfe` ~~ nf`rjmhem{hh
arn{m|pahne fahy{aeen{`% \`|ynj vn k`ennhen{`h`h arn{m|pahne
fahy{ae c`k` nf`rjmh fahy{aeen{`% Pmemjm% o`ey{n ynj`te``% nf{mh
ynj`te``% gmvm% |v% vk( ymfv`pn|` c`k` |n{v`|en{% [~y`h inhny`j
|{m|him a{ympm fmh remh|t kmfjh ymjmjemhjm|% ^mf ynfh`f fmpy
inoyn{`hn r`eayem{ ym{mohimh fmpini`enh m{tm vn r{akenjen{`h
a{ymimh
fmei{ejm|% L kmfj fmr|mjhimi{(
Kpf kmfjem{% I vn imgm |ah{mf` kmfjem{ fmr|m{( K~ y`r kmfjem{im
imgm af pmr|me fahy{ae vn
ymj`{en{`h ~pc~emhi m{ kmfjem{i{( ^mh k~ kmfjem{im pn{in fme
|{n|` ~mh pm vn ~~
|mmy` `en ia{~ a{mhyei{( Kmfj |{n|` ah kn chinh mpm fmim{
~tmpmk`e`{( =2 *=; |nhn ~~
|mmy`hin k`{ ~mh |`ynj nenjmhem{hh tne yn|`| ``hin vn cnhnein
|fejn|`h` cn{nfy`{nlnf fmim{
inympe fahy{ae% fn`o vn kmfj |{nen{`h`h pn{ mei ~pc~emjmi{(
Fa{atpah fahy{ae vn c`in{`ejn|`%
`h` ymfj c`k` kpf fajrahnhyen{`h in`y`{`ejn|`% kpf mre
jai`o`fm|pahem{h ~pc~emhjm| im
k~ kmfjem{im pmre{(
nf`e =(;^mf jaya{~ tn{`hin ~h~y~emh k`{ lvmymhh ahem{lm `h|mhh
gmpmyhm vn j`epahem{lm iaem{ef
~mh ijn|`hn |nknr aemk`ejnfyni`{(
Kmfj fhim yj |`|ynjen{ vn ~mf ``h gmpmy` hnj ympmh jaya{em{
inympe k`{ yn|y k`{r{ac{mjhimh cn`{`e`{ vn yj |ah~em{ ~mf kmfj
f`ymrem{him ym{`o ni`ei`` nf`ein ae~je~ `|n ~mf
|non{n vn{`e`{(
Kmfj nf`k`h`h mejm| k~{mim k`yjnjnfyn% kmfj n|hm|him pmremh yj
`enjen{% ``h j~gynv`pmy%
pmrmh f``h`h `jtm|% e`|mh| h~jm{m|% ` pmre{fnh f~eemhemh ~mf
`jmemy|hh iafjmhem{hh `|j`%
``h pmrei ch% |mmy vn meemh yaremj |{nh`h fmpini`ei`` pmte
oa{jem{ yaremhm{mf ~mh
|`l`e`hn fmpini`ejnf tn{n |mfemhjmfymi{(
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=(;(;( Itney`l` KmfjK`{ rm{mhh k`e`hnh vnpm ymgj`h ni`enh
m{tm|hh itney`en{nf knfenhnh i~{~j~hm cn{` cny`{jnf ``h
pmremh kmfj omme`pny` aem{mf ymhjemhjmfymi{(Itney`l`kmfj% ~mh
r{ac{mje kmfjem{hm ig`e
aejmpmh omfmy i~{~jm c{n vnpm ~mf {ny`l`|`h`h kne`{eni``
r{ac{mje kmfjem{ ihim kne`{e` k`{~~ |mmy`% `h` |mmy`% `h` |mp| vnpm
ym{`g `en |h{emhi{ej kmfji{( henp`l` kmfjem{h mjml%
itney`l` kmfjem{h |mp|h mtmeymk`ejnfy`{( Itney`l` kmfjem{ gmvm
m{ml `enyjnl`en{` ``h nf k`{
jme`pny ae~y~{jmfymi{( Itney`l` kmfjem{ cnhne aem{mf `f`pn
mp{ejmfymi{4
tne hlnenjn4 R{ac{mje kmfjm kme aejmf|th knee` k`{ ym{`gn% ~~
|mmy`hn vnpm `h`|mp|hm c{n pmremh kmfji{( ^mf kmfj ne f`ymrem{hh
`ec`e` kejen{`hin pmrejm|
cn{nfe` aemh tne `hlnenjnen{ inympe aem{mf mfemhjy{(
R{ac{mj|t Kmfj Fahy{ae4^mhgn{gmhc` k`{ hninhen m{tmemhr gm|m{
c{jn|`% pei{jijn|`% fa{atpah% |n{y `h`% gmvm fa~eem{hh fy aejm|
c`k` hninhen{en m{ ta{emhjm|
|ah~l~ ~pc~emhmh kmfji{(Kmfm k`{ inp`en r{ac{mj|t kmfj% a{ympm
fmh m{tmem{h pm im
gm|m{em{h c`in{`ejn|` ``h pmremh kmfj omme`pnyen{`i`{( ^~
n|hm|him vnpm fahy{aeen{
n|hm|him ~~ njh`pny`h` ynge`fnpn i{l gn{gmhc` k`{ m{tmhh ae~jm|
i~{~j~him
in{gme ~pc~emhmh% k~ pmrejmimh ~mh |n{v`|n vn{`ejn|` jjfh
aejmpmh kmfjem{i{( K~
kmfjem{im gmhcm{h hn fmim{ `cme ni`enln`% ~mh ~~ymh hn fmim{ |{n
mefah~emlm
k`e`hnjnt( K`{ ~mf y`r` |n`j`hin yaremj r{ac{mj|t kmfj |{n|`h`h%
yaremj ~~ |{n|`hn
a{mh ct hhin k~e~hi~{~e~{( Nn{ k~ {mfmj kpf `|n ~mh |myh mehjm|
yn{l`g ni`ejnt(
`{fnyen{`h kmfj remhem{him vn ~~ remhem{him r{ac{mj|t kmfjm
pn{vn{`ejnt(
nf`e =(
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cn{nfe`e`fen{`h`h pn{`hn cny`{`enjnjn|` |ah~l~him gmvm m{mlhh |f
|f m{tm pmrjm| vn imgm omt em
jmetnjn f~eemhj |ah~l~ jme`pnyen{ m{ymlmfy{( K~h~hem k`{e`fyn
~mhpn{in fme |{n|`h`h m{yjm|
nf k`{ jme`pny imgm pm{mymlmf vn mp{lm `cl mhimh im vn{`je`e``h
ijn|`hn hninh aemlmfy{(
Kmfj `enyjnen{` kmfj jme`pnyen{`h`h pf|nejn|`h`h% vn{`je`e``h
ijn|`h`h% ~mh njh`pny%
cvnh`e`{e`fvn ~~m gmt{ aejm i~{~j~himf` nf|`fe`fen{`h hninh`h`
m{my{jmei{( Kmfj jme`pnyen{`
gmvmpae~ `enyjn|`h`h yaremj jme`pnyen{`h`h pf|nejn|`hin hnje`
k`{ nyfnhi`{( Kmfj omme`pnyen{`h`h
pn{`hn cny`{`enk`ejn|` ``h meny% iahmhj% jmetnjn vn ``e`f
g`tjnyen{` cn{nfjnfyni`{( K~ jme vn
g`tjnyen{`h |myh mehjm| vnpm f`{memhjm| `enyjn ``h hnje` k`{
c`in{ fmphm aejmfymi{( {hn`h%
k`{ Kan`hc 3?3 ~mhh kmfj jme`pnyen{`% yaremj jme`pnyen{`h.=3|`h`
ae~y~{jmfymi{( K`{ kmfj
`enyjn|` jme`pnyen{` mtmeyjmf ``h `f` hnje` nyfnh` fahy{ae nyjnf
ta{~himi{( K~hem{4
Kmfj ``e`f jme`pnyen{` vn f~eemhemh jmetnjn If vn{`je`e`f
K`{ ~mm cn{n`hinh omtem kmfj pmrejm| gmvm m{mlhh ym|m{j mmjm|him
kne`{enhnh
cvnh`e`{e``h` m{y{jmpmlmfy{(
=(9(Kmfj Fmv{mjem{hh Cne``j`^mfem{m ~pc~emhmh kmfj r{ac{mjem{%
cnhnee`fen ~mh `jme ni`ei`` efnh`h |`v`e gmvmlef aya{`yn|`
ym{mohimh ahmpemhmh vn ~mf `jmemy| ym{mohimh pmphemhmh kmfj
`hlnenjn {mra{~ vn kmfj remhemjm iafjmhem{him kne`{y`enh f~{meem{
vn r{nh|`ren{ ia{~ey~|~him f~eemhlhh k~e~hi~~
efnh`h |`v`e gmvmlef aya{`yn|`h`h ahmp `en p{{en c`{n{( Kmfj
r{ac{mjhim ~mm ~pc~emhmlmf
kmfj y`ren{` vn rn{`payem{ kne`{y`e`{( ^pc~emhmh kmfjem{h `n{``%
|{n|` kmfjm mehmh ~mh y`r`hn
vn ~~ |{n|`hn kmei{(Hn{nin vn hn fmim{ |{n `en ~pc~emhihm
kmfejmf|th cnhnee`fen kmfj
~pc~emjmem{him mmimf` fmv{mjem{ ct hhin k~e~hi~{~e~{(
Tmjmh \h{emhi{ejme Kmfj Phynj` 'Gm{i*Y`jn) I~{~j Fahy{aehn Kme
Kmfj Phynj` 'Ah*Lahi`y`ah) I~{~j~h Tmjmh `hin tenhjn|`hn Kme Kmfj
Phynj` 'Lahi`y`ah Jah`ya{`hc)
=(9(=( Tmjmh \h{emhi{jme Kmfj Phynj` 'Gm{i*Y`jn)henp`l` kmfj
fmr|mjhimi{( Yj rm{mem{ ymfer|fe{( Nenjmh ``h kne`{enhnh f~eemhj
j{
iaei~~him nenjmhh `env`h` pn{`hn cny`{`r cny`{jni``hn kmfejmf|th
myejm| vnpm {nv`tn ni`ejn|`
|t fah~|~i~{( Nh n|f` kmfj phynjen{`hinh k`{` aemh k~ kmfj
