UDC 33 - Tbilisi State University · 2020. 5. 18. · nanuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, merab gvelesiani, lina daTunaSvili (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), eTer kakulia, nazira kakulia,

J. “ekonomisti” #1

1

UDC 33 E e-49

paata guguSvilis ekonomikis instituti

ekonomisti saerTaSoriso samecniero-analitikuri Jurnali

gamodis 2009 wlis ianvridan

ianvari Tebervali 1

2009

mTavari redaqtori ramaz abesaZe

samecniero-saredaqcio kolegia

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentebi:

vladimer papava, avTandil silagaZe, leo Ciqava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtorebi:

iuri ananiaSvili, rozeta asaTiani, klimenti aCelaSvili, Temur beriZe, giorgi berulava, vaxtang burduli, vaxtang burkaZe, mixeil ToqmaziSvili, murman kvaracxelia, alfred kurataSvili, iakob mesxia, elguja meqvabiSvili, giorgi papava, uSangi samadaSvili, roland sarCimelia, Temur Sengelia, Tina CxeiZe, mixeil jibuti. akademiuri doqtorebi:

nanuli arevaZe, nana bibilaSvili, merab gvelesiani, lina daTunaSvili (pasuxismgebeli mdivani), eTer kakulia, nazira kakulia, Tea lazaraSvili (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), iza naTelauri, nodar xaduri, mamuka xuskivaZe (mTavari redaqtoris moadgile), revaz javaxiSvili. ucxoeli wevrebi:

eldar ismailovi (azerbaijani), antanas maqstitusi (litva), vladimer menSikovi (latvia), mixeil roketliSvili (aSS), slavomir patricki (poloneTi), dimitri sorokini (ruseTi), andrei hermani (poloneTi).

Jurnali xelmZRvanelobs Tavisufali presis principiT. redaqciis

Sexeduleba SesaZloa ar emTxveodes avtoris azrs da igi pasuxs ar agebs informaciis sizusteze.

Tbilisi


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Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

ECONOMISTI International Scientific-analytical Journal

Published from January 2009

January February 1

2009

Editor-in-chief Ramaz Abesadze

SCIENTIFIC-EDITORIAL BOARD

CORRESPONDING MEMBERS OF THE NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES OF GEORGIA: Leo Chikava, Vladimer Papava, Avtandil Silagadze DOCTORS OF ECONOMIC SCIENCES: Klimenti Achelashvili, Iuri Ananiashvili, Roseta Asatiani, Temur Beridze, Giorgi Berulava, Vakhtang Burduli, Vakhtang Burkadze, Tina Chkheidze, Murman Kvaratskhelia, Alfred Kuratashvili, Jakob Meskhia, Elguja Mekvabishvili, Giorgi Papava, Ushangi Samadashvili, Roland Sarchimelia, Temur Shengelia, Mikhail Tokmazishvili. ACADEMIC DOCTORS: Nanuli Arevadze, Nana Bibilashvili, Lina Datunashvili (executive secretary), Merab Gvelesiani, Revaz Javakhishvili, Michaul Jibuti, Nazira Kakulia, Eteri Kakulia, Tea Lazarashvili (deputy editor-in-chief), Iza Natelauri, Nodar Khaduri, Mamuka Khuskivadze (deputy editor-in-chief) FOREIGN MEMSERS: Eldar Ismailov (Azerbaijan), Antanas Mackstitus (Lithuania), Vladimir Menshikov (Latvia), Slavomir Patritski (Poland), Mikhail Roketlishvili (USA), Dmitri Sorokin (Russia), Andrei Herman (Poland)

The journal follows the principles of free press. The views of editorial board do not necessarily reflect author's option and it accepts no responsibility for the accuracy of information.

Tbilisi


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s a r C e v i

redaqtorisagan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 milocvebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 interviu . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomika

ramaz abesaZe _ saqarTvelos ekonomika XX _ XXI saukuneebis mijnaze . . . . . 16 vladimer papava, Tamar TaflaZe _ “liberaluri imperiis” rusuli modeli da postrevoluciuri saqarTvelos gamocdileba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

rozeta asaTiani _ saqarTvelos ekonomika arasabazro kapitalizmis CixSi . 27 revaz javaxiSvili _ saqarTvelos satranzito-servisuli funqcia . . . . . . . . 43 nodar xaduri _ saqarTvelos ekonomikis deregulirebis makroekonomikuri aspeqtebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50

ekonomikuri Teoria

giorgi papava _ sabazro ekonomikis normalizaciis safuZvlebi da demok-ratia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

57

Alfred Kuratashvili _ Theory of Balance of Rights and Responsibility of Officials _ Essential Political-Legal Basis of Development Economic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

Giorgi Berulava _ The Theoretical Review of Microeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

biznesi

Temur Sengelia _ biznesis eTikis filosofiuri safuZvlebi . . . . . . . . . . . 74

postkomunisturi qveynebis ekonomika

Фархади Пюста Орудж кызы _ О регулировании интеграционных процессов между производственными и перерабатывающими предприятиями . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

ekonomikis regionuli problemebi

Вахтанг Бурдули _ Региональные факторы роста уровня занятости . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

ekonomikis maTematikuri modelireba

iuri ananiaSvili _ fiskaluri parametrebis Sefasebis modelebi . . . . . . . . . 91

menejmenti

aziko sisvaZe, lida oqropiriZe _ motivacia _ warmatebuli menejmentis sa-fuZveli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

108

agraruli problemebi

vaxtang burkaZe _ wvrili fermeruli meurneobebis kooperireba msxvili sasaqonlo mewarmeobis ganviTarebis safuZvelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118

monografia aqtualur problematikaze . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123

saWiro naSromi ekonomikis dargSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

mniSvnelovani RonisZieba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

informacia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127


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C O N T E N T S

FROM EDITOR-IN-CHIEF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

CONGRATULATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

INTERVIEW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

ECONOMY OF POSTCOMMUNIST GEORGIA

Ramaz Abesadze _ Economy of Georgia on the Verge of the XX and XXI Centuries . . . . . . . 16 Vladimer Papava, Tamar Tapladze _ Russian Model of the “Liberal Empire” and Experience of Postrevolutionary Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23

Rozeta Asatiani _ Economy of Georgia in the Deadlock of Nonmarket Capitalism . . . . . . . . . 27 Revaz Javakhishvili _ Transit-Service Function of Georgia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Nodar Khaduri _ Macroeconomic Aspects of Economic Deregulation in Georgia . . . . . . . . . 50

ECONOMIC THEORY

Giorgi Papava _ The Principles of Market Economy Normalization and Democracy . . . . . . . . 57 Alfred Kuratashvili _ Theory of Balance of Rights and Responsibility of Officials _ Essential Political-Legal Basis of Economic Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

66

Giorgi Berulava _ The Theoretical Review of Microeconomic Determinants of Economic Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

69

BUSINESS

Temur Shengelia – Fundamentals of Business Ethics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

ECONOMY OF POSTCOMMUNIST COUNTRIES

Pharhadi Piusta Orudge Khizi _ On the Regulation of Integrational Processes of Production and Processing Enterprises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

REGIONAL PROBLEMS OF ECONOMY

Vakhtang Burduli _ Regional Factors of Growth of Emploiment Level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

MATHEMATICAL MODELING OF ECONOMY

Iuri Ananiashvili _ Models of Estimation of Fiscal Parametres. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

MANAGEMENT

Aziko Sisvadze, Lida Okropiridze _ Motivation _ the Basis of Successful Management . . . . . . . 108

AGRARIAN PROBLEMS

Vakhtang Burkadze – Cooperating of Small Farms is the Basement for the Development of Large Scale Production . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

118

MONOGRAPH ON ACTUAL PROBLEMS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1123

NECESSARY WORK IN ECONOMIC SECTOR. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125

SIGNIFICANT MEASURE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126

INFORMATION. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127


5

redaqtorisagan

1918 wlis 13 seqtembers gamovida Jurnal “saqarTvelos ekonomistis”

pirveli nomeri. man mniSvnelovani roli iTamaSa saqarTveloSi ekonomi-kuri azris ganviTarebasa da ekonomikuri Jurnalistikis CamoyalibebaSi. magram mas didxans arseboba ar ewera. bunebrivia, misi gamocema Sewyda sa-qarTvelos damoukideblobis dakargvisTanave.

1958 wels akademikos paata guguSvilis iniciativiTa da mTavari re-daqtorobiT saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa akademiis ekonomikis institutis bazaze daarsda Jurnali imave saxelwodebiT _ “saqarTvelos ekonomisti”, romelic misi winamorbedis memkvidred moiazreboda. man 1967 wlamde iar-seba. Semdeg Seicvala misi adgilsamyofeli, saxelwodeba, saredaqcio ko-legia, mTavari redaqtoric da sxvadasxva dros sxvadasxva egidiT da da-saxelebiT gamodioda. amJamad igi warmatebiT gamoicema saxelwodebiT _ “ekonomika”.

2008 wels kvlav imave _ paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis di-reqciisa da samecniero sabWos gadawyvetilebiT daarsda winamdebare Jur-nali “ekonomisti”, romelic pirvelad ixilavs dRis sinaTles da rome-lic swored zemoT dasaxelebuli orive Jurnalis memkvidrea. es ki mas did pasuxismgeblobas akisrebs.

“ekonomisti” saerTaSoriso samecniero-analitikuri Jurnalia, rome-lic gamoicema or TveSi erTxel (Tumca masze moTxovnis mixedviT perio-duloba SeiZleba Seicvalos). JurnalSi samecniero da analitikuri sta-tiebis gamoqveyneba SeuZliaT ara mxolod institutis mecnier TanamSrom-lebs, aramed Cveni qveynisa da msoflios nebismier mecnier ekonomists.

Jurnalis mTavari mizania ekonomikuri mecnierebisa da qveynis ekono-mikis ganviTarebisaTvis xelSewyoba, ekonomistis, rogorc profesiis, popu-larizacia, monawileobis miReba qveyanaSi samecniero kadrebis aRzrdaSi da sxv.

Jurnali aseve miznad isaxavs institutis saqmianobis gacnobas farTo sazogadoebisaTvis. postkomunisturi sivrcis qveynebisaTvis, warsulis ga-TvaliswinebiT, mTavari mecnieruli miRwevebi swored samecniero-kvleviT institutebTanaa dakavSirebuli. dResac qveynis ZiriTadi samecniero pote-nciali am organizaciebSia Tavmoyrili, romelsac ara daqsaqsva, aramed gaZliereba da gamoyeneba sWirdeba.

samecniero saqmianobis gaZlierebis mizniT, institutSi davaarseT Cvens saxelovan mecnierTa: akademikos paata guguSvilis, akademikos avTan-dil guniasa da profesor giorgi wereTlis saxelobis premiebi, romle-bic mieniWeba institutis mecnier TanamSromlebs saukeTeso monografiis, statiisa da gegmuri naSromisaTvis. samecniero donis amaRlebis mizniT, Cven aseve davaarseT perioduli gamocema: “paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis samecniero Sromebis krebuli”, romlis pirveli tomi ukve ga-movida. davafuZneT sadiskusio darbazi, romelSic monawileobas miiReben Cveni qveynis mecnier- da praqtikos ekonomistTa saukeTeso warmomadgen-lebi. institutSi yovelwliurad Catardeba ekonomistTa adgilobrivi da saerTaSoriso samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciebi da a.S.


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migvaCnia, rom srulyofili samecniero kadrebis aRzrda swored sa-mecniero-kvleviT institutebSi unda xdebodes, unda aRdges samecniero xa-risxebis miniWebis didi tradicia, rasakvirvelia, im akademiuri xarisxebis (bakalavri, magistri, doqtori) paralelurad, romelsac umaRles saswav-leblebSi samsafexuriani swavleba iTvaliswinebs. amiT moigebs rogorc mecniereba, ise qveyana.

amasTan, sabazro ekonomikis pirobebSi, saxelmwifo mTlianad ver daafinansebs mecnierebas, mecnierebma, samecniero-kvleviTma institutebma (rogorc sajaro samarTlis iuridiulma pirebma) Tavadac unda izrunon damatebiTi Semosavlebis miRebaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Cven institutSi davaarseT gamomcemloba, sadac dasaqmebulni arian maRalkvalificiuri specialistebi, romelTac SeswevT unari, gaswion nebismieri sagamomcemlo saqmianoba. davafuZneT araformaluri swavlebis centri, romelic aseve ma-Ralkvalificiuri pedagogebiT davakompleqteT da amJamad viwyebT msmene-lTa SerCevas. mokle droSi CamovayalibebT sakonsultacio centrs, rome-lic ekonomikur da iuridiul sakiTxebSi kvalificiur daxmarebas gauwevs dainteresebul pirebs, firmebs, saxelmwifo moxeleebsa da sxva. Cven Sevq-meniT Sesabamisi samsaxuri, romelic proeqtebs SesTavazebs bizness, sa-xelmwifo organoebs, umaRles saswavleblebs, saerTaSoriso organizaci-ebs da a.S. magaliTad, gadavwyviteT, movamzadoT da gamovceT “didi ekono-mikuri enciklopedia”. imedi gvaqvs, am saSuri saqmis SesrulebaSi daxmare-bas gagviwevs rogorc biznesstruqturebi, ise saxelmwifo. Cven mzad varT SevasruloT maTi nebismieri dakveTa.

miuxedavad amisa, vTvliT, rom saxelmwifos mxardaWeris (maT Soris moraluris) gareSe, warmatebebi uferuli iqneba. am dawesebulebebSi xom Cveni sazogadoebis is mowinave nawilia dasaqmebuli, romelTac, xSirad, enTuziazmze dayrdnobiT iSromes da mowinave samecniero tradiciebi Seg-vinarCunes, is mowinave nawili, romelTac, saTanado pirobebSi, sazogadoe-bisTvis didi sikeTis motana SeuZlia, vinaidan mecnierebaa qveynis damou-kideblobis da nebismieri progresis safuZveli, maT Soris, ekonomikuri mecniereba. amdenad sazogadoeba unda zrunavdes samecniero-kvleviTi dawe-sebulebebis materialur-teqnikuri bazis srulyofisaTvis, mecnierTa sayo-facxovrebo pirobebis gaumjobesebisaTvis da a.S.

