ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

ganaTlebis mecnierebebi

rusudan sanaZe

umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli

saqmianobis Sefasebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis

ganaTlebis mecnierebebis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli:

pedagogikis mecnierebaTa doqtori

profesori q. Wkuaseli

Tbilisi

2009

avtoris stili daculia

s a r C e v i

Sesavali. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Tavi I. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis saqmianobis

sauniversiteto orientirebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

$1.OumaRlesi skolis mizani (istoria da Tanamedroveoba) . . . 9

$2.OumaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli

maxasiaTeblebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56

Tavi II. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis Sefaseba studentis

mier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

$1. maswavleblis sauniversiteto saqmianobis Sefasebis

saakreditacio moTxovnebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70

$2.OsaganmanaTleblo sivrceSi studentis mier maswavleblis

Sefasebis arsebuli kiTxvarebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

79

$3.O kvlevis Sedegad Seqmnili studentis mier maswavleblis

Sefasebis kiTxvarebi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

97

daskvna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

danarTiN1:OumaRlesi ganaTleba didi britaneTsa da

CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebul samefoSi . . . .

163

danarTiN2: umaRlesi ganaTleba amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi 182

gamoyenebuli literatura . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195

3

Sesavali

sazogadoebaSi mimdinare socialur-politikur cvlilebebs

uciloblad mohyveba ganaTlebis sistemis Sesabamisi cvlilebebi.

sxvagvarad sazogadoebis ganviTareba warmoudgenelia.

amgvari kanonzomierebidan gamomdinare, bolo wlebSi saqarTveloSi

mimdinare socialurma da ekonomikurma procesebma dRis wesrigSi

ganaTlebis sistemis radikaluri cvlilebis sakiTxi daayena. aucilebeli

gaxda msoflio saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi Cveni qveynis integracia da

saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo standartebis donis miRweva. Sesabamisad,

90-iani wlebidan saqarTveloSi daiwyo saganmanaTleblo reforma, romelic

moicavs rogorc umaRlesi, ise saSualo ganaTlebis sferoebs.

am mimarTebiT ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetSi ara erTi seriozuli cvlileba gatarda. kerZod:

1994-95 wlebSi yvela fakulteti, garda iuridiulisa, gadavida

swavlebis axlebur, orsafexurian struqturaze _ bakalavriatisa da

magistraturis programebis gaTvaliswinebiT.

orsafexurian sistemaze gadasvlam aucilebeli gaxada saswavlo

gegmebisa da programebis da codnis xarisxis Sefasebis sistemis

msoflio praqtikasTan harmonizaciaSi moyvanis aucilebloba, rac

etapobrivad kidec mimdinareobda.

2003 wels dainerga maswavlebelTa sauniversiteto momzadebis axali

programa. Seiqmna saswavlo procesis paraleluri ujredi, romelic

studentebs maswavleblis profesiis dauflebis arCeviTobis saSualebas

aZlevda.

studentTa mobilurobam da saerTaSoriso sivrceSi integraciam

moiTxova sakredito sistemis SemoReba. partniori universitetebis

gamocdilebis, arsebuli literaturis, sxva qveynebis sakredito

sistemebis analizis safuZvelze, Tsu-Si 2001 wlis seqtembridan

SemoRebul iqna sakredito sistema.

4

1988 wlis 18 seqtembers boloniaSi evropis qveynebis universitetebis

reqtorebis Sekrebaze Seiqmna universitetebis didi qarTia (Magna Charta

Universitatum), romelic cxadad gamoxatavs msoflio saganmanaTleblo

sivrceSi mimdinare globalizaciis procesebis moTxovnebsa Tu zogad

CarCoebs. ivane javaxiSvilis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi

gatarebuli qmedebebi, ra Tqma, unda zustad ver asaxavda boloniis

procesebis Tanamedrove kriteriumebs, magram nebismier siaxleze gadasvlis

sirTulis gaTvaliswinebiT am cvlilebebma udaod dadebiTi roli iTamaSa

universitetis profesor-maswavlebelTa reformisadmi ganwyobis

CamoyalibebaSi. amasTan unda aRiniSnos, rom boloniis procesebic im

droisaTvis Camoyalibebisa da dazustebis stadiaSi imyofeboda.

aqve unda iTqvas, rom rodesac Cven vsaubrobT saqarTveloSo

mimdinare reformaze ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetis saxeliT, ar niSnavs imas, rom qveynis sxva umaRlesi

saswavleblebi am procesSi ar erTvebodnen. saqme imaSia, rom im droisaTvis

realuri cvlilebebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi swored Tsu-dan,

rogorc qveynis upirvelesi umaRlesi saswavleblidan iwyeboda, rasac

SemdgomSi, bunebrivia sxva saxelmwifo, Tu kerZo saswavleblebi

SeuerTdnen.

2004 wels saqarTvelos parlamentma daamtkica saqarTvelos kanoni

umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb. am kanonis farglebSi gawerilia yvela is

aucilebeli cvlileba, romelic unda ganicados Cveni qveynis umaRlesi

ganaTlebis sistemam saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sivrcesTan

harmonizaciisaTvis.

2005 wels saqarTvelo boloniis procesis wevri gaxda. boloniis

procesis wevroba ukve aucileblobiT moiTxovs mTel rig struqturul Tu

Sinaarsobriv gardaqmnebs. amJamad, saqarTvelos umaRles saswavleblebSi

etapobrivad xorcieldeba boloniis procesis Sesabamisi cvlilebebi,

kerZod:

5

umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb saqarTvelos kanonis Sesabamisad, TiTqmis

yvela akreditirebul universitetSi Seiqmna xarisxis uzrunvelyofis

samsaxuri

xarisxis uzrunvelyofis samsaxuris muSaobis farglebSi

permanentulad, boloniis moTxovnebis kvaldakval, mimdinareobs

saganmanaTleblo programebis (sabakalavro, samagistro da sadoqtoro)

restruqturizacia

dainerga kreditebis transferisa da dagrovebis evropuli sistema

(ECTS)

SemoRebul iqna studentTa Sefasebis axali sistema, Seicvala

sagnobrivi saswavlo programis, silabusis forma da sxv.

Catarda universitetebis instituciuri akreditacia

amJamad universitetebi emzadebian programuli akreditaciisaTvis,

romelic 2010 wlisaTvis unda dasruldes

uwyveti ganaTlebis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, rig universitetebSi

SemuSavda profesiuli ganviTarebis programebi sxvadasxva

specialobaSi

ganaTlebis reformis warmatebuli ganxorcielebisaTvis umaRlesi

skolis personalisaTvis sistematurad tardeba samuSao seminarebi,

Sexvedrebi da a.S.

ganaTlebis xaziT mimdinare nebismieri reforma, saboloo jamSi

fokusirdeba maswavlebelze, romelic yvela droSi warmoadgenda da

warmoadgens mozardi Taobis aRzrdis wamyvan figuras. am mizezis gamo

CvenTvis gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis

profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis sistemis Seswavla. amasTan, umaRlesi

skolis akreditacia saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis yvela rgolis, maT

Soris umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis xarisxis

Sefasebas gulisxmobs. amdenad, Cveni sakvlevi Tema – umaRlesi skolis

maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis ZiriTadi aspeqtebi –

dReisaTvis Zalze saWiro da aqtualuria.

6

maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis sistema umaRles

skolaSi moicavs saswavlo da samecniero sferoebs. am mimarTebiT

SevecadeT mogveazrebina maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebis

sauniversiteto sqema, romelic warmovadgineT sxvadasxva administraciuli

erTeulis moTxovnaTa gaerTianebis saxiT. konkretulad, sqemaSi CarTulia

komponentebi: TviTangariSi, Sefaseba administraciis mxridan, studentTa

mier Sefaseba, gareSe Sefaseba. Cveni azriT, Sefasebis am sistemaSi,

studentze orientirebuli swavlebis midgomebidan gamomdinare, gadamwyveti

roli studentis mier maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebas eniWeba.

mosazrebas amyarebs boloniis procesis yvela dokumentSi naTlad da

berlinis komunikeSi (2003 wlis 19 seqtemberi) ukve moTxovnis saxiT

gaJRerebuli azri _ xarisxis uzunvelyofis sistema unda moicavdes

saswavlo procesis Sida da gare Sefasebas studentTa mxridan. aseve

mniSvnelovania bergenis (2005 wlis 19-20 maisi) da londonis komunikeSi

(2007 wlis 18 maisi) aRniSnuli moTxovna xarisxis uzrunvelyofis sistemaSi

studentTa monawileobis Sesaxeb da studenturi organizaciis (ESIB - The

National Union of Students in Europe) araerTi angariSgasawevi Sexeduleba.

gamomdinare aqedan, Cveni Sromis ZiriTad mizans warmoadgenda

maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis modelis warmodgena da am modelSi

studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvaris Seqmna da aprobacia.

Cvens mier Sesrulebuli naSromi, Temis aqtualobidan gamomdinare

moicavs ramdenime Zalze mniSvnelovan siaxles, kerZod:

naSromis Tematikis irgvliv Teoriuli bazis Camoyalibeba

umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebis sqemis Seqmna

Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevis safuZvelze pedagogis profesiuli

maxasiaTeblebis Seqmna

profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis bazaze, empiriuli kvlevis Sedegad

studentTa mier maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis

kiTxvaris Seqmna

7

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, kvlevis sagania umaRlesi skolis

maswavlebelis saqmianoba. kvlevis sagnidan gamomdinare kvlevis obieqtebia:

pedagogis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis Teoriuli modeli

pedagogis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi

studentis mier umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvari

kvlevis meTodebad gamoyenebul iqna pedagogiuri kvlevis klasikuri

meTodebi _ dakvirveba da eqsperimenti, aseve maTze damyarebuli

Tanamedrove kvlevis meTodebis (raodenobrivi, Tvisebrivi) erToblioba.

kvlevis procesSi monawileobdnen ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis studentebi da maswavleblebi, germaniis - qalaq

kilis kristian albrextis kilis universitetis studentebi da

maswavleblebi, zaarlandis universitetis maswavleblebi da mowveuli

eqspertebi.

kvlevis pirvel etapze, klasikur gamocdilebasa da Tanamedrove

literaturaze dayrdnobiT moviazreT maswavleblis profesiuli

maxasiaTeblebi Teoriuli modelis saxiT. CamovayalibeT hipoTeza -

pedagogis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi sami aspeqtisagan Sedgeba: sagnis

codna, meToduri momzadeba, pirovnuli Tvisebebi. kvlevis Semdeg etapze,

hipoTezis Semowmebis mizniT CavatareT ori, erTmaneTisagan damoukidebeli

(Tsu-s yvela fakulteti, kristian albrextis kilis universitetis,

pedagogikis instituti, germania) empiriuli kvleva, romelic praqtikulad

gamosadegi instrumentis – aprobirebuli kiTxvarebis SeqmniT dasrulda.

vfiqrobT, rom Catarebuli samuSao dReisaTvis mniSvnelovani da

aucilebelia. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis

dadgena, Sefasebis sistemis moazreba da am sistemaSi studentis azris

dafiqsireba gansakuTrebiT sainteresoa, radgan maswavleblis upirveles

movaleobas swored studentTan xarisxiani muSaoba da misi interesebis

gaTvaliswineba warmoadgens.

8

dasacavad gamogvaqvs debulebebi:

1. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis

sqema

2. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis

Teoriuli modeli, romelic sami aspeqtis erTianobiT moiazreba:

sagnis codna, meToduri momzadeba, pirovnuli Tvisebebi

3. aRniSnuli mosazrebebis Sesamowmeblad Catarebuli kvlevis etapebi

saqarTvelosa da germaniaSi

4. kiTxvaris Sedgenis procedura

5. kvlevis Sedegad miRebuli kiTxvarebis aprobacia saqarTvelosa da

germaniaSi

naSromi Sesrulebulia ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis pedagogikis kaTedris bazaze, germaniis kristian

albrextis kilis universitetis pedagogikis institutisa da zaarlandis

universitetis evalvaciis centris bazaze. naSromma aprobacia gaiara

saqarTvelos masStabiT Catarebul saerTaSoriso samecniero

konferenciebze, zaarlandis da kilis universitetebis seminarebze.

naSromis SesrulebaSi mniSvnelovani daxmareba gamiwia aRniSnul

RonisZiebebze da Sexvedrebze pedagogiuri sazogadoebis mier gamoTqmulma

survilebma da SeniSvnebma, risTvisac gulwrfeli madloba minda

gadavuxado yvela monawiles.

9

Tavi I. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis saqmianobis sauniversiteto orientirebi

$1. OumaRlesi skolis mizani (istoria da Tanamedroveoba)

universiteti (Lat. Universitas - erToblioba), umaRlesi saswavlo-

samecniero dawesebulebaa, romelic amzadebs specialistebs fundamentur

mecnierebaTa dargebSi (qarTuli sabWoTa enciklopedia, tomi X, 1976w).

universitetis msoflio istoriuli tradicia yovelTvis eyrdnoboda

maRal moralur da inteleqtualur faseulobebs. sauniversiteto

ganaTlebis ideologiis programas ZiriTadad Seadgens zogadsakacobrio

kulturis saukeTeso miRwevaTa memkvidreoba, erovnul TaviseburebaTa

gaTvaliswineba, nacionaluri sazRvrebis arqona, miswrafeba pirovnebis

inteleqtualuri ganviTarebisaken, Ria dialogi da komunikacia kvlevebsa

da swavlebaSi.

terminiT Universitas (- Lat. – erToblioba, sityvidan Universus – wona,

erTad aRebuli) Sua saukuneebSi iwodeboda sxvadasxva amxanagobebi,

vaWarTa gildiebi, savaWro-samrewvelo centrebi da zogierTi sxva

gaerTianeba. amis Sesabamisad im dros aRmocenebul `Tavisufal~ skolebs

daerqvaT studentTa da maswavlebelTa korporacia (Universitas magistrum et

scolarum). xolo Semdgom, TandaTanobiT, saswavlo dawesebulebebs

universitetebi ewodaT.

Tu miviRebT termins `prosauniversiteto ganaTleba~, maSin pirvel

samecniero-filosofiur da eTikur-pilitikur TanamegobrobaTa

organizaciebs SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT piTagoras kavSiri, platonis akademia,

aristoteles likei, ptolemeis mier aleqsandriaSi daarsebuli muzeumi.

universitetis istoria Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba da dasavleT

evropaSi qalaquri ekonomikis da kulturis ganviTarebas ukavSirdeba.

pirveli saero universitetebi iyo: boloniis (1158w, italia), kembrijis

(1209w, inglisi) da oqsfordis (XII, inglisi), parizis (1215w, safrangeTi),

salamankis (1218-26 ww. Soris, espaneTi), lisabonis (1290w, portugalia),

10

praRis (1348w, CexeTi), krakovis (1364w, poloneTi), venis (1365w, avstria),

haidelbergis (1386w, germania), ufralis (1477w, SvedeTi), kopenhagenis (1479w,

dania).

Sua saukuneebis universitetis SemadgenlobaSi oTxi fakulteti iyo:

mosamzadebli, romelsac artistuli xelovnebis (Semdgom filosofiis)

fakulteti ewodeboda, RvTismetyvelebis, samedicino da iuridiuli

fakultetebi. studentebi da maswavleblebi cxovrobdnen saerTo

sacxovrebelSi – kolegiumebSi (Lat. Collegium – SemdgomSi kolejebi,

koleJebi). mecadineobebic, aseve kolegiumebSi tardeboda. mosamzadebel anu

artistuli xelovnebis fakultetze iswavleboda `Svidi Tavisufali

xelovneba~ - triviumi (gramatika, ritorika, dialeqtika) da kvadriumi

(ariTmetika, geometria, astronomia, musika) (Septem artes liberals, trivium, quadrium).

igi saSualo skolis rols asrulebda. am fakultetze swavla 6-7 wels

grZeldeboda. triviumis damTavrebis Semdeg studentebs xelovnebaTa

bakalavris xarisxi, xolo kvadriumis damTavrebis Semdeg xelovnebaTa

magistris xarisxi eniWebodaT. magistris xarisxis mflobelebs erT-erT

specialur fakultetze Sesvlis neba eZleodaT, sadac swavla 5-6 wels

mimdinareobda. universitetis kursdamTavrebuli Rebulobda doqtoris, e.i.

mecnieris wodebas. universitetebSi swavlebis xangrZlivoba da studentTa

asaki dadgenili ar iyo. praqtikulad swavleba universitetebSi 12-14 wliani

iyo. swavleba laTinur enaze leqciis an diskusiis saxiT mimdinareobda.

profesori wignidan wakiTxul teqsts komentars ukeTebda, ewyoboda

disputebi. sadisputo moxsenebis Tezisebs Cveulebrivad winaswar adgendnen.

universitetebs administraciuli avtonomia da sakuTari iurisdiqcia

hqondaT.

saero universitetis sawinaaRmdegod, religiuri wris

warmomadgenlebma, mecnierebasa da mosamzadebel (sasuliero, iuristTa,

eqimTa) kadrebze Zalauflebis SenarCunebis mizniT, XII saukuneSi parizSi

gaxsnes universiteti. mas xelmZRvanelobda episkoposis warmomadgeneli –

kancleri. universitetis avtonomia Zalian SezRuduli iyo. Tanamdebobis

11

pirTa arCevaSi studentebi ar monawileobdnen, profesorebi iniSnebodnen

da finansdebodnen eklesiis mier. parizis universitetis msgavsi

universitetebi gaixsna safrangeTis sxva qalaqebSi, germaniaSi, inglisSi –

oqsfordisa da kembrijis universitetebi.

Tavdapirvelad TiTqosda damoukidebeli kulturuli centrebi,

adreul Sua saukuneebSi, sul ufro da ufro Teologiur orientacias

Rebulobdnen. magram mecniereba Zalas ikrefda da igi cxadia, ver Caeteoda

religiur CarCoebSi, ramac aRorZinebis epoqaSi, sxva socialur

institutebs – samecniero akademiebs Cauyara safuZveli.

germaniaSi situacia radikalurad icvleba XVIII_XIX saukuneebis

mijnaze. vilhelm humboltis mier Camoyalibebuli iqna klasikuri

universitetis principulad axali idea, romelic SemdegSi mdgomareobda:

a) kvlevis orientaciisa da swavlebis Sexameba;

b) saxelmwifos mxridan moswavlisa da maswavleblis Tavisuflebis

uzrunvelyofa.

am droidan moyolebuli saxelmwifos pirvelxarisxovan amocanad

iqca mecnierebis winsvla, swavlebisa da kvlevis axali formebis danergva.

warmodgenili modelis ganxorcieleba srulad moxerxda 1810 wels

berlinis universitetis gaxsniT.

am universitetis ideis sabazo principebi SemdegSi mdgomareobda:

universitets unda hqondes SedarebiTi avtonomia;

kvleva da swavleba ganaTlebis arsia;

universiteti imedovnebs sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi aqtiur

CarTvas, mis RirebulebaTa aRorZinebas, aseve codnisa da

ganswavlulobis Rirsebis eTikur dasabuTebas.

SemdgomSi, universitetis yvela evoluciuri cvlileba, dasavleT

evropasa da amerikaSi, humboltis saxelTan dakavSirebul universitetis

modelTan SedarebiT ganixileboda.

sauniversiteto ganaTlebis Tanamedrove meTodologTa poziciebi

sakmarisad sxvadasxvagvaria, magram Tu vecdebiT maT erT safuZvelze

12

dayvanas, miviRebT Tanamedrove universitetis ganzogadebul models.

rogorc wesi, maT naazrevSi fiqsirdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis

wamyvani miznebi, funqciebi da Rirebuli orientaciebi, romlebic

msjelobis sagans warmoadgenen. magram miuxedavad amisa, naTelia, rom

xelSeuxebeli rCeba universitetis funqciebi da RirebulebaTa

fundamenturi sistema. universitetis tradiciuli misiis (swavlebisa da

kvlevis erTianoba, avtonomiuroba) SenarCunebis Tviseba ganixileba rogorc

unikaluri.

universitetis mizani da amocanebi sazogadoebrivi dakveTis mixedviT

icvleba droSi. arsebobs ara erTi gansxvavebuli mosazreba imis Taobaze,

Tu rogori unda iyos universiteti da ra mizans unda emsaxurebodes igi.

gTavazobT ramdenime maTgans:

jon henri niumeni, irlandiis kaTolikuri universitetis pirveli

reqtori iyo. am universitetis Seqmnis idea XIX saukunis 50-ian wlebSi

gaCnda. universitetis ideaSi seriozuli uzustobebis gamo igi 7 weliwadSi

(1851-1858 ww.) daixura. niumenis azriT: `universiteti _ adgilia, sadac

iswavleba universaluri codna. naTqvamidan gamomdinare, universitetis

mizani, erTis mxriv inteleqtualuria, xolo meores mxriv dakavSirebulia

codnis gavrcelebasTan da ara axali codnis miRebasTan. Tu universitetis

miznad miviRebT samecniero da filosofiur aRmoCenebs, maSin CemTvis

gaugebaria, ratom unda iyos masSi studenti, xolo Tu mizani _

religiuria, ratom unda iyos warmodgenili literatura da mecniereba?.

... miuxedavad imisa, ra dasaxelebas gamoviyenebT, vfiqrob, es istoriis

faqtia, _ universitetis amocana imaSi mdgomareobs, rom inteleqtualuri

kultura gaxdes saqmianobis sfero, misi amocana _ inteleqtis formirebaa

...

... Tavad universitetis ideas, manam mas, rogorc eklesiis instruments

ganvixilavT, sakuTari mizani da misia gaaCnia. universitetis daniSnuleba

inteleqtualuri kulturaa. swored masze unda iqnes orientirebuli

mecnierTa yuradReba, swored es gansazRvravs misi saqmianobis Sinaarss,

13

orientirebuls inteleqtis yovelmxriv ganviTarebaze, Semecnebaze da

WeSmaritebis dadgenaze... ~

rogorc citatidan Cans henri niumeni Tavad modis winaaRmdegobaSi

ideasTan unviersitetis Sesaxeb. ramac rogorc zemoT aRvniSneT gamoiwvia

misi daxurva.

Oortega-i-gaseTi madridis universitetis filosofiis profesori iyo.

amavdroulad, igi politikiTac iyo dakavebuli. 1930 wels madridSi mis

mier wakiTxul iqna leqciaTa kursi `universitetTa misia~ (Mision de la

Universidad). ai ras wers igi:

pirvel rigSi ra unda iyos universiteti?

1. universiteti pirvel rigSi, upiratesobiT aRniSnavs umaRles

ganaTlebas, romelic unda miiRos Cveulebrivma adamianma.

2. es Cveulebrivi adamiani Tavdapirvelad unda gavxadoT

kulturuli e.i. igi, drois moTxovnaTa simaRleze unda davayenoT.

aqedan, universitetis pirveladi funqcia gamomdinareobs _

kulturis TvalsazrisiT fundamentalur disciplinaTa (fizika,

biologia, istoria, socioligia, filosofia) flobaSi.

3. Cveulebrivi adamiani unda gaxdes kargi profesionali.

universitetma, muSaobis yvelaze racionaluri da efeqturi

meTodebis gamoyenebiT, adamians saSualeba unda misces gaxdes

kargi eqimi, kargi mosamarTle, kargi maTematikisa, Tu istoriis

maswavlebeli.

4. aranairi dasabuTebuli safuZveli ar arsebobs imisa, rom

Cveulebrivi adamiani aucileblad mecnieri gaxdeba. aqedan,

bevrisaTvis gamaocebeli daskvna gamomdinareobs: mecniereba

Tavisi SinaarsiT, e.i. samecniero kvleva, nebismieri formiT, ar

figurirebs universitetis ZiriTad funqciaTa ricxvSi.

garda amisa, gaseti Tvlis, rom universitetSi profesorTa SerCeva

unda xorcieldebodes pedagogiuri saqmianobisa da mecnieruli kvlevis

14

unarebis sinTezis gaTvaliswinebiT da ara imiT, Tu raoden kargi

mkvlevaria aRniSnuli pirovneba.

karl iaspersma omis Semdeg dawera da 1949 wels gamoaqveyna Sroma

`universitetis idea~ (`Die Idee der Universität~). Tavis wignSi is xazs usvams

germanul universitetSi kvlevis tradicias im saxiT, rogorc es jer kidev

humboltma gansazRvra.

universiteti _ gansakuTrebuli saxis skolaa. igi ara mxolod

momzadebis adgilia. mis kedlebSi studentebi aqtiurad monawileoben

kvlevebSi. amgvari samuSao gamocdilebis dagroveba ayalibebs xarisxs

dakavSirebuls inteleqtualur disciplinasTan. igi IRebs ganaTlebas,

romelic mTeli cxovrebis manZilze masTan darCeba.