phynj`hin n`ye` nenjmhem{h
f~eemhj tmjmh m|himh |h{emhjmfymi{( Kne`{e` k`{ tmjmh |h{
cny`{`enh k~ rm{mem{ |fer%
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ahm{ejm| cn{nfnhen{ ahm{e{fnh% i`n{en{` f~eemhejmjmfymi{(
Ahm{emh vn pnh` rm{mem{h ynf{m{
k`{en`j`h` `n{nh k~ kmfj phynj`h`h ynf mvmhymd kmfj r{ac{mjhh af
faemp
ae~y~{~emk`ejn|`i`{( K~ phynj`h intmvmhymdem{ `|n peni`{4
Pf|nf jme`pny% Ynfh`f fmpyem{h `p` y~y~ejmjm|himh vn rm{mem{h
cn{nf ~~ |mmyen{`h`h ia{~ aem{mf
k`e`hnjnjn|`hinh iaemp f~eemhj j{ iaejmpmh rm{mem{h f~eemhj i
k{mfejm|%
af |f m{mefem{em rm{m in``j` vn rm{m |ya~ pmrejm| cn{nfe`e``%
Kmt rm{mem{h cvnh`e`{e`fen{`h`h tmjmhem mtmejm| vn gmyym kmt
rm{mem{m |f |f kmfj
pmrejm| |ah~l~ rm{mem{h cvnh`e`{e``h`h mtmejm|(
^~ njh`pny`h` ia{~imh nyf`enpnh rm{mem{im k~ kmfj pmre{( {hnf
aem{mf y{k`h fmhmyem{ %
g`i{ae`f |v ympmh ka{~em{ vn{`enk`e`{(
=(9(;( I~{~j Fahy{aehn Kme Kmfj Phynj` 'Ah*Lahi`y`ah)henp`l`
kmfj fmr|mjhimi{( Gn{gmhc` k`{ rm{mhh cten vn cn{nfe` aemh meny%
nf`rjmh vn yn|y
l`gmtem{pem fahy{ae ni`ejn|` |ah~l~ nf|`f vnpm gmym yn|r`y
ni`e`{|n% k~ nf|`f vnpm gmymhh c`in{`ejn|`%
nn{ nf|`fe`f vnpm gmym yn|r`y ni`ejnj`|n a rm{mhh ~~m invmj
nyjn|`i`{( Nn{ fahy{aeen{
|ah~l~him rm{mhh hnje` rm{mjny{nen{` imgm hlninh kne`{enhj`
e`j`yen{ ig`e`hin`|n k~ rm{m k`{
|ah{mf` r{ac{mjemhj kmfjm fmim{ f~eemhe{( K~ phynj |mpn|`hin
cn{nf|`t ahm{j `enjen{` vn
rm{m in``jen{` a{ymimh fmei{em{mf% kmfj jme`pnyen{`hinh hnje`
ein mtmejm |memhjmfymi{(
I~{~j fahy{aehn kme kmfj phynj`% cten j~mpnhn% ymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhn% `env|ne yn|yen{% pm
mhme`t`% y`y{n`j fahy{ae c`k` yn|y phynjen{` `en `env`h`h
fahy{ae ni`enk`ei`` rm{mem{m
~pc~emhjmfymi{( K`{ rm{mhh tmjmh ``hin pr{mhjm|hh ctenhjn|` in
k~ kmfj fmr|mjhimi{(
{hnf aem{mf o{nh vn em|y`fen{ vn{`enk`e`{(
=(9(
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==
m{tmemhihim k~ m{tmhh gnjnh vn faemp k`{ nf`ein a{ympm fm{ejm|
cn{nfjnfyni`{( Nn{ k~ y{
k`{ m{tm gnjnh a{ympm fm{emjpa{|m mph |`|ynj`h i`n{ nenjmhem{ im
~~ rn{|ahne`h`h gmkn{`
aejmf|th m{tmemhmk`e`{ vn i~{~j ~~ cvnhe``h` ynge`fnpn |afmk`e`{
vnpm `enyjn jme`pnyen{`
m{ymk`e`{( Mp{lm k`{ m{tmhh nfahaj`f mimh pmh nyf`en{` henp`l`
kmfj jme`pnyen{`hinh imgm mt
aei~~him k~ kmfj y`r`imgm mhemje gmen cnejnfyni`{( K~ kmfj
jnyai~h~h nyf`e` aemk`ejn|` ``h
vn{` yaremhjm| vn k~ vn{`en{`h `p` k`{ nf`ein mhme`t ni`ejn|`
cn{nfe` aejmfymi{(
I~{~j~h tmjmh ``hin `tenhjn|`hn kme kmfj phynj`hin tmjmh
|h{emhi{jme vn i~{~jm kme
kmfj phynjen{`hinf` cn{nf|`t% tmjmh memh vn pf|nf jme`pnye`
`enjen{ a{ymimh fmefjmfymi{(
\ah~ aem{mf cvnh`e`{e`fen{` tmjmhem in`jnpnh rm{mem{h vn
|`|ynjen{`h i~{~j ymf`k` vn m{tm
|fefem{hh fmpi pmrer% ~~ vn pn{ kmfj rn{|ahne` ym{mohimh mhme`t
ni`enk`ejnfyn vn nyf`e` k`{
n`e`j mhme`t` ``h in ~t~h |{nen{ |mfemhmk`ejnfyni`{(
enyjnl` m|himh kpf hnj m{t ninh kmfj jme`pnyen{`h` nh mtm
`hi`{jnf ``h% m{tmp kmemhc
mmjm|him yn|r`y vn yng`| nink`ejnf vn cn{nfe` itney`l` `enjen{`
hlninh kne`{enpnk`ejnf af
hnje` k`{ pn{ y~yjmfymi{(
=(>(Kmfj Ae~y~{mh Omme`pnyen{^mh {ny`j`hinh g`tjnyynh
fmei{ejm|hm fmim{ cnnh |{n ``hin `p` me{% ynj`t vn ~~m
nevn{`e` k`{ i~{~jim y~y~emk`ejn|` mjmlpem pmremh `enjen{`h yj
kmfj omme`pnyen{` fmr|mjhimi{(
Kmfj Phenhi`{jn [ngkn{`
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=;
env|ne Fahy{ae4 K`{ nenjmhh hlninh kne`{enhj` |h{em{ ``hinf`
h`lne |ymhim{yem{m c{n`enven{`h` pn{`hn cny`{`r cny`{jni``h`h
fahy{ae ni`ei`` k`{ `enji`{( K~ `enj`h mjml `ec`e`
nenjmhh `env|ne rn{oa{jmh|h fahy{ae nin{nf m{tm vn!vnpm gm|m{h
a{ympm fm{ejm|i{(
Cnhne Ct Fahy{ae4 Cvin ` vn i ptnpen{`h`h gn{gmhc` k`{ gm|m{m
fm{ cten fahy{aeni`ejn|`i`{( Faemp memk`e`{ fmrmfem{h mejm|h vn
jn{i`vnh vk( m{mem{ f~eemhm{mf cvin
|y f|jem{hm fjmp cn{nfy`{nk`e`{(
Inympe Fahy{ae4 Mp{hye aem{mf ctinh cn`{jni`{( Kpyn% mphm c`k`
ary`f menyen{f~eemhjmp cn{nfy`{nk`e`{(
tne Inympe Fahy{ae4Gm|m{|t j~mpnhn phynjen{`% tne |fj phynjen{`
c`k` ynfh`fen{f~eemhm{mf fahy{ae `enj`i`{(
=(>((9( Ahm{j Omme`pnyen{`M{tmemhmh vnpm gm|m{ c{nh nenjmhh
~mf tn{`hin vnpm myepnin imgm hlninh kne`{enhnh
|ymhim{yem{m cn{` cny`{`ejn|`i`{(
=(>(>( Ymi`emy Omme`pnyen{`^mf g`tjnyn c`{i`fynh |ah{m
ni`h`enh ynl{knen{ ia{~ey~|~him cvnh`e`{e`f% njh`pny vn
rn{oa{jmh|
m{yy{jmf mjmlpem `ec`e` nenjmh tn{`hin kmt ymi`emyem{ pmrejm|
`|ynhnk`e`{( Ta{~he~ ymi`emy% pm{
ta{~he~ ymi`emy vn fnpo` ymi`emy nfe`hin |hoemhi{jm pmrjmf
jjfhi{( K~ ymi`emyem{ |n{v`| keynh` '\K)% c{nv k`ec`enhi`{jn
jnfy~k~ '\@E)% ~~m nevn{`e`e`f phn{cn|` 'MI) nfe`hin {ny`l`
o`{jm%
gmvmlef aya{`yn|` c`k` f~{~e~em{lm k`ei`{`enk`e`{(
MI 'M`{sa{yg`hn|| I`{nly`vn) '^~m Nevn{`e`e`f Phn{cn|`)4
Mjn{`fmh Gmvmlef Im`{n|`'OMM) ym{mohimh pmphemh{( Peef mkahn aejm
ta{~he~e~~ vm{i{( {ny`l` o`{jm ym{mohimh
pmphemhmh |n{v`| keynhen{` OMM ym{mohimh `hlnenh`{ vn ~pc~emhjm|
ta{~he~ c{enhen{ MI
aem{mf pmphemh{( ^pc~emhjm| fn|`he`fen ta{~he~i~{( ^~m
nevn{`e`e`f phn{cn|` ah kn
chin k`{ pmphemh{(
\K '\n{v`ln K~eeny`h) '\n{v`| Keynh`)4 Nenjmh tn{`hin pmrejm|
cn{nfnh ymi`emy gmffhim k`ec`en{` fmr|m{( ^mf% jaya{% yng`tmy vn
rn{vmhn {nynh o`{jmem{lm pmphemh{ vn ~mf
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=(?( Pnh`enjn Omme`pnyen{`{ny`l` o`{jmhh `t`h aejmimh pmremjmpmh
omk{`fm |nv`pn|` kmfji{( Kne`{e` k`{ ~~ |{n|`h`