JurnalSi daibeWdeba saTanado mecnieruli donis yvela masala, rome-lic exeba ekonomikuri mecnierebis an Cveni qveynis ekonomikis aqtualur problemebs. ar daibeWdeba mxolod aSkara politikuri Seferilobis masa-lebi. radganac SevdivarT masmediis sivrceSi, valdebulni varT, viyoT obieqturni da, amave dros, davicvaT Sesabamisi eTikis normebi. amave dros, davZenT, rom redaqcia pasuxs ar agebs statiebSi gamoTqmul mosazrebebsa da informaciis sizusteze.

Jurnalis rubrikebi winaswar ar ganisazRvreba, igi damokidebulia gamosaqveynebel naSromTa Tematikaze.

Jurnal “ekonomistis” samecniero-saredaqcio kolegiisa da paata gu-guSvilis ekonomikis institutis mTeli koleqtivis saxeliT madloba min-da gadavuxado yvelas, vinc xeli gagvimarTa Jurnalis daarsebis saqmeSi. gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia saqarTvelos ganaTlebisa da mecnierebis sami-nistrosa da saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis mxardaWera da obieqturi damokidebuleba institutisadmi. madloba minda gadavuxado yve-las, vinc gulwrfelad mogviloca Jurnalis daarseba:AsaqarTvelos eko-nomikis ministrs baton laSa Jvanias, akademikos roin metrevels, saqarTve-los mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondentebs: leo Ciqavas, vladimer papavasa da avTandil silagaZes. warmatebasa da nayofier saqmia-nobas vusurveb maT Cveni qveynis sakeTildReod.


7

simboluria, rom Jurnal “ekonomistis” dafuZneba daemTxva Cveni ins-titutis daarsebis 65 wlisTavs, rasac Jurnalis specialuri nomeri mieZR-vneba.

dasasrul, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis koleqtivis, re-daqciisa da piradad Cemi saxeliT ekonomistTa sazogadoebas, saerTod Cvens sazogadoebas vulocav Jurnal “ekonomistis” pirveli nomris gamo-svlas, xolo Tavad Jurnals vusurveb, gaxdes maRali reitingis mqone saerTaSoriso samecniero gamocema.

ramaz abesaZe


8

milocvebi

Jurnal “ekonomistis” redaqcias da mTavar redaqtors,

baton ramaz abesaZes

guliTadad gilocavT axali Jurnalis daarsebas da pirveli nomris gamocemas. CemTvis, rogorc ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministrisaTvis, Za-lian sainteresoa is samecniero-analitikuri profili, romelic airCieT “ekonomistis” damfuZneblebma. dRes arsebuli problemebis gadawyvetas, gansakuTrebiT msoflio krizisis fonze, aucileblad sWirdeba mecnieru-li midgoma da imedi maqvs, Tqveni Sefasebebi da daskvnebi Zalian dagvexma-reba mniSvnelovani ekonomikuri proeqtebis sworad ganxorcielebaSi. vi-survebdi, rom Jurnali saintereso iyos ara marto specialistebisTvis, aramed mkiTxvelTa farTo wrisTvis, raTa Cveni sazogadoebis TiToeul wevrs hqondes zusti, obieqturi da kompetenturi informacia ekonomikaSi mimdinare procesebze. am kuTxiT Zalian vafaseb ekonomikis institutis Ta-osnobiT gamocemuli axali Jurnalis gamoCenas im mediasivrceSi, romelic arcTu ise mdidaria ekonomikuri mimarTulebis Jurnal-gazeTebiT. mzad var, aqtiurad viTanamSromlo TqvenTan da pasuxi gavce TqvenTvis sainte-reso yvela SekiTxvas.

gisurvebT warmatebas. pativiscemiT, laSa Jvania

saqarTvelos ekonomikuri ganviTarebis ministri

warmatebebs gisurvebT

friad misasalmebelia paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mier Jurnal “ekonomistis” gamocema. ekonomikuri problemebis kvlevas saqarT-veloSi Zveli, mdidari tradiciebi aqvs. imedia, Jurnali naTlad warmoa-Cens ekonomikuri mecnierebis dRevandel dones da mkiTxveli sazogadoebi-saTvis sanukvar gamocemad gadaiqceva.

gulwrfelad vulocav institutis xelmZRvanelobas, mTel koleq-tivs, qarTvel ekonomistebs “ekonomistis” gamocemas. vusurveb Jurnals mwvane gzasa da zurgis qars.

roin metreveli saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis akademikosi

Jurnal “ekonomistis” redaqcias

mivesalmebi saqarTveloSi ekonomikuri profilis kidev erTi axali samecniero Jurnalis _ “ekonomistis” daarsebas. mis mesveurT, albaT, kar-gad aqvT gacnobierebuli is, rom igi efuZneba warsulSi am mimarTulebiT dagrovil mdidar tradiciebsa da noyier fesvebs. amis SemoqmedebiTad gaTvaliswineba didad Seuwyobs xels Jurnalis nayofier saqmianobas.


9

rogorc cnobilia, dReisTvis ekonomikuri problematika uaRresad garTulebuli da mravalferovania, rac gansakuTrebul moTxovnebs uyenebs Jurnalis saredaqcio kolegias. Tanac, am amocanebis gadawyvetisTvis Za-lisxmevis mimarTva mas Cvens qveyanaSi ekonomikuri profilis aTze meti Jurnalis funqcionirebiT Seqmnil konkurentul garemoSi mouwevs.

vusurveb am siZneleebis warmatebiT daZlevas da mowinave poziciebis dakavebas.

leo Ciqava

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli aka-demiis wevr-korespondenti. saqarTvelos ekonomikur mecnierebaTa akademiis prezi-denti

Zvirfaso mkiTxvelo

saqarTvelos pirveli respublikis pirveli perioduli gamocema iyo Jurnali “ekonomisti”, romlis pirveli nomeri 1918 wlis 13 seqtembers ga-moica. bolSevikebis gamarjvebis Semdeg am Jurnalis gamocema droebiT Sewyda da misi gamocemis ganaxleba dakavSirebulia saqarTvelos mecniere-baTa akademiis ekonomikis institutTan da mis damaarsebelTan, akademikos paata guguSvilTan.

XXI saukuneSi am Jurnalis aRdgena, paata guguSvilis saxelobis eko-nomikis institutis direqtoris, profesor ramaz abesaZis mier, didad sa-Suri saqmea.

vulocav qarTvel ekonomistebs Jurnal “ekonomistis” gamocemis gana-xlebas, xolo Jurnalis redkolegiasa da redaqcias vusurveb warmatebebs. vladimer papava

saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis wevr-korespondenti

Jurnal “ekonomistis” redaqcias

pirvel yovlisa, minda visargeblo SemTxveviT da mogilocoT axali Jurnalis daarseba mTlianad redkolegias da Tavad ekonomikis instituts, romelsac udidesi tradicia gaaCnia. rodesac vsaubrobT saqarTveloSi ekonomikaSi mecnierul kvlevebze, ar SeiZleba ar aRvniSnoT paata gugu-Svilis ekonomikis institutis gamorCeuli roli da misi cnobili mec-nierebis damsaxurebebi. am institutis tradiciebi Zalian didia da me mive-salmebi am didi tradiciebis gagrZelebas _ axali Jurnalis daarsebas, romliTac misi xelmZRvaneloba xels Seuwyobs saqarTveloSi mimdinare ekonomikuri procesebis mtkivneuli mxareebis gajansaRebas.

pativiscemiT avTandil silagaZe saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli akademiis

wevr-korespondenti


10

interviu

SeiZleba iTqvas, rom ruseT-saqarTvelos omis Semdeg, romelsac mso-

flio finansuri krizisi daerTo, Cveni qveynis ekonomikaSi axali etapi

daiwyo. bunebrivia, orive es uaRresad masStaburi movlena did gavlenas

moaxdenda nebismieri qveynis ekonomikaze. saqarTvelos ekonomikis sasaxe-

lod unda iTqvas, rom am orive dartymas ZiriTadad gauZlo, igi ar gadai-

zarda farTomasStabian ekonomikur krizisSi. Tumca gavlenis Sedegebi ma-

inc saxezea: omma, dauzustebeli monacemebiT, 1 miliardi dolaris zarali

mainc miayena saqarTvelos; saxezea ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis Semcireba

rogorc Sida, ise ucxouri investiciebis Sekvecis Sedegad; daiwyo laris

kursis vardna, ramac gamoiwvia fasebis zrda importul saqonelze;

TiTqmis gakotrebis pirasaa misuli samSeneblo biznesi; gauaresda qveynis

ekologiuri situacia; mniSvnelovani zarali ganicada sakurorto meur-

neobam da a.S.

saqarTvelos ekonomikaze ruseT-saqarTvelos omisa da msoflio fi-nansuri krizisis gavlenisa da movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis Sesaxeb mosazrebebi sazogadoebaSi araerTgvarovania. sainteresoa am metad mniSv-nelovan problemaze cnobil mecnierTa Sexedulebebi.

vladimer papava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori


2008 wlis agvistoSi ruseT-saqarTvelos xuTdRiani omis Semdeg,

globaluri finansuri krizisis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos winaSe axa-li ekonomikuri problemebi dadga. kerZod, esenia – omiT miyenebuli eko-nomikuri zaralis likvidacia, sabanko krizisis Tavidn acileba, inflaci-is SedarebiT maRali donis Semdgomi zrdis prevencia, erovnuli valutis – laris gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCuneba. omis Semdgomi saqar-TvelosaTvis aranakleb mniSvnelovania aSS-isa da evrokavSiris mier Semo-Tavazebuli Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvala.

2008 wlis oqtomberSi msoflio bankis egidiT briuselSi gamarTul konferenciaze gadawyda omis Semdgomi saqarTvelosaTvis 4,5 mlrd dola-ris daxmarebis gamoyofa, saidanac 2 mlrd grantia, xolo 2,5 mlrd ki krediti. saqarTvelo am daxmarebas 2008-2010 wlebSi miiRebs da misi mniSv-nelovani nawili wava im uSualo ekonomikuri zaralis aRmosafxvrelad, rac saqarTvelos rusuli samxedro agresiis Sedegad miadga.

omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi pirdapiri ucxouri investiciebis Semodi-eba Semcirda, rac, uwinares yovlisa, imiTaa gamowveuli, rom, globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi, investorebi cdiloben, ufro metad usaf-rTxo qveynebSi ganaxorcielon investiciebi vidre es rusuli agresiis qveS myofi saqarTveloa. globaluri finansuri krizisis pirobebSi mniSv-elovad Semcirda sazRvargareT mcxovrebi qarTvelebis mier Tavis naTesa-vebTan gadmoricxuli fuladi gzavnilebi. Tuki imasac gaviTvaliswinebT, rom saqarTvelos ukiduresad uaryofiTi sagareo savaWro balansi aqvs, sadac importi eqspots oTxjer aRemateba, gasakviri ar unda iyos laris gacvliTi kursis stabilurobis SenarCunebas safrTxe rom daemuqra.