... korporaciuli formiT, universiteti axorcielebs adamianis

ZiriTad moTxovnilebas – codnas. misi uSualo daniSnuleba mdgomareobs

imis aRmoCenaSi, Tu risi codnaa saWiro da ra gamomdinareobs amgvari

codnidan adamianebisaTvis.

amrigad, universiteti aerTianebs kvlevisadmi profesiulad

Tavdadebul adamianebs, romlebmac sinamdvile mecnierebisaTvis misaRebi

formiT unda mogvawodon.

radgan sinamdvilis aRmoCena sistematuri kvleviTaa SesaZlebeli,

universitetis upirveles amocanas kvleva warmoadgens. meore amocana

dakavSirebulia swavlebasTan, radganac codna WeSmaritebis Sesaxeb

gadacemul unda iqnas.

... Tavis mxriv universiteti wyvets samecniero da saswavlo amocanebs,

kvleva da swavleba uzrunvelyofs inteleqtualuri kulturis

ganviTarebas, romelSic WeSmariteba iRebs Tavis mniSvnelobas da sicxades.

amrigad, universitetis amocanas _ kvleva da codnis gadacema

(ganaTleba) warmoadgens. TiToeuli cal-calke ganisazRvreba, magram ar

SeiZleba erTmaneTisagan gamoyofil iqnas.

alfred nots uaitxedi _ filosofosi, maTematikosi, pedagogi. igi

aswavlida kembrijSi (inglisi), SemdgomSi harvardis profesori. mis mier

15

wakiTxul leqciaTa kursi sxvadasxva Temebze, gamocemul iqna saerTo

saTauriT `ganaTlebis miznebi da sxva eseebi~ (`The Aims of Education and Other

Essays~) 1929 wels. misi azriT: `universiteti ganaTlebisa da kvlevis

skolaa. misi aRmocenebis namdvili mizezi, dakavSirebuli araa arc

studentebisaTvis codnis gadacemasTan da arc fakultetebze samecniero

kvlevebis CatarebasTan. am ori amocanis gadawyveta gacilebiT iafad da

damoukidebladac SeiZleboda” [20].

rogorc zemoT moyvanil avtorTa naazrevidan Cans, universitetis

daarsebis aucilebloba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom igi inarCunebs kavSirs

codnasa da cxovrebis arss Soris. aerTianebs sxvadasxva Taobas swavlebis

procesSi. universiteti gadascems TvalsaCino informacias. yovel

SemTxvevaSi es is funqciaa, romelic universitetma sazogadoebisaTvis unda

Seasrulos, winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi mas arsebobis ufleba ar eqneba.

dReisaTvis, universitetad iwodeba mravalprofiliani umaRlesi

saswavlo-samecniero dawesebuleba, romelic amzadebs sxvadasxva dargis

maRalkvalificiur specialistebs. universiteti uzrunvelyofs

kursdamTavrebulTa Rrma Teoriul da praqtikul momzadebas, rogorc

samecniero, ise pedagogiur sferoebSi.

1960-1970-ian wlebSi bevr evropul qveyanaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis

sistemam saxe icvala. am periodSi aRmocenebulma da gavrcelebulma

sistemebma Caanacvla omamdel periodSi Camoyalibebuli universitetebi.

evropis Tanamedrove umaRlesi ganaTlebis daxasiaTebis da aRweris

uamravi gza arsebobs. erT-erTi maTgania, daaxasiaTo gansxvavebuli

struqturebi RirebulebaTa sistemis mixedviT. magaliTad, evropuli

universitetis institutis (European University Institute) profesori klaudius

galerti gamoyofs evropuli universitetebis tradiciebis sam ZiriTad

mimarTulebas:

pirveli, istoriuli identificireba germaniasTan, codnis taZris

Seqmna da SenarCuneba universitetis mTavari misiaa; moxseniebuli

universiteti samecniero dawesebulebaa.

16

meore, safrangeTSi realizebuli Grandes écoles1, romlebic

gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobas maRali donis dargobrivi unarebis

SeZenaze amaxvileben; aq universiteti gamoiyureba rogorc

profesiuli dawesebuleba;

mesame, anglo-saqsonuri (an ufro zustad oqsfordis da kembrijis)

modeli, romelic koncentrirebulia profesionalizmis

ganviTarebaze; universiteti aq pirvel rigSi saswavlo, ufro

farTod kulturuli dawesebulebaa.

dReisaTvis, umaRlesi ganaTleba moicavs gansxvavebul tradiciebs,

bevrad ufro mets vidre es profesorma gelertma aRniSna – teqnikuri da

teqnologiuri ganaTleba, zrdasrulTa ganaTleba da a.S.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis gansxvavebuli tipebis ganxilva

mas Semdeg daiwyo, rac mimdinareobs saubari umaRles ganaTlebaze, rogorc

`seqtorze~ an (qve-) `sistemaze~. meore msoflio omamde,

multidisciplinaruli universitetebi evropis umetes qveyanaSi, sistemis

mwvervalis saxiT iyvnen warmodgenilni. metic, monodisciplinaruli

dawesebulebebi Tavdapirvelad maTTan Tanasworuflebian pirobebSi arc ki

ganixilebodnen. pirveli ori Tu sami dekadis Semdeg, es gansxvaveba

TandaTanobiT Camoirecxa. samedicino kolejebi, teqnikuri kolejebi da

bevri sxva koleji miRebul iqna rogorc universitetTan

Tanasworuflebiani, bevrma - magram ara yvelam – teqnikuri universitetis

saxeli dairqva da a.S.

gansxvavebulma mcdelobebma evropaSi 1960 wlidan umaRlesi

ganaTlebis meoradi seqtori warmoSva. SerCeul iqna sxvadasxva termini:

umaRlesi ganaTlebis `mokle wre~

`arasauniversiteto~ umaRlesi ganaTleba

umaRlesi ganaTlebis alternatiuli seqtori

profesiuli umaRlesi ganaTleba

1 Grandes écoles - grandzekol - amgvari dawesebulebebi teqnikuri xasiaTis umaRlesi saswavleblebia da principSi universitetis sistemis gareT iricxeba

17

profesionaluri umaRlesi ganaTleba

`axali~ umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebi an programebi

`kolejis seqtori~

nacionaluri tipebis CamonaTvalis seqtori mag. `Instituts

Universitaires de Technologie“, `Fachhochschulen“ da a.S.

Tumca, konsensusi metad misaReb terminze miRweuli ar iqna. iseT

asociacias, rogoricaa EURASHE2 (misi survilic iyo am seqtoris wardgena

da mxardaWera), terminisaTvis propaganda ar gauwevia. saerTo terminis

ararseboba siurprizi ar yofila, umetesoba am terminTagani seqtors Tavis

`did Zma~, e.i. universitetTan damokidebulebaSi gansazRvravs. umaRlesi

ganaTlebis `axal~ seqtors aRiarebis mopoveba ki universitetis Crdilis

gareTac surs.

safrangeTSi universitetebis reorganizaciam, 1968 wlis Semdgom

mimdinare movlenebma, gamoamJRavna universitetTa cota ar iyos

moZvelebuli struqtura. igi mecxramete saukunis Semdeg umniSvnelod iyo

Secvlili. xuTi wliT adre britaneTSi gafarTovda evropaSi yvelaze

arCevadi sauniversiteto sistema; samociani wlebis bolos, rogorc

umaRlesi ganaTlebis alternatiuli forma, daarsda politeqnikuri

saswavleblebi. germaniaSic msgavsi movlenebi ganviTarda. universitetebi

gafarTovdnen da mravalmimarTulebianni gaxdnen, gaZlierdnen dargobrivi

umaRlesi skolebi (Fachhochschuhlen). SvedeTSi, dekadiT gvian, universitetTa

da kolejTa unificirebuli sistema Camoyalibda. msgavsi procesebi evropis

gareTac mimdinareobda. yvelaze pirveli da aRsaniSnavi kaliforniis

umaRlesi ganaTlebis `mTavari (generaluri) gegma~ (`master plan”)

ganviTarebis mkafio magaliTia, romlis farglebSic Camoyalibda umaRlesi

ganaTlebis samsafexuriani sistema (Condron 1988; OECD 1989; Rothblatt 1992).

mopovebuli masalis analizis safuZvelze SeiZleba davaskvnaT, rom

reformis procesis orientirebi evropaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis mqone pirTa

2 EURASHE – European Association of Institutions in Higher Education – umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebaTa evropuli asociacia

18

raodenobriv zrdaze iyo mimarTuli. reforma ori mimarTulebiT

ganxorcielda: pirveli - arsebuli universitetebis gafarToeba da axali

universitetebis Camoyalibeba. evropis reqtorTa konferenciis (Conference of

European Rectors - CRE) wevr universitetTagan mesamedze meti 1960 wlis Semdeg

Camoyalibebuli universitetia. 1960-1970 wlebi SesaZloa daxasiaTdes,

rogorc evropuli univesitetebis ganviTarebis dinamiuri safexuri. meore –

sxva tipis (ara universitetis) umaRles saswavlebelTa modernizacia da

gafarToeba.

reformis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad sxvadasxva strategia iqna

SemoTavazebuli. zogierT qveyanaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis axali formebis

Camoyalibeba dakavSirebuli iyo universitetTa gafarToebisa da gardaqmnis

kursTan. magaliTad, safrangeTSi universitetTan arsebuli teqnologiuri

institutebi (IUT - Instituts Universitaires de Technologie) sazogadoebisaTvis

dargobrivi kursebis SeTavazebaze iyvnen orientirebuli. Tumca, rogorc

dasaxelebidan Cans, institutebi organulad dakavSirebulni iyvnen

tradiciuli universitetebis fakultetebTan. SvedeTSi, metad radikaluri

mimarTuleba iqna arCeuli. 1977 wlidan, saeqTno da maswavlebelTa

momzadebis kolejebi, romlebic manamade calkeuli dawesebulebebi iyvnen,

universitetebs SeuerTdnen.

sxva qveynebSi, calsaxad ormagi - `binaruli” mimarTuleba

Camoyalibda. saukeTeso magaliTi britaneTia, sadac politeqnikuri

saswavleblebi universitetebis alternativas warmoadgendnen. am or

seqtors Soris intensiuri konkurencia warmoiSva, Tumca isini erTmaneTis

Semavsebel da ara konkurentunarian seqtorebad ganixilebodnen.

universitetebis upiratesoba damtkicebul iqna, magram Zalisxmeva mainc

teqnikuri umaRlesi skolebisa da msgavsi dawesebulebebis ganviTarebisaken

iyo mimarTuli.

aRsaniSnavia, rom modernizaciis gansxvavebuli strategiebis mkacri

gamijvna marTebuli araa. formalurad unificirebul sistemaSic SeiniSneba

binaruli (Binary) maxasiaTeblebi. magaliTad, SvedeTSi gafarToebuli

19

universitetebis Serwyma arsebul tradiciul fakultetebsa da axlaxan

aRmocenebul kolejebs Soris, rogoricaa Zveli upsala (Uppsala) da axali

umea (Umea). msgavsad amisa binaruli sistema srulad ar SeiZleba iyos

Tanmimdevruli da logikuri. britaneTSi universitetis seqtoris gareT,

ormocdaaTian wlebSi Camoyalibda maRali teqnologiebis kolejebi.

aRniSnuli dawesebulebebi teqnologiur universitetebad mxolod

alternatiuli dawesebulebebis (`politeqnikumebis~) warmoSobis Semdeg

gardaiqmnen.

germaniaSi da niderlandebSi, araformaruli binaruli sistema

aRmocenda ara rogorc universitetebTan konkurirebadi alternatiuli

dawesebulebebis warmoqmnis Sedegi, aramed rogorc etapobrivad cvladi

saSualosSemdgomi (Post-secondary)3 ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis

ganviTarebuli saxe. mTavari cvlileba dakavSirebuli iyo ara umaRlesi

ganaTlebis, universitetebis tolZalovani dawesebulebebis

CamoyalibebasTan, aramed saSualosSemdgomi ganaTlebis gadaxalisebasTan

[49, 50].

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemuri organizaciis modelebi, sxvadasxva

avtoris mier sxvadasxvagvarad xasiaTdeba, SerCeulia gansxvavebuli

dasaxelebebi da klasifikaciis kriteriumebi. Cven SevCerdebiT e.w. skotis4

tipologiaze. mis mier SemoTavazebul sistemebis modificirebul variants

araerTi avtori gvTavazobs.

piter skotis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis organizaciis modelebi

Semdegnairia [45]:

pirveli modeli _ dualuri sistema (Dual system). universitetebi da

qveyanaSi moqmedi sxva tipis saSualosSemdgomi saswavleblebi

arseboben erTmaneTisagan damoukideblad, anu zustad ise, rogorc

moiazrebda Zveli ganaTlebis sistema.

3 saSualosSemdgomi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi – Post-secondary education institutions – saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebaTa rgoli umaRles da saSualo ganaTlebis dawesebulebebs Soris 4 Peter Scott – School of Education, University of Leeds, Leeds,UK

20

meore modeli _ binaruli sistema (Binary system). am sistemis

pirobebSi arsebobs universiteti da alternatiuli umaRlesi

saswavlebeli, romelic droisa da sazogadoebis dakveTis

Sesabamisad SeiZleba SeuerTdes universitets an iyos mis

daqvemdebarebaSi myofi calke erTeuli. am sistemaSi es rgoli

SeiZleba ganixilos, rogorc gardamavali Semadgeneli nawili

dualursa da binarul sistemas Soris.

mesame modeli _ unificirebuli sistema (Unified system). qveyanaSi

arsebuli yvela umaRlesi saswavlebeli ekuTvnis erTian sistemas

da formalurad ar diferencirdeba. saukeTeso magaliTia SvedeTi.

1992 wlidan britaneTSic Camoyalibda umaRlesi ganaTlebis

unificirebuli sistema – an ufro zustad, gansxvavebuli

unificirebuli sistemebi inglissa, uelssa da SotlandiaSi.

meoTxe modeli _ stratificirebuli sistema (Stratifies system).

qveyanaSi umaRlesi saswavleblebi erTian sistemas warmoadgenen da

klasificirebuli arian romelime prioritetuli niSnis mixedviT.

klasikuri SemTxvevis magaliTia kaliforniis `mTavari gegma~. (am

principiT qveyndeba saukeTeso universitetTa CamonaTvali).

miuxedavad zemoT aRniSnuli klasificirebisa, mkacri gamijvna am oTx

models Soris ar SeiZleba gakeTdes. gansxvaveba pirvel da meore models

Soris, rogorc wesi, ama Tu im konkretul SemTxvevaSi TiTqmis gaugebaria.

dualuri sistemebi, rogorc aRvniSneT, SedarebiT stabiluria, xolo

binaruli – SedarebiT arastabiluri. praqtikulad mudmivad mimdinareobs

maTi erTmaneTSi gadasvlis procesebi. binaruli sistemis gaZliereba da

ganviTareba Tavis mxriv xels uwyobs konkurentunariani garemos Seqmnas. es

cxadadaa asaxuli holandiisa magaliTze da nawilobriv Seesabameba

germaniis sistemas.

igive daskvnis gamotana SeuZlebelia safrangeTis magaliTis

moyvanisas, sadac arasauniversiteto seqtorma moipova sruluflebiani da

konkurentunariani statusi. sakmaod prestiJuli ` grandzekol” (grandes

21

écoles), Seqmnili iyo momavali `mmarTveli klasis~ aRsazrdelad. aq ar aris

aucilebeli umaRlesi ganaTlebis tipis saswavleblebi eqvemdebarebodnen

universitets. ufro metic, am saswavleblebs SeuZliaT ar aRiaron sxva

saswavleblis bakalavris xarisxi e.i. damoukideblobas inarCuneben.

aseve, wmindad unificirebulni ar arian arc SvedeTis (1977 wlidan)

da arc britaneTis (1992 wlidan) sistemebi. SvedeTSi 13 universiteti

calkeul privilegirebul jgufad darCa. isini uwyvetad sargebloben

kvlevisaTvis gankuTvnili yvela privilegiiT. britaneTSic msgavsi situacia

aRiniSneba.

miuxedavad imisa, ra statusis matarebelia umaRlesi skola, yvela

maTganSi moqmedebs erTiani mizani da principi, kerZod, kvleviTi fondebiT

unda dafinansdes is sferoebi, romlebzec didia sazogadoebis (sabazro)

dakveTa.

kaliforniis msgavsi umaRlesi skolebis stratificirebuli sistemis

magaliTi evropaSi ar moipoveba. Tumca misi elementebi bevr qveyanaSi

gvxvdeba. gansxvaveba universitetebsa da universitetis tipis kolejebs

Soris SvedeTSi ukve aRiniSna. evropaSi universitetTa umetesobas

doqtoranturis programebis monopolia aqvT mopovebuli. Tumca, arc erTi

maTgani kaliforniis modelis stratificirebas ar Seefereba.

amrigad, es oTxi modeli erT-erTi SesaZlo magaliTia imisa, rom

davaxasiaToT evropis rTuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema. Tumca,

damokidebuleba am oTx models Soris kvlav bundovania. arian isini

damoukidebelni, erTmaneTis alternatiulni an mimdevrobiTni,

gaurkvevelia. TiToeul qveyanas umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis

sakuTari gza aqvs.

evropuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis etapebi Semdegi

saxiT SeiZleba warmovidginoT:

22

sistema, romelSic dominirebs universiteti (University-dominated system)5:

sistema, romelSic universitetisagan gansxvavebuli yvela sxva

dawesebuleba warmodgenilia, rogorc saSualo an umetes SemTxvevaSi

teqnikuri ganaTlebis seqtori. universitetebi da arasrulyofili

saSualosSemdgomi dawesebulebebi ganixileba rogorc calkeuli

seqtorebi.

dualuri sistema (Dual system):

sistema, romelSic universitetisagan gansxvavebuli saswavlo

dawesebulebebi aRiarebulia, rogorc saSualosSemdgomi ganaTlebis rgoli

da universitetebis mxridan maTi koordinirebis sakiTxi oficialuradaa

miRebuli. bolo dros isini ganixilebian rogorc konkurirebadi

erTeulebi.

binaruli sistema (Binary system):

sistema, romelSic viTardeba ori paraleluri umaRlesi ganaTlebis

rgoli, erTi _ tradiciuli universitetebi, xolo meore _ `alternatiuli~

dawesebulebebi. (am ori calkeuli rgolis urTierTTanamSromlobis

tendencia maTi damatebiT konkurenciis saxiT arsebobs).

unificirebuli sistema (Unified system):

sistema, romelic moicavs rogorc tradiciul aseve sxva tipis umaRlesi

ganaTlebis dawesebulebebs. aseve mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos, rom

gaerTianebisas ara aqvs mniSvneloba dawesebulebis reputaciasa da

statuss.

stratificirebuli sistema (Stratified system)6:

5 University-dominated system – sistema, romelSic dominirebs universiteti avtors (piter skoti) mis Semdgomi wlis SromaSi [31] moxseniebuli aqvs rogorc divided system - calkeuli, dayofili sistema. 6 Stratified system - stratificirebuli sistema avtoris (piter skoti) momdevmo SromaSi [31] “market system” - `sabazro sistemis~ saxeliT, xolo svein kivinis statiaSi [16] - ganfenilis saxeliT moixsenieba

23

sistema, romelSic SenarCunebulia gansxvavebul saswavlebelTa erTiani

sistema, Tumca gansxvaveba fiqsirdeba rogorc Sinagan, aseve garegan

maxasiaTeblebSi (gansxvaveba aisaxeba politikuri dakveTisa an sabazro

saqmianobis mixedviT).

aRniSnuli sqema ar miuTiTebs TiToeul qveyanaSi umaRlesi

ganaTlebis ganviTarebis etapebs, aseve ar igulisxmeba, rom erTi sistema

meores gadafaravs an aucileblad mimdevrobiTi saxisaa.

qveynebis mixedviT umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis ganviTarebis etapebi

moyvanilia Semdeg sqemaze.

dualuri binaruli unificirebuli stratificirebuli

SvedeTi 1977

holandia 1992

germania (amJamadac gardaqmnis procesSia)

britaneTi 1965 1992

safrangeTi 1969? (araordinaluri da rTuli sistema) ?1969

avstralia 1988

kalifornia 1960

aRsaniSnavia, rom etapebis diferenciacia pirobiTi xasiaTisaa,

metadre individualuri damokidebulebis sakiTxia. radgan calkeuli

qveynis erTmniSvnelovnad, romelime sistemaze mikuTvneba SeuZlebelia,

avtorTa mier gamoTqmul azrTa mravalferovnebaSi sxvadasxva Sexeduleba

ikveTeba.

vinaidan, qveynebis mixedviT sauniversiteto da arasauniversiteto

rgolis sistemuri gansxvavebebis dafiqsireba calsaxad SeuZlebelia,

gadavwyviteT umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtoris Tanamedrove tendenciebi

24

TiToeuli qveynisaTvis cal-calke gangvexila. dainteresebuli mkiTxveli

detalur informacias danarTSi SeiZleba gaecnos.

magaliTisaTvis SesaZloa mxolod germaniis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

sistema ganvixiloT. wyaroebSi igi, rogorc wmindad binaruli, dualuri an

maTi kombinaciis saxeliT aris moxseniebuli.

umaRlesi ganaTleba germaniaSi7

rogorc aRvniSneT, Tanamedrove umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtori,

struqturulad sxvadasxvagvar modelebadaa dayofili. ganmartebaTa

mravalferovnebaSi, germaniis magaliTisaTvis ori - dualuri (Dual system) da

binaruli (Bynary system) sistemis tipis gamoyofaa SesaZlebeli.

dualuri sistema (Dual System) – sistema, romelSic sxvadasxva

dawesebulebebi aRiarebulia, rogorc saSualosSemdgomi (Postsecondary)

seqtori. garda amisa, daSvebulia koordinacia universitetebsa da

`axlebur~ dawesebulebebs Soris, aseve ganixileba kategoriuli

daqvemdebarebis sakiTxebic.

binaruli sistema (Bynary system) – sistema, romelSic

arasauniversiteto dawesebulebebi ganixileba, rogorc umaRlesi

ganaTlebis sistemis calkeuli nawili. sistema dayofilia or calkeul

seqtorad – tradiciuli universitetebi da `alternatiuli~

dawesebulebebi.

praqtikaSi, gansxvaveba dualur da binarul sistemas Soris xSirad

gaugebaria. arsebobs dualuri sistemisaTvis stabiluri tendencia,

romelSic dawesebulebebis gansxvavebuli tipebi moipoveben calkeul da

zogadad damatebiT rols, raTa ganviTardes SedarebiT arastabiluri

binaruli sistema. binaruli sistemis gaZliereba da ganviTareba Tavis

mxriv xels uwyobs konkurentunariani garemos Seqmnas.

7 warmodgenili masala eyrdnoba umaRlesi ganaTlebis politikis Semswavleli centris (CHEPS - Center for Higher Education Policy Sudies) yovelwliur saxelmwifo angariSs [26].

25

dReisaTvis germaniis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema warmodgenilia

tradiciuli sauniversiteto seqtorisa da umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebaTa SedarebiT axali seqtorisagan. `axali seqtori~

sxvadasxvagvarad, `arasauniversiteto seqtoris~ an e.w. `axali tipis

universitetebis~ saxeliT moixsenieba.

germaniis arsebuli umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebi sami tipis

universitetebad SeiZleba davyoT:

pirveli tipi – klasikuri `uZvelesi~ universitetebi, romelTa

istoriuli fesvebi Sua saukuneebidan iwyeba. germaniis uZvelesi

haidelbergis universiteti (1386w), vilhelm fon humboltis mier

daarsebuli berlinis universiteti (1810w), universiteti fraiburgSi,

tiubingenSi da sxva.

meore tipi – universitetebi, romlebmac TavianTi statusi teqnikuri

da sxva dargobrivi saswavleblebis universitetebas gardqmniT moipoves.

magaliTad hanoveris, umaRlesma teqnikurma skolam 1968 wels teqnikuri

universitetis statusi miiRo, xolo Semdgom 1978 wels universitetad

gardaiqmna. am jgufs teqnikuri universitetebi (Technische Universitaeten) da

maTTan gaTanabrebuli teqnikuri umaRlesi skolebi (Technische Hochschulen)

miekuTvneba (aaxeni, darmStati). sazRvari teqnikur universitetsa da

ubralod universitets Soris xSirad pirobiTia. universitetSi teqnikuri

fakultetia da teqnikur universitetSi humanitaruli ganyofileba

arsebobs.

mesame tipi – umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebi, romlebic

ukanaskneli 30-40 wlis ganmavlobaSi, germaniaSi umaRlesi ganaTlebisaken

miswrafebis pikze warmoiSven (universitetebi rurSi, boxumSi). momzadebis

mimarTulebaTa mravalferovnebaSi arc erT maTgans, ar SeuZliaT klasikur

universitetebTan konkurireba. samagierod aq kvlevis Tanamedrove meTodTa

danergvis eqsperimentebi tardeba uxvad.