ymjmjemj aemh k`{ ~mh% k`{ mhm kmfj h`yn|`hin |fen{nf% cn{nfe`
kmfjh pmrejm| vnpm
in`y`{`ejn|`% vm{|m f`j` ymi`emyem{h ~pc~emhjm|% |ah~ aem{mf ~mh
|o{emhm{mf pnh`inh jahyn
ni`ejn|`% cn{nfe` yj pn{ yn|yen{`h`h vn inhnjn ~~em{hh pmrejm|%
kapmhjm| vn pnh`inh |n{y`o`pnni`ejn|` `enjen{`h`h yji{( Fajren
pnh`enjninh fmh k`{ ~mf jaine vn y`r m|himh n|f`%
pmr|me i~{~j vn rn{oa{jmh| fm{mfyn{`|y`fen{` m|himh pnh` k`{ ~mf
|mpe{( Pnh`enjn% kmfj ahm{j
omme`pnyen{`h`h nh fmr|mje| vn nh ta{~i~{( ^pc~emplpm pf|nf
pmy{j jme`pny` pfen{( K~h~h pmh
|{m cnh` k`ec` k`{`f`j` vn inhnp`j `|ynpnh k`{ `enji`{(
=(?(Kmfj Jnvt~myem{hh Tmjmh `hin In``j`Kmfj jnvt~myem{hh tmjmh
``hin in`y`{`ejn|`h`h nh hnje` hninhen{` m{m|him6 ~~
omme`pnyen{`hin njh`pny` m{yy{jmf vn jme`pny nyf`h kmfj
r{ac{mjem{hh cne`y`{`ejn|` k~e~hjmfymi{(
Kmfj jnvt~myem{him njh`pnye` f~eemhj j{%njh`pny nyf`h m{tm
ae~~j~% gm|m{ yaen{mh| nfe`hin
mp{ fmv{mj k~e~hjmfymi{( K~ fmv{mjem{ tmjmh ``hin
cne`j`en{i`{(
Njh`pnye` f~eemhj j{ '\mon*E`on)4 Tmjmh |h{e f~eemhj j{
kne`{enhjnfyn vn k~tmjmh |h{ iaei~~him rm{m j~yemfm pnh`|` `en
in`y`{`ejnfyni`{( {hnf aem{mf `h`
ymfjem{ vn{`enk`e`{(
Njh`pny nyf`h m{tm ae~~j~ 'Om`e*\mon)4 \`|ynjen{`h% gn{gmhc` k`{
m{tmhh fy |ah~em{ia~{mlmf kmfm k`{ m{tmp jnpimhm cny`{jn|`h`
nhcneenpnlnf k``jin i`tmph ni`ejn|`i`{(
M{tm jnpimhm cnei``hin m{tmhh jnpimhm cnei`` f|jm k`hnh pfen{
faj~ |`|ynjen{ vn
rm{mem{ ym{mohimh fm{emh{(
Gm|m{ Yaen{mh| 'Imjmcn Yaen{mhln)4 Pmr|me nenjmhem{im ae~mlmf
gm|m{em{h a{ympmfm{ehlmpm fmim{ cnnh |{n ``hin% `ec`e` pmr|me
nenjmhh ae~mlmf nf pfen{`
fmei{mk`enln` nf`ein i`tmph ni`ejn|`i`{(
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=9
=(3(Kmfj Fmpyem{hh Y~y~ejm|Cvin% jaya{% rn{vmhn vn yng`tmym
~pc~emhmh kmfjem{ fmpy inoyn{` 'eackaaf) inh`enh inoyn{en{n
fmpy ni`e`{( Cvin%jaya{ vn rn{vmhn ``h mp{ mp{ inoyn{
y~y~ejmfymi{( Pmh` k`{ ~mh miny fmpy
inoyn{` k~e~hjmfymi{( Fmpy inoyn{en{`hn6 ~pc~emhmh kmfjem{% MI%
\K% \@E ~pc~emjmem{% kpfjmetnjn in``fe`fen{`% ~mh ~~ |mmy`% `h`
'emhi`hc) |mp|% ~mh `jme ym{`g`hinh `y`km{nh ~y~~
yaremj ~~ |mmy`% ~mh |ah kpf kmfjimh |ah{mf` ~~ |mmy`% jaya{~h
`ef `jme ym{`g`hinh `y`km{nh
mey{jm |mp|% jaya{~h |ah kpf kmfjimh |ah{mf` mey{jm |mp|%
rn{vmhnh`h ~~ |mmy` c`k`
k`ec`en{ fmpini`e`{( K~ fmpyem{h pmrejm| ta{~he~i~{( Fmpy
inoyn{` fmpyem{h kmfj fahy{ae kej
y~ym{( Yng`tmy kmfjem{% jmetnjn in``fe`fen{`% \K% \@E% MI
~pc~emjmem{ vk ( ~mf 'cvin) fmpy
inoyn{`hn fmpy ni`e`{( Yng`tmy ``h mp{lm fmpy inoyn{`
y~y~ejmt(\`v`e Gmvmlef Cnhne Ji{ehh
pmry inhny`jen{in fmpy inoyn{en{` `hlnenh`{(
=(7(Y{f`pnin ^mf Kmfj Omme`pny vn R{a|ni{en{`Gmvmlef |nfy{%
f{n|ne itnpin gnj |`v`e gnj in m|fn{` memhim |{nfe` vn i`hmj`f k`{
cne``j
``hini`{( K~ hninhen gmvmlef |y{mynd`f k`{ |nfy{ aem{mf efnen{`h
pmfh `ec`|`h` nfjnfyni`{( Gtem
f{n|neenjnfyn aemh gmvmlef |nfy{hin {nfmkny kpf pa~he~f
fmtmhjmfymi{( \mhmp`enj`
efnen{ gmvmlef |nfy{hh fa{~hjm| vn {nfmkny clhh cne`y`{`ejn|`
``h tne rae`y`fmem{ vn
remhem{ {ny`r ~pc~emjmfymi{em{(
=0? pehim Y{f Gmvm Paeem{ aej~ vn =002e peem{m
fmim{ ynf o`{jm `fnh chjtin tne o`{jmem{ im f~{~em{mf
efnj`tin
gmvmlef |nfy{hh cne`jn|` |memhjy{( K~ `{fnyen{ gnj p~{y ``hin
gnj in p~{yihim g`tjny
vn{jnfyni`{en{( `{fny |mpem{hh m{yjm| `en ~mf |mpem{ im m{yjy{(
K~
~mfem{h kmfjem{ gmvmlef |nfy{hin hnje` pn{ y~yjmfymi{( Ihpmim
gmvmlef |nfy{hh
f~{meem{h kne`{enpnh MKIin Onin{me Mv`my`ah M~yga{`y`n| 'OMM)%
Mv{~rmim Da`hy Mv`my`ah
M~yga{`y`n| 'DMM) aejmf tn{n `f` aya{`yn vm{i{( efnj`t 9 H`|mh
;22= ym{`g`hin Mv{~rm \`v`e
Gmvmlef Aya{`yn|`hn' Da`hy Mv`my`ah M~yga{`y`n| *DMM) ymj pn
aej~y~{(
K~ ymj pne`fen6 gmvmlef `en `ec`e` f~{meem{h vn r{a|ni{en{`h
|ymhim{y i~{~jm cny`{`ejn|`%
pn efnen{ m{m|hm ~mf% ~mf rm{m| vn kmfj rn{|ahne` mevn{``h`h
faempemy{ejm|%
|`v`e gmvmlef omme`pnyen{`hin nh pf|nf njh`pny |ymhim{yem{hh
cne`y`{`ejn|` |memhjy{(
Gmvmlef |nfy{hin ^~ Njh`pny` nh hnje` `efni`{( K~ `efn
ia{~ey~|~him ~~ nf`ren{` vn
ynfh`f rn{|ahne% ^e~|em{m{m| Gmvmlef Aya{`ynen{`h`h kne`{eni``
f~{meem{m
c{n a{cmh`tn ni`en{nf k~ f~{meem{m c{n iahmyej n`y`je`
nenjmhem{i{(
Memhem `ec`e` ^e~|em{m{m| DM[ Gmvmlef pm|mem{ cnn{e`i`{(
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=>
;( ^MF KMF@J@HIM J^MPMHN YNFHFEN[^mf i`tmphhh iame pmr| ``hin
aemh pmr|me kyhef vn cvnhe`f omfy{en{`hn {mjnh ~mfem{%
gm{nfnye` m{mem{ aem{mf pn{in vn gmvmim i`hmj`f pa{~ejm pfen{`hn
jm{~t fme{em{( Itch aejmpmh
`h`% ~~ |{m|him m{ `vjnenhjnen{% iae~ vn |mmhmfem{% o{yhmem{%
gmvm gm{nfnyen{`% m{ pmermm{yem{ vn k~hm knhtn{ aempem{h |nknr
aei~~ nyf`en{ |ah~l~ ~mf gm|m{c{nk`e`{( Pn{in `|nkmfj vn
|n{v`| `enjen{` vnpm |n{v`| m{mem{hh m{rjm| c`k` `eny`j fmphmfe
|nknren{en gm|m{ c{nk`e`{( h|mhm
vn iam m{yem{hm kme aemh k~ pfen{ ymk`myem{ `y`km{ `en pa{~ejm
ym|m{j gn|mrem{him
f~eemhemhem{imh om{fe aemk`e`{( K~hm nf aem{mf~mfem{im m{eh if
y~y~ejm| ta{~he~ aei~~ ``h
nenjmhem{h njh`pny fmy|mpem{ aei~fm ify{( I`tmph gn|mrem{him
jmetnjnh`h mfjm |h{ n|m|
mehjmpr% rem|y`f mhme`tin f~eemhem{mf rm{mhh fmel
inoa{jm|pahem{em im pf ympr oahf|`pah~h~
pn{`hn cny`{nln` cn{n` in i`ffmyn mehm{mf h`gm` pf mi vn{`enh
inn{n c{n kap~yemhi{jm
pmrejmfymi{( K~ ff cvnhe`f rmpem{ imgm ym|m{j mmjm|him af |mpim
pmr vn nenjmhh
inhnp|ne vnpm yna{`f f{ejm jnfmh`` `en kne`{enhnh rn{`payem{im%
myemh f{`y`f kap~yem{m ~emjmimh
imgm hln k~e~hmk`enln` ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnen{ `en fahy{aeh