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agvistos omis Semdeg, saerTaSoriso savaluto fondma saqarTvelos, makroekonomikuri stabilurobis SesanarCuneblad, Stand-By-s programiT 750 mln aSS dolaris krediti gamouyo, romlidanac 250 mln ukve 2008 wlis Semodgomaze Cairicxa erovnuli bankis rezervebSi. saqarTvelos erovnuli banki valdebulia, rezervebis xarjviT TandaTanobiT uzrunvelyos laris mcocavi gaufasureba.

evrokavSirTan Tavisufali vaWrobis reJimze gadasvla dakavSirebu-lia im pirobebis Sesrulebaze, rasac evrokavSiri saqarTvelosagan iT-xovs evrokavSirTan samezoblo politikis formatSi. kerZod, esenia iseTi Sromis kodeqsis miReba, sadac, iseve, rogorc evrokavSirSia, daculi iqne-ba daqiravebulTa uflebebi, agreTve, antimonopoliuri regulirebisa da momxmarebelTa uflebebis dacvis evropuli tipis kanonmdeblobis miReba.

zemoxsenebuli daxmareba aris imis obieqturi safuZveli, rom saqar-Tvelom Tavidan aicilos sabanko da savaluto krizisebi.

leo Ciqava

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori saqarTvelos mecnierebaTa erovnuli

akademiis wevr-korespondenti

Tu kvlavac ar gagrZeldeba Cveni pasiuroba da mowyalebis misaRebad sxvis xelSi Semyureoba, bevr sxva qveyanasTan SedarebiT, SeiZleba ramde-nadme msubuqadac ki davZlioT globaluri finansur-ekonomikuri krizisis negatiuri Sedegebi saqarTveloSi. aseTi optimizmis safuZvels maZlevs: friad soliduri, magram metwilad gamouyenebeli warmoebrivi potenciali (adamianiseuli kapitali, bunebrivi resursebi, teqnologiuri codna da a.S.); ekonomikuri zrdis XX saukunis 80-iani wlebis dasasrulisTvis miR-weuli sakmaod maRali, magram dReisTvis Zalian daqveiTebuli done, rom-lis aRdgena da Semdgomi winsvlis miRweva ufro advilia, vinem cariel adgilze ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofa; ruseTis armiis mier saqarTvelos teritoriis nawilobriv okupaciisa da ekonomikisTvis uzarmazari zara-lis miyenebasTan dakavSirebiT, megobari qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso orga-nizaciebis mier daxmarebisa da SeRavaTiani kreditis saxiT CvenTvis gamo-yofili 4,5 mlrd dolari; saerTaSoriso ekonomikur integraciaSi saqarT-velos aqtiurad CarTvis perspeqtivebi da sxva.

gamouyenebel SesaZleblobaTa realizacia, cxadia, TavisTavad ar mo-xdeba. realobad misi gadaqcevisaTvis aucilebelia yovelmxriv gaazrebu-li da mecnierulad dasabuTebuli socialur-ekonomikuri politikis (swa-vlul ekonomistTa aqtiuri monawilebiT) SemuSaveba da mizanmimarTuli ganxorcieleba. xelisuflebis ekonomikurma gundma, Cemi azriT, gansakuT-rebuli yuradReba unda miaqcios iseT momentebs, rogoricaa:

_ megobari qveynebisa da saerTaSoriso organizaciebis mier daxmare-bisa da SeRavaTiani kreditis saxiT gamoyofili didi odenobis saxsrebis, uwinares yovlisa da mniSvnelovanwilad, Cveni qveynis ekonomikis aRorZi-neba-ganviTarebisaTvis gamoyeneba, romelic xels Seuwyobs ekonomikurad aqtiuri mosaxleobis dasaqmebas, msoflios sxvadasxva qveyanaSi mimofan-tul Cvens TanamoqalaqeTa samSobloSi dabrunebas da umuSevrobis mwvave socialuri problemis aRmofxvras;

_ qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetuli mimarTulebebis gansazRvra, mecnierebatevadi dargebis, sainformacio teqnologiebisa da telekomunikaciebis, saerTod codnaze damyarebuli, anu inovaciuri ekono-


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mikis daCqarebuli ganviTareba, konkurentunariani (ekologiurad sufTa) saeqsporto produqciis warmoebisaTvis upiratesobis miniWeba;

_ ekonomikri zrdis upiratesad intensiur tipze daCqarebuli tempe-biT gadasvla;

_ kontrabandis aRmofxvra, antidempingur qmediT RonisZiebaTa gan-xorcieleba da, saxelmwifos mxriv droebiTi mfarvelobiTi politikis gatarebiT, erovnuli warmoebis Semaferxebel garemoebaTa Tavidan acile-ba;

_ adgilobrivTan erTad, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvis xelsayre-li garemo pirobebis Seqmna;

_ biznessaqmianobis materialuri stimulireba, sagadasaxado kodeq-sis srulyofa, mcire biznesis waxaliseba;

_ siRaribis daZleva, jandacva, ganaTlebis miReba da mecnierebis gan-viTareba saxelmwifos aqtiuri monawileobiT;

_ gausaZlis mdgomareobaSi myofi saqarTvelos maRalmTianeTis soci-alur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis uzrunvelyofis kompleqsur RonisZiebaTa sistemis Semcveli kanonis miReba da misi moTxovnebis realizacia;

_ qveyanaSi mwvave demografiuli viTarebis normalizebis iseT Ronis-ZiebaTa SemuSaveba da ganxorcieleba, romelic avtoqtonuri qarTuli eT-nosis genofonds fizikuri gadaSenebis realur safrTxes mouxsnis.

Tu am amocanebis gadaWras energiulad, maqsimaluri gulisxmierebiTa da saqmis Rrma codniT ar SeveWidebiT, qveyanas ver amoviyvanT mudmivi Ca-morCenis Waobidan.

iaSa mesxia ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

msoflio ekonomika umZimes krizisSi Caeflo. jer kidev 2007 wlis ag-

vistoSi aSS-s ipoTekuri dakreditebis bazarze warmoSobilma krizisma Searyia sabanko seqtoris stabiluroba, samSeneblo industria da misi mo-mijnave dargebi. finansurma krizisma swrafad gadainacvla evropis ganvi-Tarebul qveynebSi da 2008 wlis bolosaTvis TiTqmis mTeli msoflio moicva. sabanko kriziss mohyva safondo bazris krizisi, xolo Semdeg ban-kebisa da korporaciebis gakotreba, recesia da umuSevrobis zrda. defol-tis winaSe aRmoCnda aRmosavleT evropisa da baltiis mravali qveyana. zo-gierT maTganSi socialuri buntic ki dafiqsirda. krizisma gansakuTrebu-li xasiaTi miiRo im qveynebSi, sadac virtualuri, „indeqsebiT gaberili“ ekonomika dominirebs. msoflios msxvil qveynebSi dRemde gatarebulma an-tikrizisulma RonisZiebebma jerjerobiT pozitiuri Sedegebi ver gamoiRo. saqarTvelom msoflio ekonomikur kriziss Tavisi Sida krizisi Seage-ba. ukanasknel wlebSi saqarTvelos komerciuli bankebis mier ganxorcie-lebulma liberalurma sakredito aneqsiam, romlis mizani iyo ucxoeTidan iafad miRebuli fuliT zemogebis miReba, biznesi da gaRatakebuli mosax-leoba „kreditebze dasva“. erovnulma bankma ver daaprognoza amis mosa-lodneli negatiuri Sedegebi da arc aranairi prevenciuli zomebi ar gaa-tara. ufro metic, man mxari dauWira xelisuflebas, msoflio krizisis ga-Rrmavebis pirobebSi, mieRo kanoni globaluri finansuri centris Seqmnis Sesaxeb.

ruseT-saqarTvelos omma daaCqara da gaaRrmava dawyebuli endogenuri krizisi. sabanko sistemam dakarga likvidoba, Sesabamisad SeizRuda dakre-diteba, krizisSi moeqca samSeneblo seqtori, Seirya biznesi, mkveTrad ik-lo ucxouri investiciebis Semodinebam, gaizarda umuSevroba, recesiam aS-karad gamokveTili saxe miiRo.


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qveyanaSi Seqmnil Sida ekonomikur ryevebs TandaTanobiT ufro mkveT-rad daemateba globaluri krizisis gavlena da uaxloes momavalSi mosa-lodnelia misi gaRrmaveba. es ganpirobebulia imiTac, rom Cveni samomxma-reblo kalaTis 70–80% importirebul produqciaze modis. saqarTvelos xelisuflebam dagvianebiT aRiara krizisis arseboba, magram mis winaaRm-deg brZolis kompleqsuri, erTiani programa ar SeumuSavebia. mTeli imede-bi damyarebulia ucxoeTidan sesxisa da grantis saxiT misaReb 4,5 mlrd aSS dolarze. Sida rezervebis amoqmedebis gareSe marto sagareo wyaroeb-ze dafuZnebuli antikrizisuli orientacia maRali riskis Semcvelia, rad-gan ucxoeTidan misaRebi ~Tanxa” gawerilia 3 welze da misi miRebis garan-tia bevradaa damokidebuli mravali Sida da gare ganusazRvreli faqtore-bis moqmedebaze.

gamomdinare zemoaRniSnulidan, aucilebelia kompleqsuri, miznobri-vi antikrizisuli programis SemuSaveba, romelSic, sagareo finansur dax-marebasTan erTad, mniSvnelovan adgils daikavebs Sida resursebi. upirve-les yovlisa, saxelmwifo biujetma unda miiRos antikrizisuli saxe, Sem-cirdes mimdinare da arafinansur aqtivebze mimarTuli korufciuli ris-kis Semcveli xarjebi, gadaisinjos moZvelebuli prioritetebi. gamoTavi-sufldes minimum 2 mlrd lari, Seiqmnas „antikrizisuli fondi“, ganisazR-vros is dargebi da sferoebi, romlebsac saxelmwifo prioritetulad aR-mouCens sabiujeto antikrizisul mxardaWeras.

rozeta asaTiani

ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

marTalia, am omiT ruseTis agresiuli saxe msofliom dainaxa, mag-ram Cven es didi zaralis fasad dagvijda. daviwyoT imiT, rom saqarTve-lom dakarga Tavisi teritoriis 20%. ramdeni xalxi daixoca da usaxlka-rod darCa? devnilTa im uzarmazar armias (afxazeTidan 250 aTasi devni-li, samxreT oseTidan - 20 aTasi) kidev 20 aTasze meti daemata. aseTi tvir-Ti CvenisTana patara da ekonomikurad susti qveynisaTvis ki ara, didi da Zlieri saxelmwifosaTvisac mZimea. ra Tqma unda, ruseTs Tavisi politi-kuri miznebi aqvs da cdilobs, gavlenis qveS moaqcios saqarTvelo. Tund is rad uRirs, rom aRmosavleTis dasavleTTan damakavSirebeli satranzi-to derefani Caigdos xelSi! ruseTi yovelTvis Seecdeba saqarTvelos okupirebas da amis misaRwevad Zalismier meTodebze ar ityvis uars. es mi-si bunebaa, magram Cven ar unda avyolodiT ruseTis provokacias. aseT ara-paritetul omSi, rogorc wesi, patara qveynebi ar ebmebian. dRes, rodesac yalibdeba axali msoflio wesrigi, samoqalaqo sazogadoebisa da inovaci-uri ekonomikis Seqmna umTavresi prioritetebia. nebismieri, miTumetes uTa-nasworo omi qveynisTvis damangrevelia. magram medals meore mxarec aqvs. sagulisxmoa prof. lado papavas Sefaseba, rom ara agvistos omi, briusel-Si konferencia ar Sedgeboda da 4,5 mlrd dolars aravin gamouyofda sa-qarTvelos. amis gareSe ki qveyana namdvilad katastrofis winaSe dadgebo-da. marTlac, saqarTvelo ver gauZlebda dagrovil (Zvel gadauWrel da mcdari ekonomikuri politikiT Seqmnil axal) problemebs. ase rom, TiTq-mis 18-wliani ekonomikuri reformis Semdeg xelgawvdilobis sindromi sa-qarTvelom Tavidan ver moicila. samwuxarod, qveyanas dResac sxvisi daxma-rebiT udgas suli. es samarcxvinoa!

rac Seexeba msoflio finansuri krizisis gavlenas saqarTvelos eko-nomikaze, amis Sesaxeb mogaxsenebT Semdegs:

gamomdinare iqidan, rom dRes saqarTvelos ekonomika ar aris Caketi-li, rkinis fardiT gamoyofili gare samyarodan da ukve sakmao xania Ria


14

ekonomikaze gadavediT, bunebrivia, msoflio ekonomikis nawili gavxdiT da msoflio finansuri krizisi gavlenas axdens qveynis ekonomikaze. amitom nuravin ifiqrebs, rom Cvens gareT mimdinare procesebi Cven ar Segvexeba. miTumetes dRes finansuri kapitali gacilebiT mobiluria, vidre odesme iyo da msoflio finansuri bazrebi did gavlenas axdenen calkeuli qvey-nebis ekonomikaze. miuxedavad amisa, yvela im negatiur movlenasa da pro-cess, rac saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi xdeba, finansur kriziss nu davabra-lebT. vaRiaroT, rom damoukideblobis mopovebidan dRemde erovnuli eko-nomika nakleb sicocxlisunariania, ver SevZeliT MmSp-is warmoebis mxriv 1990 wlis donisTvis mainc migveRwia, maSin, rodesac postsabWoTa respub-likebidan umravlesobam daZlia es barieri da garkveul warmatebebsac miaRwia. dRes, samwuxarod, momxmarebeli da ara mwarmoebeli sazogadoeba varT. importi 4-jer aRemateba eqsports da ver davZlieT sagadasaxdelo balansis permanentuli deficiti. amitom saqarTveloSi sirTuleebi da gadauWreli mwvave ekonomikuri problemebi msoflio finansuri krizisis dawyebamdec sakmaod iyo. Tumca ruseTis samxedro okupaciam da msoflio finansurma krizisma gaaRrmava isini. dRes aSkaraa realuri ekonomikuri krizisi da marTlac, im 4,5 mlrd dolaris imedi rom ar gvqondes, maSin gvenaxa ra mdgomareobaSi aRmoCndeboda qveyana.