26

amgvari formulirebis garda, umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebis

kategoriebad dayofis ramdenime varianti arsebobs. Tumca yvelaze xSirad

Semdeg tipebs ganasxvaveben:

- umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebi (Fachhochschule) administraciul-

profesiuli (Verwaltungsfachhochschule) saswavleblebis CaTvliT.

- universitetebi, teqnikuri universitetebi, universiteti-erToblivi

umaRlesi saswavleblebi (Universitaeten-Gesamthochschulen), pedagogiuri

umaRlesi saswavleblebi, Teologiuri umaRlesi skolebi.

- xelovnebis umaRlesi saswavlebeli da samusiko umaRlesi

saswavleblebi.

aRniSnuli tipebis garda, arsebobs specialuri umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebi, romlebic mxolod garkveuli jgufebis mieraa aRiarebuli

(magaliTad federaluri SeiaraRebuli Zalebis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebi). aseve, calkeul administraciul erTeulebze (miwebze)

organizebuli profesiuli akademiebi (Berufsakademien) tertiaruli seqtoris

(tertiary sector)8 oficialuri nawilia. dawesebulebaTa udidesi nawili

saxelmwifo seqtors miekuTvneba, aseve arsebobs `kerZo~ dawesebulebebic.

am SemTxvevaSi kerZo ar unda iqnas aRqmuli sityva-sityviT, am

dawesebulebebisaTvis arsebobs igivenairi moTxovnebi rac saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebisaTvis. am TvalsazrisiT, termini `saxelmwifos mier

aRiarebuli~ (80 dawesebuleba) ufro metad Sesaferisia.

2002 wlisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis sul arsebuli 345

dawesebulebis garda, arsebobs 70-mde `realurad~ kerZo dawesebuleba.

rogorc wesi, patara da konkretuli disciplinebisaTvis gankuTvnil

dawesebulebebSi daaxloebiT 20 000 studenti iricxeba.

8 tertiary - mesameuli, mikuTvnebukli mesame rangs, seqtors, klass; tertiary education - oficialuri, arasavaldebulo ganaTlebaa, romelic saSualo ganaTlebas Semdgomi safexuria

27

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebi

struqtura

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebi (Fachhochschulen) germaniSi,

rogorc umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis axali tipi, 1970 wlidan daarsda.

umaRles profesiul saswavleblebSi swavleba mkacrad mimarTulia

profesiuli saqmianobis moTxovnebsa da saWiroebebze. rogorc wesi

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavlebebSi profesiaTa limitirebuli raodenoba

iswavleba. swavlebasTan erTad umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebSi

damatebiT, gamoyenebiTi kvleva da daskvnebis gamotana moiTxoveba. 1992

wlidan, mniSvnelovani gaxda programa `gamoyenebiTi kvleva da ganviTareba

umaRles profesiul saswavleblebSi~ (Applied Research and Development at

Fachhochschulen). es programa, damoukidebeli dawesebulebis gamoyenebiTi

kvlevis da proeqtebis dasafinanseblad iqna Seqmnili. umaRlesi

profesiuli saswavleblebis amocana teqnologiebisa da codnis gadacemis

regionalur rolTanacaa dakavSirebuli.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebi gansakuTrebul yuradRebas

raodenonebriv sakiTxebs aqceven: studentebis raodenobas, saswavlo

kursebis raodenobas. zogierT umaRles profesiul saswavlebels

specifiuri regionaluri maxasiaTeblebidan gamomdinare, specializaciaTa

calkeuli CamonaTvali aqvT. dawesebulebebs Soris didi gansxvaveba aseve

miwebis mixedviTac aRiniSneba. dReisaTvis, umaRlesi ganaTlebis studentTa

TiTqmis 25% umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebis programebSia Cawerili.

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebis raodenoba 90-ian wlebSi SedarebiT

gaizarda. 2002 wels saxelmwifosa da samecniero sabWos (Wissenschaftsrat)

miznebidan gamomdinare ki mcired daiklo.

umaRles profesiul saswavlebelTa garkveuli raodenoba (31)

saxelmwifo administirebis saqmeSi (Verwaltungsfachhochschulen) specialur

rols TamaSobs. aRniSnuli saswavleblebi saxelmwifo moxeleebs e.w.

maRali donis saxelmwifo saqmianobisaTvis amzadeben. isini sxvadasxva

28

federaluri da miwebis saministroebis mier finansdebian. miReba mxolod

saxelmwifo moxeleebisTvisaa daSvebuli.

arsebobs mimarTulebaTa CamonaTvali, romlebic umaRlesi

profesiuli saswavleblebSi, saerTo jamSi 50 saswavlo kursiT

Semoifargleba:

1. inJineria

2. ekonomika

3. administrireba da samarTlis administireba

4. socialuri saqmianoba

5. janmrTeloba da Terapia

6. religiuri ganaTleba

7. maTematika

8. kompiuteruli mecnierebebi

9. informaciisa da komunikaciis swavleba

10. dieturi da saojaxo mecnierebebi

11. xelovneba, dizaini da restavracia

am kursebis garda, romlebic rogorc, wesi xarisxis pirvel doneze (first

degree) tardeba, arsebobs Semdgomi swavlebis (further study), damatebiTi da

damamTavrebeli kursebi (posrgraduale Studiengaenge). aRniSnuli kursebi Sedian

pirveli xarisxebis SemadgenlobaSi da aviTareben profesiul unarebs,

aZliereben da amaRleben specializaciis dones an swavlebis sxva kursebis

paralelurad tardebian. uwyveti ganaTlebisagan gansxvavebiT, am formalur

xarisxisSemdgom kursebs (formal postgraduate courses), rogorc wesi, pirveli

saswavlo wlis Semdeg mimdevrobiT an parlelurad irCeven. igi umaRlesi

ganaTlebis xarisxis mopovebas uwyobs xels.

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebis daaxloebiT erTi mesamedi,

internacionaluri xarisxis programebs (International degree Programmes)

sTavazobs studentebs. amgvari programebis garkveuli nawili

sazRvargareTis dawesebulebasa Tu kompaniebSi mimdinareobs. zogierTi

aseTi programa, umaRlesi skolis reqtorebis konferenciis (HRK) da

29

germanuli akademiuri gacvliTi samsaxuris (DAAD) mxardaWeriT

mimdinareobs.

programebis Sinaarsi

germaniis universitetebSi swavlebis da gamocdebis procesis

organizebis saxelmwifo wesi, umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebzec

vrceldeba. samecniero kvlevisa da akademiuri swavlebis, aseve akademiuri

xarisxebis Sesatyvisi standartebis uzrunvelsayofis mizniT,

administraciuli miwebis ganaTlebisa da kulturis ministrebis

regularuli konferenciis mier, umaRlesi profesiuli

saswavleblebisaTvis gamoqveynebuli iyo dadgenileba `zogadi

dadgenilebebi sadiplomo gamocdebis regulirebisaTvis - umaRlesi

profesiuli saswavleblebSi~ (Allgemeine Bestimmungen für Diplomprüfungsordnungen -

FH). es dadgenilebebi gaTvaliswinebuli unda iyos TiToeuli sagnis

Sinaarsis regulirebis dros.

programis struqtura

TiToeuli programa dayofilia sabaziso (Grundstudium) da ZiriTad

(Hauptstudium) seqtorad. G sabazo safexuri (Grundstudium) swavlis periodi

oTx semestramdea. igi saSualo donis diplomis gamocdiT sruldeba

(Diplomvorpruefung). ZiriTadi safexuri (Hauptstudium) swavlebis seqtoris

xangrZlivoba, rogorc wesi, 9 semestriania da diplomis gamocdiT

(Diplompruefung) sruldeba. semestrebi martidan agvistomde da seqtembridan

Tebervlamde mimdinareobs. semestri, rogorc wesi 19 kvira grZeldeba,

saswavlo saaTebis umetesoba leqciebze ixarjeba. sagamocdo regulireba

sagnebis mixedviT xdeba. dadgenilebebi gamocdebis Sesaxeb umaRlesi

profesiuli saswavleblebis mier iwereba da aRiarebisaTvis gadaecema

administraciuli miwis mecnierebaTa samisistros.

1998 wels umaRlesi skolis CarCo kanonma (Hochschulrahmengesetz HRG),

dawesebulebebs, arsebuli sadiplomi programebis gverdiT sabakalavro da

30

samagistro programebis danergva moTxova. bakalavris programebi sam an

oTx wels SeiZleba grZeldebodes, magistris programebi ki Semdgom erT an

or wels. im SemTxvevaSi Tu sabakalavro da samagistro programebi

erTmaneTis gamgrZelebel blokad iqna Camoyalibebuli, swavlis

maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba xuTi wliT limitirdeba. dReisaTvis,

mimdevrobiT modelze srulad programaTa nawilia gadasuli. arsebobs

sabakalavro da samagistro programebis sakmarisi raodenoba..

kursis dizaini

saswavlo kursis dizaini da swavlebis dagegmva umaRlesi

profesiuli saswavleblebSi mWidrodaa dakavSirebuli praqtikul

moTxovnebsa da profesiul saWiroebebze. praqtikis semestrebis

(Praxissemester) ganmavlobaSi, dawesebulebis gareT, praqtikuli gamocdilebis

SeZena cxovrebiseuli momavalia. umaRles profesiul saswavleblebSi

saswavlo personali da sagnobrivi kursebi gamoyenebiT mecnierebebsa da

ganviTarebad proeqtebze muSaoben, rac amgvari dawesebulebebis

maxasiaTebelia.

dualuri sistema

ukanasknel wlebSi, umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebma dargobrivi

akademiebis (Berufsakademien) msgavsi adaptacia gaiares, gansakuTrebiT

inJineriisa da biznesis menejmentis mimarTulebiT. warmodgenili kursebi,

dualuri sistemis (Duales system) mimarTulebis Sesabamisad, akademiur

swavlebas samuSaoze miRebul (on-the-job training) gamocdilebasa Tu

dasaqmebasTan akavSireben. es kursebi `swavlebisa da praqtikis kombinaciis

kursebis~ (Studiengaenge im Praxisverbund) saxelwodebiTaa cnobili an

`kooperatiuli swavlebis kursebis~ (Kooperative studiengaenge) saxeliT

moixsenieba. studentebs utardebaT treiningebi an uformdebaT

damqiraveblis kontraqti. swavlebis periodi da samuSao gamocdileba

gansxvavebuli modelis (Teoria da praqtika paralelurad e.w. sandwich an

31

mimdevrobiTi modeli - Consecutive model) an saswavlo regulirebis mixedviT

nawildeba. diplomis xarisxi (Diplomgrad), romelSic miTiTebulia sityva

`Fachhochschuhle~, studentebs programis dasrulebis Semdeg mieniWebaT.

miReba

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebSi Casaricxad saWiroa mowmoba,

rogoricaa, erTis mxriv, umaRles saswavlebelSi misaRebi zogadi

kvalifikacia (Allgemeine Hochschulreife), an umaRles saswavlebelSi misaRebi

kvalifikacia dargebis mixedviT (Fachgebundene Hochschulreife), an meores mxriv,

dargobriv umaRles saswavlebelSi misaRebi kvalifikacia (Fachhochschulreife),

romlis mopovebac, dargobrivi saSualo skolis maRal klasebSi

(Fachoberschule) SeiZleba. rogorc wesi, visac aqvs umaRles saswavlebelSi

misaRebi kvalifikacia (Hochschulreife), man aucileblad unda gaiaros

praqtikuli treiningi an praqtikuli internatura. Tumca, kvalifikacia

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebisaTvis aseve SeiZleba mopovebuli

iqnas damatebiTi klasebis gavliT dargobriv skolebSi. magaliTad,

Berufsfachschulen an Fachschulen-Si. damatebiT, garkveul kursze Casaricxad

aucileblobiT moiTxoveba manamade miRebuli praqtikuli gamocdileba.

garkveul kursebze (mag. dizaini) Casaricxad, umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebi

kvalifikaciis garda, moiTxoveba xelovnebisadmi midrekilebis

damadasturebeli sabuTebi. dReisaTvis umaRlesi profesiuli

saswavleblebis abiturientebs aqvT umaRles saswavlebelSi misaRebi

zogadi kvalifikacia, romlis saSualebiTac maT universitetSic SeuZliaT

Cabareba. SedarebisaTvis 1975 wels amgvari kvalifikaciis mflobeli

studentebis mxolod 20% abarebda umaRles profesiul saswavlebelSi.

TiTqmis yvela administraciul miwaze arsebobs alternatiuli gza im

abiturientebisaTvis, romelTac gaaCniaT dargobrivi kvalifikacia, magram

ar aqvT umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebi kvalifikacia. abiturientma unda

daamtkicos, rom mas gaaCnia umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebad saWiro codna

da unarebi. gaiaros misaRebi procedurebi (mag. swavlebis garkveuli

32

periodiT Cairicxos pirobiTad) an Caabaros misaRebi gamocdebi umaRles

profesiul saswavleblebSi (mag. Sefasebis an vargisianobis testi,

interviu). abiturientebis wina gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, rogorc wesi,

IReben uflebas Cairicxon umaRlesi ganaTlebis swavlebis specifiur

kursze.

ucxoeli abiturientebisaTvis (aplikantebisTvis) damatebiT zogierTi

wesis dakmayofilebaa saWiro. isini aseve iricxebian umaRles profesiul

saswavlebelSi, Tuki gaaCniaT eqvivalenturi ucxouri xarisxi da SeuZliaT

daakmayofilon germanuli enis garkveuli codnis done.

TiTqmis yvela umaRles profesiul saswavlebelSi, studentTa didi

raodenobis gamo, SezRudulia sagnebze Cawera. sagnebze misaReb adgilTa

raodenoba umaRlesi profesiuli saswavlebelebis mier ganisazRvreba,

rogorc wesi, saSualo niSanTa da lodinis periodis mixedviT.

gamocdebi da xarisxebi umaRles profesiul saswavlebelSi (Fachschulen)

swavlebis standartuli periodi (Regelstudienzeit) TiToeuli

kursisaTvis sagamocdo instruqciebiT (Pruefungsordnung) fiqsirdeba.

instruqciebis Sinaarsi damokidebulia saswavlo kurssa da im droisaTvis

Casabarebel gamocdebze. cxra semestridan, erTi an ori praqtikuli

semesteri (Praxissemester) TiTqmis yvela specialobaze savaldebuloa.

saSualod, studentebi swavlebis dasamTavreblad damatebiT erT an or

semestrs iReben.

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebi xarisxis Sesabamis diplomebs

dasrulebuli saswavlo kursebis mixedviT aniWeben. xarisxi aRniSnavs

specialobas da imas, rom igi gacemulia umaRlesi profesiuli

saswavleblis (Fachschulen) mier: magaliTad inJineris diplomi - dargobrivi

umaRlesi saswavlebeli (Diplomingineur (Fachhochschule)), abriviatura Dipl. Ing.

(FH). zogierT umaRlesi profesiul saswavlebels aqvs SeTanxmeba ucxour

universitetTan an sxva umaRlesi skolis dawesebulebasTan. SeTanxmebis

Tanaxmad studenti iRebs ucxouri xarisxs germanul diplomTan erTad.

33

Semdgomi swavleba (Further study), damatebiT da Semavsebel kursebs

(Postgraduale Studiengaenge) sTavazobs studentebs. igi ZiriTadad bolo sami

semestris ganmavlobaSi mimdinareobs da meore diplomis xarisxiT (Second

Diplom degree) an akademiur miRwevis damadasturebeli sertifikatiT

sruldeba. doqtoris xarisxis mopoveba umaRles profesiul saswavlebelSi

SeuZlebelia, es xarisxi, mxolod xarisxis miniWebis uflebis (Doktorgrad)

mflobeli universitetebis an maTi eqvivalenturi umaRlesi saswavleblebis

mier gaicema.

universitetebi9

struqtura

germaniaSi tradiciuli universitetebis gverdiT, universitetis statusiT

sabunebismetyvelo da sainJinro profilis specializirebulni teqnikuri

universitetebic (Technische Hochschulen an Technische Universitaeten) sargebloben.

1970 wlis Semdeg Seqmnili erToblivi universitetebi (Gesamthochschulen)

SeiZleba mivakuTvnoT universitetebis specialur tipebs, Tumca maTi

popularoba garkveulwilad dabalia. am tipis Svidi universiteti -

erToblivi umaRlesi skola (Universitaet-Gesamthochschulen) darCenilia mxolod

hesenis da nordrain-vestfaliis miwebze. isini saswavlo akademiur,

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebs da e.w. integrirebul kursebsac

atareben. kvalifikaciebs sami an oTxi wlis Semdeg, universitetis statusis

eqvivalentur statuss aniWeben. iseTi dawesebulebebi rogoricaa,

Teologiuri umaRlesi skolebi (Theologische Hochschulen) da pedagogiuri

umaRlesi skolebi (Paedagogische Hochschulen), kursebis SedarebiT SezRuduli

raodenoba iswavleba.

yvela am dawesebulebas kanonmdeblobiT aqvs tradiciuli ufleba

momxmarebels SesTavazon doqtorantura (Doctorgrad) da doqtoranturis

Semdgomi swavlebis kvalifikacia (Habilitation).

9 am seqtorSi moqceulia, calke gansaxilveli informacia xelovnebisa da musikis kolejebis seqtoris Sesaxeb.

34

umaRlesi skolis CarCo pirobebis gaTvaliswinebiT

(Hochschulrahmengesetz), universiteti studentebs garkveuli profesiuli

sferosaTvis amzadebs, aZlevs maT profilis Sesabamis gansakuTrebul

codnas, uviTarebs unarebs ise, rom warmarTon mecnieruli an SemoqmedebiTi

saqmianoba.

universitetebis saswavlo mimarTulebebi

universitetebi, rogorc wesi, saganTa farTo arCevans sTavazoben

studentebs. saganTa raodenoba varirebs dawesebulebaTa Soris, erTad maTi

raodenoba 330-s Seadgens da 6800 gansxvavebuli xarisxis kurss iTvlis.

yvelaze gavrcelebuli mimarTulebebia:

- ena da humanitaruli mecnierebebi, sporti

- iurisprudencia, ekonomika da socialuri mecnierebebi

- maTematika, sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebebi

- medicina

- agronomia, metyeveoba, dieturi(kvebasTan dakavSirebuli) mecnierebebi

- sainJinro mecnierebebi

garda amisa, xelovnebis da samusiko profiliT, germaniaSi arsebobs

umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebebi, romelTac kolejebi hqviaT.

xelovnebisa da samusiko kolejebis saswavlo mimarTulebebi

xelovnebis kolejebi studentebs sTavazoben kursebs vizualur, dizainisa

da SemoqmedebiT xelovnebaSi. samusiko kolejebi sxvadasxva sagnebs,

zogjer Teoriul disciplinebTan kombinaciis saxiTac aswavlian

(SemoqmedebiTi xelovneba da xelovnebis istoria, musikaTmcodneoba, musikis

swavlebis istoria, da bolo wlebSi gavrcelebuli mediis axali

sferoebi). zogierTi koleji xelovnebis saganTa srul speqtrs aswavlis,

zogierTi ki garkveul mimarTulebs sTavazobs studentebs.

35

gamocdebi da xarisxebi universitetebSi

standartuli swavlebis periodi (Regelstudienzeit) gamocdebis instruqciebis

safuZvelze (Pruefungsordnungen) TiToeuli saswavlo programisaTvis

individualurad fiqsirdeba. kursis swavlebis xangrZlovobis (da

gamocdebis Cabarebis) periodi Sesabamisi instruqciiT ganisazRvreba.

umetesoba kursebisa oTxnaxevari weli grZleldeba, zogierTi ufro

metxans (mag. medicinis swavleba grZeldeba eqvsi weli da sami Tve).

saSualod, miuxedavad amisa, yvela studenti swavlis dasasruleblad

damatebiT erT an or wels iRebs.

akademiur xarisxebis mosapoveblad, studentebi abareben akademiur,

saxelmwifo da saeklesio gamocdebs. rogorc wesi, profesiuli

kvalifikaciis miniWeba gamocdebis Cabarebis safuZvelze xdeba. umaRlesi

ganaTlebis dawesebulebebs kanonieri ufleba aqvT Tavad Caataron

gamocdebi (Hochschulpruefungen). akademiuri xarisxi mieniWebaT Semdegi ori

tipis akademiuri gamocdis safuZvelze xdeba:

- sadiplomo gamocda (Diplompruefung) (romelic aniWebs diplomis

xarisxs (Diplomgrad) da wodebas, mag. fsiqologis diplomi)

- samagistro gamocda (Magisterpruefung) (romelic aniWebs magistris

xarisxs (Magistergrad) da wodebas, magaliTad, Magister Artium - MA).

saswavlo kursebi, romlebic sruldeba diplomiT (Diploma) Semoifargleba

mxolod erTi sferoTi, xolo is kursebi, romlebic magistris xarisxiT

sruldeba, moicavs specialobaTa kombinacias, rogorc wesi, erT ZiriTad

(Major) da or meorexarisxovan (Minor) sferoebs, an or Tanasworuflebian

Major sferos.