hc{{(
^mfem{im k`{ rm{mhh m{tm| pthinh jnpimhm cnenh `enyjn fmprem{ k~
rm{mhh knine` `en
fpm|emhmjmpmlmf fmim{ m{ aejmfymi{( Mp{lm ~mh fm{jmf pmr vn
|`|ynjen{` hninh`pen kat~emh
k`{ rm{mhh imgm inn{e` kmfm rm{mem{ katjm `gy`jme` af pf|nfy`{(
K~ i~{~jim ymj`{ ``h
gm{lmhmh tmjmh vn rm{m m{ymlmfy{( K`{ ~mh ymj`{ c`in{` pmeht
j~mpnhn vn ymj`{ |{m|him gm{lmhmh
j`fym{ in`e% mph tmjmhim gmhcm{im fmejm|himh iaemp jnpimhm cnenh
cne`{ fmpkhim ``hn me{(
Ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn phynjen{` HI@ 'Hah*In|y{~ly`vn @h|rnly`ah)%
gn{gmhc` k`{ ~mf rm{m|hh
pmr|% kap~y~% `jmemy vn pmrj gmymem{ gmffhim k`ec` ni`hjnf
mjmlpem% pmrhh o`t`f|ne vn mejm
tnee`fen{`hn tm{m{ vn{nlnf gn{gmhc` k`{ gm|m{ ae~y~{jmimh
~pc~emhmh j~mpnhnen{i`{( Ymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhnen{ nhi|y{`in kpf mrym ~pc~emhmh |n{` {ny`j`h vmtcn`ejnt
k`{ rm{m|i{( K~ j~mpnhn
phynjen{`h`h f~eemhejmjm| gme`hin% {ny`jin pmremh gmymem{h
om{fhm vm{emjmjm|% {ny`jin
g~{impm fmk`enlnf fmim{ f~|~{e~ {hen{ nein nyjnfen |ah~emhjm|hm
hninh aemk`e`{( K~ aec~% iame
aem{mf {ny`j gm{lmjmem{hh m{yjm| `en |ah~emh{( Mp{lm {hen{`h
fme`yn|`hin gn{ k`{`j ``h
ae~mk`enlnf in``fe`fen{ |ah~l~him% yfny`jn knee` k`{ fme`ynpn
|mg`r {h |memhmjmt vn {hen{`h
fme`yn|`hn aemh cvnh |m{|e{% njh`pny omfy{en{` in{% fmtmem{
m{ym{% `h|mh gmpmy ynge`fnpn c`{n{(
Ymg{`kmy|t ae~~ vn ymg{`kmye phynjen{n c{n imgm gte aejm| gnjnh
gnjnh gn{ memhim pmpch
aem{mf f~eemhjem{h |memjy{( Ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn ~pc~emjmem{ {ny`j
mhhim |`|ynjen{
i~{i~{~ejmimh im pmremk`e`{ vn a~ ~pc~emjmim |ah~em{h yn|y
n|hm|him mehjm|himh iaemp
yn{l`g hninh` aej~y~{( Rm{mem{ ymg{`r ni`ejni`` ``h g~{impm
mp{ejm i~{~j~ pafy~{( Mphrm{mpm
om{fe yn|yen{ ~pc~emhmk`e`{( Rm{m imyejmimh fahy{ae ni`enk`e`{(
Yn|y l`gmtem{ ymhmk`e`{ ae~r
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=?
ymhmjmpmh rm{mem{h fahy{ae pmremk`e`{( Cn{nf ~mf pmr| cn{nf|n
~mf rm{mem{hh j{hh
~tmjm| |memhj ae~{( Mp{lm ia{~ vn cvnh`e`{ fahy{aeen{`h
|ah~l~him ~mf fmtmem{ im nh mtm
`hi`{`e`{(
nf`e ;(=K`{ ~mf pmr|hh jm{~t fmei o`t`f|ne nyf`en{
Ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn tnee`fen ~mf kmfj memhhim gnj |`v`e gnj in
m|fn{` gmvm ymyem{hh kmfj vn
|n{v`| |{nen{`h`h mtmejm| m|himh aei~fm hnje`i`{( Rm{mem{h
kap~yem{ vn cnajny{`f nf`een{`
hm|e ae~{|m ae|~h ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn `en fahy{ae
ni`enk`ejnfyni`{( Ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnen{% jahymdem{
|fjninh fahy{ae ni`enlnf pn{n ~emj vn j~mpnhn `jfh |mempmk`ei``
vn gm|m{h imgm `ef
mijem{im k~e~hjm| `en ymj`{ `enj`h` faempemy{mk`ei`` ``h
nfahaj`f mimh im mvmhymdem{m |mg`ry`{(
K~ mjmem ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnen{ gmymhh kap~yem{h% in{nln|`h`
|mrymjmf ``h f~eemhe{( Ymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhnen{`h ~mfem{imf` ym{`g`hn kmfyjtim ynfh`f `en{enjnen{`h
pmvm cne`y`` vn =092em{im
{mipac{mo`% jmhpny`f yat vnrnhny{mh |v phynjen{`% =0>2en{in
~ey{m|ah`f phynj vn =0?2em{im `|n
c`{imr mfjem{ phynjen{` ~pc~emhjmfym aei~~ c{ejy{( Jnyayem{h
cne`jn|` peem{ mejy{(
Pmr|me Pa{~ejm
Fa{atpah
Iae~
Pei{jY`y{n`j
Mn{ai`hmj`f
Pfen{
^~ Jmhnv{m
Pfen{`
Jaya{ yf`Pfen{`
Fmef Pfen{`
h` Pfen{` Ymf|` Pfen{`
Pn{ Yng`tmy
Gm|m{em{
Pmkmhl L`|`j
Gm|m{em{
@|e nv{`jen{
Km|hemhi{jmPfen{`
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Mf~|y`f nj`|pah% hy{ah {mipac{mo`|`% gaeac{mo`% |v f{`|yme%
nho{m{~d c`k` jnyayem{ ~mf j~mpnhn|`hin
~pc~emjm memh k~emjmjy{( Chjtin mmimf` |nf`t phynj ~mf kmfj vn
ahm{jhim nh
pmpch f~eemhemh ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn phynjen{` aejmp
|{i{jnfyni`{6
Cten j~mpnhn Rnhny{mh |v| C`{imr mfj 'Niip L~{{nhy) Jmhpny`f
rm{mlf j~mpnhn|` [mipac{mo` Cmjmc{mo` ^ey{m|ah`f \ah`f '[ntahmh|
o{nfmh|)
nf`e ;(; ^mf kmfjhim ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn
\ah`f% ~ey{m|ah`f vn {mipac{mo` phynjen{` fajrat`y pmrem{h ct
`en j~mpnhn|`hn ymjmjempl aem{mf
vn cten c{enjnpnh f~|~{em{ ``h pmpch aem{mf f~eemhejmfymi{em{(
Pei{j vn m{rjm gm|m{em{
c`k` fajrat`y jmetnjn fah~em{him mejmem{ |{jnfyni`{(
Ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnen{`h ~mf j~mpnhn|`hin pn{`h` yn|r`y nink`ejnf
``h |h{emjmem{h im ct hhn
mehjm| cn{nf`{( K`{ ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnh`h ff k`{ myem k~ejm
fmk`e`pny`% yn|y phynj`h`h
myemh jnpimhm cny`{i`` o`t`f|ne in``fe`n i~pm{eepem `ec`e`i`{(
{hn`h6 2%< jj cnh`e``hin
=%> lj ~t~he~~him vn ; jj in{`he``hin k`{ myemf 9> jj
memhm vn 02 jj gmljn |mg`r ae~{(
Kpen ff k`{ in``jn i~pm{e k`{ j~mpnhn% |e `enj% jmetnjn fmehe vn
nf`e%kmemjm nenjmh
y`r` vn jmetnjn|`% kmemjm nenjmhem{ m{mefem{% fnhm{ jn|mon|`
f~|~{~h pn{` vn ph c`k` pmrimf`
i`n{in``jen{n in i~pm{ei{( Pmr|me in``fe`fen{`hymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhnen{n nyf`|` `|ynhnh |ah~l~h
mehjm|h nhcneenpnk`e`{( K~ i~{~jimh nyf`enhjnjnf ``h imgmkpf
lnvmrem{ inn{enhi`{n{nf%
k~e~hmk`e`{ myemf kap~h~ kpyjnf c`k` meyn{hmy`oen{% phynjen{`h
myemf k~ejm fmk`e`pny`h`mtmeymlmfy{(Pmr|mein``jen{`h nyf`|`h`
mfempmk`ejnf `|n myemfk~emk`ejn fmk`e`pny`h` m{yy{mlmfy{(
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J~mpnhn |{m|him fm{ememlmf |`hpmeen{`h `tmgh pmrmh mp{hye
yme`jmyem{% f~|~{~h k~e~hjm|him