ase rom, prognozi uaxloes momavalSi namdvilad ar aris optimistu-ri. qveyanas masStaburi umuSevroba emuqreba, aqedan gamomdinare, bunebri-via, daecema erToblivi moTxovna, gamwvavdeba kriminogenuli viTareba, ga-Rrmavdeba mwvave socialuri problemebi, gaizrdeba socialuri riskebi, gauaresdeba sagadasaxdelo balansi, Semcirdeba isedac mwiri eqsporti da a.S.

rac Seexeba am situaciidan Tavis daRwevas, marTalia, dRes saqarTve-loSi moqmedebs lagis faqtori da, aqedan gamomdinare, zogierTi prob-lemis gadaWra sakmaod rTulia, zogi Secdomis gamosworeba SeuZlebelic kia, magram imisaTvis, rom qveyanaSi SeCerdes negatiuri ekonomikuri pro-cesebi da gamoswordes mdgomareoba, aucilebelia mdgradi da usafrTxo ganviTarebis strategiisa da ekonomikuri ganviTarebis programis SemuSave-ba, saxelisuflebo struqturebSi ekonomikuri azrovnebis amaRleba, sabaz-ro da arasabazro institutebis Tanafardobis optimizacia, erovnuli Ta-viseburebebisa da qveynis realuri mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT ekonomi-kuri politikis Secvla, ris safuZvelzec SesaZlebeli gaxdeba sazogado-ebrivi Tanxmobis miRweva.

elguja meqvabiSvili


dasmuli sakiTxi ori nawilisagan Sedgeba da Sevecdebi orives vupa-suxo. rac Seexeba saqarTvelos ekonomikaze agvistos tragikuli movle-nebis da msoflio krizisis gavlenas, me yovelTvis vwerdi da axlac minda gavimeoro mosazreba, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi seriozuli sirTulee-bi aRniSnul movlenebamde daiwyo. omma da finansurma krizisma gamoiwvia situaciis damZimeba. konkretulad ki es SemdegSi gamoixateba: omma ukidu-resad Selaxa saqarTvelos, rogorc stabiluri qveynis imiji, ris gamoc qveynis ekonomikaSi ucxouri investiciebis Semodineba faqtobrivad Sewyda. im faqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom saqarTveloSi investirebis Sida wyaroebi ukiduresad SezRudulia, situaciis dramatizmi kidev ufro cxadi gaxdeba. ekonomikaze uaryofiTad moqmedebs ruseTidan saqarTvelos moqalaqeebis gzavnilebis arsebiTi Semcireba, rasac gansakuTrebiT adgili hqonda ag-vistos omis Semdeg. valutis Semodinebis Semcireba iwvevs dolaris kur-


15

sis zrdas, romlis dasaregulireblad seb-i savaluto rezervebidan did resursebs xarjavs. globalurma finansurma krizisma ganapiroba fulis gaZvireba mTels msoflioSi da Sesabamisad gaZvirda qarTuli komerciuli bankebis ipoTekuri kreditebi. likvidobaSi Seqmnili problemebis gamo be-vrma bankma saerTod Sewyvita samomxmareblo kreditebis gacema.

sabanko operaciebis Sekvecam ganapiroba bankis muSakTa masobrivi da-Txovnebi, romlebic umuSevarTa armias SeuerTdnen. bankebSi Seqmnilma problemebma mniSvnelovani sirTuleebi warmoqmna mSeneblobis sferoSi, vinaidan es ukanaskneli pirdapir iyo mibmuli sabanko seqtorze da saban-ko kreditebiT “ikvebeboda”.

rac Seexeba movlenaTa Semdgomi ganviTarebis Cveneul Sefasebas, vfiqrobT, rom mosalodnelia ekonomikuri krizisis Semdgomi gaRrmaveba, romelic piks albaT mimdinare wlis gvian gazafxulze miaRwevs. mTavroba cdilobs am krizisis Serbilebas da acxadebs ekonomikaSi soliduri inve-stirebebis dawyebas, krizisuli procesebis Sesustebas aseve Seuwyobs xels is daxmareba, rac Cvenma qveyanam sazRvargareTidan unda miiRos. Amas-Tanave, jerjerobiT yvelaferi es aris mxolod SesaZlebloba, romelic realobad rom iqces, amisaTvis xelisuflebis didi Zalisxmevaa saWiro.

avTandil silagaZe ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori


msoflio finansuri krizisi, ra Tqma unda, Seexo saqarTvelos. es ga-

moixata mTlianobaSi ekonomikuri zrdis tempebis SenelebaSi, sabanko sis-temis garkveulwilad ryevaSi. calkeul seqtorebSi, kerZod mSeneblobis SeCerebaSi did wilad da TanamSromlebis gaTavisuflebaSi rogorc samSe-neblo seqtorSi, aseve sabanko seqtorSi. garda amisa, imata uaryofiTma saldom eqsportsa da imports Soris _ TiTqmis 6 mlrd dolaris farg-lebSi, es Zalian mZimed awevs Cvens ekonomikas. 7 noembers erTbaSad gaufa-surda lari dolarTan mimarTebaSi kursi 1,4-dan 1,65-mde. Semdeg ukve miRe-buli kursi _ 1,65 SenarCunebuli rom yofiliyo, dRemde dagvWirda didi raodenobiT savaluto rezervebis daxarjva. am mxriv metad frTxili mid-gomebi gvWirdeba uaxloes perspeqtivaSi. rom ara ucxoeTis daxmarebebi, romlebic omis Semdeg iyo gacemuli ramdenime miliardiani paketi, rom ara es finansuri daxmareba CvenTvis finansuri krizisi iqneboda umZimesi. me vfiqrob, rom es daxmarebebi Tu gamoyenebuli iqneba miznobrivad, aseT SemTxvevaSi Cven finansuri krizisis ufro mZime Sedegebs Tavidan avici-lebT. rac Seexeba perspeqtivas, ukve aRvniSneT, rom wlis bolosaTvis Se-iZleba vardnis ekonomikuri procesebi SedarebiT SeCerdes.


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postkomunisturi saqarTvelos ekonomika

ramaz abesaZe ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori

saqarTvelos ekonomika XX _ XXI saukuneebis mijnaze

saqarTvelom, Tavisi istoriuli xvedridan gamomdinare, araerTxel

moipova da dakarga damoukidebloba, rasac, xSirad, saxelmwifo sistemisa da ekonomikuri wyobis Secvlac mohyveboda xolme. igive ganmeorda XX saukuneSi _ 1918 wlis 26 maiss man moipova damoukidebloba, aRadgina sa-xelmwifoebrioba da daadga sabazro ekonomikis mSeneblobis gzas. magram sul male, 1921 wlis 25 Tebervals kvlav dakarga damoukidebloba, buneb-rivia, saxelmwifoebriobac da, rac yvelaze mTavaria, aq damyarda kacob-riobis istoriaSi sruliad axali sazogadoebriv-ekonomikuri wyoba, rom-lis analogic msoflio istoriaSi ar arsebobda da romelic cnobilia saxelwodebiT _ “mbrZaneblur-administraciuli sistema”, “mbrZanebluri ekonomika”, “socializmi” da a.S. maSasadame, saqarTvelo, rasakvirvelia iZulebiT, magram mainc, daadga axali ekonomikuri wyobilebis _ sociali-zmis mSeneblobis gzas yofili sabWoTa kavSiris qveynebTan erTad da 70 weli imyofeboda msoflios erTian socialistur banakSi. am drois ganmav-lobaSi saqarTvelos ekonomika araerTgvarovnad viTardeboda. masze Sem-degi cifrebic metyvelebs: magaliTad, samrewvelo produqcia 1922_1940 wlebSi 17-jer, 1940_1960, 1960_1985 wlebSi 4-jer gaizarda [15, gv.17; 16, gv. 10]. rogorc Cans, TandaTan adgili aqvs samrewvelo warmoebis zrdis tem-pebis Semcirebas. 1985-1990 wlebSi ki adgili hqonda warmoebis moculobis ara zrdas, aramed klebas (3,1%-iT) [17, gv. 357].

maSasadame, saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi damoukideblobis aRdgenis wina periodSi seriozuli siZneleebi arsebobda. es imazec metyvelebs, rom ekonomikuri TvalsazrisiT, Cveni qveyana damoukideblobisaTvis saTanadod ar emzadeboda, rasac ver vityviT, magaliTad, baltiispireTis qveynebze, sadac warmoebis moculoba aRniSnul periodSi araTu ecema, aramed mniSv-nelovnad izrdeba. dReisaTvis sazogadoebis mosazreba imis Sesaxeb, Tu ramdenad prog-resuli iyo socialisturi sistema, orad iyofa. umravlesoba Tvlis, rom aseTi sistema iyo sazogadoebis bunebrivi ganviTarebidan gadaxra da misi Secvla obieqtur aucileblobas warmoadgenda. arcTu mcire nawils miaC-nia, rom igi iyo kacobriobis istoriaSi yvelaze progresuli wyoba da mi-si damarcxeba mxolod subieqturi mizezebis gamo moxda. albaT, am sakiT-xis srulyofili Seswavla da yvela uaryofiTi da dadebiTi mxaris gamov-lena jer kidev momavlis saqmea. magram isic naTelia, rom mbrZaneblur-ad-ministraciuli sistema arsebiT naklovanebebs flobda, romelTa aRmofxv-rac aucilebeli iyo.

ra iyo mbrZaneblur-administraciuli ekonomikuri sistemis ZiriTadi naklovanebebi, romelic xels uSlida ekonomikis Semdgom ganviTarebas? am kiTxvaze pasuxi damajerebladaa mocemuli ekonomikuri mecnierebis cno-bil warmomadgenelTa naSromebSi [10; 11; 12; 13; 14 da sxv.], romlis ZiriTa-di arsi SemdegSi mdgomareobs.

1. radgan saxelmwifos ekonomikuri funqcia cvlis sabazro meqanizms, erTiani centri iZulebulia, gadaamuSaos uzarmazari moculobis informa-cia, raTa Semdeg gasces brZaneba TiToeuli ekonomikuri agentisadmi. mag-ram, erT organizacias, rogori unikaluri SesaZleblobebic ar unda hqon-


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des mas, danakargebis gareSe amis gakeTeba ar SeuZlia, vinaidan garemo, romelSic funqcionirebs ekonomika, mudmiv cvlilebebs ganicdis, ris ga-moc, gamudmebiT icvleba masze moqmedi faqtorebi. bunebrivia, amis gamo gegmebi ver sruldeba da iwyeba qaosi – SezRuduli ekonomikuri resur-sebi metad araracionalurad gamoiyeneba. sabazro ekonomika ki, fasebis me-qanizmis meSveobiT, am problemas TiTqmis avtomaturad agvarebs.

2. sagegmo ekonomikis dros aseve didia transaqciuri danaxarjebi, romelic gaiweva sagegmo davalebaTa misaRebad da maT cxovrebaSi gasata-reblad saWiro uzarmazari biurokratiuli aparatis Sesanaxad.

3. kerZo sakuTrebis da mewarmeobis akrZalvis gamo TiTqmis mTlianad ignorirebulia adamianTa SemoqmedebiTi unari, Tumca calkeuli pirebi ma-inc axerxeben TavianTi SesaZleblobebis gamovlenas, magram es xdeba Crdi-lovan ekonomikaSi, romlis winaaRmdeg brZola aseve did danaxarjebs mo-iTxovs.

4. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis logikas aseT pirobebSi, totalitarizm-Tan, anu iseT sistemasTan mivyavarT, sadac adamianuri saqmianobis yvela dargi xelisuflebas emorCileba, rac aseve dakavSirebulia transaqciuri danaxarjebis zrdasTan. aseT pirobebSi, xelfasis dabali donis gamo, Tan-daTan Cndeba da viTardeba korufcia, romelic mTeli sazogadoebisTvis garkveul wesad iqceva da tradiciis xasiaTsac ki iZens. yalibdeba egreT wodebuli “biurokratiuli”, anu “administraciuli” bazari, sadac iyideba ara mxolod materialuri faseulobebi, aramed “Zalaufleba” da “xelqvei-Toba”, “wesebi da maTi darRvevebi” da a.S. aseTi urTierTobebis wlebis ga-nmavlobaSi ganmeorebadobis gamo sazogadoebaSi yalibdeba Sesabamisi wes-Cveulebebi, iqmneba dauwereli samarTali, romelic udides gavlenas ax-dens adamianTa qcevebze.

5. meurneobriobis aseTi stili mudmiv deficits warmoSobs rogorc mwarmoeblebis, ise momxmareblebisaTvis, rac TavisTavad iwvevs warmoebis diqtats momxmareblebze. Cndeba rigebi, “daxlqveSa produqcia” da a.S.