1998 wlis umaRlesi skolis CarCo kanoni (HRG), ukve arsebuli Diplom

da Magister programebis paralelurad, sTavazobs universitetebs

warmoadginon sabakalavro da samagistro (MASTER) programebi. bakalavro

programebi SeiZleba iyos sam an oTx wliani, samagistro programebi

swavlebis erTi an ori weli. im SemTxvevaSi Tu sabakalavro da samagistro

programebi erTmaneTis Tanmimdevrul blokad iqna Camoyalibebuli, swavlis

36

maqsimaluri xangrZlivoba xuT wels Seadgens. arsebobs sabakalavro da

samagistro programebis didi raodenoba (gansakuTrebiT maTematikaSi,

sabunebismetyvelo da humanitarul mecnierebebSi bakalavriatis doneze, da

sainJinro pogramebi samagistro doneze). umaRlesi skolis reqtorTa

konferenciaze (Hochschulrektorenknferenz) `umaRlesi skolis kompasma”

(Hochschulkompass) aRricxa TiTqmis aTasi sabakalavro da samagistro

programa (55). Tumca am programebze msurvelTa raodenoba SedarebiT

mwiria. germaniis umaRlesi ganaTlebis kursTa mxolod 10% mimdinareobs

inglisurad. (Klemperer et al., 2002).

germaniis kanonmdeblobiT, saxelmwifo gamocdebiT (Staatpruefung)

aucileblobiT unda sruldebodes sazogadoebisaTvis gansakuTrebuli

mniSvnelobis profesiis mimniWebeli kursebi. aseTebia medicina,

stomatologia, veterinaruli medicina, farmacia, kvebis qimia,

iurisprudencia da ganaTleba. saxelmwifo gamocdis Catarebis standarti

Seesabameba akademiur gamocdebs. aqedan gamomdinare, gansxvaveba saxelmwifo

da akademiur gamocdebs Soris principSi formaluri xasiaTisaa.

saxelmwifo gamocdebis Catarebis Semdeg, saxelmwifo gamomcdelebi,

universitetis profesorebTan SeTanxmebiT, gamocdebis Sedegebs aqtis saxiT

warmoadgenen. saeklesio gamocdebi tardeba Teologiuri sferos

gaTvaliswinebiT da zustad asaxavs saxelmwifo gamocdebis xarisxs.

momavali iuristebi da maswavleblebi, pirveli saxelmwifo gamocdis

Semdeg, gadian treinings e.w. mosamzadebel serviss (Vorbereitungsdienst),

romelic sruldeba Semdgomi saxelmwifo gamocdiT. kursdamTavrebuls

mxolod meore saxelmwifo gamocdis Cabarebis Semdeg eZleva profesiul

sferoSi praqtikis gavlis ufleba.

gamocdebi da xarisxebi xelovnebisa da musikalur kolejebSi

xelovanis kvalifikacia germaniaSi eniWebaT pirveli xarisxis kursis

(Diplom) damTavrebisas. xelovnebis treiningebTan erTad, xelovnebis

kolejebi atareben iseTi tipis saswavlo kursebsac, romelic studentebs

37

saxelmwifo gamocdebis Cabarebis (Staatpruefung) da Semdgomi mosamzadebeli

servisis (Vorbereitungsdienst) gavlisas skolebSi xelovnebisa an musikis

swavlebis uflebas aZlevs. swavlis gagrZelebis SemTxvevaSi, damatebiTi da

momdevno kursebis (postgraduale Studiengaenge) gavlis Semdeg studentebs

mieniWebaT xelovnebis skolis studentis (Meisterschueler) wodeba, xelovanis

kvalifikaciis damadasrulebeli mowmoba (Kuenstlerische Reifepruefung),

sakoncerto gamocdis damadasturebeli mowmoba (Konzerterxamen) an Semdgomi

xarisxis diplomi (Diplom). sabolood, umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirveli

kvalifikaciis mopovebis Semdeg, profesiul saqmianobaSi Cabmamde,

studentebs aseve doqtoranturis gavla SeuZliaT.

xelovnebisa da musikis kolejebma (iseve rogorc Teologiurma

umaRlesma skolebma (Theologische Hochschulen) da pedagogiurma umaRlesma

skolebma (Paedagogische Hochschulen)) gadawyvites ar warmoadginon sabakalavro

da samagistro programebi. xelovnebisa da musikis kolejebma magistris

donis gamoyofa maT sferoSi azrs moklebulad CaTvales. Teologiuri

saswavleblebi didad arian damokidebuli kursdamTavrebulTa dasaqmebis

arealze (mag. eklesiebi, skolebi). am saswavleblebs jer ar aqvT danergili

sabakalavro da samagistro programebi, magram didi wnexis gamo

iZulebulni iqnebian gadavidnen swavlebis am modelze. (Klemperer et al., 2002).

kursebis Sinaarsi universitetebSi

saswavlo kursTa struqtura da Sinaarsi gansazRvrulia saswavlo

instruqciebiT (Studienordnungen) da sagamocdo wesebiT (Pruefungsoednungen).

instruqciebSi aRwerilia konkretul klasebSi saaTobrivi datvirTvis is

raodenoba, romelic saWiroa umaRlesi ganaTlebis TiToeuli safexuris

(sabaziso - Grundstudium da ZiriTadi - Hauptstudium) saswavlo kursis

warmatebiT dasrulebisaTvis, miTiTebulia romeli sagania savaldebulo,

arCeviTi da arasavaldebulo. saswavlo debulebaSi aseve aRniSnulia

serTifikatis forma, romelic mieniWebaT specialuri klasebis gavlisas.

amgvari debulebebis Sesaxeb informacias studentebi srulad floben.

38

aRniSnuli procedura TiToeuli departamentis kurikulumis dagegmvis

erT-erTi sabaziso safuZvelia.

sagamocdo wesebiTa Tu instruqciebiT (Pruefungsoednungen), aseve

dadgenilia swavlebis standartuli periodi (Regelstudienzeit), misaRebi

moTxovnebi, gamocdebze misaniWebeli kreditebis raodenoba, disertaciis

dasasruleblad daSvebuli periodi, sagamocdo standartebs, procedurebi

da sagnebi.

germaniaSi, sxvadasxva administraciuli erTeulis (miwebis)

ganaTlebisa da kulturis saqmeTa saministroebis regularulma

konferenciam da umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis reqtorebisa da

prezidentebis konferenciam (Hochschulrektorenkonferenz), saswavlo

dawesebulebebSi sagamocdo instruqciaTa regulaciis mizniT, Seadgina

`saswavlo da sagamocdo instruqciebis maregulirebeli erToblivi

komisia~ (“Joint Commission for the Coordination of Study and Examination Regulations”),

romelmac SeimuSava ZiriTadi dadgenilebebi gamocdebisa da struqturis

tipis Sesaxeb TiToeuli saswavlo kursis (Magister, Diplom) doneze.

akademiuri weli sauniversiteto seqtorSi

akademiuri weli or semestradaa dayofili, zafxulis semestri

mimdinareobs aprilidan agvistomde, zamTris semestri oqtombridan

martamde. xuTTvian periodebSi studentebs aqvT dro individualuri

mecadineobisaTvis, praqtikuli samuSao gamocdilebis miRebisa da

gamocdebis momzadebisaTvis.

universitetebSi semestris ganmavlobaSi kvireuli saauditorio saaTebi

umaRlesi dawesebulebebis mier SeTavazebuli yvela kursi

eqvivalentur kvalifikaciebiT (Diplom, Magister, Staatpruefung) sruldeba.

kvalifikaciebi gansazRvrulia `saswavlo da sagamocdo instruqciebis

maregulirebeli erToblivi komisis~ (“Joint Commission for the Coordination of Study

and Examination Regulations~) mier. komisia aseve aregulirebs saswavlo kursebis

raodenobriv monacemebs, gansakuTrebiT swavlebis standartul periods

39

(Regelstudienzeit), savaldebulo da arasavaldebulo sagnebis saaTobriv

datvirTvas da saganTa ganawilebas, gamocdebis Semdeg miniWebad

sertifikatebs (Leistungsnachweise), gamocdebis detalebs da saboloo

Tezisebis dasrulebisaTvis saWiro periods.

semestris ganmavlobaSi saWiro saswavlo saaTebis raodenoba

damokidebulia umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebis saswavlo

instruqciebze. TiToeuli sagnisaTvis ganisazRvreba semestris

ganmavlobaSi saauditorio kvireuli saaTebi (Semesterwochenstunden).

Cveulebriv, universitetebis kursebi studentTa saswavlo datvirTvis

debulebis (Regelstudienzeit) gaTvaliswinebiT an standartuli swavlebiT,

saSualod 9 semestrs moicavs 160 saaTiani datvirTviT (20 kvireuli

saauditorio saaTi, 8 saswavlo semestri). es sqema gacilebiT izrdeba,

rodesac kursi praqtikul treiningebs an laboratoriul samuSaos moicavs.

periodi, romelic cnobilia `daswrebis periodis~ (saauditorio datvirTva)

saxelwodebiT, saswavlo kursis dasrulebis mxolod erTi aspeqtia.

damatebiT, studentebma drois mniSvnelovani nawili unda daxarjon

damoukidebel muSobaze, moemzadon individualuri mecadineobisaTvis an

dauTmon yuradReba specialobaSi im damatebiT mimarTulebebs, romelic

araa SemoTavazebuli kursis mimdinareobisas. dReisaTvis, yovelTvis

SesaZlebeli araa drois nawilobrivi datvirTviT (Part-time) swavlis

gaformeba, kursebis organizebisas didi yuradReba eTmoba mosamsaxure da

im studetebis moTxovnebs, romelTac Svilebi yavT.

miReba

sauniversiteto seqtorze misaRebi kvalifikacia da miReba

universitetis da misi eqvivalenturi umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebaSi misaRebad moiTxoveba zogadi kvalifikacia (Allgemeine

Hochschulreife) an kvalifikacia dargebis mixedviT (Fachgebundene Hochschulreife).

amgvari forma yofil moswavleebs aZlevs uflebas gaagrZelon swavla

40

nebismieri umaRlesi dawesebulebis nebismier mimarTulebaze, maSin roca,

adre arsebuli uflebebiT kursTa mimaTulebebi SezRuduli iyo.

evrosabWos qveynebis aplikantebma, romelTac ar gaaCniaT germanuli

umeRlesi ganaTlebis seqtorSi misaRebi kvalifikacia, unda warmoadginon

saSualo skolis sertifikati, romelic aZlevs uflebas Cairicxon

sakuTari qveynis umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebaSi. aplikants aseve

SeuZlia warmoadginos sakuTari qveynis umaRles saswavlebelSi swavlis

cnoba. damatebiT, ucxoelma aplikantebma saswavlo adgilis mosapoveblad

unda daamtkicon germanuli enis garkveuli donis codna, Caabaron

germanuli enis gamocda umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtorSi misaRebad ucxoeli

aplikantebisTvis (Deutsche Sprachpruefung fuer den Hochschulzugang auslaendischer

Studienbewerber - DSH) an eqvivalenturi gamocda.

SerCeva

umetesoba saswavlo kursze, nacionalobis kriteriumis mixedviT ar

arsebobs aplikantTa raodenobis SezRudva. es niSnavs, rom nebismieri

nacionalobis warmomadgenels, SeuZlia saqmianobis Tavisufali arCevanis

uflebiT isargeblos, rogorc es garantirebulia konstituciis me-12-e

muxliT. yvela aplikanti, romelic daadasturebs zemoT aRniSnul

moTxovnebs, daregistrirdeba umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebaSi,

sakuTari survilis mixedviT arCeul saswavlo kursze, yovelgvari

damatebiTi misaRebi procedurebis gareSe.

zogierT kursze, (magaliTad medicina, veterinariuli medicina,

stomatologia, arqiteqtura, biznesis menejmenti da fsiqologia), arsebobs

nacionaluri qvota, aplikantebis didi raodenobis gamo misaRebi adgilebis

arasakmarisi raodenobaa gamoyofili. 1998 wlis zafxulis semestridan,

saerTo arCeviTi proceduris gaTvaliswinebiT, kursebze misaReb adgilTa

raodenobas adgens saswavlo adgilTa gamoyofis centraluri ofisi

(Zentralstelle fuer die Vergabe von Studienplaetzen, ZVS). am proceduris legaluri

safuZveli, saswavlo adgilebis gamoyofasTan dakavSirebiT,

41

administraciuli miwebis Sida saxelmwifo SeTanxmebaa. 1997-98 wlis

zamTris semestridan, medicinis kursis aplikantebma specialuri SerCevis

procedura unda gaiaron damatebiT, rac testis CabarebaSi gamoixateba.

dReisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze Cabarebis liberaluri

procedurebi gadaxedvis stadiaSia.

zogadnacionalur SerCevis proceduraze damokidebuli kursTa tipebi

da raodenoba SeiZleba gansxvavdebodnen yovel semestrSi. es savsebiT

SesaZlebelia, radgan yvela asarCev kursTa raodenoba mcirea aplikantTa

raodenobasTan SedarebiT. saswavlo kursebze nacionaluri qvotis

gaTvaliswinebiT aplikantebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze Caricxvis

kvalifikaciis statusiT (Abitur) sargebloben. damatebiT aseve

gaTvaliswinebulia molodinis periodi (abitur statussa da Caricxvas

Soris).

arsebobs zogierTi saswavlo sfero, sadac yvela aplikanti moipovebs

adgils, Tumca SeiZleba es adgili ar iyos mis mier arCeul

dawesebulebaSi. arsebobs zogadi SezRudvebi zogierTi saswavlo

dawesebulebis kursisaTvis, romelic ar iTvaliswinebs nacionalur misaReb

procedurebs. amis gamo aplikantebis miReba damokidebulia maT saSualo

qulaTa raodenobis kriteriumze, gaTvaliswinebulia qulaTa SenarCunebis

periodic.

universitetebsa da xelovnebisa da musikis kolejebSi gadayvanis wesi

da swavlis vadamde dasruleba

universitetebSi studentTa saswavlo jgufebi dgeba ara saswavlo

semestris mixedviT, aramed sabaziso an ZiriTad doneze savaldebulo

sagnebis Sesabamisad. Tuki studenti ver Caabarebs romelime kurss, igi

gaivlis am kurss momdevno nakadTan semestruli CamorCenis gareSe.

praqtikaSi, miuxedavad Caubarebeli sagnebisa, studenti mainc rCeba

universitetSi. swavlebisa da gamocdebis regulireba dgindeba misaReb

moTxovnebTan erTad TiToeuli safexurisaTvis. rogorc wesi, saSualedo

42

da saboloo gamocdebze ganmeorebiT gasvla mxolod erTxel aris

SesaZlebeli. saswavlo periodis SemcirebasTan dakavSirebiT, es sakiTxi

nawilobriv mogvarebulia. kerZod, Tu studenti saboloo gamocdas ver

Cabarebs standartuli swavlis periodSi (Regelstudienzeit) mas ufleba aqs

gamocda sxva dros Caabaros.

zogierT SemTxvevaSi studentebs survili aqvT Seicvalon saswavlo

kursi an Sewyviton swavla universitetSi. yovelwliurad yvela

universitetis studentTa 28%, gamocdebis srulad Cabarebis gareSe

swavlas Tavs anebebs. Tuki studentebs sWirdebaT konsultacia raime

kritikul situaciasTan dakavSirebiT, maT SesaZloa mimarTon studentTa

konsultaciis samsaxurebs. studentTa socialuri uzrunvelyofis

departamentSi maT SesTavazeben, rogorc konsultacias, aseve fsiqo-

socialur daxmarebasac.

zogadad SesaZlebelia saswavlo kursis Secvla, Tumca bolo

semestrebze gansakuTrebuli garemoebebis SemTxvevaSi. Pirgaremoebebi

SeiZleba iyos maT mier arCeuli kursebis sxva teritoriaze gavla.

Cabarebulad eTvlebaT mxolod is kursebi, romelic eqvivalenturia maTi

saswavlo kursisa.

Semdgomi ganaTleba (Further Education)

germaniaSi `Semdgomi~ ganaTleba, Tavisi sakuTari wesebiT ganaTlebis

mimarTuleba gaxda. Semdgomi ganaTlebis sxvadasxva xangrZlivobis

treiningebi aRrmavebs, rogorc ukve arsebuli codnasa da unarebs, aseve

gamocdilebas. Semdgomi ganaTleba erTnairad moicavs zogad, dargobriv da

socio-politikur mimarTulebebs.

vinaidan moTxovna da oficialuri gancxadebebi Semdgom ganaTlebaze

yoveldRiurad mzardia, struqtura socialuri bazris principebis

gaTvaliswinebiT ganviTarda. Semdgom ganaTlebas mosaxleoba iRebs

municipalur dawesebulebebSi, saxalxo umaRles skolebSi (Volkshochschulen),

kerZo dawesebulebebSi, saeklesio dawesebulebebSi, profesiul

43

gaerTianebebSi, industriisa da komerciis palatebSi, politikur partiebsa

da asociaciebSi, kompaniebsa da saxelmwifo mmarTvel organoebSi, saojaxo

ganaTlebis centrebSi, akademiebSi, umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebSi,

umaRlesi ganaTlebis da distanciuri swavlebis dawesebulebebSi. radio da

televiziebi aseve awarmoeben Semdgomi ganaTlebis programebs.

distanciuri ganaTleba

Cvens mier aqamde motanili masala ansxvavebda sauniversiteto da

umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebis seqtors. mniSvnelovania aRiniSnos,

rom germaniaSi damatebiT arsebobs dawesebulebebi, romlebic studentebs

sTavazoben distanciuri swavlebis formebs. distanciuri swavlebis zogadi

universiteti (Fernuniversitaet-Gesamthochschule) hagenSi 1974 wels daarsda. igi

sTavazobs kursebs Diplom da Magister xarisxebis mosapoveblad. zogierT

germanul qalaqSi, iseve rogorc avstriis, ungreTis da Sveicariis

qalaqebSi distanciuri ganaTlebis universitetebs aqvT umaRlesi

ganaTlebis centrebi adgilobrivi studentebis konsultaciisaTvis, aseve

iReben studentebs savaldebulo klasebis gavlis periodSi.

zogierTi umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebam, distanciuri

swavlebis kursebis ganviTarebis mizniT, danerga distanciuri swavlebis

formebi. distanciuri swavlebis asociaciebi bolo wlebis ganmavlobaSi

daarsda aRmosavleT germaniaSi berlinis CaTvliT, nordrain-vestfaliaSi,

hesenTan da zaarlandTan erTad rainland-pfalcSi. erTobliv proeqtTa

nawili Seqmnilia distanciuri ganaTlebis saagentoebTan TanamSromlobiT.

distanciur swavlebas damatebiT, kerZo organizaciebi axorcieleben.

zrdasrulTa kvalifikaciis amaRlebis akademikosTa sabWom (Akademiker-

Gesellschaft fuer Erwachsenenfortbildung) daaarsa umaRlesi skola dasaqmebuli

adamianebisaTvis (Hochschule fuer Berufstaetige). saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli

kerZo dawesebulebebi sTavazoben umaRles ganaTlebas rensburgSi (Slesvig-

holStaini) da StutgartSi (baden-vutenbergi). Seqmnilia kursebi biznesis

44

menejmentSi, industriul inJineriaSi da gamoTvliT biznesSi. ekonomikisa

da sociologiis lahris koleji kerZo organizaciis kidev erTi magaliTia.

distanciuri swavlebis centraluri dawesebulebis (ZFU) monacemebiT,

1995 wels distanciuri swavlebis kursebze 150000 studenti Caewera. aqedan

daaxloebiT 50000 xarisxs mopovebis stadiazea.

xarisxisSemdgomi ganaTleba (Post-graduate education)

xarisxisSemdgomi ganaTlebis faqtiurad ori tipi arsebobs. erTi

exeba damatebiT codnis an unarebis SeZena-gaRrmavebas specialuri kursebis

da programebis saSualebiT (damatebiTi (Zusatz)-, damatebiTi (Ergaenzung)-,

samSeneblo swavleba (Aufbaustudien)). ukanasknel wlebSi, pirveli tipi metad

poluparuli gaxda `codnis asociaciis~ konteqstiT. germaniaSi es

iniciativa gaZlierda, `cxovrebis manZilze uwyveti ganaTleba yvelasaTvis~

programis (Aktionsprogramm Lebensbegleitendes Lernen fuer Alle) saxiT. ris

Sedegadac, am tipis ganaTlebis miRebis msurveli ar finansdeba

avtonomiurad, aramed mimarTavs aRniSnuli programis centrs.

xolo meore tipi dakavSirebulia akademiuri swavlebis

gagrZelebasTan, romelic sruldeba disertaciiT. germaniaSi, iseve rogorc

bevr sxva qveyanaSi swavlebis pirvel da umaRles xarisxebs Soris dayofis

zRvari mkveTrad araa gansazRvruli. tradiciulad studentebi agrZeleben

swavlas maRal (an xarisxisSemdgom) safexurze sawyisi kvalifikaciis

mopovebis gareSe.

struqtura da miReba

universitetsa an eqvivalentur umaRlesi saswavlo dawesebulebaSi,

pirveli saswavlo safexuris warmatebiT dasrulebis, Semdeg akademiuri

saqmianobis garkveul stadiaze myof adamianebs SeuZliaT swavla

gaagrZelon doqtoranturis safexurze, procesi Promotion-is saxeliTaa

cnobili. umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblis (Fachhochschulen) xarisxis

mflobelebisaTvis doqtoranturis safexurze misaRebad arsebobs

45

specialuri wesebi. ukve arsebuli umaRlesi profesiuli saswavleblebis

xarisxis garda, studentebma damatebiT mosamzadebeli kursebi unda

gaiaron doqtoranturaSi Sesaswavl saganSi, an aRniSnul sakiTxebTan

dakavSirebiT universitetSi damatebiTi swavlebis periodi unda daZlion,

an unda Caabaron vargisianobis testi (Aptitude Test). doqtoranturaSi

yuradRebas sadoqtoro Tezisebze (romelic damoukidebel kvlevas unda

eyrdnobodes) da zepir gamocdebze (Rigorosum) amaxvileben. gamocdebi

SeiZleba Canacvldes studenturi PhD Tezisebis dacviT (Disputation).

sadoqtoro Tezisebi unda iqnas dawerili dadgenili periodis

ganmavlobaSi. doqtoranturis dasruleba aniWebs doqtoris (Doktor,

Doktorgrad) akademiur xarisxs.

xarisxisSemdgom doneze, studentebisagan minimalur droSi

registracia moiTxoveba, aravin ar icis ra drois ganmavlobaSi

gagrZeldeba muSaoba xarisxis mosapoveblad. sxva qveynebTan SedarebiT,

doqtoranturaSi swavlis periodi gacilebiT grZelvadiani da Tavisuflad

dagegmilia. igi profesiuli saqmianobis da ganaTlebis kombinacia ufroa,

vidre ganaTlebis calkeuli faza. doqtorantebis umetesoba universitetSi

personalis Tanamdebobaze muSaobs. umetes SemTxvevaSi atareben seminarebs

an konsultaciebs (saSualod 1-2-s semestris ganmavlobaSi). kursebze

daiSvebian, rogorc maRali donis xarisxamdeli, aseve xarisxisSemdgomi

studentebi, magram unda aRiniSnos, rom aris Zalian didi gansxvavebebi

sxvadasxva dawesebulebebis mier SeTavazebul pirobebs Soris. metic,

radgan PhD studentebi yovelTvis ar arian formalurad registrirebulni

(isini ar warmoadgenen personalis specialur kategorias), amis gamo Zalian

rTulia bolo periodis raodenobrivi informaciis floba. samecniero

sabWos (Wissenschaftsrat) 1995 wlis monacemebiT, 1992 wlisaTvis germaniaSi

63000 doqtoranti iyo. maTgan daaxloebiT 70% universitetis

TanamSromelia, romlebic TavianTi samuSao drois nawils PhD Tezisebis

momzadebas uTmoben. daaxloebiT 20% PhD-ze grantis an kontraqtis

46

safuZvelze muSaobs. dafinanseba SeiZleba iyos mopovebuli sxvadasxva

saswavlo-samecniero da arasamecniero organizaciidan.

80-ian wlebSi germaniaSi, dainerga treiningebis araformalur

sistema. germanuli kvlevis sabWom (Deutsche Forschungsgemainschaft) warmoadgina

Sesabamisi programa xarisxis mflobelebisaTvis (Graduiertenkolleg).

xarisxisSemdgomi treiningebis axali sistema warmatebiT Sefasda. 2002

wlisaTvis germaniaSi TiTqmis 300-mde xarisxis mimWiWebeli skola iyo. 2001

wlisaTvis am tipis skolebSi studentTa saerTo raodenobas 4800 studenti

daemata. saleqcio jgufi Sedgeboda 15-25 PhD erTi an ramodenime

damegobrebuli (SesaZloa internacionaluri) universitetis studentisagan.

universiteti waradgens Graduiertenkolleg-s gegmas (kvleviTi da saswavlo

programis CaTvliT), romelic rogorc Sinaarsobrivad, iseve finansuradac

Sesabamisi administraciuli miwis mieraa damowmebuli da mxardaWerili.

germanuli kvlevis sabWo (Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) afasebs am

winadadebas, misi damowmebis SemTxvevaSi dgeba Sesrulebis periodi samidan

maqsimum 9 wlamde xangrZlivobiT.

ZiriTadi dafinanseba

germaniis umaRlesi ganaTleba saxelmwifo dafinansebazea,

saswavleblebi cxadia, biujetis dagegmvisas unda icavdnen germaniis

mTavrobis administrirebis kanonebs. kanonebi, Seqmnilia TiToeuli

miwisaTvis, magram met-naklebad msgavsia mTeli qveynis teritoriaze.