ompime aemk`e`{( K~ y{ yme`jmyem{h gmt{emhjmjm|% |ah~ tn{`hin
hnje` nyf`en{`h yng`| ni`e`r
mfemhjm|h cn{nfy`{`{( K~ im yn|y`h |ah~em{h in`y`{nk`enlnf pmr
tnee`fen{`h` k~emk`ejnf ``h
~mf vn `t`jen{ tn{`hin mp{hye `hlnenjnen{en jjfhi{( K~
`hlnenjnen{inh |ah{m% j~mpnhn
m{yem{h ynj|`e ninhknhtn{ f~|~{em{ pmrej yn|y rm{mem{ jnpimhm
cny`{`en{nfpmr|mein``jen{`h
gmymhh k~e~hjm|hm aemh nyf`en{` |mrymh{( Yj k~inn{enhi`{jnen{inh
|ah{mmij mij fme`k{m|pah%
k~e~hmk`e`{ gmym kpfe vn `tenhnlnf pae~ `n{nh j~mpnhn yme`jmy
~mf |yhin ~pc~emhm{mf
ia{~e~~ ynp`y ni`e`{( K~ yme`jmyem{h gmt{emhjm|% ~pc~emhjm| vn
cne`y`{`ejn|` pf|nf |nv`pnin
n`y`je` rn{|ahne cn{nfy`{`{(
J~mpnhn k`ec`en{`h` `n{nh yme`jmyem{im `ec`e` pmrhh nfe`%
nenjmhem{% fme`k{m|pah {non{mh|
|ymhim{yem{% fme`k{m|pah mp{hyem{% j~mpnhn r{ak~% l`gmt mpm{%
~mfy`r` vn |n{` h~jm{mem{ kne`{y`e`{(
Yn|y in`fnhen{`h`h |nknren{`h` mfempmh mp{hye gmt{emhj
yme`jmyem{ k`en ynjne pmrimf`
in``jen{`h j~mpnhn |ah~em{hm nyf`|`h` henpnjnt( K~ i~{~jim ~mf
pmr| vn ymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhnin `ec`e` jgnhi`| vnpm ynfh`|pnh% gmymp mtmeyjmf ``h%
yn|y |ah~em{ in``j`h`
pa{~jempm{mf |ah~l~ ia{~ inn{enhi`{`{(Mp{hye j~mpnhn ``h tne
yng`tmy% j~mpnhnp` pmrmlmf vn
|ah~em{ inn{enhi`{nlnf fme`o`pn rn{|ahne `gy`pml% ~mf pmr|%
in``fe`fen{`% fm{jmfe vn
~emmk`ejn ta{e~fem{ ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnen{`h f~eemhjh
hnje`ein|h{em{(J~mpnhn yng`tmy
vn yn|y k`ec`en{` cne`y`fn vn rn{|ahne`h k`ec`|` m{yyfm
ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnen{`h hhin nhcne
fmejmpmlmfy{(
Gn{ npinh hln `ef ihenlnf j~mpnhnrm{m| vnpm pn{`hn
~ememk`e`{e`faemlmfy{( ^mfym pmr
cnhnein pmeyj pa{cmhem{ vn infa{my`o rmhneen{`h m{fmym{mohimi{(
Fmhmy% pmymp vn inp f~p{~f vn
i`n{ k`{af memhim j~mpnhn ``h ~ememk`e`{e`f af |h{ei{( K~ fah~im
~mh`t`jen{`% kmfj ne
f`ymk%pmr|me ymj`{ vn rm{m pnh`enjn ne f`ymrem{himh k`ec`
ni`hjnf cn{nf`{( K~ `hlnenjnen{inh nein
ni`enh ~ememk`e`{e`n c{n yn|y |n`e`r% ~pc~emjm ``h~emjfmrmfem{%
pmr|me nenjmhem{% injn vn
i`n{cn{nfe`rm{mem{ |fe{(
Ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhnen{ ``h cnhnee`fen af gmt{ef cn{nfjnt(
[mipac{mo` vn cmjmc{mo` ihimf` i`n{
phynjen{ ``h ptnp ynj`tenjn cn{nfnk`e`{( Nn{ pmfy ymhfem{him
j~mpnhn pmremlmf|m pmfy
kameye{( Fmremjmem{h% kapmem{h% pmeyj jmetnjnen{`h`h fmthjm|
cn{nfnk`e`{( K~ `enjen{ ``h%
hln rm{mhh jmetnjn|`h`h ~mf `t`jen{`hinh vn pmr|me ymj`{ ne
f`ymrem{himh yn|r`y` ~pc~h phynj
vn ~pc~h ynj`tenjn `enj` |n`j` ``h m{yy{( Cvnhe`f m|himh `|n%
nn{ nenfy{`fe` yng`tmy
f~eemhepa{|m% a kecnin pmhl cmt vn |vem{h k~e~hjmihimh nj`h
ae~hjmei{( Gm{`l` fmphmfymh
meyn{hmy`o mfjf~eemhepa{|m `p` k`{ yar{mfemjm pmrejmei{(
[mipac{mo` vn cmjmc{mo phynjen{` ``h
cn{nfe` {mipm|pah cvnhe`f henjen{` mehjme%~pm{em{ pmrer memh
kameyejmei{(
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^mfem{h pmr|me kyheh |mrymjmf``h pmr|me gmym vn gm|m{em{h
ynge`fne` kap~yem{m ~emjmimh
k~e~hjm| ta{~he~i~{( K~ chjthgte%kpf%m{%fm{jmf vn pf|nf
fmrm|`yne` ~mfem{ ``h
mhlmf ~pc~hk`{ vnpm k`{fm j~mpnhn phynj`h`h
~pc~emhjm|pem|memhmk`e`{(p` k`{ j~mpnhnin ynf
phynj ~pc~emhjm| pnyn{e` aejmpmk`e`{( P`hn% k`{ phynj `en
k~e~hmhem{ kmfm phynjen{en fahy{ae
nyjnf cn{nfnk`e`{( K~ kmfjimh n`ye` ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn
phynjen{`h` k`{k`{`hn meyn{hmy`o aem{mf
in`e% ymjmjempl| ct `en kmfjmf imgm pn{`hin ae~{( Gn{ phynj`h
fnhi`hn tc fmr|mj vn
|h{emjmem{vm{i{(Gn{gmhc` k`{ j~mpnhn r{ac{mj |n`e`r gmt{emh{fnh
k~hem{ ct hhn mehjme
vn |n`jen kn{mkn{ `|ynhnh fme`yn |ymhim{i yn|r`y ni`ej`
aejmei{(
;(=( mf Kmfjhim Ymg{`kmy|t J~mpnhn Ynfh`fen{`h`h Ompimem{^mf
kmfjhim ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn phynjen{`% jnyme vn mjnyme yj ~mf
jmetnjnen{`hn
~pc~emhmk`ejnfyni`{( af kpf vn af ff l`|`jen{`h% ihnh vn gm{nfny
ninh pmrem{h fahy{ae
jjfhi{( Gn{ k`{ phynj`h tnee`fen{`% yn|y r{nh|`k`% ~pc~emjm
memhem{% f|yemjmem{ mp{i{( ^mf
ynfhaead`|` c`k` gtem cne`nh `en{` ynfhaead` ``hin% |ah nee`
peim ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn jnyayem{hh
ynfhaead`en{` in km|`y phynjen{inh fm{jmf% fmrm|`yne` phynjen{n
ia{~ cne`jn |{nl` ``hn
c`{j`y`{(
Gmvmlef memhhim% {`|fen{`h pf|nf aejm| vn im{ yaen{mh|em{em
meejm| hninh`pen% ymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhn ~pc~emjmem{ fmhejmt aem{mf ta{~he~i~{( Cnj`yn%
ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn phynjen{`h`h
f|ye ~pc~emjmem{ vn ynfh`f pnyn{|`te`fen{% kpf jmii` fmprem{m
pae mjy{( Chjtin k~
phynjen{`h gn{ k`{`hn% hjn{`f fahy{aee cne`j` k`ec`|mpm{
iahmyem{hh `emvn|` `en tmjmhimh vn
``e`fynh fmtmh% phynjen{`h i~pm{eefem{hh m{yjm|% i`d`yme fmpy vn
vn{`en{`h |mfemhjm| `jfh
c`k` |yh tnee`fen{ fmtmhi{ejy{(
Phynjen{`h ~pc~emhjm|him% k`ec`e` vn pnyf`h f~{~e~em{lm
|n{y`o`pn ni`ej` nenjmhem{m `gy`pm vm{i{(
Yn|y phynj` |n`j`% `enj`h remhemhjm|% cvnh`e`{e`f% vn{`je`e`f
``h kpf k`{ y`y`te`fen
cn{nfeny`{`ejnfyni`{( Gmhc` phynj ~pc~emhmlmf ae~{|m ae|~h% yn|y
ni`enlnf pmrhh hlne`fe` aem{mf%
cnhne k`{ cten fahy{ae pmrejmei{( K~% kpf gm{`l` gm|m{em{h
yn|r`y`h` |mem{% kpenln yng`tmy
f~eemhem{mf gm{lmhmh tmjmh vn ` cl a{ymimh fmei{emlmfy{(
Yn|y rm{m|hh nenfy{`f|ne vn jmhpny`f cn`{cnhe`f tnee`fen{`h`
cn{nfy`{nh c`{imr mfjem{% jmhpny`f
rm{mlfem{em fahy{ae c`k` phynjen{en% ptnpinf` vnpm ptnp`h gnjnh
meyhimf` |{nf|`te`fen{