6. saxelmwifos mxridan vlindeba calkeul sawarmoTa mkacri regla-mentacia da, amave dros, maTze zrunva. marTalia, yoveli sawarmo ganicdis resursebis naklebobas, magram mas SeuZlia imuSaos zaralis pirobebSic, igi arasdros gakotrdeba, vinaidan saxelmwifo aucileblad daexmareba da ixsnis gasaWirisagan. aseT pirobebSi uaresdeba produqciis xarisxi, miuxe-davad amisa, rigebiT Sewuxebuli adamianebi yvelafers yiduloben.

7. miwodebaze moTxovnis mudmivi siWarbe iwvevs fuladi masis zrdas da mis mravaljerad siWarbes sasaqonlo masasTan SedarebiT. aseTi disba-lansis Sedegad gamowveuli inflaciuri procesebi iTrguneba ZaliT, fiq-sirebuli fasebis meSveobiT. adgili aqvs farul inflacias, rac Tavis ga-moxatulebas poulobs rigebSi, talonebSi, baraTebsa Tu deficituri sa-qonlis ganawilebis sxva formebSi.

8. centralizebuli sagegmo ekonomikuri wyobilebis dros saxelmwi-fo SedarebiT umniSvnelo monawileobas iRebs saerTaSoriso ekonomikur urTierTobebSi, rac egreT wodebuli ucxouri valutis “Savi bazris” war-moSobas iwvevs. aseve, gasagebia, Tu ra did danakargebTan aris dakavSire-buli msoflio ekonomikuri procesebisagan qveynis mowyveta.

9. erTi mxriv, calkeuli adamianis yovelmxrivi damokidebuleba xe-lisuflebaze da, meore mxriv, saxelmwifos maTze mzrunveloba, badebs in-fantilizms da uunarobas, brZanebisa da mzrunvelobisaken mayurebel ada-mianTa tips.

xedavdnen ra am naklovanebebs, komunistur banakSi Semavalma qveynebma gamosavlis Zieba daiwyes. reformebis mcdelobas pirvelad adgili hqonda iugoslaviaSi XX saukunis 50-iani wlebidan, Semdeg germaniis demokrati-


18

ul respublikaSi, Cexoslovakiasa da ungreTSi. seriozuli ekonomikuri reformebi daiwyo CineTSi 1978 wels [12, gv. 378-379] da igi dResac warmate-biT grZeldeba.

didi masStabis gardaqmnebs ki safuZveli Caeyara 1989 wels yofil sabWoTa kavSirSi, romelsac 1992 wlis dasawyisSi epoqaluri mniSvnelobis movlenebi _ sabWoTa kavSiris (da masTan erTad msoflio komunisturi ba-nakis) daSla da postkomunisturi transformaciis dawyeba mohyva.

saqarTveloc, bunebrivia, am movlenaTa epicentrSi moxvda da XX sau-kuneSi damoukideblobis meored mopovebis Semdeg, isev daadga sabazro ekonomikis mSeneblobis gzas, oRond, ara bunebrivi gziT, aramed gziT, ro-mlis analogic manamde msoflioSi ar moiZebneboda. Tumca, unda aRiniS-nos, rom Tu 1921 wels saqarTvelo Seudga sruliad axali ekonomikuri wyobilebis Senebas, erTian saxelmwifoSi da iZulebiT, amJamad man damou-kideblad da Tavisi nebiT daiwyo im ekonomikuri wyobis mSenebloba, rom-lis arsebobac msoflioSi TiTqmis or saukunes iTvlida. amdenad, misTvis orientiri naTeli iyo, magram am orientirisaken savali gza _ ucnobi. Tumca, jer erTi, am gzaze svla mas uwevda sxva mraval qveyanasTan erTad da, meorec, msoflios ganviTarebuli qveynebi da saerTaSoriso organiza-ciebi mis dasaxmareblad mzad iyvnen. aseT pirobebSi, Tu saqarTvelo op-timalur gzas gamonaxavda, transformaciuli periodi swrafad da warma-tebiT unda damTavrebuliyo, rogorc es sxva araerTma saxelmwifom SeZ-lo. magram, samwuxarod, saqarTvelom, mravali obieqturi Tu subieqturi mizezis gamo, es Sansi xelidan gauSva da transformaciuli procesi wle-bis ganmavlobaSi gagrZelda. Sedegad miviReT deformirebuli ekonomika, romelic mravali niSnis mixedviT ver pasuxobs sabazro ekonomikis moT-xovnebs.

postkomunisturi transformacia umetes qveynebSi ekonomikuri daqvei-TebiT daiwyo. amasTan, ara stagnaciis, aramed stagflaciis pirobebSi, ro-melic gamowveuli iyo ara mxolod danaxarjebze, aramed produqciis yve-la saxeobaze fasebis erTdrouli swrafi zrdiT wina sistemaSi arsebuli faruli inflaciis gamo. maSasadame, sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis pir-vel etapze adgili aqvs aqamde ucnob fenomens _ faruli inflaciiT gamo-wveul transformaciul stagflacias, rasac mosdevs socialuri proble-mebis ukiduresi gamwvaveba. igi saqarTveloSi yvelaze aSkarad da mZafrad gamoixata. ekonomikuri daqveiTebis mxriv gansakuTrebiT aRsaniSnavia 1991_1994 wlebi, rodesac obieqturad arsebul ekonomikur sirTuleebs Si-na omebi da SeiaraRebuli konfliqtebi aZlierebda. zemoT aRniSnul wleb-Si saqarTveloSi mkveTrad Semcirda mTliani Sida produqtis (mSp) mocu-loba:1 1991w. _ 21,1, 1992w. _ 44,9, 1993w. _ 29,3, xolo 1994w. _ 10,4 procentiT. saerTod, mSp-m 1994 wels 1990 wlis maCveneblis mxolod 27,5 procenti Sea-dgina. kidev ufro metad Semcirda samrewvelo produqciis moculoba: 1991w. _ 23, 1992w. _ 46, 1993w. _ 37, xolo 1994w. _ 39 procentiT. 1994 wels samrewvelo produqciis moculoba 1990 wlis mxolod 16 procentis toli iyo. aRniSnul wlebSi TiTqmis naxevrdeba sasoflo-sameurneo warmoebis moculoba, katastrofulad mcirdeba mSeneblobis masStabebi. mkveTrad da-eca qveynis energouzrunvelyofis done. ise, rogorc mTel ekonomikaSi, energetikaSic daiwyo ngreviTi procesebi. 1994 wlisaTvis eleqtroenergiis gamomuSaveba orjer Semcirda, TiTqmis Sewyda qvanaxSiris warmoeba, kritikul donemde daeca navTobis mopovebis moculoba, aragadaxdisunari-anobis gamo qveyanas Seuwyda bunebrivi airis mowodeba. saqarTvelo mwvave

1 saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis masalebi.


19

energetikulma krizisma moicva. Yyovelive zemoT aRniSnulis gamo, katastrofulad gauaresda mosax-

leobis socialuri pirobebi. aRniSnul wlebSi mkveTrad gaizarda fasebi samomxmareblo saqonelze: 1992w. _ 25-jer, 1993w. _ 92-jer, xolo 1994w. _ 120-jer. amave wels muSakTa minimalurma xelfasma 1989 wlis analogiuri maCveneblis 1,65 procenti Seadgina, saSualo xelfasma _ 1,64, pensiis sidi-dem _ 1,64 procenti, rac absoluturi sididiT, Sesabamisad 1,78, 5,02 da 1,78 dolariT gamoisaxeboda. es, arsebul obieqtur pirobebTan erTad, gamowve-uli iyo imiT, rom saqarTvelos xelisuflebaSi ekonomikuri reformebi aradroulad da araTanmimdevrulad daiwyo.

saqarTveloSi axal wyobilebaze gadasvlas arTulebda Sida politi-kuri areuloba da brZola teritoriuli mTlianobis SesanarCuneblad. aseT pirobebSi gansakuTrebiT didia saxelmwifos roli, romlis funqcie-bic transformaciis pirobebSi araTu mcirdeba, aramed kidev ufro izrde-ba da rTuldeba. swored saxelmwifos meSveobiT unda daZleuliyo is sir-Tuleebi, romelic dakavSirebuli iyo saxelmwifoebriobis aRdgenas, Rrma instituciur gardaqmnebsa da adamianis rolisa da adgilis cvlilebeb-Tan, struqturuli krizisis daZlevasTan, gamwvavebuli socialuri prob-lemebis gadaWrasTan. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis procesSi saxelmwifos akisria garkveuli indikatoris roli, romelsac SeuZlia daaCqaros an Seanelos am gadasvlis mimdinareoba. saqarTvelos xelmZRvanelobac Seecada transformaciuli procesebis daCqarebas da 1992 wlis Tebervlidan daiwyo Sokuri Terapiis ganxorcieleba. magram, radga-nac qveyanas am droisaTvis ar gaaCnda sakuTari valuta, fulad-sakredito sistema da saxelmwifo biujetic ki, bunebrivia, Sokuri Terapia ver gan-xorcieldeboda da arc ganxorcielebula, ramac ekonomikuri krizisi ki-dev ufro gaamwvava.

mdgomareoba mniSvnelovnad gamosworda 1995 wlidan swori ekonomiku-ri politikis ganxorcielebis gamo. Tumca 1998 wlidan, reformebis damux-ruWebis Sedegad, viTareba kvlav gauaresda. gansakuTrebiT gamoikveTa sa-biujeto da energetikuli krizisi, ukiduresad gamwvavda socialuri pro-blemebi. maSasadame, saqarTvelos ekonomika XX saukunis dasasrulsa da XXI saukunis dasawyisSi mniSvnelovan siZneleebs ganicdida, maSin, rode-sac postkomunisturi qveynebis didma nawilma (poloneTi, litva, latvia, estoneTi, rumineTi da sxv.) ZiriTadad daZlia transformaciuli siZnelee-bi.

mZime situaciidan gamosvla mxolod 2004 wlidan gaxda SesaZlebeli (aRmoifxvra rogorc sabiujeto, ise energetikuli krizisi, miRweul iqna ekonomikuri zrdis sakmaod maRali tempebi da sxv.). magram, msoflio fi-nansurma krizisma da ruseT-saqarTvelos omma mdgomareoba kvlav sagrZno-blad gaauaresa. Tumca isic unda aRiniSnos, rom saqarTvelos ekonomikam am or did dartymas ZiriTadad gauZlo da Sesabamisi ekonomikuri politi-kis ganxorcielebisa da saerTaSoriso daxmarebis pirobebSi mdgomareoba TandaTan unda gaumjobesdes.

dReisaTvis ukve SesaZlebelia SevajamoT saqarTveloSi postkomunis-turi transformaciis dadebiTi da uaryofiTi Sedegebi da ganvsazRvroT momavlis amocanebi.

dadebiTi mxareebidan SeiZleba gamovyoT: 1. sabazro ekonomikis Sesabamisi sakanonmdeblo bazis formireba da

TandaTan srulyofa. 2. sabazro garemos formireba da srulyofa (sakuTrebis formebis

pluralizacia, sakuTrebis transformacia, fasebis liberalizacia, saku-Tari valutis SemoReba, fulad-sakredito sistemis formireba, sabazro


20

institutebis (infrastruqturis) Casaxva, sabazro qcevebis damkvidreba, saerTaSoriso ekonomikuri urTierTobebis damkvidreba da gaRrmaveba, sa-gadasaxado sistemis srulyofa da sxv.).

3. 1991 _ 1995 wlebSi Camoyalibebuli Rrma ekonomikuri krizisisa da 1998 _ 2003 wlebis finansur-sabiujeto da energetikuli krizisebis daZle-va da sakmaod maRali zrdis tempebis Camoyalibeba-SenarCuneba.