ZiriTadi SezRudvebi, romelTa dacvac savaldebuloa Semdegia:

- biujetis moTxovna (xarjvis kategoriebis dafiqsireba) daafiqsiros

finansuri wlis prioritetebi,

- biujeti ar SeiZleba gaixarjos mimarTulebebis sawinaaRmdegod,

- dawesebuleba erTianad ar iRebs dafinansebas personalis

dasafinanseblad, Tuki es saStato gegmaSi (Stellenplan) ar aris

gaTvaliswinebuli,

47

- dawesebulebas ar SeuZlia gaxarjos personalis fondi sxva

saWiroebiisaTvis, maSinac ki, roca es iTvleba aucileblad da

Sesaferisad,

- fondebi (dauxarjavi balansi) ar SeiZleba gadatanil iqnas momdevno

finansur welze,

miuxedavad amisa, bolo ramdenime wlis ganmavlobaSi germaniis

administraciul miwebze mniSvnelovani cvlilebebi moxda. zogierTma miwam

SeinarCuna sworxazovani biujetis forma, zogierTma gadauxvia dadgenil

mimarTulebas, zogierTma ki mainc Seqmna erTiani dafinansebis biujeti

(Ziegele, 2000).

swavlebis gadasaxadebi

rogorc wesi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirveli safexuris kursebze,

germaneli da aragermaneli studentebisaTvis ar arsebobs registraciis

gadasaxadi, semestruli gadasaxadi an sagamocdo gadasaxadi. Tumca, yvela

studenti ixdis minimalur Tanxas socialuri keTilmowyobiT

sargeblobisaTvis. saswavleblebSi arsebobs studentTa TviTadministirebis

organizaciebi (rogorc wesi studenturi komitetebi – Algemeine

Studentenausschuss), studentebi aseve ixdian maT damatebiT gadasaxadebs.

zogierT miwaze SemoiRes an apireben SemoiRon gadasaxadebi im

studentebisaTvis, romlebic xangrZlivad swavloben, e.w. `Long-term”.

magaliTisaTvis baden-vunternbergSi studentebma, romlebic standartuli

swavlis periodze (Regelstudienzeit) oTxi semestriT met xans swavloben,

yovelsemestrulad 511 evro unda gadaixadon. saxelmwifo da kerZo

dawesebulebebs SeuZliaT Secvalon gadasaxadebi Semdgomi (Weiterbildung)

ganaTlebis programebze registrirebisas. gadasaxadebis odenoba

daregulirebulia, magaliTad, programis sruli Rirebulebis 60%. kerZo

universitetebs sruli Tavisufleba aqvT nebismieri programis

gadasaxadebis dadgenaSi. Sesabamisad, gadasaxadebi araa barieri saxelmwifo

umaRlesi ganaTlebis pirvel safexurze.

48

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom germaniis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

sistema mravalferovania. Tanamedrove dakveTebidan gamomdinare, umaRlesi

ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis damokidebuleba da urTierTkavSiri maTi erTi

qudis qveS gaerTianebas uwyobs xels, rac Tavis mxriv axleburi tipis

universitets ayalibebs. cxadia, mTeli es cvlilebebi mimdinareobs

boloniis procesis dakveTebis fonze, rac 2010 wlisaTvis unda damTavrdes.

boloniis procesis farglebSi aqamde ganxorcielebuli yvela

Zalisxmeva, romelic mimarTulia umaRlesi ganaTlebis gansxvavebuli

sistemebis harmonizaciisaken, ar scildeba Sidastruqturul miTiTebebs.

mravalricxovan miTiTebebsa Tu moTxovnebs Soris SeiZleba ramdenime

davasaxeloT: swavlebis samsafexuriani sistemis, kreditebis transferisa

da dagrovebis evropuli sistemis (ECTS), diplomis axleburi danarTis

(evropis sabWosa da UNESCO/CEPEC-is mier SemuSavebuli modeli) SemoReba,

swavlebis yvela doneze silabusebisa da kurikulumebisa Tanamedrove

saxiT SemuSaveba, Sefasebis erTiani sistemis danergva da sxva.

konvenciebisa da deklaraciebis dokumentebSi SefarviTac araa naxsenebi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtoris organizaciuli modelis saxe, saubari arc

prioritetebzea. politikis globaluri xazi mimarTulia iqiTken, rom sanam

studentebs mopovebuli, aRiarebadi kvalifikaciiT SesaZlebloba aqvT

Tavisuflad gadaadgildnen qveynidan qveyanaSi, nebismier saxelmwifos

damoukideblad ZaluZs airCios sakuTari umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistemis

organizaciuli modeli.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, umaRlesi ganaTlebis istoria platonis

akademiidan da aristoteles likeidan iwyeba. Semdeg modis Sua saukuneebis

umaRlesi ganaTlebis cnobili dawesebulebani. evropis uZvelesi

universitetebi, burJuaziuli epoqa da socialisturi umaRlesi skola

mTeli Tavisi gamocdilebiT. TiToeuli epoqis saswavlo dawesebulebas,

49

qveynis moTxovnebidan gamomdinare, sakuTari mizani da amocanebi gaaCnda. am

SemTxvevaSi gamonakliss ar warmoadgens saqarTveloSi arsebuli saswavlo

dawesebulebebic.

Zveli berZeni istorikosebisa da geografebis Canawerebi mowmobs, rom

antikur saqarTveloSi iyo `ayvavebuli qalaqebi~ SesaniSnavi

`sazogadoebrivi Senobebis~, `gimnasionebiT~. antikuri ganaTlebis

gavrcelebasa da mecnieruli azris Semdgom ganviTarebaSi didi roli

iTamaSa kolxeTis umaRlesma ritorikulma skolam (IIIs.IInax). IV saukuneSi

qristianobis saxelmwifo religiad gamocxadebas mohyva eklesiebTan

skolebis gaxsna. magram male ucxo dampyrobTa Semosevebma, gansakuTrebiT

ki arabTa batonobam, didi xniT Seaferxa qarTuli kulturis ganviTareba.

ganaTlebis aRorZineba da intensiuri ganviTareba daiwyo XI-XII saukuneebSi,

daviT aRmaSeneblis da Tamar mefis xanaSi. Seiqmna mecnierebisa da

ganaTlebis iseTi kerebi, rogoric iyo gelaTis akademia da iyalTos

akademia. am didi saqmis mosamzadebeli safexuri iyo qarTuli kulturis

cnobili kerebi saqarTvelos sazRvrebs gareT – aTonis iverielTa

monasteri saberZneTSi, petriwonis monasteri bulgareTSi. XIII saukunidan

moyolebuli jer monRolTa, xolo Semdeg iranisa da osmaleTis

gamapartaxebelma Semosevebma daaqveiTes da dasces kultura da ganaTleba

saqarTveloSi.

XVII saukunis II naxevridan Seiqmna erTgvari pirobebi saqarTvelos

politikuri, ekonomikuri da kulturuli gamococxlebisaTvis. XVIII

saukuneSi saxalxo ganaTlebis saqme xelisuflebis mzrunvelobis sagnad

iqca, ramac saTanado Sedegi gamoiRo – 1755 wels gaixsna Tbilisis

seminaria, 1782 wels Telavis seminaria (romelic faqtobrivad umaRles

skolas warmoadgenda), iTargmna da Seiqmna saxelmZRvaneloebi [6].

maswavlebelTa profesiuli momzadebis dawesebulebebs saqarTveloSi

XIX saukunidan vxvdebiT. XIX saukunis I naxevarSi saqarTvelos saxalxo

skolebisaTvis maswavleblebs amzadebda Tbilisis sasuliero seminaria

(1817w), Tbilisisa da quTaisis wminda ninos saswavleblebi (1846, 1847 ww) da

agreTve, nawilobriv vaJTa gimnaziebi, magram es ar iyo maTi ZiriTadi

50

daniSnuleba. amasTan, maT ar hqondaT saTanado pirobebi maswavlebelTa

mosamzadeblad da arc iyo SemuSavebuli pedagogiuri kadrebis momzadebis

garkveuli sistema.

saqarTveloSi pirveli specialuri pedagogiuri saswavlebeli Seiqmna

1866 wels. es skola gaxsna kavkasiaSi marTlmadidebeli qristianobis

aRmdgenelma sazogadoebam da skolis daniSnulebas warmoadgenda

aRniSnuli sazogadoebis saswavleblebisaTvis maswavlebelTa momzadeba.

magram sinamdvileSi, es skola maswavleblebs amzadebda ganaTlebis

saministros dawyebiTi saswavleblebisaTvisac. saswavlebeli

Tavdapirvelad sami klasisagan Sedgeboda, iRebdnen dawyebiT

skoladamTavrebulebs. 1871 wlidan igi gadakeTda saostato samaswavleblo

institutad da aleqsandre II-is saxeli ewoda. samaswavleblo instituti

amzadebda maswavleblebs jer amierkavkasiis saqalaqo, xolo Semdeg

umaRlesi dawyebiTi saswavleblebisaTvis. swavlebis xangrZlivoba 4 weli

iyo da rusul enaze mimdinareobda. qarTuli ena arasavaldebulo iyo,

kvireuli datvirTviT 4 sT. skolaSi miReba xdeboda sakonkurso gamocdebis

wesiT, iricxebodnen moswavleebi, romelTac samazro an saqalaqo

saswavleblebi hqondaT damTavrebuli. samaswavleblo skolasTan arsebobda

erTklasiani saswavlebeli, romelic SemdgomSi jer orklasianad, xolo

Semdeg, 1882 wlidan saqalaqo saswavleblad gadakeTda. pedagogiuri ciklis

sagnebidan iswavleboda pedagogika, saskolo higiena da pedagogiuri

praqtika. aleqsandre II-s samaswavleblo instituti atarebda ruseTis

politikas amierkavkasiaSi da cxadia, swavlebis kursi ar iyo Sefardebuli

kavkasiis adgilobriv pirobebTan, arasavaldebulod iswavleboda

adgilobrivi enebi, xolo kavkasiis istoria, geografia, eTnografia

saerTod ar iswavleboda. momavali pedagogisaTvis, romelsac muSoba

kavkasiaSi mouxdeboda, savaldebulo ar iyo adgilobrivi mxaris, xalxis,

kulturisa da enebis codna.

XX saukunis dasawyisidan, saqarTvelos saxalxo ganaTlebis

sistemaSi seriozuli cvlilebebi daiwyo. 1909 wels TbilisSi, kerZo pirTa

iniciativiT, daarsda pirveli umaRlesi skola - `qalTa umaRlesi kursebi~,

51

romelic SemdgomSi amierkavkasiis kerZo institutad gadakeTda, iarseba 1920

wlamde. 1917 wels, aseve kerZo iniciativiT, daarsda Tbilisis

politeqnikuri instituti (swavleba rusul enaze mimdinareobda), xolo 1918

wels, ivane javaxiSvilis da sxva qarTvel mecnierTa da sazogado

moRvaweTa iniciativiT daarsda Tbilisis universiteti, romelmac saTave

daudo erovnuli kadrebis momzadebas saqarTveloSi.

rogorc aRvniSneT, Tbilisis pirveli samaswavleblo instituti 1919

wels gadakeTda Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetis sapedagogio

institutad, 1921 wlis 29 ivliss universitetis profesorTa sabWos

dadgenilebiT universitetis sibrZnismetyvelebisa da samaTematiko-

sabunebismetyvelo fakultetebi gaerTianda erT pedagogiur fakultetad,

romelic gaerTianebis miuxedavad ori ganyofilebisagan Sedgeboda –

sobrZnismetyvelebisa da samaTematiko-sabunebismetyvelo, TiToeul

ganyofilebas hyavda Tavisi Tavmjdomare da mdivani. pedagogiuri

fakultetis dekanad damtkicebul iqna prof. k. kekeliZe, mdivnad doc. z.

yanCaveli. 1922 wlis 30 ivniss universitetTan arsebuli sapedagogo

instituti gadakeTda sapedagogo fakultetis institutad da misi kursis

gavla savaldebulo iyo im studentebisaTvis, romlebic sapedagogo

sarbielze apirebdnen moRvaweobas. aRniSnul institutTan gaixsna e.w.

mTliani Sromis skolis tipis sacdeli skola, romlis xelmZRvaneloba

daevala institutis direqtors, prof. d. uznaZes. 1923 wlis bolos

instituti daixura da studentTa umravlesoba pedagogiur fakultetze

gadavida.

1925 wlidan daiwyo saxelmwifos generaluri xazis gatareba

ganaTlebis sferoSi, ramac cxadia, upirvelesi dartyma Tbilisis

universitets miayena. daiwyo universitetis struqturis, swavlebis

meTodebisa da profesor-maswavlebelTa kritika. saxelmwifo samecniero

sabWos pedagogiurma seqciam SeimuSava proeqti, romlis mixedviT

pedagogiuri fakultetis filosofiuri, fsiqologiuri da istoriis

dargebi unda gauqmebuliyo. am proeqtis gamo, 1925 wlis Semodgomaze ivane

52

javaxiSvili ganaTlebis saxalxo komisariatSi gzavnis moxsenebiT baraTs,

romelSic wers: `ratom unda dangreuli iqnes pedagogiuri fakulteti da

ganadgurebuli is didi muSoba da moRvaweoba, romelic am Svidi wlis

ganmavlobaSi gaweuli iyo da didis energiiT mopovebulia? maswavleblis

mowodeba da wodeba imdenad maRali da didia, rom is viTarca momavali

Taobis aRmzrdeli saukeTesod da farTod unda iyos ganaTlebuli, Tavisi

specialobis mecnierebis ukanaskneli miRweulobaTa mcodne da misi

warmatebis Tvalyuris mdevneli. mxolod aseTi piri aasrulebs pirnaTlad

Tavis movaleobas. amitom mas Sesaferisi momzadeba unda hqondes da

pedagogiuri fakultetebis programas gamartiveba ki ara, piriqiT

gafarToeba sWirdeba~. amonaridi ivane javaxiSvilis werilidan, naTlad

gviCvenebs didi mecnieris damokidebulebas maswavleblis profesiisa da

misi momzadebis saqmisadmi.

werili reagirebis gareSe darCa. daiwyo universitetebis

fakultetebis institutebad daSla. 1930 wlis 7 ivlisis dadgenilebiT

Catarda Tsu-s reorganizacia. mis bazaze Seiqmna 4 specialuri saswavlo

instituti. maT Soris pedagogiuri instituti. 1930-1931 saswavlo wels

pedagogiur instituts, Camoyalibebis dros 6 fakulteti hqonda: fizika-

maTematikis, sabunebismetyvelo-biologiuri da geografia-geologiuri.

SemdgomSi daemata: enisa da literaturis (qarTuli da evropuli),

sazogadoebriv-ekonomiuri (filosofiur-istoriuli da ekonomikuri

ganyofilebiT), filologiur-pedagogiuri (pedagogiuri, skolamdeli da

saskolo aRzrdis ganyofilebiT), saxviTi xelovnebis. 1930 wlis

noembrisaTvis pedagogiur institutSi 49 profesori iyo, maT Soris n.

musxeliSvili, al. javaxiSvili, k. kekeliZe, s. xundaZe, k. kakabaZe, d.

kakabaZe da sxva. profesorTa pirvel kolegias (8 wevri) meTaurobda ivane

javaxiSvili. rogorc vxedavT, am umZimes periodSi, swored pedagogiurma

institutma itvirTa ZiriTadi humanitaruli specialobebisa da

disciplinebis Tavmoyra.

universitetis bazaze institutebis Seqmnam warmoSva safrTxe

fundamenturi mecnierebis dargSi momuSave ZalTa daqsaqsvisa da samecniero

53

kvleviTi muSaobis Seferxebisa sabednierod, yvelaferi male Cadga Tavis

kalapotSi. 1933 wlis 8 ianvars saqarTvelos ssr cakma da saxkomsabWom

miiRo dadgenileba, romlis safuZvelzec safinanso ekonomiuri institutis,

sabWoTa mSeneblobisa da samarTlis institutis da nawilobriv

pedagogiuri institutis bazaze moewyo tfilisis saxelmwifo universiteti,

amjerad swavlebis vada ganisazRvreba 4-5 wliT da Seiqmna 5 fakulteti

sxvadasxva ganyofilebebiT da seqciebiT (sul 24 seqcia). universitetSi, 1930

wlidan calke erTeulad daarsebuli pedagogikis kaTedra 1933 wlidan

emsaxureba yvela fakultets da Sesabamisad universitetis

kursdamTavrebulT eniWebaT maswavleblis wodeba. rogorc vxedavT,

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi, TiTqmis gaxsnis dRidan, maswavlebels

amzadebs specialuri fakulteti da misi wodeba eniWeba mxolod im pirebs,

romlebic am fakultets gaivlian. im droindel msoflioSi arsebuli

maswavleblis momzadebis sistemebic swored asea agebuli. XX saukunis 30-

iani wlebidan sabWoTa kavSiris da maT Soris saqarTvelos ganaTlebis

sistemac Zireulad icvleba da atarebs qveynis politikis interesebs.

maswavleblis momzadebis sistemac gansxvavebulia msoflios danarCeni

qveynebis sistemebisagan, sadac maswavleblebs amzadeben universitetebTan

arsebuli specialuri fakultetebi, ganyofilebebi da kolejebi da

maswavleblis kvalifikacia eniWebaT mxolod im pirebs, vinc TavianTi

survilis Sesabamisad gaivlian aRniSnul fakultetebsa da kursebs.

1933 wels mTavrobis dadgenilebiT pedagogiuri instituti gadatanil

iqna quTaisSi. institutSi Seiqmna Semdegi ganyofilebebi: 1. fizika-

maTematikuri ganyofileba; 2. sabunebismetyvelo mecnierebaTa ganyofileba;

3. istoriul-literaturuli ganyofileba; 4. pedagogiur-pedologiuri

ganyofileba. swavlebis vada pedagogiur institutSi 4 wliT ganisazRvra.

quTaisis pedagogiuri institutis gaxsnas mohyva saqarTvelos mTel

teritoriaze pedagogiuri institutebis daarseba, kerZod, gaixsna

cxinvalis (1932 w), soxumis (1932 w), Tbilisis (1935 w, puSkinis saxelobis),

baTumis (1935 w), goris (1935 w), Telavis (1939 w), zugdidis (1939 w, iarseba

54

1952 wlamde), pedagogiuri institutebi, Tbilisis somxur-azerbaijanuli

samaswavleblo (1939 w, romelic Semdgom SeuerTda Tbilisis pedagogiur

institutebs).

aRsaniSnavia, rom es pedagogiuri institutebi universitetma daayena

fexze. wlebis ganmavlobaSi, universitetis xandazmuli profesor-

maswavleblebi kvirebs mogzaurobaSi atarebdnen, Rarmeebs aTenebdnen,

magram mainc dauzareblad emsaxurebodnen momavali maswavleblis aRzrdis

saqmes quTaissa Tu baTumSi, gorsa Tu TelavSi. Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetma gadamwyveti roli Seasrula agreTve am institutebisaTvis

profesor-maswavlebelTa momzadebis saqmeSi [9].

SemdgomSi ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo

universitetma ara erTi mniSvnelovani cvlileba ganicada, ganviTarda da

dRes moiazreba, rogorc umaRlesi ganaTlebis seriozuli kera

saqarTveloSi.

2005 wels saqarTvelo boloniis mimdinare procesSi gawevrianda.

Sesabamisad sruldeba boloniis procesis farglebSi mimdinare yvela

moTxovna.

universitetis winaSe dgas amocana, man unda moamzados maRali

kvalifikaciis mqone kadri, romelic konkurentunariani iqneba dasaqmebis

bazarze. universitetis erTi mTavari piroba imaSi mdgomareobs, rom masSi

saswavlo-pedagogiuri procesis gaSla mxolod seriozuli samecniero-

kvleviTi muSaobis bazaze unda iyos SesaZlebeli, ris gareSec maRali

kvalifikaciis mecnieruli kadrebis momzadeba warmoudgenelia.

universiteti umaRlesi samecniero-saswavlo dawesebulebaa da ara marto

umaRlesi saswavlebeli [8].

dReisaTvis saqarTveloSi uamravi umaRlesi saswavlebeli arsebobs,

romelTac msoflioSi arsebuli ukve cnobili tendenciis Sesabamisad

universitetebi ewodebaT. Tumca qarTul sinamdvileSi, samwuxarod, jer

kidev praqtikul doneze ver aris gawerili universitetis misia, da, Cveni

azriT, saswavlo da samecniero procesebi spontanurad mimdinareobs.

55

zemoT aRniSnulidan gamomdinare, universitetis mTel saswavlo-

pedagogiur procesSi da kerZod, mis meTodur momsaxurebaSi, kvleviTi

principebi uryevad unda iqnas daculi. universitetis da zogadad yvela

umaRlesi saswavleblis amocanaa moamzados specialisti, romelmac

SeeZleba mopovebuli codna gamoiyenos saWiroebisamebr da droisa da

sazogadoebis moTxovnis Sesabamisad damoukideblad gaiRrmavos da

srulhyos sakuTari gamocdileba. aseve mas unda hqondes mecnieruli

azrovnebis, mecnieruli muSaobis unari da Cvevebi. aRniSnuli mosazreba

kidev erTxel dafiqsirda boloniaSi 1988 wlis 18 seqtembers Catarebuli

universitetebis didi qartiis (Magna Charta Universitatum) dokumentSi -

`universitetSi swavleba da kvleva urTierTisagan ganuyofeli unda iyos,

raTa saswavlo procesi ar CamorCes sazogadoebis cvalebad moTxovnebsa da

samecniero codnis miRwevebs~.

amrigad, istoriuli da Tanamedrove literaturis gadamuSavebam,

morig jerze dagvarwmuna, rom universiteti saswavlo-samecniero

dawesebulebaa, sadac Sexamebulia kvlevisa da swavlebis orientacia da

saxelmwifos mxridan uzrunvelyofilia studentisa da maswavleblis

Tavisufleba.

56

$2. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli

maxasiaTeblebi

umaRlesi skolis maswavlebels Cveulebrivad leqtors (Lat. Lector -

mkiTxveli) uwodeben, vinaidan swavlebis organizaciis ZiriTadi formad

umaRlesi skolaSi leqciaa (Lat. Lectio - kiTxva) miCneuli. es garemoeba

imaze miuTiTebs, rom leqtori, rogorc maswavlebeli yvela im ZiriTadi

niSnis materebelia, rac saerTod maswavleblisTvis (mag. saSualo skolis

maswavleblisTvis) aris damaxasiaTebeli. miuxedavad amisa, leqtors

saSualo skolisagan gansxvavebiT, Taviseburebac gaaCnia, rac umaRlesi

skolis amocanebiTa da studentTa TaviseburebebiTaa ganpirobebuli. [23]

umaRlesi saswavleblis specifikidan gamomdinare, leqtoris

(SemdgomSi maswavlebeli) winaSe sxvadasxva amocana dgas. umaRlesi

saswavleblis tipis mixedviT ganisazRvreba maswavleblisadmi wayenebuli

moTxovna-movaleobebic. Cveni universitetis specifikidan gamomdinare,

maswavlebels ara Tu sakuTari sagnis Rrmad codna, aramed pedagogiuri

unar-Cvevebis floba evaleba. amasTan, umaRlesi skolis

maswavleblisaTvis mecnieruli codnis gasaRrmaveblad aucilebeli

mecnieruli kvlevis unarebis flobaa. swored, mecnieruli codnis,

kvleviTi unarebis da pedagogiuri unaris swori Sexameba warmoadgens

kargi maswavleblobis aucilebel pirobas.

arsebobs umaRlesi skolis leqtoris, rogorc maswavlebelis,

profesiul TvisebaTa garkveuli CamonaTvali, romelTa gareSec

SeuZlebelia igi kargi pedagogi iyos. rasakvirvelia, kargi leqcia,

mecnieruli erudiciis gareSe ar arsebobs, magram Caataro leqcia,

aswavlo sxvas mecniereba, codnis garda, pedagogiur unarsac saWiroebs.

aswavlo sxvas, es ara marto xelovneba, Semoqmedeba, aramed unaricaa, rac

pirovnuli Tvisebaa da specialuri dargis codnas moiTxovs.