kne`{enhnk`e`{( pmr |{nf|`te``h`h yn|r`y` ``h {mipac{mo` vnpm
~ey{m|ah`f fahy{ae cn{nfe`i`{(
Phynj`h ~pc~emhjm|himh hln yn|y rm{m|hh k`en`j` vn cnajny{`|`%
|{nf|`te``h fah~j~%
ptnpin vnpm `pmrim aejm|% |{nf|`te``h kap~y~ k`e`hjne`i`{( Yj
inympem{h ~pc~emhjm|him%
rn{|ahne`h n`y`j`h`h vn inhnp`j`h`h |ah~em{h cvnh`e`{e`` tn{`hin
kpf nyf`|` vm{i{(
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;2
Pmrem{imf` |{nf|`te`fen{gml`j|ne vn itenj|ne aemk`e`{en{( Yn|y
`enj`hinh hln% gn{ k`{ gmym y{
``h fmk~e ni`enjnt kap~y vn fah~j e`j`yen{` kne`{enhj` aejmei{(
kap~ye~ vn `f` kap~ye~
|{nf|`te`f y{en{` `en k~hem{h kne`{enhjn|`hin yn{l`g ni`enh
ymg{`kmy|t fahy{ae phynjen{` Ymkea ;(=in
vn{`ejnfyni`{(
Ymkea ;*= Om{fe |{nf|`te`f y{en{` ``h ymg{`kmy|t fahy{ae
ynfh`fen{`
\{nf|`te`f Y{ Nyf`e` Aemh Ymg{`kmy|t J~mpnhn Ynfh``
Kap~ye~ \{nf|`te`fen{
Ctnhnfen{% r{ten{% fmehyem{% l{~o%
nfjn kae~fem{% ine`fen{% kae~fem{%
fa{atpah ap~fem{
Cten fahy{ae
Ptnp farpm| `en fahy{ae
Rnhny{mh |v `en fahy{ae
Jmhpny`f rm{mlfem{ `en fahy{ae
C`{imr mfjem{ `en fahy{ae
^ey{m|ah`f fahy{ae
[mipac{mo`f fahy{ae
Yn{jac{mo`f fahy{ae
f` Kap~ye~ \{nf|`te`fen{
Pa{~ejm myemfem{% fmremjm myemfem{% cn{`ejne`
fa{atpah myemfem{% |e `enj myemfem{% ivjnvn gmiinenjn pejmem{%
ymkmfm mp{ejmem{%
ifj vn fmphmf |a~jm myemfem{
Cten fahy{ae
Jmhpny`f rm{mlfem{ `en fahy{ae
C`{imr mfjem{ `en fahy{ae
^ey{m|ah`f fahy{ae
Mf~|y`f nj`|pahYn{jac{mo`f fahy{ae
^pc~empl rn{|ahne`h% pmr ``hinf`aem| |{nf|`te`fgmffhim h k`ec`pn
|mg`r aejm| ia{~phynj
|n`j`h` |mempmlmfy{( {hn`h% pmrim k~e~hmh pa{~ejmpm kme
|{nf|`te`fen{ ``h itenj|ne vn
ptnpn mf gmymem{m i~pm{e k`{ phynj |n`j` cn{nfnlnfy`{( enj`h k~
nf`ein k`e`he` aem{mf
remhemhmk`ejn|`% tmjmh fmpkh imkpfeinhenpnlnfy`{( \{nf|`te``h
pmr``hinf` fah~j~ `en
`ec`e` aem{mf ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn `enj` in`jnfyni`{( K~ in``j
inn{en{` vn phynjen{ Ymkea
;(;in vn{`ejnfyni`{( Ymkeaim vn{`enh vn fmeh pmrem{h ` f|jem{hh
fahy{ae ``h f~eemhemh yj
phynjen{cnhnee`fen `hln pmrem{h vn ptnpen{`hfahy{ae``h in
~pc~hi~{(
Ymkea ;*; Om{fe |{nf|`te`f fah~jem{ ``h nyf`e` aemh ymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhn ynfh`fen{`
Ptnpn Mf \{nf|`te`fen{Cten fahy{ae% Ptnp farpm| `en fahy{ae%
Rnhny{mh |v `en fahy{ae
Ptnp`h = jj meyhimf` |{nf|`te`fen{Jmhpny`f rm{mlfem{em fahy{ae%
C`{imr mfjem{
`en fahy{ae
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;=
Ptnp`h < jj meyhimf` |{nf|`te`fen{ Ary`f gaeac{mo`% Mf~|y`f
nj`|pah
Ptnp`h =22 jj meyhimf` |{nf|`te`fen{ W* {mp yajac{mo`
Ptnp`h ;>2 jj meyhimf` |{nf|`te`fen{W*{mp {mipac{mo`|` `en
fahy{ae%Hy{ah
{mipac{mo`|` `en fahy{ae
Ptnp`h =2 j meyhimf` |{nf|`te`fen{ ^ey{m|ah`f fahy{ae
^mfkmfjhim pmpch aem{mf f~eemhemh ymg{`kmy|t fahy{ae jnyayem{%
Ymkea ;(
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;;
Ymkea ;*
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;yn vn{`enh c{mo`fyn
tmjmhem m{ymh k~ gmym a{mh vn{`ejnfyni`{( Rn{`pai`f Y kmfj
m{mefem{ |mpn|`hin% kne`{e` k`{ |
|h{``h% gmym a{mh j`h`j`tn ni`en{nf pnh` {ny`jm{yem{hm cn{` ih
|memhmk`ejnfyni`{(
nf`e ;(> Rn{`pai`f kmfjem{im gmym a{mhhh in``j`
Kmfj |{nen{`hin% gmymem{h c`in{`ejn|` `en njh`pny m{y{ejmfymi{(
K~ m{y ymg{`kmy|t fahy{ae
phynjen{`h`h pmpch f~eemhj `en cn{nfeny`{`enk`e`{( Ymg{`kmy|t
fahy{ae phynjen{`% r{ac{mje
kmfj |{nen{`hin ~|yhefen{`hinhiaempvmtcn`ejnti`{4
\{nf|`te`fen{`h kmemhc nv{n|`hin `fnh kne`{enhjn|`h` |memjmem{%
Jnvl~y |{nf|`te`fen{inf` cne`jnen{`h `hlnenhnk`ejn|`% 'Kne`{enhnh
k`{ |{nf|`te``h njh`pny
|h{em{ ig`e`hin aejm| i~{~j~him% rm{m in``j`hn c`i`ejnpn{nf
|{nf|`te`f cne``j`
`tenhnk`e`{()
^~ njh`pny` ``h pmr|me gmym|tefcvnhlnen{` |memjmem{(
;(9(Om{fe Ymg{`kmy|t J~mpnhn Y`ren{`h`h ^mf Kmfjhim
F~eemhejm|^mf nenjmhem{hh f~eemhj |{nen{`hin ae~mk`enlnf f{ejm gmym
jnfmh`fen{` `hlnenhn{nf% k~
gmymem{h kmemhc mhhim j`h`j~j kap~yym `fnh ia{~ vn ymj aem{mf
kne`{enhjn|` cn{nfjnfyni`{(
K~h~h cn{nfeny`{`enk`ejn|`% kmfj |{nen{`hin ymg{`kmy|t fahy{ae
phynjen{`h`h ~pc~emhjm| `en
jjfh aejmfymi{( ^pc~h ymg{`kmy|t fahy{ae phynj`h`h vn pm
phynjen{ c{~k~h~h |n`ejn|` `en
~mf pmr|himf` |{nf|`te`fen{ kne`{enhnk`ejnfyni`{( K~ f|jim
ymg{`kmy|t yn|y phynjen{`h`h ~mf
kmfjhim hm|e ~pc~emhifem{ `hlnenhnlnfy`{(
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;>
;(9(=( C{|ne Jnyayem{em Fahy{ae Phynj`h`h ^mf Kmfjhim
F~eemhjC{|ne jnyayem{ ~mfem{h fahy{aehin f~eemhemh nh n|f`
ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn y`r`i`{( Ymg{`kmy|t
j~mpnhnen{`h a~he~~ c{|ne jnyayem{em pmre{ vn k~ r{a|ni{ ~pc~h
l`gmt vn menyen{`h f~eemhejm|
vnpm remf ct `en ~pc~emh{( C{|ne jnyayem{ `en af om{fe rm{mem{h
j~mpnhn|` cn{nfeny`{`e`r%ptnp |{nf|`te`fen{`% myemfem{% fa{atpah%
ptnpinf` f`{e`e`fen{% fmphmf kecnen{`hinf` gmymem{% eng`j
kmemhy gmymem{ vk( c`k` om{fe gmym y`ren{` kne`{enhnk`e`{( C{|ne
jnyayem{ ~mfem{h `hlnenhjn|` vn
ptnpinf` myemfem{h |mrymhjm|him kpf a{mhim f~eemhe{( T`{m k~
myemfem{h |mrymhjm|% pmr|me
gmymem{h ae~jm|hh henhjn|` m|himh af hnje`i`{( C{|ne jnyayem{
k~hem{h ihim hlninh
om{fe k`{ ymg{`kmy|t j~mpnhn jnyai~ `en kne`{enhj` aemh k`{
gmymhh ia{~emhjm|him im pmpch k`{
k``jin ~pc~emh{( Km|`y c{|ne `hlnenjnen{ ``h onhn{en{`h f~eemhj
aff{`y`f k`{ hnj ym{(
Gn{ ~~ymh hln mr{ahim pmremh ff kmfjem{im% ~mf nv{n|` iaemem{mf%
yj pmrhh inympe
aem{mf cten fahy{ae cn{nfeny`{`e`{( nf`e ;(?im% M`{k~| M*?