4. qveynis infrastruqturis mniSvnelovani nawilis aRdgena. 5. qveynis mier satranzito funqciis SeZena. 6. mosaxleobis Semosavlebis zrda da sxv. naklovanebebidan aRsaniSnavia is, rom saqarTveloSi Camoyalibebuli

sabazro meqanizmi jerjerobiT susti da deformirebulia. susti imitom, rom ganuviTarebelia sabazro infrastruqtura (sasaqonlo, safondo da Sromis birJebi, sadazRvevo servisi, sainvesticio institutebi, marketingu-li, inJiringuli, kolsantinguri da sainformacio samsaxurebi da sxv.), de-formirebuli imitom, rom, xSir SemTxvevaSi, araefeqtiani privatizebis ganxorcielebisa da gare da Sida investiciebis araracionaluri ganTavse-bis Sedegad Camoyalibda ekonomikis araprogresuli struqtura (gansakuT-rebiT ganuviTarebelia mrewveloba, turizmi, mcire biznesi, fermeruli me-urneobebi soflad), aseve arasrulyofili antimonopoliuri politikis gatarebisa da biznesSi, rig SemTxvevebSi, araekonomikuri Carevebis gamo dabalia konkurencis done. maRalia umuSevrobis done da sxv.

saqarTveloSi mTel transformaciul periods wiTel zolad gasdevs saerTaSoriso daxmarebebisa da kreditebis araefeqtiani gamoyeneba. samec-niero-teqnikuri da inovaciuri saqmianobisadmi arasaTanado damokidebule-bis gamo dabalia qveynis konkurentunarianoba, ris Sedegadac importis moculoba katastrofulad CamorCeba eqsportis moculobas.

mSp-is moculoba wlebis ganmavlobaSi 1990 wlis maCvenebels Zlier CamorCeba (1994 wels _ 72,5, 1999 wels _ 63,2, 2007 wels _ 59,4 procentiT).2

cudi socialur-ekonomikuri mdgomareobis gamo qveyanaSi praqtiku-lad saxezea demografiuli krizisi, rac, erTi mxriv, gamoixateba mosax-leobis ricxovnobis klebaSi, meore mxriv, sazRvargareT samuSao Zalis didi raodenobiT emigraciaSi. mdgomareobis gamosasworeblad aucilebelia reformebis ganxorcie-lebisadmi meti seriozuli da kvalificiuri damokidebuleba. upirveles yovlisa, biznesi unda gaTavisufldes saxelmwifos araekonomikuri xa-siaTis Carevebisagan. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba unda mieqces ekonomikis realuri sferos ganviTarebas, risTvisac saxelmwifo biujetma unda mii-Ros sawarmoo xasiaTi (nacvlad mxarjavisa). ucxouri daxmarebebis mniSv-nelovani nawili swored am seqtorSi unda warimarTos (rasac mTavrobis dRevandeli programa iTvaliswinebs kidevac).

aucilebelia antimonopoliuri kanonmdeblobis srulyofa da misi praqtikuli realizeba, rasac mohyveba konkurentuli garemos gaumjobeseba da rac, Tavis mxriv, xels Seuwyobs sabazro instituciebis srulyofasa da maT Semdgom ganviTarebas, myari sabazro struqturebis Camoyalibebas. fasiani qaRaldebis bazris realurad amoqmedebisaTvis saxelmwifom Tavad unda gamouSvas fasiani qaRaldebi.

eqsportis gadideba dakavSirebulia qveynis konkurentunarianobis ama-RlebasTan, rac TavisTavad SeuZlebeli iqneba inovaciuri ekonomikis Camo-yalibebis gareSe. amisaTvis ki, ucxouri investiciebis mozidvasTan erTad, aucilebelia sakuTari mecnierul-teqnologiuri potencialis gamoyeneba

2 saqarTvelos statistikis departamentis masalebi da [18, gv. 19].


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da Semdgomi gaZliereba. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis garantad, qveyanaSi arsebuli mravalferovani da sakmaod mdidari ekonomi-kuri potencialis jerovan amoqmedebasTan erTad, 90-ian wlebamde miRweu-li inteleqtualuri donis jer kidev SenarCunebuli sicocxlisunariano-bis gamoyenebis upiratesoba unda miviCnioT [8]. mecniereba saxelmwifos Zi-riTad prioritetul mimarTulebad unda iqces. msoflio praqtika gviCve-nebs, rom konkurentul brZolaSi didi Sedegebi aqvs mxolod im saxelmwi-foebs, romlebic mecnierul-teqnikur proeqtebSi didZal saxsrebs abande-ben, romelTa ukugeba am saxsrebs bevrad aRemateba.

saWiroa erovnuli warmoebis xelSemwyobi politikis ganxorcieleba, ris Sedegadac samamulo produqcia konkurentunariani gaxdeba iaf, magram dabalxarisxovan importul saqonelTan SedarebiT. proteqcionistuli po-litikis mizani is ki ar unda iyos, rom produqciis umetesi saxeobebis mi-xedviT mivaRwioT TviTuzrunvelyofas sakuTari potencialis xarjze, ara-med SevqmnaT grZelvadiani perspeqtivebis Sesabamisi ekonomikis ganviTare-bisaTvis saWiro struqturuli safuZvlebi, romelic unda iTvaliswineb-des rogorc ekonomikis axali perspeqtiuli sferoebisa da warmoebis axa-li saxeobebis aTvisebas, ise msoflio meurneobaSi misi integraciis Rrmad CarTvis daCqarebas [9, gv. 14-16].

imedia, swori ekonomikuri da samecniero-teqnikuri politikis gata-rebisa da saerTaSoriso daxmarebebis meSveobiT Cveni qveyana SeZlebs gau-mklavdes mis winaSe mdgar siZneleebs, gadaWras XX saukunidan gadmoyo-lili, Sina omisa da msoflio finansuri krizisis Sedegad warmoSobili problemebi da Camoayalibos ganviTarebuli sabazro urTierTobebi XXI saukunis uaxloes periodSi.

Ggamoyenebuli literatura

1. abesaZe r. ekonomikuri ganviTareba. Tb., “meridiani”, 2006. 2. asaTiani r. saqarTvelos ekonomika. Tb., “siaxle”, 2002. 3. basilia T., silagaZe a., CikvaiZe T. postkomunisturi transformacia: saq-arTvelos ekonomika XXI saukunis mijnaze. Tb., 2001. 4. burduli v. qveynis ekonomikuri ganviTarebis regulirebis meqanizmi da misi praqtikuli realizaciis gzebi (saqarTvelos magaliTze). 5. mesxia i. murjikneli m., ekonomikuri reforma saqarTveloSi. Tb., “Tsu gamomcemloba”, 1996. 6. papava v. postkomunisturi kapitalizmis politikuri ekonomia da saqarT-velos ekonomika, Tb., “pdp”, 2002. 7. papava g. sabazro ekonomikis gamojansaRebisa da normalizaciisaTvis sa-qarTveloSi. Tb., “finansebi”, 2000. 8. Ciqva l. saqarTvelos socialur-ekonomikuri ganviTarebis prioritetu-li mimarTulebebi. wignSi: gardamavali ekonomikis socialur-ekonomikuri prioritetebi. Tb., “Tsu gamomcemloba“, 2002. 9. wereTeli g. saqarTvelos mwarmoeblur ZalTa ganviTarebis strategiu-li miznebi da maTi realizaciis mimarTulebebi. wignSi: “sabazro ekonomi-kis ganviTarebis problemebi saqarTveloSi” t. I, Tb., “mecniereba”, 2000. 10. Корнаи Я. Дефицит. М., “Экономика», 1990. 11. Коуз П. Фирма, рынок и право. М., 1993. 12. Линвуд Т. Гаигер. Макроэкономическая теория и переходная экономика. М., «ИНФРА-М», 1996. 13. Мизес Е.Л. Бюрократия. Запланированный хаос. Антикапиталистическая ментальность. М., «Дело». 1993. 14. Хайек Ф. Погубная самонадеянность. М., 1991.


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15. Народное хозяйство Грузинской ССР. 1922-1982. Тб., «Сабчота Сакартвело», 1982. 16. Народное хозяйство Грузинской ССР в 1985 году Тб., «Сабчота Сакартвело», 1986. 17. Народное хозяйство ССР в 1990 г. М., «Финансы и статистика». 1991. 18.saqarTvelos ekonomika: omis Semdgomi periodi da perspeqtivebi. J. “biz-nesi da kanonmdebloba”, # 18, gv. 19, 2008.

Ramaz Abesadze Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor

ECONOMY OF GEORGIA ON THE VERGE OF THE XX AND XXI CENTURIES

Summary

Today we can summarize positive and negative results of post-communist transformation in Georgia and determine the objectives of the future.

Among positive sides we can emphasize: 1. The formation and gradual improvement of adequate legislative basis of market economy. 2. The formation and improvement of market environment (pluralizing of properly forms,

properly transformation, price liberalization, creation of own currency, formation of monetary-credit system, formation of market institutions (infrastructure), establishment of market behavior, formation and deepening of international economic relations, improvement of taxation system etc.).

3. The overcoming of deep economic crisis arisen in 1991 – 1995 and financial-budgetary and energetic crisis of 2003 and the formation-maintenance of rates of growth high enough.

4. The reconstruction of a significant part of country infrastructure. 5. Taking of transit function by the country. 6. The growth of population income etc. Among negative sides we should note that market economy in Georgia is weak and deformed

yet. Weak – because the market infrastructure is undeveloped (commodity, stock and labor exchanges, insurance service, investment institutions, marketing, engineering, consulting and information services etc.), deformed – because in many cases due to the realization of inefficient privatization and irrational placement of foreign and inner investments a non-progressive structure of economy has been created etc.

The article also deals with other shortages and the ways of their overcoming.


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vladimer papava ekonomikur mecnierebaTa doqtori, profesori,


paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis mTavari mecnieri TanamSromeli,

Tamar TaflaZe paata guguSvilis ekonomikis

institutis mecnieri TanamSromeli

“liberaluri imperiis” rusuli modeli da postrevoluciuri saqarTvelos gamocdileba

“liberaluri imperiis” idea sulac ar aris rusuli [1]. es idea pir-

velad did britaneTSi gaCnda XIX saukunis meore naxevarSi [2], xolo gan-viTareba XX saukunis bolos pova [3] da, sabolood, amerikuli “elferic” ki miiRo [4]. savaraudoa, rom liberaluri imperiis rusuli versiis Seqmna “daaCqara” aSS-is samxedro operaciebma avRaneTsa da eraySi [5], romelic amerikuli demokratiuli imperiis Seqmnas [6] isaxavs miznad.

2003 wlis 1 oqtombers ruseTis erT-erT wamyvan gazeT – “nezavisi-maia gazetaSi” daibeWda cnobili rusi politikosisa da ekonomistis, el-eqtroenergetikuli gigantis “rao ees”-is xelmZRvanelis anatoli Cubaisis werili saTauriT “ruseTis misia XXI saukuneSi”, romelSic gatarebulia azri postsabWoTa sivrceSi e.w. “liberaluri imperiis” Seqmnis Sesaxeb [7]. sityva “liberalurs” is datvirTva aqvs, rom axali imperiis Seqmna Zala-dobis gziT ki ar unda ganxorcieldes, aramed rusulma msxvilma kompani-ebma (sulerTia saxelmwifo, Tu kerZo) xelT unda igdon yofili mokavSi-re respublikebis teritoriaze arsebuli strategiuli sawarmoebi, ramac, saboloo angariSiT, moskovis politikuri zegavlenis zrda unda uzrun-velyos am qveynebze.

liberaluri imperia, mis SemoqmedTa azriT, unda daeyrdnos yofil sabWoTa respublikaTa ara samxedro gziT dapyrobas, aramed maT terito-riebze ganlagebul obieqtTa xelSi Cagdebas. am kuTxiT gansakuTrebiT sa-yuradReboa ruseTis mier ganxorcielebuli investiciebi damoukidebel saxelmwifoTa TanamegobrobaSi Semaval qveynebSi [8]. aseve sayuradReboa, rom liberaluri imperiis rusul ideaSi, misi ganmaviTareblebi da ganma-xorcieleblebi ZiriTad yuradRebas amaxvileben sityva “liberalurze” da cdiloben, saerTod ar “SeamCnion” sityva “imperia”, rac sulac ar aris ga-sakviri, Tuki gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Tanamedrove ruseTi Zalze Sorsaa demokratiisa da liberalizmisagan [9-10].

amasTan, unda gvaxsovdes, postsabWoTa sivrceSi ruseTi atarebs ener-getikuli damokidebulobisa da politikuri damoukideblobis politikas [11], romlis Tanaxmadac, roca pirveli izrdeba, meore sustdeba [12]. es srulad jdeba ruseTis liberaluri imperiis Seqmnis sqemaSi, roca aqcen-ti gakeTebulia energetikuli imperiis formirebaze [13].

“liberaluri imperiis” rusuli modeli efuZneba rusul evrazianizms [14-16], romelsac iq Rrma istoriuli fesvebi aqvs gadgmuli [17].

kavkasiaSi liberaluri imperiis Seqmna ruseTma daiwyo somxeTiT, ro-ca ukanasknelma 93 mln aSS dolaris valis sanacvlod 2002 wels (sayura-dReboa, rom es moxda somxeTSi saprezidento arCevnebis win) ruseTs sa-kuTrebaSi gadasca Sesabamisi Rirebulebis obieqtebi [18]. 2006 wlis dasaw-yisSi ki momdevno nabiji gadaidga, roca gazis gaormagebuli fasis Zvel doneze SenarCunebis mizniT ruseTis xelSi axali aqtivebi gadavida.