57

umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebis mravalwlian

gamocdilebas mivyavarT azramde, rom es Sefaseba kompleqsuri,

(informaciis sxvadasxva wyaro) unda iyos.

amis ara erTi magaliTi arsebobs specialur literaturaSi. ase

magaliTad, g.b. skoks [24] miaCnia, rom pedagogiuri profesionolizmi

Sedgeba sami blokisa an komponentisagan:

zogadkulturuli

studentis pirovnebis pativiscema

sagnobriv-teqnologiuri

ruseTis saxelmwifo sagadasaxado akademiis mier gamoqveynebul

saJurnalo statiaSi [14] aRniSnulia, rom moTxovnebi maswavleblis

profesionalizmisadmi SeiZleba daiyos Semdeg aspeqtebad:

saswavlo-aRmzrdelobiTi procesis teqnologia

pedagogis pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis Sefaseba

studentsa da pedagogs Soris damokidebulebis anu pedagogiuri

urTierTobis Sefaseba

saqarTveloSi fond `Ria sazogadoeba - saqarTvelos~ mier 2001-2002

wlebSi ganxorcielebuli maswavlebelTa sauniversiteto momzadebis

programis masalebSi aseve mocemulia sxvadasxva avtorTa mosazreba

maswavlebelTa profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis Sesaxeb. kerZod, statiaSi

`maswavleblis kvalifikacia Ria, heterogenul sazogadoebaSi~ CamoTvlilia

Semdegi maxasiaTeblebi:

1. maswavlebeli, rogorc saswavlo procesebis organizatori,

iniciatori, meTvelyure

2. maswavlebeli, rogorc aRmzrdeli

3. maswavlebeli, rogorc moswavleTa mrCeveli da msajuli

4. maswavlebeli, rogorc is, vinc aswavlis

5. maswavlebeli, rogorc TanamoRvawe skolis ganviTarebaSi

58

(ZiriTadi wyaro: KMK – ganmartebani, bremenuli ganmarteba 5.10.2000

srulad: kvalifikaciis profilebi gracidan, avstriidan da

niderlandebidan `Beroessrofiee~ da sxva).

aqve statiaSi `saganmanaTleblo politika~ motanilia maswavleblis

`axali profesionalizmis~ moTxovnebi:

gamocdileba

pedagogiuri `nou-hau” (know-how)

specialuri teqnikis codna

organizaciuli kompetencia da TanamSromloba

moqniloba

mobiluroba

Riaoba

amave statiaSi `swavlebis unar-Cveva da kompetencia ganaxlebuli

kurikulumis danergvaSi~ profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi Semdegi saxiT aris

warmodgenili

1. maswavleblis zogadi profesiuli kompetencia

a. Rrma da naTeli codna da gageba

b. pirovnuli Rirsebebi

g. profesiuli unar-Cvevebi

2. maswavleblis kompetencia sagnis (mecnierul) specifikasTan

dakavSirebiT;

quinslandis saxelmwifos, ganaTlebisa da xelovnebis departamentis

veb-gverdze [54] gamoqveynebuli produqtiuli pedagogis maxasiaTeblebi

Semdegnairia:

inteleqtualuri xarisxi

fiqris umaRlesi done

Rrma codna

Rrmad gageba

realuri saubrebi

codna, rogorc problema

59

logikuroba, urTierTkavSiri

codnis integracia

sawyisi codnebi

samyarosTan kavSiri

problemaze damyarebuli kurikulumi

klasis mxardamWeri garemo

studentebis damoZRvra (miTiTebebis micema)

socialuri mxardaWera

akademiuri saqmianoba

Semajamebeli kriteriumebis xarisxiani Sesruleba

TviTregulacia

gansxvavebebis aRiareba

kulturuli codnebi

CarTuloba

jgufis identuroba

aqtiuri moqalaqeoba

amasTan ganasxvaveben `maRali~, `saSualo~ da `dabali~ donis

produqtiul pedagogebs. maRali reitingis maswavleblebi SedarebiT

dabali donis maswavleblebisagan gansxvavdebian:

pasuxismgeblobis grZnobiT

efeqturad gamoxataven da xels uwyoben studentebis swavlebis

Sedegebis amaRlebas

gaazrebuli aqvT maswavleblobis roli

gagebuli aqvT kurikulumi

moyvanilia dabal da maRal doned dasaxelebuli jgufebis maxasiaTeblebi:

60

maRali donis maswavleblebi

acnobiereben, rom maT ar SeuZliaT

gamoiwvion studentebis swavlis

motivacia

sakuTar Tavs studentebis swavlis

xelSemwyobebad ganixilaven

yvela studentebSi xedaven Zalebs

warmatebis miRwevisaTvis

sakuTar Tavze saubroben rogorc

swavlebis procesis warmmarTve-

lebze

aucileblad miaCniaT, studentebs

Seuqmnan garemo, eqsperimentis

CatarebisTvis

met yuradRebas uTmoben unarebis

da ideis ganviTarebas vidre

Sinaarsis gadacemas

SemoqmedebiTad udgebian kuriku-

lums

dabali donis jgufTan, SedarebiT

xSirad awarmoeben monitorings

cdiloben arasaprogramo masalis

didi raodenobiT gamoyenebas

kolegebTan awarmoeben

swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT

profesiul diskusiebs

mzad arian isaubron sakuTar

Secdomebze da swavlebasTan

dakavSirebul cvlilebebze

dabali donis maswavleblebi

Tvlian, rom studentebi

swavlebaze Tavad arian

pasuxismgebelni

Tvlian, rom maswavleblis

kontrols miRma arsebuli

faqtorebi mniSvnelovanwilad

gansazRvraven studentTa

miRwevebs

iZlevian instruqciebs, romlebic

orientirebulia klasis saSualo

doneze

Tvlian, rom zogierTi studenti

iswavlis, zogierTi ara - es maTi

gadasawyvetia

sakuTar Tavs aRiqvamen

informaciis mimwodeblebad

uCivian kurikulumis gasavlelad

gamoyofil arasakmaris dros

unarebsa da koncepciebze metad

yuradRebas Sinaarsze amaxvileben

ar moswonT saubari Sefasebis

SezRudvebze

kolegebTan SedarebiT

xasiaTdebian bundovani

pedagogiuri saqmianobiT

maRali donis kolegebTan SedarebiT,frTxilad ekidebian piradisaqmianobis ganxilvas aRfTovanebiT aRniSnaven ufrosobis mxridan samuSaos Semowmebis process

61

nacionalur doneze aRiarebul sertificirebul maswavlebelTa

(NBCT) da lider maswavlebelTa qselis (TLN) mier Catarebuli kvleva [83],

romlis mizania gamoavlinos `kargi maswavleblis~ maxasiaTeblebi

(Caracteristics of “quality teacher”) daskvnis saxiT ganasxvavebs kargi maswavleblis

maxasiaTeblis xuT ZiriTad mimarTulebas:

1. maswavleblis movaleoba studentebi da maTi swavlebaa

karg maswavlebels:

aqvs swavlebis survili

gulwrfelad uyvars yvela studenti

sjera studentebis da maTi potencialis

sjera, rom yovel students SeuZlia swavla

icnobs da pativs scems yovel students rogorc pirovnebas

iTvaliswinebs yvela moswavlis individualur moTxovnas,

damyarebuls mravalmxriv Sefasebaze (formalurze da

araformalurzec)

TiToeuli studentze amyarebs realurad maRal molodinebs

pativs scems/aRniSnavs studentebis kulturul

mravalferovnebas

swrafad da Sesabamisad axdens mecadineobebis adaptirebas

individualuri studentis moTxovnebis dasakmayofileblad

adgens da nergavs studentis ganviTarebis Sesabamis

mecadineobebs, romelic damyarebulia ganviTarebis da

inteleqtis gavrcelebul Teoriebze

2. maswavlebelma icis sagani, romelsac aswavlis da icis swavlebis

meTodika

kargi maswavlebeli:

aris profesionali da Rrmad flobs im sagans, romelsac

aswavlis

62

flobs swavlebis xelovnebas iseve kargad, rogorc mis Sinaarss

amyarebs disciplinaTa Soris kavSirs

exmareba studentebs Seicnon sagnis Sinaarsi realobasTan

kavSiris saSualebiT

amJRavnebs enTuziazms sagnis SinaarsTan dakavSirebiT

aswavlis srulyofilad, sazRvrebs gareSe

xelaxla afasebs da ukeTebs koreqtirebas gegmebs saaTebis,

dReebis, wlebis mixedviT studentebis Zlieri da susti

mxareebis gaTvaliswinebiT

SeuZlia ganmartos/gaamarTlos yvela saswavlo gadawyvetileba

studentebis codnaze, codnis Sinaarsze da mokle an

grZelvadian miznebze dayrdnobiT

aqvs strategiebis da gadawyvetilebebis farTo repertuari im

studentebisaTvis, romlebsac aswavlis

atarebs studentze orientirebul mecadineobebs, SemoqmedebiTad

udgeba Sinaarss. atarebs emociur, novatorul, dakvirvebaze da

saukeTeso praqtikul gamocdilebaze damyarebul mecadineobebs,

romelic xels uwyobs studentis ganviTarebas da iTvaliswinebs

mis moTxovnebs.

3. maswavlebeli pasuxismgebelia swavlebis organizebasa da

monitoringze

kargi maswavlebeli:

axalisebs studentis kritikul azrovnebas, cxovrebis manZilze

ganaTlebas (LLL), SemoqmedebiTobas da risks, raTa Seqmnas

pozitiuri, mxardamWeri, aRmzrdelobiTi da mastimulirebeli

garemo

aRiqvams yvela miTiTebas rogorc Sefasebas

63

iyenebs Sefasebis sxvadasxva meTods (studentebis mier

Sesrulebul samuSos, epizodur Canawerebs, portfolioebs,

testebs da a.S.)

yvela miTiTebas amyarebs Sefasebis Sedegebze (formalurze da

araformalurze)

studentebTan cxadad ganmartavs Sefasebis ganawilebis punqtebs

awarmoebs studentebis Sesaferis, droul da konstruqtiul

ukukavSirebs (feedback)

ikvlevs students srulad (akademiurad, socialurad,

emociurad da fizikurad)

momTxovnia studentebis mimarT da axalisebs maT

pasuxismgeblobas swavlasTan dakavSirebiT

awarmoebs klasis efeqtur menejments

efeqturad iyenebs drosa da resursebs

4. maswavlebeli sistematiurad aanalizebs sakuTar praqtikas da

swavlobs gamocdilebebze dayrdnobiT

kargi maswavlebeli:

sakuTar praqtikaSi Sesabamisobis gaTvaliswinebiT Seaqvs

cvlilebebi

sixaruliT xvdeba konstruqtiul kritikas da aqtiurad aRiqvams

`warumateblobebs~

cdilobs gaiRrmavos sakuTari praqtika uwyveti ganaTlebis

(LLL) miRebis gziT

5. maswavlebeli profesiuli sazogadoebis wevria

kargi maswavlebeli:

64

skolaSi studentis damcvelia, sazogadoebis aqtiuri wevria,

kargi xelmZRvaneli da aRmzrdelia, lideri, treneri da

partnioria

profesiis damcvelia

aqtiuradaa CarTuli ganaTlebis cvlilebebSi

cdilobs iswavlos studentebisgan, mSoblebisgan,

Tanasworrangiani TanamSromlebisgan, kolegebisgan da

sazogadoebisagan

swavlebis xarisxis gaumjobesebis mizniT eZebs swavlebis im

gzebsa da saSualebebs, romlebic misi sagnis Sinaarss da

pirovnul interesebs scildeba

anviTarebs mWidro partniorul urTierTobebs mSoblebTan

gawevrianebulia profesiul organizaciebSi

sistematiurad iRrmavebs codnas

kolegebTan erTad zrunavs studentebze

aqve moyvanilia respodentTa mier dasaxelebuli `kargi

maswavleblis~ pirovnuli Tvisebebi:

65

gamomgonebeli

energiuli

enTuziazmiT

aRsavse

eTikuri

zrdilobiani da

pativcemuli

Tanmimdevruli

TviTdajerebuli

aqtiuri

intuitiuri

iumoris mqone

mSvenieri

mimarTulebis mimcemi

moazrovne

momTmeni

momTxovni sakuTari

Tavis mimarT

mondomebuli

moqnili

mzrunveli

ndobis dammsaxurebeli

organizebuli

pozitiuri

realurad motivirebuli

riskiani

sando

kolaboraciuli

SemoqmedebiTi

Semwynarebeli

yuradRebiani msmeneli

wamaxalisebeli

xelmisawvdomi10

TiToeuli am modelis ukan, moiazreba punqtebad gaSlili moTxovnebi,

romelnic avtorisaTvis misaRebi da dasabuTebulia.

Cven srulad ver gaviziareT verc erTi mosazreba. amasTan gamoTqmuli

winadadebebi ver asaxaven klasikur didaqtikaSi pedagogisadmi

damkvidrebul moTxovnebs. SevaxameT ra es moTxovnebi qarTul

realobasTan, gadavwyviteT pedagogis profesiuli saxe sami aspeqtiT

moviazroT:

sagnis codna (mecnieruli codna)

meToduri momzadeba

pirovnuli Tvisebebi

10 xelmisawvdomi – accessible –SinaarsiT saauditorio drois gareT (zogierT SemTxvevaSi 24 saaTis ganmavlobaSi) raime formiT, saqmesTan dakavSirebul konsultaciis gawevas gulisxmobs. konsultaciis amgvari forma, xSir SemTxvevaSi, pirovnebis movaleobis Sesrulebaze ufro miuTiTebs vidre mis gulisxmierebaze.

66

migvaCnia, rom umaRlesi skolis pedagogis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefaseba

am kuTxiT amomwuravadaa SesaZlebeli.

sagnis codna niSnavs im sagnis, mecnierebis safuZvlian, Segnebul

codnas, romelsac igi aswavlis. garda amisa, im dargis mecnierebaTa

sistemaSi garkvevas, romelsac es sagani ekuTvnis da specialobis momijnave

sagnebSi momzadebas. umaRlesi skolis miznidan gamomdinare maswavlebeli

mecnier-mkvlevaric unda iyos, anu unda flobdes mecnieruli kvlevis unar-

Cvevebs da Tanamedrove miRwevebiT sistematiurad iRrmavebdes codnas.

meTodur momzadebaSi pedagogiur mecnierebaTa is disciplinebi

SeiZleba gavaerTianoT, romelsac pedagogi sakuTari sagnis garda unda

flobdes, raTa gadawyvitos swavlebis procesSi warmoqmnili siZneleebi

da pedagogiuri moRvaweoba Segnebulad da xarisxianad warmarTos.

swavlebaSi warmatebis misaRwevad sagnis Rrmad codna da swavlebis

meTodebis da principebis floba sakmarisi araa, aq warmmarTveli faqtori

maswavleblis pirovneba, misi pirovnuli Tvisebebia.

Cvens mier moazrebuli maswavleblis profesiuli maxasiaTeblis

Teoriuli modeli vikvlieT empiriulad ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisi saxelmwifo universitetis pedagogebsa da studentebs Soris.

individualurad da jgufurad gamokiTxul iqna TiTqmis yvela specialobis

350 studenti. studentebs mivmarTeT kiTxviT: `rogori unda iyos umaRlesi

skolis maswavlebeli?~, werilobiT mopovebuli informacia SevajereT

moazrebul Teoriul modelTan. (masalidan, SerCeul iqna mxolod is

mosazrebebi, romlebsac respodentTa aranakleb 80% iziarebda).

amrigad, gaviTvaliswineT ra universitetis specifika, studentTa

survilebi da moTxovnebi, mecnierul safuZvelsa da sxva qveynebis

gamocdilebaze dayrdnobiT, aRniSnulma aspeqtebma Sinaarsobrivad gaSlis

Sedegad Semdegi saxe miiRo:

67

umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi

I. codna saganSi

zogadmecnieruli msoflmxedveloba

mecnieruli codna

profesiuli mobiloba (sabazo codnis TanadroulobasTan

modificireba)

mecnieruli kvlevis unar-Cveva

kvalifikaciis amaRleba da Semdgomi ganaTleba

II. meToduri momzadeba

pedagogiuri ciklis disciplinebis codna

sagnis swavlebis meTodikis codna

swavlebis procesis dagegmva da organizacia

swavlebis procesSi dadebiTi emociuri atmosferos Seqmna

studentis interesebis gaTvaliswineba – studentze

orientirebuli swavleba

studentisadmi individualuri midgoma

studentis motivireba

studentTan TanamSromloba

masalis gadmocema

metyvelebis kultura

studentis aqtivizaciis xerxebis floba:

a. diskusia

b. debatebi

g. saproeqto muSaoba

d. gunduri muSaoba

e. roluri TamaSebi

v. muSaoba wyvilebSi da a.S.

Sefasebis sistemis moqniloba, Riaoba da obieqturoba

teqnikuri saSualebebis gamoyeneba

68

studentebSi codnis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis unaris Camoyalibeba

pedagogiuri taqti

pedagogiuri kvleviTi unarebi (studentis codnisa da

pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis aRricxva)

studentis pirovnebis aRzrda

studentis msoflmxedvelobis orientacia zogadsakacobro

faseulobebze

studentebSi TviTSefasebis unaris Camoyalibeba

studentebSi wignze damoukidebeli muSaobis da kvlevis unaris

Camoyalibeba

kritikul situaciaSi daxmareba da studentebisaTvis rCevis

micema

sauniversiteto saqmianobaSi monawileoba

swavlisaTvis xelSemwyobi atmosferos Seqmna

monawileoba saswavlo-samecniero procesebSi

monawileoba sazogadoebriv procesebSi

zrunva universitetSi saswavlo-samecniero procesebis

gaumjobesebaze

III. pirovnuli Tvisebebi

zneobriv-eTikuri saxe

sakuTari kulturisa da tradiciebis, faseulobebis pativiscema

gansxvavebul kulturaTa pativiscema

pirovnuli Rirsebis TviTSegrZneba

studentis pirovnebis pativiscema

sakuTari profesiis siyvaruli da dacva

studentis siyvaruli

momTxovneloba, rogorc sakuTari Tavis, aseve studentebis

mimarT

TviTdakvirveba da TviTSefaseba

69

sakuTar Tavze muSaoba

pasuxismgeblobis grZnoba

disciplinirebuloba

organizebuloba

ndobis maRali faqtori, rogorc kolegebis aseve studentebis

mxridan

enTuziazmi

intuitiuroba

momTmenoba da Semwynarebloba

kolegialuroba

komunikabeluroba

sakuTari subieqturobis, stereotipuli azrovnebis,

SezRudvebis aRiareba

axali ideebis da gamocdilebis miReba da gaziareba rogorc

kolegebis, aseve studentebisa da sazogadoebisagan

SemoqmedebiToba

zogadi erudicia

umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis pirovnuli Tvisebebi Zalzed

mniSvnelovani, warmmarTveli faqtoria swavlebis procesSi, Cvens mier

moyvanili CamonaTvali idealur, xSirad realobisgan daSorebul variants

Seesabameba, Tumca ki saswavlo procesis xarisxianad warmarTvisaTvis Cven

igi aucilebel faqtorad migvaCnia.

amrigad, Cven Teoriuli da empiriuli kvlevis Sedegad SevqmeniT

umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiogramis Cveneuli xedva.

aRsaniSnavia, rom maswavlebelTa profesiograma, miuxedavad

kacobriobis mier SemuSavebuli maradiuli moTxovnebisa maswavleblisadmi,

Ria da cvladi sistemaa. igi mudmivad viTardeba da icvleba sazogadoebis

dakveTis Sesabamisad.

70

Tavi II. umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis Sefaseba studentis mier

$1. maswavleblis sauniversiteto saqmianobis Sefasebis saakreditacio moTxovnebi

saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi mimdinare integraciisa da globalizaciis

procesebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferos mniSvnelovan gardaqmnebs moiTxovs.

Zireuli cvlilebebi boloniis procesSi monawile yvela qveynis, maT Soris

saqarTvelos saganmanaTleblo sistemasac exeba. aRsaniSnavia, rom

saqarTvelo boloniis process 2005 wlis maisSi SeuerTda.

boloniis procesis ZiriTad mimarTulebaTa Soris, erT-erTi

umaRlesi skolis akreditaciis sakiTxia.

saqarTvelos kanonSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis Sesaxeb akreditacia

ganmartebulia rogorc: `umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebis an/da

saganmanaTleblo programis statusis (saxelmwifos mier aRiarebuli

sertifikatis gacemis uflebis) dadgenis procedura. am proceduras

axorcielebs saxelmwifo saakreditacio samsaxuri saxelmwifos mier

gansazRvrul moTxovnebTan umaRlesi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis

(instituciuri akreditacia) an/da saganmanaTleblo programis (programuli

akreditacia) Sesabamisobis dadgeniT~.

amJamad saqarTveloSi ukve Catarebulia instituciuri akreditacia.

2010 wlisaTvis umaRlesi ganaTlebis evropuli sivrcis (EHEA)

CamoyalibebasTan dakavSirebiT, dasrulebuli unda iyos programuli

akreditaciac.

akreditaciisaken mimavali gza evalvaciaa11. evalvaciis mravalnairi

ganmarteba arsebobs. `Tu vityviT, rom arsebobs evalvaciis imdennairi

ganmarteba ramdenic Semfasebelia ar viqnebiT Sors simarTlisagan~.

ganmartebaTa mravalferovani speqtridan SeiZleba moviyvanoT

evalvaciis aseTi gansazRvreba:

11 Evaluation - Sefaseba, Rirebulebis gansazRvra.

71

evalvacia (Evaluation (Bewertung)): produqtis, procesis an programis

Rirebulebis Sefasebis procesi, romelic ar moiTxovs sistematiur

qmedebebs an monacemebze dafuZnebul mtkicebulebebs [52].

ganaTlebis sferoSi evalvaciis standartebi evropaSi srulad jer

kidev araa dadgenili. germanis saswavlo dawesebulebebSi, aSS-Si

erToblivi komisiis mier SemuSavebuli evalvaciis standartebis

adaptirebuli krebuli [43] gamoiyeneba. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom

germaniaSi bolo periodSi administraciuli mowyobis mixedviT

SemuSavebulia evalvaciis calkeuli CarCo-pirobebi. standartebi Zalian

zogad miTiTebebs da moqmedebis farTo areals iZleva. saswavlo

dawesebulebebi didi TavisuflebiT sargebloben da xelewifebaT sakuTari

Sexedulebisamebr Seadginon evalvaciis modeli. magaliTisaTvis SegviZlia

moviyvanoT zaarlandis universitetSi TiToeuli dargorivi mimarTulebis

evalvaciis sqema, romelic saswavlo procesis yvela rgolis Sefasebas

gulisxmobs:

72

ganaTlebis sferos evalvaciis erT-erTi rgoli umaRlesi skolis

maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebas moicavs. Cvens mier mopovebulma

masalebma dagvarwmuna, rom Tanamedrove saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi

maswavlebelTa Sefasebis, anu evalvaciis uamravi modeli arsebobs.

modelebi, ZiriTadad sakuTriv umaRlesi saswavleblis moTxovnebis

safuZvelzea SemuSavebuli, Tumca, evropul sivrceSi arsebuli evalvaciis

modelebi boloniis procesis zogadi moTxovnebis gaTvaliswinebiTaa

Sedgenili. sicxadisaTvis movitanT ramdenime models.

dargobrivi mimarTulebis

kursdamTavrebulebis gamokiTxva

jgufuri da individualuri

gasaubreba

sakuTriv Sida rgolis

TviTSefaseba

Sida evalvaciis angariSi

miznebis, meTodebis da pasuxismgeblobebis

(movaleobebis) garkveva

calkeuli Sedegebis dakavSireba & erToblivi

saqmianobis suraTis warmodgena

instrumentis koncepcia da empiriuli kvleva

procesebis aRwera da warmodgena

rekomendaciebi

ZiriTadi SekiTxvebi SemfaseblisaTvisgare evaluacia

miznis aRwera

73

flindersis universitetis (avstralia) mier Seqmnil veb-gverdze [72]

`swavleba&swavla“ motanilia mosazreba, rom evalvaciis procesSi

SeiZleba Sediodnen: Tavad pirovneba (pedagogi), studentebi,

Tanasworrangiani kolegebi, supervizorebi da eqspertebi, radgan isini

swavleba/swavlis procesis sxvadasxva mxares warmarTaven.

sainformacio-saganmanaTleblo centris (ERIC) monacemebze

dayrdnobiT avtori baret joani, Tavis statiaSi `maswavlebelTa

evalvacia~ [92] maswavlebelTa Sefasebas Semdegi komponentebiT moiazrebs:

maswavlebelTa individualuri interviuireba, pedagogiuri kompetenturobis

damdgeni testireba, klasze dakvirveba, studentebis reitingi, kolegebis

Sefaseba, studentebis miRwevebi, fakultetis TviTevalvacia. aqve

moyvanilia `kargi maswavleblis~ pirovnuli maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvali,

rogorc iribi indikatori, romlis gamoyenebac maswavlebelTa evalvaciisas

yovelTvis araa SesaZlebeli.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, pedagogTa saqmianobis Sefasebis Sesaxeb

sxvadasxva qveyanaSi sxvadasxva mosazreba arsebobs. Sefaseba warmoebs

administraciis, kolegebis, studentebis mier. Sefasebis procesSi

gaTvaliswinebuli unda iqnas saboloo Sedegi, meToduri uzrunvelyofa,

mecadineobis xarisxi da sxv. yuradReba eqceva TviTSefasebasac.

Cven SevecadeT Segveqna maswavleblis Sefasebis iseTi modeli,

romelSic gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba saqarTveloSi moqmedi umaRlesi

ganaTlebis sistemis, kerZod Tsu-is Taviseburebani. Cveneuli modelis

mixedviT maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefaseba kompleqsurad

xdeba. Sefasebis saboloo mizani raodenobriv maxasiaTebelze gasvlaa,

romlis saSualebiTac SesaZlebeli iqneba umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis

`av-kargianobis~ dadgena. naSromis saboloo miznis miRweva am etapisaTvis

ar igegmeboda, es Cveni momavali saqmianobis Sedegi iqneba. amjerad Cveni

mizani Sefasebis erT-erTi rgolis, kerZod studentis mier maswavleblis

Sefasebis kiTxvaris SeqmniT Semoifargleboda.