kecnen{`hin `|n% cvinh`h m{fm f|jhh vn f~p{~fptnpen{`h`h gm|m{
vn pmfy |thy|hm fm{ fahy{ae pmre{(
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;?
nf`e ;(?M`{k~| M
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;3
c{hyen{` ymhmk`ejnfyni`{( ^mf pmr|hh ` f|jem{hh fahy{ae ``h% 2(?
jj inn{`hin% ff
mre c`{` fmrmfem{ pnyn{e` aejmfymi{(
nf`e ;(3 ^mf jaya{ |`|ynj`hin k~e~hmh pmhjm |`|ynj`hn m`y k`y
myemh km{a|far `en nein ni`ej`c{hy|
;(9(;( Rnhny{mh \v en Fahy{ae Phynj`h`h ^mf Kmfjhim F~eemhj
Rnhny{mhy '|vc`{`h`j) fahy{ae% tne |vem{ pm{ijpem jmetnjn
ptnp`hinf` af ff felmemyemfem{ mm fm{jmf ``h f~eemhemh ymg{`kmy|t
yn|y phynjen{`hinh k`{`i`{(
^mf kmfjhim rnhny{mh |vphynj`% cten vn ary`f menyen{en fahy{ae
phynjen{`h`h meyn{hmy`o` aem{mf
f~eemhemk`ejnfyni`{( \t fah~|~ phynjen{`h yjhin% gmymhh
kne`{enhnk`ejn|` ``h ptnpn mf
aejm| cn{nfjnfyni`{( Cten fahy{ae `en yn|r`y` jjfh aejmpmh `hln
myemfem{ vn j`f{a
|{nf|`te`fen{% rnhny{mh |v phynj` `en kne`{enhnk`e`{( Fmremjm vn
kapm ymkmfm|hh meyhm c`tenhj`
|{nf|`te`fen{% rnhny{mh |v phynj` `en |mrymhmjmtem{( Rnhny{mh |v
phynj`% |{nf|`te`fen{`h ``h`
iaei~{mh f`{en{`h gm||m| aem{mf ynj`te`` `en kmem{( K~
~pc~emhjmihim% gmym c`tenhnk`e`{ vnpmkap~y~ vn tnee`fen{` pmhe
mecemhmk`e`{(
Rnhny{mh |vayajmy`f yn|y |`|ynjen{` `en kpf kmfjem{m |af~ej~aemh
rm{mem{h% f|m |{nin gm|m{
`hlnenjnen{` pmremk`ejnfyni`{( tnee`fen ~mf jaya{ kmfjhim%
|af~ej~ aemh jaya{ rm{mem{hh
ptnp `hlnenjnen{`% rnhny{mh |v phynj` `en cn{nfeny`{`ejnfyni`{(
Ptnpen{in ae~mh vn gmymem{
kne`{ynh rnhny{mh `ten{`h`h% oaya{mo vnpm emtn{ `en ptnp ym{mjm
ynfh`fen{` `en fmel fmpyem{ mehm{mf
m{`venhnk`e`{(
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;7
Cnh` fmremjm ptnpen{`h`h k`{ |non{in fahy{ae ``h% rnhny{mh |v
phynj` i`n{ phynjen{n c{n
hnje` |yhefen{n |mg`ry`{( tnee`fen myemfem{% phen{` hnj ymjmf|th
k`{ |non{in fahy{ae
ni`enk`e`{en{( \r{np y`r` fahy{ae |nyen{` `en f|m |{nin%
cn{nfy``hin mr{ahim fahy{ae `enj`
~pc~emhmk`e`{( Rnhny{mh |v phynj` yj jnyme jmetnjnen{n vn
fajrat`y pmrem{m ~pc~emhmk`e`{(
tnee`fen y`ymhp~j memj f~p{~fc{~k~ vn jaya{
rm{mem{hhptnpen{`h`hfahy{aehin yn{l`g ni`enh
k`{ phynji`{(
;(9(
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;0
^mf jaya{ nenjmhem{hh kmfj `hlnenjnen{`hin% rm{mem{h |a~jm| ``h
tmjmh p`y`{`ejnf|`t`h%
pf|nf |lmfefem{im yn|y `enj` ~pc~emhmk`e`{( \lmfefem k`{e`fyn
`enyfnhe`f inn{`h`h in`jn|`
hninh`pen% yn|y rm{m| `en mph tnee`fen{in {non{mh| |ymhim{yem{
j~yemfm cn{nfjnfyni`{( C`{imr mfj
r{akem{hh mr vn ~t~he~f kap~yem{hh m{yjm|% yn|y `enj`h`h
gm||m|`pny`h` nyf`enjnfyni`{( F|ye
r{ak kap~yem{ hninh`pen% phynj hafym|me fahy{aeen{ ``h ~pc~h
aejmfymi{( Ptnp mey gmymem{hh
yn|r`y`hin% ptnp gmymem{``h ~pc~emhmh o{nfmh| inn{en{`
mtmeyem{mf% ho~t`pny in{`he`` m{y{ejmei{(
Y`ymhp~j memjhimh `jme ni`ej` aemh ~mf jaya{~ cmt y{k`h omh
rmeen{`% tnee`fen fmef
jmhnv{m||{n|`hln pf|nfcn{`ejn inn{en{`hn jm{~t fmejmfymi{em{(
Pa{~ejm pfen{`h`h `emvn|` `en
y{k`hrmeen{`h`h ff f|jem{him% gm|m{em{h ae~jm {`|f`
pf|nfaejmfymi{( Kmfjem{ n|hm|him% k~
kecnen{`h c`{imr mfjem{ `en fahy{aeen{` pmrejmfymi{( C`{imr
mfjem{ `en |{nf|`te`fen{`hkap~yem{
eenk`e`{( \{nf|`te`f pn{`% r{ak~h fah~j~ `en kne`{enhjnfyni`{(
Ptnp meygmymem{hh in{`he`fen{`h`h
ej ``h% meyn{hmy`ophynj aem{mf% ptnp imecmem{ `en ~ey{m|ah`f
fahy{ae yn{l`g ni`ejne`i`{( C`{imr
mfjem{ `en fahy{aeh hnje` k`{ |yhe% myemfem{ iaei~{mh f`{en{`h
inympe ynj`te``hn cn{nf
i~p~ejmjm|i{( R{ak~h ptnpn ynjm| ``h% cnhne k`{ ptnp ynj`te``
pnyn{e` aejmfymi{( K~ i~{~j
hnje` ein tmjmh ym|m{~oo~ |mem{( Mp{lm% ymhmk`e`{ gmo`o yn|y
l`gmtem{ `en memh ~pc~emjmem{ ``h
yn{l`g ni`enh k`{ phynji`{( Kmfj ~pc~emjmem{him% gmym
tnee`fen{`h` kne`{ynh% l`gmt nf{mh
c{hy|hh fmel fmpyem{ mehm{mf m{`venhnk`e`{( C`{imr mfjem{ phynj`
`en pmrhh `enyfnhe`f
inn{`h`h kne`{enhjn|` jjfhi{( Kpenln pmrhh |e `enj vnpm memj
i~{~j~ kne`{enhnk`e`{(
nf`e ;(0 C`{imr 'Niip) mfj `en dmhy j~mpnhn|`
;(9(9( Jmhpny`f Rm{mlfem{em Fahy{ae Phynj`h`h ^mf Kmfjhim
F~eemhjJmhpny`tm|pah |{m|him jmhpny`f memh `tc`en{` myemfem{im
aei~~ c`k` imgm mt `enyfnh k`{ kecnpn
cnei``hin% in`nh jmhpny`f `enyfnhe`fynh iaemp k`{jmhpny`fmemh
|mejm| ae~y~{~{em{( Jmhpny`fmemhimf` k~ in``j% jmhpny`frm{y`fe
j~mpnhn|`hin ynjne ae~y~{~{( K`{ myemf vnpm jmetnjn
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( [mipac{mo`f Fahy{ae Phynj`h`h ^mf Kmfjhim F~eemhj
W pm im cmjm |hem{pem jmetnjnen{inf` fmehef in``jen{`% pmr|me
in``fe`fen{% `ynf` gmymem{%
jahymd inympem{ yn|r`y ni`enk`ejnfyni`{( Nenfy{`f|ne aem{mf
{ny`enh W hem{ vn {mipamfy`o
`tayarem{imh pmpemh cmjm hem{% `n{`|`hinh cny`fen{` jmetnjn
ym{mohimh mk|a{kn ni`e`{en{(
Fmeheh m{yjm|pem kn{mkn{ mk|a{kn ni`enh j`fym{ im m{ym{(
Iaemp|pem% imgm pa~h jmetnjnin imgm
omtem {mipm|pah mk|a{kn ni`e`{(
[mipac{mo`% yj fmy jmetnjnen{`h `pmr |{nf|`te`fen{`h`h
kne`{enhjn|`hin% vn{`je` aem{mf
f~eemhemk`enh k`{ phynji`{( Fmeh rm{mem{h vn jahymd gme`hinf`
pmrem{h% |af~j `enj`
cn{nfjnf|`t`h `hlnenhjn|`h` |mempmh k`{ phynji`{( I`n{