24

imis gaTvaliswinebiT, rom ruseTsa da somxeTs saerTo sazRvari ar gaaCnia erTiani ekonomikuri sivrcis Seqmnis gzaze, gansakuTrebuli roli, azerbaijansa da somxeTs Soris arsebuli konfliqtis gaTvaliswinebiT, saqarTvelos eniWeba. saqarTvelos liberaluri imperiis qselSi moqcevis Semdeg ki azerbaijanis bedic gadawyvetili iqneba, radgan misi strategiu-li ekonomikuri proeqtebi uSualodaa saqarTvelosTan dakavSirebuli [19].

saqarTvelos moqceva liberaluri imperiis qselSi jer kidev 2003 wlis zafxulSi daiwyo, roca gakotrebuli amerikuli kompaniis “eiies silq roud”-is aqciebi “rao ees”-ma SeiZina [20].

postrevoluciur saqarTveloSi aSkarad gaZlierda saqarTvelos ru-seTis ekonomikur sivrceSi integraciis mimarTuleba [21].

vardebis revoluciis Semdeg, farTomasStabiani privatizaciis pro-cesSi, rusuli kapitalis Semosvlas saqarTvelos ekonomikaSi mTavrobis-gan sruli mxardaWera hqonda. amis saukeTeso magaliTia oqrosa da spi-lenZis mompovebeli da gadamamuSavebeli sawarmoebis aqciebis sakontro-lo paketis rusuli holdingis “promiSlennie investoris” mier dafuZnebu-li kompaniis “steton eqvitiz”-isaTvis miyidva [22].

rusuli kapitalisadmi saqarTvelos mTavrobis keTilganwyobiT gamx-nevebulma, karga xnis win privatizebuli “gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis” mesakuTreebma aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi mihyides rusul “vneStorg-banks”, romlis aqciaTa 99% ruseTis mTavrobis xelTaa [23]. praqtikulad, ganxorcielda gaerTianebuli qarTuli bankis nacionalizacia, oRond ara saqarTvelos, aramed ruseTis mTavrobis sasargeblod. sayuradReboa, rom saqarTveloSi Semosvlamde cotaTi adre “vneStorgbankma” somxuri “arms-berbankis” aqciaTa sakontrolo paketi SeiZina [24].

gansakuTrebuli, da Tanac aSkara, agresiulobiT “gazpromi” gamoir-Ceva, romelmac ruseT-somxeTis damakavSirebeli magistraluri gazsadenis xelSi Cagdeba gadawyvita. 2005 wlis bolos da 2006 wlis dasawyisSi sa-qarTvelos mTavrobam am gazsadenis viTomda privatizaciis konteqstSi molaparakebac ki daiwyo gazpromTan [25], Tumca, absoluturad gaugebaria, Tu rusuli saxelmwifo kompaniis gazpromisaTvis gazsadenis miyidva ra-tom unda yofiliyo privatizaciad monaTluli.

mxolod mas Semdeg, rac am procesSi aSS Caeria aqtiurad, saqarTve-los mTavrobisa da gazpromis garigeba CaiSala [26], riTac ruseTma pirve-li seriozuli dartyma miiRo saqarTvelos liberalur imperiaSi srulad moqcevis gegmis ganxorcielebaSi.

2006 wlis bolos, rusuli gazis fasis gaormagebis sanacvlod, gazp-romma kvlav daayena sakiTxi sxvadasxva obieqtis misTvis sakuTrebaSi ga-dacemaze [27].

samwuxaro faqtia, rom ruseTis “liberalur imperiaSi” saqarTvelos moqcevis procesi dawyebulad unda CaiTvalos [28].

sayuradReboa, rom ruseTSi “liberaluri imperiis” Tema gansakuT-rebiT popularuli 2005 wlis CaTvliT iyo [29]. 2005 wlis meore naxevarSi moxda garkveuli gardatexa, roca kremlma praqtikulad uari Tqva e.w. “rusul liberalizmze”. saqarTvelosTan mimarTebaSi es, uwinares yovli-sa, ruseTSi mcxovreb eTnikur qarTvelTa devnaSi gamoixata [30]. 2008 wels ki moskovi ar moerida samxedro agresiisa da saqarTvelos teritoriebis okupaciisa da aneqsiis ganxorcielebas.

omis Semdgom saqarTveloSi Semosuli rusuli kapitali qveyanas da-matebiT safrTxeebs uqmnis [31]. maT gasaneitraleblad (an Tundac arsebi-Tad Sesamcireblad) aucilebelia, im obieqtebze, romlebic dRes rusuli kapitalis da aseve saeWvo warmomavlobis firmebis (magaliTad, “energo-pro”, “multi-pleqsi” da sxv.) kontrolqveS arian, gaZlierdes saxelmwifo


25

zedamxedveloba Sesabamisi saxelmwifo uwyebebis (safinanso zedamxedve-lobis saagentos, energetikisa da wyalmomaragebis maregulirebeli erov-nuli komisiisa da komunikaciebis erovnuli komisiis) mxridan. Sesabamis kanonebSi ki aucileblad unda aisaxos am uwyebebisaTvis xsenebuli mimar-TulebiT uflebamosilebaTa gaZlierebis meqanizmebi.

gamoyenebuli literatura

1. Крупнов, Юрий, «Почему либеральная империя в России не получится?», Вестник

аналитики, № 2 (20), 2005. 2. Matthew, H. C. G., The Liberal Imperialists. The Ideas and Politics of a Post-Gladstonian Élite.

Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1973. 3. Reiff, David, “A New Age of Liberal Imperialism?,” World Policy Journal, Vol. XVI, No. 2,

1999. 4. Farrell, Theo, “Strategic Culture and American Empire,” The SAIS Review of International

Affairs, Vol. XXV, No. 2, 2005. 5. Torbakov, Igor, “Russian Policymakers Air Notion of ‘Liberal Empire’ in Caucasus, Central

Asia,” Eurasia Insight. Eurasianet, October 27 2003, online at http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav102703.shtml.

6. Kurtz, Stanley, “Democratic Imperialism,” Policy Review, Issue 118, April/May, 2003. 7. Чубайс, Анатолий, «Миссия России в ХХI веке», Независимая газета, 1 октября 2003, на

http://www.ng.ru/printed/ideas/2003-10-01/1_mission.html. 8. Crane, Keith, D. J. Peterson, and Olga Oliker, “Russian Investment in the Commonwealth of

Independent States,” Eurasian Geography and Economics, Vol. 46, No. 6, 2005. 9. Åslund, Anders, “Putin’s Decline and America’s Response,” Policy Brief, 41, August, 2005.

Washington, DC: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005. 10. Trenin, Dmitri, “Reading Russia Right,” Policy Brief, 42, October, 2005. Washington, DC:

Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 2005. 11. Balzer, Harley, “The Putin Thesis and Russian Energy Policy,” Post-Soviet Affairs, Vol. 21,

No. 3, 2005. 12. Smith, Keith C., Russian Energy Politics in the Baltics, Poland and Ukraine. A New Stealth

Imperialism? Washington, DC: The CSIS Press, 2004, pp. 5-8. 13. Hill, Fiona, Energy Empire: Oil, Gas and Russia’s Revival. London, UK: The Foreign Policy

Centre, 2004, online at http://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/Fhill/20040930.pdf. 14. Дугин, Александр. Основы геополитики. Геополитическое будущее России. Москва:

«Арктогея», 1997. 15. Дугин, Александр, 2004. Проект «Евразия». Москва: Эксмо, Яуза. 16. Dugin, Alexander G., Eurasian Mission (Programme Materials of International Eurasian

Movement). Moscow, Russia: ROF “Evrazia,” 2005. 17. Гловели, Г., «Геополитическая экономия в России», Вопросы экономики, № 11, 2000. 18. Armenia: Economic Hai-Lights, July, 2002, online at

http://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/020809ARHaiLights.htm. 19. Papava, Vladimer, “Comparative Advantages of the Central Caucasian Countries: Potential,

Realised, and Missed Opportunities,” The Caucasus & Globalisation, No. 1, 2006. 20. Gularidze, Tea, “Russian Company Seals Controversial Takeover of Tbilisi Electricity

Distribution,” Civil Georgia, Tbilisi, August 2, 2003, online at http://207.218.249.154/eng/article.php?id=4694.

21. Papava, Vladimer, “The Political Economy of Georgia’s Rose Revolution,” Orbis. A Journal of World Affairs, Vol. 50, No.4, 2006.

22. “Новости: 97% акций ГОК «Маднеули» продано за $51 млн.”, CITOH, 7 ноября 2005, на http://www.citon.com.ua/news.php?id=10.

23. “Внешторгбанк приобрел контрольный пакет акций Объединенного банка Грузии”, News.ru, 18 января 2005, на http://www.newsru.com/finance/18jan2005/vnesh.html.

http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav102703.shtmlhttp://www.ng.ru/printed/ideas/2003-10-01/1_mission.htmlhttp://www.brookings.edu/views/articles/Fhill/20040930.pdfhttp://www.bisnis.doc.gov/bisnis/bisdoc/020809ARHaiLights.htmhttp://207.218.249.154/eng/article.php?id=4694http://www.citon.com.ua/news.php?id=10http://www.newsru.com/finance/18jan2005/vnesh.html


26

24. “Russian Vneshtorgbank Continues Transcaucasian Expansion,” Mosnews.com, 31 May 2004, online at http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004/05/31/vtbgeorgia.shtml.

25. Воропаева, Любовь, «Грузия дает ‘добро’», Газета СНГ, 28 февраля 2005, на http://www.gazetasng.ru/article.php?id=1739.

26. “Millennium Challenge Corporation Board Approves $295.3 Million Compact with Georgia,” Georgian Business Week, 16 August 2005, online at http://mca.gov/press/releases/2005/release-081605-boardapprovesgeorgiacompact.php.

27. Socor, Vladimir, “Gazprom’s ‘Pure Commerce’ in Georgia,” Eurasia Daily Monitor, The Jamestown Foundation, 9 November 2006, online at http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3917&article_id=2371625.

28. Papava, Vladimer, and Frederick Starr, “Russia’s Economic Imperialism,” Project Syndicate, January, 2006, online at http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava1.

29. Simons, Jr., Thomas W. Eurasia’s New Frontiers: Young States, Old Societies, Open Futures. Ithaca, Cornell University Press, 2008, pp. 70-90.

30. Papava, Vladimer. “Russia’s Illiberal ‘Liberal Empire,’” Project Syndicate, February, 2007, available at http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava2/English.

31. xaduri nodar. saqarTvelos ekonomika da ruseTis “liberaluri” impe-ria. ekonomikuri ganviTarebis aqtualuri problemebi Tanamedrove etapze. saqarTvelos ekonomistTa samecniero-praqtikuli konferenciis masalebis krebuli. Tbilisi, paata guguSvilis ekonomikis institutis gamomcemloba, 2008.

Vladimer Papava Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor,

Tamar Tapladze Researcher at the Paata Gugushvili Institute of Economics

RUSSIAN MODEL OF THE “LIBERAL EMPIRE” AND

EXPERIENCE OF POST-REVOLUTIONARY GEORGIA

Summary In 2003, Anatoliy Chubais, the President of the Management Board of RAO EES (Unified

Energy Systems) Russia and prominent Russian statesman and political figure, wrote that Russia should establish a “Liberal Empire” in the post-Soviet world. By calling it “liberal,” it was in the sense that the new empire should be based on economics rather than coercion wherein Russian companies (public and private) should take over the ownership of strategic companies in the former Soviet republics which, in the long run, must lead to the re-establishment of Moscow’s political influence over those countries.

The first step towards snaring Georgia in the Liberal Empire’s net was the summer 2003 takeover of the shares of the US-based company AES Silk Road by RAO EES. The Georgian government fully supported the entry of the Russian capital into the Georgian economy during the large-scale privatisation of government-owned enterprises after the Rose Revolution. The best example was the sale of Georgian gold and copper mining and processing companies to Stanton Equities, a subsidiary of the Russian holding group, Industrial Investors. Encouraged by the government’s affinity for Russian capital, the owners of the United Georgian Bank (privatised in 1995) sold it to Russia’s Vneshtorgbank of which 99-percent is owned by the Russian Government. This sale was the nationalisation of the United Georgian Bank by the Russian Government. This takeover came on the tails of Vneshtorgbank’s acquisition of Armenia’s Armsberbank. Gazprom is especially aggressive. It has made several attempts to take over the gas pipeline connecting Armenia with Russia. After America’s intervention, the Georgian Government’s talks with Gazprom came to an end which dealt a heavy blow to Russia’s plans. In late 2006, in the context of doubling the price for Russian gas, Gazprom once again tried to take over some of Georgia’s energy assets.