Cveni universitetis saganmanaTleblo politikidan gamomdinare,

romelic Tavis mxriv qveynis politikis nawilia da aucileblobiT

74

iTvaliswinebs nacionaluri standartis Taviseburebebs, maswavleblis

profesiuli saqmianoba SeiZleba davyoT pedagogiur da samecniero

sferoebad. cxadia, imTaviTve igulisxmeba, rom pedagogiuri saqmianobis

gamijvna samecniero saqmianobisagan SeuZlebelia, anu es sferoebi cal-

calke ar ganixileba.

Sesrulebuli samuSaos mixedviT, maswavleblis saqmianobis sferoebi,

pirobiTad, SeiZleba ase warmovadginoT:

pedagogis saqmianobis Sefasebis Cveneul modelSi, maswavlebeli

warmoadgens TviTangariSs Sesrulebuli samuSaos Sesaxeb. Semdeg Sefaseba

xorcieldeba administraciis (universiteti, fakulteti, fakultetze

daqvemdebarebuli erTeuli - mimarTuleba, departamenti Tu instituti),

kolegebis, studentebis mier. SemdgomSi kolegebis mier Sefasebas

moviazrebT administraciis mier SefasebaSi, radgan kolega, Tu yvela ara,

erT-erTi rgolis warmomadgeneli mainc aris.

Cveni azriT, administraciam maswavlebeli Semdegi punqtebis mixedviT

SeiZleba Seafasos:

1. profesiuli saqmianobis Sedegi (studentTa codnis done,

studentTa zogadsaswavlo unarebi);

2. saqmisadmi SemoqmedebiTi damokidebuleba, sakuTari saqmianobis

analizis unari, kvleviTi unari (Teoriuli da eqsperimentuli

75

muSaoba), profesiuli zrdis mimarTulebiT warmarTuli

saqmianoba (samecniero Sromebi, sarekomendacio da meToduri

xasiaTis publikaciebi da sxva);

3. TanamSromlobis kultura (studentebTan, kolegebTan

TanamSromlobis unari, profesiuli eTika, pedagogiuri

xelmZRvanelobis stili);

4. SromiTi saSemsruleblo disciplinis done;

amgvar Sefasebas emateba studentTa gamokiTxvis Sedegebi da

kolegebis mier gamoxatuli azri.

maswavleblis TviTangariSi SesaZloa Sesrulebuli samuSaos

mixedviT Semdeg sferoebSi gakeTdes:

1. pedagogiuri (saswavlo, aRmzrdelobiTi) saqmianoba

2. samecniero saqmianoba

3. sxva aqtivobebi

Tuki universitetis administracias warmovidgenT Semdegi saxiT,

maSin umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sesruleba

SesaZloa Semdegi sqemis mixedviT daevalos:

administracia

universitetis administracia

fakultetis administracia

fakultetis qveerTeuli

76

TiToeul rgols SesaZloa gaaCndes rogorc mxolod misTvis

damaxasiaTebeli, aseve erTmaneTze damokidebuli saqmianoba.

maswavleblisagan, TiToeuli sauniversiteto erTeuli (universitetis

administracia, fakultetis administracia, departamenti, mimarTuleba Tu

instituti) garkveuli saqmianobis (rogorc samecniero, aseve pedagogiuri)

Sesrulebas moiTxovs. miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT SesaZloa Sefasdes

pedagogis mier Sesrulebuli samuSaos xarisxi. moTxovnaTa TiToeul

punqtis detaluri gawera, romelsac SesaZloa Tavisi raodenobrivi

datvirTva, anu qulebis sxvadasxva raodenoba hqondes, mxolod Cveni

Sexedulebisamebr arasakmarisad miviCnieT.

amrigad, mTeli sistemis struqturuli saxe ase gamoiyureba:

fakultetis qveerTeuli

fakultetis administracia

universitetis administracia

maswavlebeli

77

umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianoba

pedagogiuri saqmianoba

samecniero saqmianoba

wminda pedagogiuri

sxva aqtivobebi

wminda samecniero

saqmianobis Sefaseba

administraciis moTxovnebi

studentis moTxovnebi

universitetis administraciis

moTxovnebi

fakultetis moTxovnebi

fakultetis qveerTeulis moTxovnebi

maswavleblis TviTangariSi fakultetis

qveerTeuli

fakulteti

universitetis administracia

pedagogiuri sfero

samecniero sfero

sxva saqmianoba

gareSe Sefaseba

1. gareSe

saswavlo an samecniero dawesebulebebi;

2. sxva adgilobrivi dawesebelebebi;

3. ucxouri dawesebelebebi;

Sefasebis Tvladi Sedegi

78

sqemis mixedviT warmodgenili TviTangariSis, kolegebisa da

studentebis mier maswavleblis Sefasebisa da fakultetis

qveerTeulis xelmZRvanelobis Sefasebis mixedviT, pirvel doneze

dgeba pedagogis saqmianobis Sefasebis reitingi. SemdgomSi igi

waredgineba fakultets. fakulteti Tavis mxriv, daumatebs ra

sakuTar Sefasebas da studentTa gamokiTxvis Sedegebs, reitingul

maCvenebels gadascems universitetis administracias. Sefasebis

TiToeul rgols emateba `gareSe Sefaseba~, romelic survilisamebr

aisaxeba angariSebSi.

Cven warmovadgineT umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli

saqmianobis Sefasebis Cveneuli TvalTaxedva. cxadia warmodgenil

modelSi uamravi xarvezi da uzustoba iqneba. vfiqrobT,

xelmZRvanelobis poziciidan, mocemuli sakiTxis Cveneuli xedva

saintereso iqneba Sefasebis Semdgomi sistemis Camoyalibebis

TvalsazrisiT.

Cvens mier warmodgenili maswavleblis saqmianobis Sefasebis

modeli Teoriulad da empiriulad gadavamowmeT zaarlandis

universitetis administraciasa da evalvaciis centrSi. kerZod, Cveni

Teoriuli sqema SevadareT evropis sxvadasxva universitetis momqmed

modelebs, Teoriuli Sedarebis Semdeg vawarmoeT modelis

konkretuli ganxilva zaarlandis universitetis evalvaciis dargis

administraciul muSakebTan. maTi miTiTebebi exeboda nacionauri

Taviseburebebis gaTvaliswinebas, Tumca aRniSneboda, rom Sefasebis

Cveneuli nimuSis moTxovnebi srul SesabamisobaSia evalvaciis

saerTaSoriso CarCosTan.

79

$2. saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi studentis mier maswavleblis

Sefasebis arsebuli kiTxvarebi

maswavleblis profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis sistemaSi, romelic,

rogorc ukve vnaxeT kompleqsurad moiazreba, Cveni SexedulebiT, yvelaze

mniSvnelovani adgili studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebas uWiravs,

radgan maswavleblis ZiriTadi movaleoba, swored rom studentTan muSaoba

da misi aRzrdaa. amasTan, studenti maswavleblis SefasebaSi yvelaze metad

obieqturi da miukerZoebelia. studentis mier maswavleblis Sefaseba

moviazreT kiTxvaris saSualebiT, romelic maswavleblis profesuli

maxasiaTeblebis (Teoriuli da empiriuli kvleviT miRebuli) safuZvelze

SevadgineT.

imisaTvis, rom gagveTvaliswinebina Tanamedrove socialuri dakveTebi

maswavleblis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebisa da is uaryofiTi

maxasiaTeblebi, romlebic samwuxarod universitetis Tanamedrove kadrs

gaaCnia, gadavwyviteT kvleviTi samuSaos Catareba.

aRniSnuli samuSao daviwyeT msoflioSi am mimarTulebiT arsebuli

da aprobirebuli studentTa mier maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvarebis

moZiebiT. moviZieT beWdur da eleqtronul wyaroebSi gamoqveynebuli,

studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis uamravi kiTxvari. gTavazobT Tsu-

Si gavrcelebuli kiTxvarebis damdenime magaliTs:

aSS-s modelis Targmani (Tsu-Si arsebuli varianti)

# kiTxvebi

1. maswavlebeli mihyveba kursis gegmas, rogorc es damtkicebulia

programiT (ganrigiT)

2. maswavlebeli iZleva am kursis miznebis Sesaferis davalebebs

3. maswavlebeli mkafiod xsnis Sefasebis sistemas

4. maswavlebeli studentisaTvis misawvdomia klasgareSec

80

5. maswavlebeli kargadaa momzadebuli

6. maswavlebeli laparakobs advilad gasagebi eniT

7. maswavlebeli ganixilavs Tavisagan gansxvavebul mozazrebebs

8. maswavlebeli mimoixilavs ukanasknel siaxleebs sagnis garSemo

9. maswavlebeli warmoadgens ideebisa da koncefciebis sawyisebs

10. maswavlebeli xsnis gasagebad

11. leqciebi kargadaa dagegmili da sakiTxis ganxilva maRal donezea

organizebuli

12. maswavlebeli yuradRebiT da zustad pasuxobs SekiTxvebs

13. maswavlebeli ajamebs umTavres momentebs

14. maswavlebeli saxavs miznebs yoveli saklaso mecadineobisTvis

15. maswavlebeli axalisebs saklaso ganxilvebs

16. maswavlebeli gviwvevs sakuTari ideebis gasakritikeblad

17. maswavlebelma icis, esmiss Tu ara klass misi

18. maswavlebeli yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar saqmianobis xarisxs

19 maswavlebeli gulwrfelad aris dainteresebuli studentebiT

20. maswavlebeli epyroba studentebs rogorc pirovnebebs

21. maswavlebeli aris dinamiuri da energiuli pirovneba

22. maswavlebels aqvs leqciis kiTxvis saintereso stili

23. moswons maswavlebloba

24. maswavlebeli enTuziasmiT epyroba Tavis sagans

25. maswavlebeli rogorc Cans, TviTdajerebulia

26. maswavlebeli cvlis Tavisi sagnis gadmocemis siCqaresa da tons

27. maiZulebs me vimuSao saukeTesod

28. motivacias mikeTebs vimuSao saukeTesod

29. maswavlebeli gamocdebze moiTxovs SemoqmedebiT, originalur

mofiqrebas

30. gamocdebis da davalebebis mocemuli xasiaTi advilad sapasuxoa

31. maswavlebeli iZleva davalebebs da sagamocdo sakiTxebs, romlebic

savsebiT misaRebis moculobiT da sirTuliT

81

32. maswavlebeli Sefasebas svams patiosnad da samarTlianad

33. ganvixilavT ra kursisa da sagnis SesaZleblobebs da SezRudvebs,

rogor saerTo Sefasebas miscemT maswavlebels

34. yuradRebas vamaxvileb kursis Sinaarsze, ramdenad literaturulia

mocemuli kursi sxva kursebTan SedarebiT, romelic Cven gaviareT

universitetSi

aSS-s modelis Targmani (Tsu-Si arsebuli varianti)

#

srliad ar

veTanxmebi

ar

veTanxmebi

neit

ral

uri

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

1. leqtori masalas gadmoscems naTlad da gasagebad 1 2 3 4 5

2. leqtori efeqturad iyenebs saswavlo-damxmare da

teqnikur saSualebebs 1 2 3 4 5

3. leqtori emzadeba mecadineobisaTvis 1 2 3 4 5

4. leqtori gonivrulad xelmisawvdomia klasis

gareT 1 2 3 4 5

5. studentebi Tavisuflad grZnoben Tavs SekiTxvis

dasmisas 1 2 3 4 5

6. leqtori studentebs ganixilavs pativiscemiT 1 2 3 4 5

7. leqtori axalisebs klasis monawileobas 1 2 3 4 5

8. leqtori uzrunvelyofs ganvlili masalis

konkretul fons 1 2 3 4 5

9. leqtori ubrundeba ganvlil masalas swrafad 1 2 3 4 5

10. Sefasebis kriteriumebi iyo naTlad axsnili da

gatarebuli 1 2 3 4 5

11. sabolood rogor SeafasebT maswavlebels (Zalian

cudi, cudi, damakmayofilebeli, kargi, saukeTeso) 1 2 3 4 5

82

12. kursma gadafara gamocxadebuli sakiTxebi 1 2 3 4 5

13. saswavlo masala swavlisaTvis mosaxerxebelia 1 2 3 4 5

14. Sefasebebi da saSinao davaleba sasargebloa

swavlisaTvis 1 2 3 4 5

15. sagamocdo sakiTxebi mxolod kursis sakiTxebia 1 2 3 4 5

16. kursis obieqturibis done (Zalian dabali, dabali,

saSualo, maRali, Zalian maRali) 1 2 3 4 5

17. saerTod, rogor afasebT am kurss (Zalian cudi,

cudi, damakmayofilebeli, kargi, saukeTeso) 1 2 3 4 5

germanuli (Stutgardis universiteti) modelis Targmani (Tsu-Si arsebuli

varianti)

# leqtorTan dakavSirebuli kiTxvebi

Zalian

kargi

kargi

damakmayo

fil

ebel

sakmaris

i

nakl

ebad

cudi

1. kursis miznebi da moTxovnebi axsnili iyo 0 1 2 3 4 5

2. kursis struqtura iyo 0 1 2 3 4 5

3. leqtoris momzadeba da pasuxismgebloba 0 1 2 3 4 5

4. kursSi ganxiluli faqtebi da problemebi

axsnili iyo

0 1 2 3 4 5

5. leqtoris studentebTan TanamSromlobis

unari (mag. kiTxvebiT) iyo

0 1 2 3 4 5

6. leqtoris unari gamoiyenos dafa, slaidebi,

kompiuteri iyo

0 1 2 3 4 5

7. mTlianobaSi rogor afasebT leqtors

rogorc pedagogs

0 1 2 3 4 5

aqve gTavazobT Tsu-Si Seqmnil studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis

ramodenime kiTxvars:

83

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

pedagogis xelovnebis Sefaseba studentis mier

(Tsu saswavlo-meToduri sammarTvelos varianti)

gTxovT, mogvawodoT pedagogis profesiuli da pirovnuli Tvisebebis Tqveneuli Sefaseba. kargad gaiazreT TiToeuli kiTxva da obieqturad miuTiTeT pasuxi. gaiTvaliswineT, rom Tqveni Tanadgoma didad wa-adgeba saswavlo procesis Semdgom srulyofas da Tavad konkretuli pedagogis momaval saqmianobas.

pedagogi

disciplina

kiTxvari konfidencialuria

Zalian

kargi

kargi

sakmaris

i

cudi

alian

cudi

ver vaf

aseb

1. disciplinis miznebi da amocanebi. codnis

Sefasebis sistema, formebi da kriteriumebi

Tavidanve mkafiod iyo axsnili

5 4 3 2 1 0

2. leqciebi kargad aqvs dagegmili. Tanmimdevrulad,

logikurad mihyveba damtkicebul programas, warmo-

adgens ideebsa da koncefciebs, iZleva rTuli mo-

mentebis amomwurav ganmartebas

5 4 3 2 1 0

3. mecadineobaze Temis irgvliv moxmobilia uaxlesi

masala

5 4 3 2 1 0

4. leqciaze efeqturad iyenebs TvalsaCinoebas (dafa,

slaidebi, kompiuteri, video-masala)

5 4 3 2 1 0

5. saSinao davalebebi kursis miznebis Sesabamisi,

makafiod

gansazRvruli da Sesrulebadia

5 4 3 2 1 0

84

6. mecadineobaze axerxebs Seafasos jgufis mier

micemuli davalebis Sesrulebis xarisxi

5 4 3 2 1 0

7. sakontrolo sakiTxebi srulad Seesabameba gavlil

programas,

misaRebia moculobiTa da sirTuliT

5 4 3 2 1 0

8. axdens kolokviumebis, sakontrolo werebis

Sejamebasa da analizs

5 4 3 2 1 0

9. Temis Sejamebisas yvela aqcenti zustad da

studentebisaTvis zedmiwevniT gasagebadaa

gakeTebuli

5 4 3 2 1 0

10. Seswavlil masalas ukavSirebs momaval

profesiul da

sazogadoebriv saqmianobas

5 4 3 2 1 0

11. leqcia da praqtikuli muSaoba erTmaneTs

exameboda

5 4 3 2 1 0

12. disciplina iwvevs interess, kursis

inteleqtualuri done damakmayofilebelia

5 4 3 2 1 0

13. kargad momzadebuli da momxTovnia sakuTari

Tavis mimarT

5 4 3 2 1 0

14. flobs auditorias, iolad SeuZlia masTan

urTierToba,

aRvivebs interess sagnisadmi

5 4 3 2 1 0

15. aqvs oratoruli niWi (diqcia, meteyvelebis

kultura, Txrobis normaluri tempi)

5 4 3 2 1 0

85

16. gverds ar uvlis sadao sakiTxebs, ar erideba

auditoriaSi diskusias, yuraRdebiTa da zustad

pasuxobs SekiTxvebs, ganixilavs im

mosazrebebsac, romlebic misTvis miuRebelia

5 4 3 2 1 0

17. pativs scems Tavis saqmes, profesionalia,

gulwrfelad aris dainteresebuli studentebis

momzadebis xarisxiT

5 4 3 2 1 0

18. misi damokidebuleba saqmisadmi aiZulebs

students Tavadac pasuxismgeblobiT moekidos

sagans

5 4 3 2 1 0

19. wamoWrili kiTxvebis gasarkvevad SegviZlia audi-

toriis gareT mivmarToT da miviRoT pasuxi,

urTierToba masTan iolia,

magram zRvari ar iSleba

5 4 3 2 1 0

20. keTilmosurne da taqtiania studentebTan

damokidebulebaSi. SeuZlia maTi problemebis

gaazreba da saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi mxardaWera

5 4 3 2 1 0

21. studenti misTvis pirovnebaa, angariSs uwevs mis

principebs da mosazrebebs, afiqrebs misi momavali

5 4 3 2 1 0

22. dainteresebulia studentebis warmatebiT,

axalisebs maT karg muSaobas

5 4 3 2 1 0

23. moiTxovs SemoqmedebiT, originalur azrovnebas

da afasebs mas

5 4 3 2 1 0

24. momTxovnia, mkacri, magram obieqturi, Sefasebebs

svams samarTlianad

5 4 3 2 1 0

86

25. Tavis mimarT ganawyobs studentebs maRali

inteleqtiT, daxvewili qcevebiTa da garegnobiT

5 4 3 2 1 0

26. ramdenad Tavisufali xarT saswavlo

literaturis SerCevisas

5 4 3 2 1 0

27. isurvebdiT Tu ara Tqeni Svilis auditoriaSi mis

Sesvlas

5 4 3 2 1 0

28. programiT gaTvaliswinebuli kursi wakiTxul iqna

moculobiT:

> 80% _ `5~, 61-80%-mde _ `4~, 41-60%-mde _ `3~, 21-

40%-mde _`2~, < 20% _1

5 4 3 2 1 0

SefasebaTa skala 5 baliania. gTxovT gadaxazoT TqvenTvis misaRebi niSani.

zogadi Sefaseba da winadadebebi kursisadmi

leqciaTa % romelsac eswrebodiT ---------------------

87

praqtikuli mecadineobebis % romelsac eswrebodiT ---------------------

madlobas gixdiT TanamSromlobisaTvis. gvjera Tqveni gulwrfelobisa.

iv. javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

kiTxvari saswavlo disciplinis swavlebis Sesaxeb

(Tsu meTodsabWos varianti)

gTxovT, studentebs guldasmiT SeavsoT kiTxvari. Tqveni Tanadgoma didad waadgeba saswavlo procesis Semdgom srulyofasa da Tavad konkre-tuli pedagogis momaval saqmianobas.

fakulteti

disciplina

pedagogi

kiTxvari konfidencialuria

Zalian

kargi

kargi

sakmaris

i

cudi

Zalian

cudi

ver vaf

aseb

1. disciplinis (misi nawilis) miznebi da amocanebi,

codnis Sefasebis sistema (formebi da kriteriumebi)

Tavidanve mkafiod iyo axsnili

5 4 3 2 1 0

2. leqciebi kargadaa dagegmili, rTuli momentebi

amomwuravadaa ganmartebuli

5 4 3 2 1 0

3. saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi TvalsaCinoebis xerxebi

efeqturad gamoiyeneba (carci, slaidebi, kompiuteri

da a.S.)

5 4 3 2 1 0

4. axdens kolokviumebis Sejamebasa da analizs 5 4 3 2 1 0

5. Temis Sejamebisas yvela aqcenti zustad da 5 4 3 2 1 0

88

studentisaTvis gasagebadaa gakeTebuli

6. Seswavlili masala ukavSirdeba momaval profesiul

saqmianobas

5 4 3 2 1 0

7. leqtori flobs auditorias, iolad SeuZlia masTan

urTierToba, aRvivebs interess sagnisadmi. flobs

oratorul niWs (diqcia,

metyvelebis kultura, Txrobis normaluri tempi)

5 4 3 2 1 0

8. gverds ar uvlis sadao sakiTxebs, ar erideba

auditoriaSi diskusias. ganixilavs im

mosazrebebsac, romlebic misTvis miuRebelia

5 4 3 2 1 0

9. saqmisadmi leqtoris damokidebuleba stimuls

aZlevs students, Tavadac pasuxismgeblobiT

moekidos sagans

5 4 3 2 1 0

10. wamoWrili kiTxvebis gasarkvevad Tu SegviZlia

pedagogs mivmarToT auditoriis gareT da miviRoT

misgan pasuxi. urTierToba masTan iolia, magram

zRvars ar cdeba

5 4 3 2 1 0

11. keTilmosurne da taqtiania studentebTan

damokidebulebaSi, SeuZlia maTi problemebis

gaazreba da saWiroebis SemxTvevaSi mxardaWera

5 4 3 2 1 0

12. dainteresebulia studentis warmatebiT, axalisebs

maT karg muSaobas

5 4 3 2 1 0

13. moiTxovs SemoqmedebiT, originalur azrovnebas da afasebs mas

5 4 3 2 1 0

14. momTxovnia, mkacria, magram obieqturi, studentis codnas afasebs samarTlianad

5 4 3 2 1 0

89

SefasebaTa skala 6 baliania. gTxovT gadaxazoT TqvenTvis misaRebi niSani.

damatebiTi mosazrebebi saswavlo disciplinis

swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT

leqciaTa % romelsac eswrebodiT --------------------- praqtikuli mecadineobebis % romelsac eswrebodiT ---------------------

madlobas gixdiT TanamSromlobisaTvis

90

kursis Sefasebis forma

(Tsu fsiqologiis fakultetis varianti)

Zvirfaso studento,

am formis mizania miviRoT obieqturi monacemebi kursis mimdinareobis

Sesaxeb, rac daexmareba TviT leqtors da administracias miiRos zomebi

swavlebis ufro maRali donis misaRwevad. gTxovT yuradRebiT SeiswavloT

kiTxvebi da aRniSnoT erT-erTi Sefaseba jvris dasmiT.

nurafers dawerT Tqveni vinaobis Sesaxeb

sagnis dasaxeleba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ricxvi . . . . . . . . . . . .

leqtoris gvari da saxeli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

# leqtoris daxasiaTeba sauke-

Teso

Zalian

kargi

kargi saSualo susti

1. profesionalizmi Tavis

sferoSi

2. mniSvnelovani sakiTxebis

ganmarteba da gameoreba

3. studentTa aqtivoba

leqciis dros

4. pasuxis xarisxi

studentTa SekiTxvebze

5. davalebebis micema

masalis ganmtkicebis

mizniT

6. masalis axsnisas misi

magaliTebiT ganmtkiceba

7. gadmocemuli masalis

aTvisebis xarisxi

8. studentebTan

urTierToba

91

9. studentebSi

damoukidebeli

azrovnebis ganviTareba

10. auditoriaSi situaciis

floba

11. sagamocdo da

Seswavlili masalis

Sesabamisoba

12. sagamocdo kiTxvebis

xarisxi

13. gamocdis obieqturoba

14. studentTa leqciebze

daswreba

ukanasknel wlebSi, Tsu xarisxis marTvis samsaxuris mier, SemuSavebul iqna

saswavlo procesis Sefasebis kiTxvarebi studentebisa da profesor-

maswavleblebisaTvis. magaliTisaTvis warmogidgenT 2007 wels

gamoqveynebul [87] kiTxvars studentebisaTvis:

Zvirfaso studentebo, TqvenTvis cnobilia, rom universitetSi amJamad

reforma mimdinareobs da seriozuli cvlilebebi xdeba swavlebis

procesSi. gvainteresebs Tqveni azri mimdinare reformasa da saswavlo

procesze, amitom, gTxovT, pasuxi gasceT qvemoT moyvanil kiTxvebs. Tqvni

pasuxebi CvenTvis Zalian mniSvnelovania, radgan maTze dayrdnobiT

daigegmeba momavali muSaoba.