ymg{`kmy|t fahy{ae phynjen{` `en nein
ni`enjnpnh k~ |yh tnee`fen{` hninh`pen% {mipac{mo` phynj` ~mf
kmfjhim cnh` k`{ f~eemhj
memhhm |mg`ry`{( [mipac{mo` ~pc~emjm| hln|`hin% hem{h
|mejm|hhenpnlnfnf`ein ptnpen{in
r{ten{ ae~y~{mlmf |nv`pninf` f`{en{ ``h% cnhne k`{ ptnp ynj`te``
pnyn{e` aejmfymi{(
^mf k~{~h {mim{ fah`|`% `n{i`` fm{jmf kmemhyem{imh iaemp% kpf
kmfjem{im inympe aem{mf|af~j `enj` ~pc~emhjmf|th% {mipac{mo` phynj`
`en `hlnenhjnfyni`{( Mp{lm% `h` ymfjem{hh
cvin pmr|hm kmemhi kecnen{% fmremjm envgmem{hh `|fnenyn kmemhi
f|jem{% fmr vn rnhln{n
l`im{em{himf` af fmye fajrat`y f|jem{% jaya{ `en pmr m{m|kmemhy
kecnen{` inympe aem{mf |af~j
`enj` pmrejmf|th k`{ |non{in {mipac{mo` phynj` `en fahy{ae
ni`enk`e`{en{(
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( mf Jmetnjnen{`hin Fm{ememh\a{~hem{ vn tjen{`
;(>(=( Ptnp myemfem{Gn{ jmetnjn ``h cten j~mpnhn mhm phynj
aem{mf ihejne`i`{ vn `ef fahy{ae ``h f~eemhejmei{(
Rnf af i~{~j ``h ct j~mpnhn|` k`{ gm|m{ inn{enhi`{jnf ``h
pnyn{e`i`{( Gmymhh kap~y~h~ gm||m|
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(;( Ptnp Mey vnpm C`te` myemfem{Mej`hp~j*ne`f vn y`ymhp~j
jmetnjnen{in ptnp mey vnpm c`te` myemfem{h k~e~hjm|him if
o{nfmh| c`{imr mfj% {mipac{mo` vnpm ~ey{m|ah`f j~mpnhnen{
f~eemhe{( Yj jmetnjnen{n
~pc~emhmk`enh {mipac{mo` `|n m{mhmh gmymhh in{`he``% yaremj
jmetnjn fmehehh pmfemf .
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nink`e`{( Nh pf|nf n`y`je` vn ynl{kne` rn{|ahne cn{nfy`{nh
phynji`{( myemfem{ k`{ m meyhim
c{jn|` gme`hin emj`hn{myemfem{ ``h in ymv|`pn ni`enk`e`{(
;(>($2(3> jj kap~y~him myemfem{ k~emk`enlnf
gm||m|efymi{(
I`n{ jmetnjnen{ ``h ~ey{m|ah`f% jmhpny`f yat vnpm rnhny{mh |v
hn{`enk`e`{(
;(>(9( Kmemjm Nenjmh Ymfe Ine`fen{
K`{ nv{nenjn r{ak~ `en ~pc~emhmh c`{imr mfj vn nh`hn imecmpem%
~pc~emhmh ~ey{m|ah`f phynjkmemjm nenjmh |fejnj` ine`fen{ ``h ~pc~h
j~mpnhnen{i`{( C`{imr mfj mej`hp~j pmrem{im
k`en imgm kpf myemfem{ k~emk`e`{(
;(>(>( myemf I~{i~{jm Ine`fen{`myemh k`y` hafym| c`{imr
mfj vnpm rnhny{mh |v phynj` `en |mrymhmk`e`{( Rnhny{mh |v ne`f
vn
y`ymhp~j ``h hn{`e`{( myemh k`y` hafym|him ine`hnh ine`fynh
|ah{m ynf{m{ mph phynjen{en
j~mpnhn ni`ejne`i`{( K~ `enj`h pmrejm| af hnje`i`{( hf ine``h
`p` pn{in ine`hjnjn|` vn
myemh invmj nyjn|` gme`hin`enj`h g`k`{ ompim| aejmt(
;(>(?( Lvmymem{Lvmymem{ ymfe `fnh ~ey{m|ah`f j~mpnhn `en
fahy{ae ni`enk`e`{en{( \fe gmein `fnh kap~hm
jmchny`tm|pah phynj` `en ~pc~emhmh jmchny`f yat j~mpnhn|`hin
pf|nf gm||m|`pnyn n{``e`{(
Lvmymhh i` f|j fmemh jmchny`tm|pah phynj` vn >$=2W fmim{ k`{
kpynen fahy{ae ni` ejne` vngmym kne`{y`en{` gme`hin ;2W f~vvny`hin
k`{ kpynen kne`{y`en{ `hlnenhjne`i`{( Lvmymhh it i` c`k`
f|j `|n |{nfe` jmchny`tm|pah `en j~mpnhn ni`ejne`i`{(
;(>(3( Fmphmf I`f`en{`^mfem{im% hln ptnp`h fmkmlm ynj`tenh`r
r~eemhjmem{h fmei{ejm|himh |ah{m% yj i`f`en{`h a{ym
f~vvnyyn k`{ jn{lnfen 'nh mt =2W) i`ffmye` j~mpnhn|` fmphmfem
ymj`{ ni`ej` pn{en{ ``h fmk~e ni`e`{
k`{ phynji`{( ne`f im`{n|ne pmrem{h knt`{ pm vnpm rny{ae n|m|e
k`{ pm `en km|hlm ymk` y~y~ejm|%
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(==( Cvin^mfem{im cvinh`h h f|j k`{ im{mejmpm nf aem{mf k~{~h
`h` ymfj vn kae~~h~% r`eay fmk`h`
menyen{`h`% f~jmhim |`|ynj vn fmkeaem{h% {mim{em{ vn
nenfy{`f*nenfy{ah`f fajrm{yjmhh ``hn mei
``h af pa~h nf`ein yng`t ni`ej` k`{ kecni`{( ^ememk`e`{e``h af
|h{e aei~~ k~ kecnin
hn{`enk`enh phynj pmeht {mipac{mo`i`{( I`n{ phynjen{ ``h kpf
mrym |fj cn{nfy``hinh
hn{`ejnten{(
Fmrem{% rnhln{nen{ vn ynge`fn fem{him `|n pmrhh k~ hafymem{him
fn|`ejnf ta{~him ae~hjm|himh
iaemp cn{nfnh j~fmvnjny` |memjmf ``h pmr ymfv`pn |mlem{ vn
r{ao`een{` `en cenhi`{`ej`y`{( af
fmye |mlem{ vn fm{f nf`ee` r{ao`een{ i`n{ phynjen{`h f~eemhejm|h
nhcneeni``hinh vn mp{lm cnh`
k`{ memhh fahy{ae cn{nfy``hinh {mipac{mo` yn{l`g ni`ejne`i`{(
Fmr jnhynnen{`hin `|n ine`f
nrn{en{`hin gmym m{mhmlm ``h ~ey{m|ah`f j~mpnhn hn{`e`{( Fmr vn
rnhln{nen{ im memh hafymem{
aei~fem{ ``h fa{atpah |fm c{e{( af fmye vn ymfv`pne` pmrem{
hninh`pen fa{atpahm ~{mj
f|j mhm jmetnjninh ir mp{emjmt% pmh` {mipac{mo`f j~mpnhn `en
a{ympm fm{emjmt( If
o{nfmh| c`{imr mfj `en fa{atpah imgm kmm{e yn|r`y ni`ej`y`{(
;(>(=;( Fa{atpah~h K~e~hjm| vn eejn|`[mipac{mo`% c`{imr mfj
vn ~ey{m|ah`f j~mpnhnen{ fa{atpah~ vn in{nln|`h` yn|r`y nink`ejnf
``h
hn{`enh phynjen{i`{( [mipac{mo`mhlmf fa{atpah~h m{ aejm| gme`hin
f~eemhe{(
C`{imr mfj k`{ rm{mhh c{hjnpnh ym{mohimf` fa{atpah vn in{nln|`h`
yn|r`y nyjnf ``h hn{`e`{(
Ymhnen{ m{m| fa{atpah `en ae~mh myemfem{m i~pm{e ae~~ vn
fa{atpah~h ff ap~fem{h yn|r`ynink`ejn|` phynj`h |yh pmhem{i{(
^ey{m|ah`f i`d`yme ejn l`gmt jmetnjnpn chin{i`` imecmhh pmh|jm
|{n|`h` en{nf jmetnjn
fmehe nf{mh tn{`hin c|yn{`{( ej inn{` .= yaen{mh| ``hin ia{~i~{
vn gmo`o fa{atpahem{
ejnf ``h f~eemhe{(
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FMPHMFM
=( Mgjny F{mh% Gmvm m{ml Kmfj F~{~e~em{him Yaremj Fme`yn
Phny`j`h`h ^pc~emhjm|%Pf|nf E`|mh| Ynt`% Mhmiae~h`vn{|`yn|` \a|pme
K`e`jen{ Nh|y`y|% N|f`ng`{% M~|ya| ;22