Regrettably, it is evident that Georgia is being culled into Russia’s Liberal Empire.

http://www.mosnews.com/money/2004/05/31/vtbgeorgia.shtmlhttp://www.gazetasng.ru/article.php?id=1739http://mca.gov/press/releases/2005/release-081605-boardapprovesgeorgiacompact.phphttp://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3917&article_id=2371625http://www.jamestown.org/edm/article.php?volume_id=414&issue_id=3917&article_id=2371625http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava1http://www.project-syndicate.org/commentary/papava2/English


rozeta asaTiani


saqarTvelos ekonomika arasabazro kapitalizmis CixSi

`yazarmuli socializmis~ kraxi aRmosavleT evropis qveynebsa da sabWoTa kavSirSi, amasTan, TiTqmis am procesis paralelurad, sabWoTa kavSiris daSla da mis safuZvelze damoukidebeli saxelmwifoebis aR-moceneba, romlebmac miznad daisaxes axali ekonomikuri sistemis Seqmna, XX saukunis erT-erTi yvelaze uprecedento movlenaa. cnobili amerike-li ekonomistisa da sociologis jon kenet gelbreiTis azriT, es mov-lena or msoflio omTan erTian rigSi dgas, rogorc erT-erTi am sami udidesi istoriuli movlenaTagani, riTac gamoirCeva XX saukune [4.17]. am udidesma istoriulma movlenam Rrma transformaciuli procesebi ga-moiwvia da `dRis wesrigSi Tvisebrivad axali problemebi daayena, ro-melTa gadawyvetac im klasikuri sqemebis farglebs scildeba, romle-bic ekonomikuri mecnierebis mier mTeli wina istoriis ganmavlobaSi iqna SemuSavebuli~ [8.11]. aqedan gamomdinare, savsebiT logikurad, post-komunistur qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTveloSi, axali tipis gardama-vali periodi daiwyo, romelsac analogi ar moeZebneba msoflio civi-lizaciaSi. amasTan, postkomunisturi transformaciis `talRaSi~ mox-vedrili qveynebis ekonomika ara mxolod Tvisebrivad axali proble-mebis winaSe dadga, aramed, aseT qveynebSi, ekonomikuri reformebis sas-tarto pirobebic metad araordinaruli iyo.

maSin, rodesac veluri kapitalizmidan sabazro ekonomikaze – kapi-talizmis wiaRidan aRmocenebul, misgan warmoqmnil axal Tvisebrio-baze gardamaval periods safuZvlad edo winaswar SemuSavebuli Sesaba-misi ekonomikuri Teoria jon meinard keinzis `dasaqmebis, procentisa da fulis zogadi Teoriis~ saxiT, saxelmwifo-monopolisturi socia-lizmidan sabazro ekonomikaze gardamavali periodi daiwyo spontanu-rad, ekonomikis ngrevis pirobebSi, winaswar gaazrebuli, arsebul mdgo-mareobasTan misadagebuli ekonomikuri Teoriis gareSe. aqedan gamomdi-nare, sul sxva sastarto pirobebi iyo dasavleTis qveynebSi sabazro ekonomikis formirebis dasawyisSi _ XX saukunis 40-ian wlebSi da sul sxva _ 90-ian wlebSi postkomunistur qveynebSi, maT Soris saqarTvelo-Si. Tumca postfaqtum, ara mxolod saqarTvelosa da sxva tranzitul qveynebSi, aramed dasavleTis ganviTarebul qveynebSic farTod gaiSala axali tipis gardamavali periodis kvleva da, SeiZleba iTqvas, `mcdari gziT ganviTarebuli~ [8.17] qveynebis ekonomikis transformaciis piro-bebi da meqanizmebi kvlevis erT-erTi ZiriTadi mimarTuleba gaxda.

saqarTveloSi dawyebulma sistemurma transformaciulma proceseb-ma, politikurTan erTad, moicva qveynis ekonomikuri, socialuri, kul-turuli da a.S. sferoebi. gardamavali periodis strategiad imTaviTve erTmniSvnelovnad iqna aRiarebuli Sereuli ekonomikuri sistemis for-mireba da sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvla, xolo radikaluri ekonomiku-ri reformebis aTvlis wertilad 1992 wlis pirveli naxevari gamocxad-da1.

saqarTvelos warmatebas, mis momavals, mniSvnelovanwilad, misi socialur-ekonomikuri transformaciis tempi da xarisxi gansazRvravda. Tavis mxriv, socialur-ekonomikuri transformaciis _ am metad rTuli da mravalwaxnagovani procesis warmateba didad iyo damokidebuli qvey-

27 1 “saqarTvelos respublika”. 29 ivlisi, 1992.


nis ekonomikis axal TvisebriobaSi gadasvlis sastarto garemoze, eko-nomikuri procesebis regulirebis meqanizmze, arsebuli potencialis sworad gansazRvraze, qveyanaSi dawyebuli institucializaciis proce-sis donesa da xarisxze da a.S. xelisufleba ar aRmoCnda mzad, koordi-nacia gaewia am moulodneli procesebisaTvis, sistemuri gardaqmnebisa-Tvis, SeemuSavebina marTvis berketebi da daecva qveynis ekonomika gare-dan Tavsmoxveuli dogmebisagan. piriqiT, aseT rTul situaciaSi, sru-liad alogikurad, saxelmwifo smiTiseuli `Ramis darajis~ funqciiT Semoifargla da, ekonomikis radikaluri liberalizmis doqtrinaze da-yrdnobiT, ekonomikuri procesebi TviTdinebaze miuSva. Cven maSin Semov-brundiT wminda liberalizmisaken, roca ganviTarebulma qveynebma mas zurgi Seaqcia. dRes `saxelmwifo minimumis~ politika ganvlili etapia civilizebuli samyarosaTvis. moxda saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis absoluturi minimizacia. arada, TavisTavad saintereso da mimzidveli gardamavali periodis strategia saSiSroebis winaSe aRmoCnda. misi be-di, erTiani meTodologiuri principebis, qveynis Taviseburebebis gauT-valiswineblobisa da politikuri nebis ararsebobis gamo, kiTxvis niS-nis qveS dadga. ekonomikur procesebze stiqiurma Zalebma moaxdina didi zemoqmedeba. mZime aRmoCnda warsulis memkvidreoba. gaaqtiurda krimina-luri struqturebi. saxelmwifoebrivi `niSa~ mafiozurma jgufebma dai-kava, sazogadoebam swrafad ver auRo alRo realobas. imata zerele da SiSvel emociebze agebulma msjelobam imis Sesaxeb, ris gagebasac spe-cialuri codna da profesionalizmi sWirdeba. wina planze wamoiwia samSoblosadmi damokidebulebis gamoxatvis Taviseburma formam – mi-sadmi momxarebluri TvaliT yurebam. adamianTa am kategoriam, romel-sac onore de balzakma Tavis droze socialuri nuli uwoda, mxolod imaze daiwyo fiqri, Tu ras miscemda mas samSoblo da ara imaze, TviT ras gascemda misTvis. maTma mniSvnelovanma nawilma zeda eSelonebSi moikalaTa. samoqalaqo dapirispirebis fonze, eqstremalur situaciaSi axali ekonomikuri sistemisa da, aqedan gamomdinare, sabazro urTier-Tobebis formirebaSi ganmsazRvreli roli ekonomikis liberalizacias daekisra.

ekonomikis sistemuri gardaqmnis struqturaSi ganmsazRvreli adgi-li makroekonomikur stabilizacias uWiravs. misi ganxorcielebis gare-Se instituciuri, mikro- da makroekonomikuri gardaqmnebi, rogorc sis-temuri gardaqmnis danarCeni Semadgeneli nawilebi, deformirebul xa-siaTs iRebs. marTlac, instituciuri gardaqmnebi (sakuTrebis gansaxel-mwifoebrioba, axali sakanonmdeblo bazis Seqmna, sabazro infrastruq-turis Camoyalibeba, resursebis, saqonlisa da momsaxurebis bazrebis formireba da sxv.), aseve, fasebis liberalizacia, ekonomikis demonopo-lizacia, antimonopoliuri regulireba, sagareo ekonomikuri uTierTo-bebis liberalizacia, Caketili ekonomikidan Ria ekonomikaze gadasvla da sxv. mniSvnelovanwiladaa damokidebuli qveynis makroekonomikur stabilizaciaze. makroekonomikuri arastabilurobis pirobebSi sabazro infrastruqturis institutebi aSkara, daufarav spekulaciur orienta-cias iRebs, fasebis liberalizacia SeiZleba hiperinflaciaSi gadaizar-dos da a.S. Tavis mxriv, makroekonomikuri stabilizacia SeuZlebelia instituciuri, mikro- da megaekonomikuri gardaqmnebis gareSe ganxorci-eldes. Caketili ekonomikis pirobebSi, sabazro urTierTobebisa da Sesabamisi institutebis gareSe, igi direqtiul-centralizebul formas iRebs.

28


ekonomikuri reformebis warmateba Tu warumatebloba didad aris

damokidebuli im modelze, romelic qveyanam sistemuri gardaqmnis, eko-nomikis reformirebis sawyis etapze unda airCios.

msoflio praqtikam am TvalsazrisiT wina planze `Sokuri Terapi-isa~ da gradualisturi modelebi wamoswia.

`Sokuri Terapia~, pirvel yovlisa, transformaciuli procesebis daCqarebuli tempiT, Sokismomgvreli efeqtiT warmarTvas gulisxmobs da Semdeg ZiriTad principebs emyareba: fasebis gaTavisuflebas, aSvebas, Tavisufali faswarmoqmnis safuZvelze fasebisa da sagareo vaWrobis swraf liberalizacias, sakuTrebis gansaxelmwifoebriobasa da kerZo sakuTrebis Camoyalibebas, saxelmwifos ekonomikuri rolis minimizacia-sa da a.S. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia radikalizmis uaRresad maRali do-ne, rac zemoaRniSnuli gardaqmnebis paralelurad, arsebuli ekonomikis demontaJSi, misi sxvadasxva meTodiT ngrevaSi gamoixateba. sabazro eko-nomikaze gadasvlis es gza ar aris gaTvlili qveynis warmoebrivi po-tencialis ganviTarebaze. misi mTavari mizani ekonomikis liberaliza-cia, finansuri stabilizacia da biujetis deficitis minimizaciaa.

gradualisturi modelisaTvis niSandoblivia saxelmwifo institu-tebis Secvla-ganaxleba ekonomikaSi saxelmwifos rolis mniSvnelovani SenarCunebiT, erovnuli mewarmeobis stimulireba da warmoebis stabi-lizacia, saxelmwifo monopoliebis SenarCuneba ekonomikis sakvanZo sferoebSi da a.S. igi, Zveli ekonomikuri sistemis elementebis gamoyene-bis safuZvelze, TandaTanobiT, evoluciuri gziT gardaqmnas gulisx-mobs. amitom es modeli gradualisturi (evoluciuri) gzis garda, struqturul-warmoebrivi makrostabilizaciis saxelwodebiTaa cnobi-li. igi makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis sxva modelebisagan radika-lurad gansxvavdeba da gaTvlilia warmoebrivi potencialis ganviTa-rebaze, samamulo warmoebis produqciis konkurentunarianobis amaRle-baze.

sabazro ekonomikaze gadasvlis aRniSnuli ori modelidan saqarT-velom `arCevani~ `Sokur Terapiaze~ gaakeTa. `didi afeTqebis~ saxel-wodebiT cnobili es modeli `vaSingtonis konsensusis~ safuZvelze gan-xorcielda da igi araoptimaluri aRmoCnda saqarTvelosTvis (ise, ro-gorc am talRaSi moxvedrili sxva qveynebisTvis). aRniSnulma modelma ver gaamarTla, vinaidan ekonomikis Sokirebas Terapia ar mohyolia. Sem-TxveviTi ar aris, rom `Sokuri Terapia~ TviT `postvaSingtonis konsen-susmac~ ki uaryofiTad Seafasa da postkomunistur qveynebSi aqcenti saxelmwifos axal rolze gadaitana.

rac Seexeba makroekonomikuri stabilizaciis modelebs, msoflio praqtikaSi cnobilia maTi Semdegi ZiriTadi tipebi: orTodoqsuli, hete-rodoqsuli da struqturul-warmoebrivi.

orTodoqsul midgomaSi aqcenti keTdeba saxelmwifo biujetis Sem-cirebaze saxelmwifo xarjebis (saxelmwifo mmarTvelobis, Tavdacvis, socialuri dacvis xarjebis, saxelmwifo transferebis, subsidiebis, ka-pitaldabandebebisa da a.S.) Semcirebis gziT. misTvis damaxasiaTebelia sagadasaxado politikis gamkacreba, sagadasaxado SeRavaTebis Semcire-ba, gadasaxadebis gadideba da a.S. mkacr sabiujeto politikas Tan ax-lavs fulad-sakredito politikis gamkacrebac, rac `Zviri fulis~ po-litikaSi aisaxeba. igi gamoixateba centraluri bankis mier fulis emi-siis SezRudviT, saprocento ganakveTis amaRlebiT, bankTaSorisi sare-zervo normis gadidebiT da a.S.

29


`Zviri fulis~ politika inflaciuri spiralis winaaRmdeg aris mi-

marTuli. amitom masze agebuli ekonomikuri politika, pirvel yovlisa, iTvaliswinebs fulis miwodebis SezRudvas, risi erTaderTi gzac, fu-lis emisiis SezRudvasTan erTad, komerciuli bankebis rezervebis Sem-cirebaa. bankTaSorisi sarezervo normis gadideba avtomaturad amci-rebs komerciuli bankebis rezervebs da, Sesabamisad, fulad multipli-kators, xolo saprocento ganakveTis gadideba amcirebs komerciuli bankebis dainteresebas, gazardon TavianTi rezervebi centraluri ban-kisgan sesxis aRebiT.

makrostabilizaciis orTodoqsuli tipisaTvis damaxasiaTebelia ekonomikuri stabilizatorebis (e.w. `Ruzis~) arCevis ori ZiriTadi gza: pirvel SemTxvevaSi aqcenti keTdeba mimoqcevaSi erovnuli fulis Sez-Rudvaze, e.i. `fulad Ruzaze~, romelsac monetaruli meTodebi udevs safuZvlad. igi emyareba mkacr sabiujeto, sagadasaxado, fulad-sakre-dito politikas `m

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