1. dagxvdaT Tu ara cxrili gamokruli fakultetze saTanado adgilas,

rodesac pirvel semestrSi swavla daiwyo? (aRniSneT mxolod erTi

pasuxi)

92

1. cxrili gamokruli iyo saTanado adgilas

2. cxrili gamokruli iyo, magram iseT adgilas, rom specialurad

Tu ar migiTiTebdnen, ver miagnebdi

3. cxrili ar iyo gamokruli da arc gamoukravT SemdegSi

4. cxrili gamoakres dagvianebiT

5. sxva: ___________

2. acdendnen Tu ara leqtorebi leqciebs (aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. saerTod ara

2. ki, iSviaTad

3. ki, xSirad

4. sxva: ___________

3. gakmayofilebT Tu ara swavlis pirobebi?

1. auditoriaSi sakmarisi adgili ar aris, yvela studenti ver

eteva

2. gaTboba ar aris

3. merxebia damtvreuli

4. dafa ar aris

5. sinaTle ar aris

6. sxva: ____________________

4. giSliT Tu ara swavlaSi xels es sirTuleebi? (aRniSneT mxolod erTi

pasuxi)

1. diax, Zalian

2. arc ise

3. TiTqmis ara

4. sxva: _________

5. ras niSnavs ZiriTadi da damatebiTi specialoba? (aRniSneT mxolod

erTi pasuxi)

1. bakalavri studenti irCevs an ZiriTad, an damxmare specialobas

2. magistri studenti irCevs ZiriTad da damxmare specialobas

93

3. bakalavrma studentma unda miiRos orive: ZiriTadi da damxmare

specialoba, oRond, dasagrovebeli kreditebis raodenobaa

gansxvavebuli

4. bakalavrma studentma unda miiRos orive: ZiriTadi da damxmare

specialoba, Tanac, dasagrovebeli kreditebis raodenoba erTi

da igivea

5. ar vici

6. gasagebi iyo Tu ara TqvenTvis, ra principiT unda agerCiaT

specialobebi da kursebi? (aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. absoluturad gaugebari iyo, magram mogvianebiT gaverkvie

2. Tavidanve gasagebi iyo

3. verc maSin gavige da arc axla mesmis

7. gakmayofilebT Tu ara saxelmZRvaneloebTan dakavSirebuli situacia?

1. yvela saxelmZRvanelo SeiZleba iyido

2. zogi saxelmZRvanelo iyideba, zogic biblioTekaSia

3. zogi saxelmZRvanelo saerTod ar iSoveba da gviwevs maTi

gadaqseroqseba

4. saxelmZRvaneloebi qarTulad ar aris, xolo sxva enebze kiTxva

gviWirs

5. leqtorebi Zalian bevr saxelmZRvanelos gvTxoven erTi kursis

farglebSi

6. saxelmZRvaneloebi biblioTekaSi ar aris

7. sxva:

__________________________________________________________

8. gagiwiaT Tu ara vinmem konsultacia, romeli kursebi agerCiaT?

(aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. diax, amisaTvis specialurad arsebobs TanamSromeli

fakultetze

2. TanamSromeli ar aris, magram leqtorebi gvaZlevdnen rCevebs

3. aravin ar gvaZlevda rCevebs

4. sxva:___________________

94

9. iciT Tu ara, ras niSnavs krediti da rogor unda miiRoT is? (aRniSneT

mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. vici kargad

2. vici bundovnad

3. mxolod msmenia

4. ar vici

10. sakmarisi iyo Tu ara sagnebis SeswavlisaTvis gamoyofili dro

semestris ganmavlobaSi? (aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. diax, sruliad sakmarisi

2. jobda cotaTi meti dro daTmoboda

3. Zalian cota dro iyo gamoyofili

4. sxva: ______________________________

11. warmogidginaT Tu ara leqtorma kursis dawyebisTanave silabusi?

(aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. diax, yvelam

2. diax, daxloebiT 3/4-ma

3. diax, daaxloebiT naxevarma

4. diax, daaxloebiT 1/4-ma

5. diax, mxolod erTi-orma

6. aravin

(Tu am kiTxvaze pasuxad SemoxazavT 6-s, maSin 12-s ar avsebT)

12. Tu warmogidginaT, dagexmaraT Tu ara es swavlebis organizebaSi?

(aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. diax, Zalian

2. diax, saSualod

3. diax, oRond umniSvnelod

4. saerTod ar damxmarebia

5. ar mesmis, ra saWiroa saerTod silabusis darigeba

13. daaxloebiT ra Tanxa gexarjebaT masalebis aslis gadaRebaze erT

semestrSi? (aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. 10-dan 20 laramde

95

2. 20-dan 30 laramde

3. 30-dan 40 laramde

4. 40-dan 50 laramde

14. ras fiqrobT Sefasebis 100 qulian sistemaze? (aRniSneT mxolod erTi

pasuxi)

1. kargia, radgan ukeT aCvenebs gansxvavebebs studentebs Soris

2. kargia is, rom mTeli semestris manZilze swavlas afasebs

3. kargia zemoT moyvanili orive mizezis gamo

4. Sefasebis axali sistemis SemoRebiT araferi Secvlila

5. cudia, radgan iTvaliswinebs iseT araarsebiT mxareebs,

rogoricaa, magaliTad, daswreba

6. cudia, radgan mxolod formalur xasiaTs atarebs da ar

asaxavs realur codnas

7. cudia zemoT moyvanili orive mizezis gamo

8. sxva: ____________________________

15. kmayofili xarT Tu ara Tqveni ZiriTadi specialobiT? (aRniSneT

mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. diax,

2. ara, rom SemeZlos, Sevcvlidi arCevans

3. sxva:_________________________________

16. saerTod, rogor SeafasebdiT Tqvens arCevans, geswavlaT Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetSi? (aRniSneT mxolod erTi pasuxi)

1. molodini gamimarTlda

2. molodini nawilobriv gamimarTlda, magram mainc kmayofili

var

3. ukmayofilo var, molodini TiTqmis ar gamimarTlda

4. saerTod ar unda Camebarebina am fakultetze

5. saerTod ar unda Camebarebina universitetSi

6. sxva: ____________________________________

96

miuTiTeT fakulteti:

a. humanitaruli

b. socialuri da politikuri

c. sabunebismetyvelo

d. samedicino

e. iuridiuli

f. ekonomikuri

gmadlobT TanamSromlobisaTvis!

yvela zemoT ganxiluli kiTxvari, rogorc dasavluri, ise adgilobrivi,

arasakmarisad miviCnieT Semdegi mizezebisa gamo:

a. dasavluri kiTxvarebi Sedgenili iyo adgilobrivi

moTxovnebisa da saswavlo sistemis Sesabamisad, rac araviTar

SemTxvevaSi ar eTanadeboda Cveni sazogadoebisa da saswavlo

sistemis moTxovnebs;

b. adgilobrivi kiTxvarebi rig SemTxvevaSi warmoadgenda

dasavluri kiTxvarebis aslebs, amasTan maTi Sedgenisas

vfiqrobT ar yofila gaTvaliswinebuli, maswavleblis

profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis Teoriuli modelisa da

studentis Tanamedrove dakveTebi, aseve zogierT variantSi ar

yofila daculi kiTxvaris Sedgenis principebi. kerZod,

kiTxvebi kompleqsuri iyo, rac Tavis mxriv gamoricxavs

pasuxis siswores.

aRniSnuli mizezebis gamo, Cveni muSaoba mTlianad empiriul kvlevaze

aigo. kvlevis detalur aRweras Semdeg paragrafSi gTavazobT.

97

$3. kvlevis Sedegad Seqmnili studentis mier maswavleblis

Sefasebis kiTxvarebi

mecnieruli kvlevis ZiriTadi mizania konkretuli obieqtis da misi

struqturis mniSvnelovani maxasiaTeblebis sxva obieqtebTan da

movlenebTan kavSiris WeSmariti gansazRvra, agreTve mecnierebaSi

damuSavebul principebsa da Semecnebis meTodebze dayrdnobiT

adamianisaTvis sasargeblo Sedegebis miReba da warmoebaSi danergva.

ZiriTadad, mecnieruli kvlevisaTvis SeiZleba gamoyenebul iqnas

rogorc empiriuli, ise Teoriuli meTodi.

`Teoriuli meTodi gamoiyeneba obieqtis (movlenis) struqturisa da

yofaqcevis dasadgenad mecnierebaSi damuSavebuli principebisa da

meTodebis saSualebiT manamde arsebuli mecnierul dakvirvebebze da maT

ganzogadebaze dayrdnobiT. Teoriuli gamokvlevebis Sedegebi, rogorc wesi,

unda damtkicdes eqsperimentiT. zogjer Teoriuli gamokvlevebi imdenad

Rrmad asaxaven bunebis zogad kanonzomierebebs, rom saSualebas iZlevian

rigi axali movlenebis da efeqtebis winaswarmetyvelebisa.

empiriuli meTodi mdgomareobs gamosakvlevi movlenis (obieqtis) zust

aRweraSi da am movlenasTan dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva faqtorebis detalur

SeswavlaSi. Tavis mxriv, empiriuli amocanebi wydeba ori gziT _

dakvirvebiT da eqsperimentiT~ [3].

dakvirveba niSnavs Sesaswavl movlenaze (saganze) bunebrivi,

SeuiaraRebeli TvaliT dakvirvebas (am sityvis Cveulebrivi gagebiT) da mis

Sesaxeb faqtebis Segrovebas im zomiT, rom SesaZlebeli iyos ganzogadeba,

daskvnis gamotana da kanonzomierebaTa dadgena.

eqsperimenti aris Semecnebis yvelaze zogadi empiriuli meTodi.

eqsperimentSi mkvlevari axdens ara mxolod gazomvebsa da dakvirvebebs,

aramed igi TviTon ayenebs mas da TviTonve gansazRvravs obieqtze teqnikis

donis Sesabamisi zemoqmedebis saSualebas. mis Casatareblad aucilebelia

eqsperimentatori, cdis piri, specialuri laboratoria-kabineti, cdis

98

msvlelobis Camweri – laboranti, xelsawyoebi da a.S. ris gamoc, igi

movlenis bunebriv mdgomareobas ver wvdeba [7].

eqsperimentis ZiriTad mizans sakvlevi obieqtis TvisebaTa gamovlena

warmoadgens. eqsperimentebi, romlebic mecnierebis sxvadasxva dargSi

tardeba, gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan:

pirobaTa formulirebis saSualebiT (bunebrivi da xelovnuri);

sakvlevi miznebis mixedviT (gardaqmna, konstatireba,

kontrolireba, Zieba, gadawyveta);

Catarebis organizaciis mixedviT (laboratoriuli, savele,

samewarmeo da sxva);

sakvlevi obieqtis mixedviT (martivi da rTuli);

sakvlev obieqtze garemo faqtorebis moqmedebis mixedviT

(nivTobrivi, energetikuli, informaciuli);

eqsperimentSi sakvlevi modelebis tipis mixedviT (materialuri

da azrobrivi);

konstruirebadi sidideebis mixedviT (pasiuri da aqtiuri);

faqtorebis raodenobis mixedviT varirebadi (erTfaqtoriani da

mravalfaqtoriani) da sxva;

eqsperimenti SeiZleba iyos daxuruli an Ria. isini farTod arian

gavrcelebulni fsiqologiaSi, sociologiaSi, pedagogikaSi. Ria

eqsperimentSi amocanebs Riad uxsnian cdaSi monawile pirebs, daxurulSi,

obieqturi monacemebis miRebis mizniT, monawileTaTvis amocanebi ucnobia.

Ria eqsperimentis nebismieri forma zemoqmedebas axdens (xSirad aaqtiurebs)

cdaSi monawile pirebs subieqtur qcevaze. amasTan dakavSirebiT, Ria

eqsperimentis gamoyeneba mizanSewonilia mxolod maSin, roca gamosacdeli

piri subieqturad uWers mxars dagegmil saqmianobas [22].

kvleva SeiZleba daiyos ZiebiT (exploratory research) da daskvniT (conclusive

research) kvlevad.

ZiebiTi kvleva - kvlevis erT-erTi saxea, romlis ZiriTad amocanas

mkvlevaris winaSe arsebuli problemis gagebadobis uzrunvelyofa

99

warmoadgens. misi ZiriTadi amocanaa detalurad Seiswavlos problema an

situacia, romelsac mkvlevari Seexo.

ZiebiTi kvleva gamoiyeneba maSin, rodesac mkvlevari arasakmarisad

aris garkveuli arsebul situaciaSi da ar SeuZlia gadadgas nabijebi

problemis gadasawyvetad. ZiebiTi kvleva Zalzed moqnili da mravalmxrivia.

misi Catarebisas ar gamoiyeneba formalizebuli meTodebi da procedurebi.

amgvari kvlevis Catarebisas iSviaTad gamoiyeneba struqturirebuli

anketebi da didi SerCevebi. maTi amocana dasmul problemasTan

dakavSirebuli axali ideebis da mosazrebebis gaanalizebaa. axali ideebis

ganxilva grZeldeba manam, sanam amowuruli ar iqneba yvela idea an ar

iqneba moZiebuli axali mimarTuleba. swored am mizezis gamo mkvlevaris

SemoqmedebiToba ZiebiT kvlevaSi mTavar rols TamaSobs. Tumca, mkvlevaris

unarebi kargi ZiebiTi kvlevis Catarebis erTaderTi faqtori araa. ZiebiTi

kvleva SesaZloa mniSvnelovan daskvnebamde gavides Semdeg meTodTa

gamoyenebisas:

eqspertTa gamokiTxva

sapilote kvleva

meoradi informaciis (seqondary data) analizi

Tvisebrivi kvleva (qualitative research)

daskvniTi kvleva - kvlevis saxea, romelic aucilebel daxmarebas

uwevs mkvlevars mocemul situaciaSi qmedebis gansazRvris, Sefasebis da

saukeTeso variantis dadgenisaTvis.

daskvniTi kvleva, ZiebiT kvlevasTan SedarebiT, rogorc wesi, ufro

formalizebuli da struqturirebulia. igi gamoiyeneba didi,

reprezentatiuli SerCevebisaTvis da monacemTa raodenobriv analizs

eqvemdebareba.

daskvniTi kvleva Tavis mxriv ori saxis kvlevad iyofa: deskriptiuli

kvleva (descriptive research) da mizez-Sedegobrivi kvleva (causal research).

100

deskriptiuli kvleva – daskvniTi kvlevis tipia, romlis ZiriTadi

mizani sakvlevi obieqtis maxasiaTeblebis da funqciebis dadgenas

warmoadgens.

mizez-Sedegobrivi kvleva – daskvniTi kvlevis tipia, romlis ZiriTadi

mizani movlenaTa Soris mizez-Sedegobrivi kavSirebis dadgenaa.

amgvar daxasiaTebaze dayrdnobiT, SesaZloa Semdegi daskvnis gamotana:

ZiebiTi kvlevis Sedegebi unda ganixilebodes, rogorc Semdgomi kvlevis

sawyisi Sedegebi. rogorc wesi amgvari Sedegebi win uswrebs Semdgom ZiebiT

an daskvniT kvlevebs.

informacia, romelic aucilebelia mkvlevarisaTvis konkretuli

problemis gadasawyvetad, SesaZloa mopovebul iqnas Tvisebrivi meTodebiT

(Qualitative methods an Qualitative research) an raodenobrivi (Quantitative methods an

Quantitative research).

Tvisebrivi kvleva (Qualitative research) – arastruqturirebuli ZiebiTi

kvlevis meTodi, romelic emyareba mcire SerCevebs da gankuTvnilia

problemis irgvliv situaciis ukeT garkvevisaTvis.

raodenobrivi kvleva (Quantitative research) – kvlevis meTodi, romelic

gankuTvnilia informaciis Sesagroveblad da mis raodenobriv formaSi

warmosadgenad. raodenobrivi forma, statistikuri analizis procedurebis

gaTvaliswinebiT dgeba [19,38,42].

Teoriuli da empiriuli, ZiebiTi da daskvniTi kvlevis Catarebisas

gamoyenebadi Tvisebrivi an raodenobrivi meTodebis mkacri gamijvna,

rogorc wesi ar arsebobs. gansxvavebul avtorebs gansxvavebuli

Sexeduleba aqvT, Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom kvlevis Catarebis ZiriTadi

xazi ucvleli rCeba. am klasifikaciis formulireba Cveni kvlevis

mimarTulebas scildeba da amjerad azris gamoTqmisagan Tavs SevikavebT.

Tu davrCebiT pedagogiuri kvlevis klasikur CarCoebSi, Cvens mier

Tsu-Si Catarebuli kvleva Semdegi saxiT SeiZleba aRvweroT:

wina paragrafSi dasaxuli miznidan gamomdinare, pirvel etapze

Catarebuli iqna ZiebiTi (Tvisebrivi) kvleva, romelic Cven SemTxvevaSi

101

Tavis mxriv dagegmili empiriuli kvlevis (daskvniTi kvleva, raodenobrivi

kvleva) aucilebeli winapirobaa. kvleva Catarda Semdegi TanmimdevrobiT:

I. literaturaSi arsebuli informaciis gacnobis da sxva qveynebis

msgavsi kvlevebis analizis safuZvelze CamovayalibeT hipoTeza.

warmovadgineT profesiogramis e.w. Teoriuli modeli. pedagogis

profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi Semdegi sami ZiriTadi aspeqtiT

moviazreT:

sagnis codna (mecnieruli codna)

meToduri momzadeba

pirovnuli Tvisebebi

II. CavatareT universitetis TiTqmis yvela fakultetis studentTa

gamokiTxva. SerCevaSi monawileobdnen Tsu-is arapirvelkurseli

studentebi, damatebiTi maxasiaTeblebi (mag. akademiuri moswreba)

SerCevaze gavlenas ar axdenda. SerCeva ganawilebuli iyo TiTqmis

Tanabrad humanitarul da arahumanitarul specialobaTa

studentebs Soris. studentebs mivmarTeT kiTxviT: `rogori unda

iyos umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli?~, Sedegad miviReT

studentebis dakveTa maswavleblebisadmi, anu pedagogis

profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi studentis TvaliT. gamokiTxva

tardeboda jgufebSi da individualurad, TiToeuli azri (sul

350) dafiqsirebul iqna werilobiT anonimurobis dacviT.

mopovebuli masala gadavamuSaveT, gaviTvaliswineT yvelaze

xSirad (gamokiTxulTa 80%) gameorebuli azri. aRsaniSnavia, rom

dafiqsirebul azrTagan, arc erTi ar scildeboda Cvens mier

dasaxelebul 3 ZiriTad mimarTulebas. Cvens mier moazrebuli

modeli SevajereT studentur dakveTebTan. amrigad, Teoriuli da

empiriuli kvlevis Sedegad SevqmeniT umaRlesi skolis

maswavleblis profesiogramis Cveneuli xedva.

102

III. kvlevis Sedegad Seqmnil umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis

profesiul maxasiaTeblebsa da aseve studentis TvaliT danaxul

dRes arsebuli uaryofiT maxasiaTeblebze dayrdnobiT SevqmeniT

studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvari.

kiTxvebis Sedgenisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT ralf portsis

manhaimis gamokiTxvaTa, meTodebisa da analizis centris kiTxvaTa

formulirebis miTiTebebiT:

kiTxvebis (debulebebis) formulirebis `aTi mcneba~

1. gamoiyeneT martivi, erTmniSvnelovani cnebebi, romlebsac

yvela gamokiTxuli erTnairad gaigebs;

2. moerideT grZel da kompleqsur kiTxvebs;

3. moerideT hipoTetur kiTxvebs;

4. moerideT ormag stimulebsa da uaryofas;

5. moerideT sugestur kiTxvebs da stimulirebisaTvis

garkveuli maxasiaTeblebis miweras;

6. moerideT kiTxvebs, romlebic iseT informacias Seicaven,

romelsac bevri gamokiTxuli savaraudod ar flobs;

7. gamoiyeneT erTmniSvnelovani droiTi konteqstis kiTxvebi;

8. gamoiyeneT pasuxis variantebi, romlebic amomwuravia da

erTmaneTs ar gadafaravs;

9. daamowmeT, rom kiTxvebis konteqsti gavlenas ar axdens

(Tundac arakontrolirebad) mis pasuxze;

10. gansazRvreT gaurkveveli cnebebi;

amrigad, studentTa TvaliT danaxuli da Teoriul modelTan

Sejerebuli umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi

ase gamoiyureba:

1. leqtori Rrmad flobs sagans;

2. leqtori pasuxobs studentis mier dasmul arasaprogramo kiTxvebs

mecnierebasTan mimarTebaSi;

103

3. leqtori masalas gadmoscems studentisaTvis gasagebad;

4. leqtori leqcias kiTxulobs sainteresod;

5. leqtori iTvaliswinebs studentis azrs (winadadebebs, SeniSvnebs);

6. leqtors aqvs metyvelebis maRali kultura;

7. leqtori leqciaze qmnis dadebiT atmosferos;

8. leqtori Sefasebas (gamocda, kolokviumi, CaTvla) awarmoebs

obieqturad;

9. leqtori Sefasebas awarmoebs mxolod im saprogramo masaliT,

romelic winaswar iqna miTiTebuli studentisaTvis;

10. leqtori komunikabeluria;

11. leqtori keTilganwyobilia studentebis mimarT;

12. leqtori megobrulia studentebis mimarT;

13. leqtors aqvs zogadi ganaTleba;

14. leqtors aqvs iumoris grZnoba;

15. leqtori Tavis mimarT ganawyobs studentebs piradi higienis

kulturiT;

studentis TvaliT danaxuli maswavleblis uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebi

Semdegi kiTxvebis saxiT iqna formulirebuli:

1. leqtori sxvadasxva disciplinas kiTxulobs erTi da igive TematikiT;

2. leqtori agvianebs leqciaze;

3. leqciaze studentis mier sakuTari azris gamoTqmisas, igrZnoba

agresia leqtoris mxridan;

4. leqtori Sefasebas awarmoebs sxva sagnebSi Sefasebis mixedviT;

5. leqtori ismens studentis mcdar pasuxs da subieqturobis gamo ar

asworebs mas;

6. leqtori Sefasebis procesSi (studentis CaWris mizniT) mimarTavs

arasaprogramo kiTxvebs;

7. leqtori avaldebulebs students SeiZinos misi avtorobiT

gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo;

104

8. leqtori leqcias atarebs movaleobis moxdis mizniT;

9. leqtori uxeSia studentebis mimarT;

10. leqtors piradi arasasiamovno ganwyoba gadaaqvs auditoriaze;

sanam kiTxvaris Sedgenis proceduras detalurad ganvixilavT,

upriani iqneboda agveRniSna, rom es etapi faqtiurad empiriuli kvlevis

CatarebisaTvis saWiro mTavari nawili e.w. `muSa instrumentia~. Cvens mier

Catarebuli kvlevis Sedegebi SerCevis arasakmarisad didi raodenobis gamo

tendenciis reprezentatulobiT (mTels SerCeviT erTobliobaze

ganzogadebis) ar xasiaTdeba, Tumca Tavad kiTxvaris Sedgenis meTodika misi

vargisianobis pretenziis gamoTqmis saSualebas gvaZlevs.

rogorc ukve iTqva, kiTxvebis formulirebisas specialuri wesiT

vsargeblobdiT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba kiTxvaTa ganlagebis

Tanmimdevrobasac mieqca. unda aRvniSnoT, rom kiTxvebze pasuxebis, anu

Skalis SerCevisas, arCevanTa mravalferovnebaSi dabalansirebul,

leikersis luwi raodenobis skalaze SevCerdiT. im SemTxvevaSi, Tu Cveni

kiTxvari respodentTa did raodenobaze (kombinirebuli SerCeva) Catardeba,

skalaze mexuTe - neitraluri punqtis damatebis sakiTxi kvlav ganxilvis

sagnad iqceva. manamade ki saWirod CavTvaleT `gveiZulebina~ respodenti

daefiqsirebina sakuTari azri, anu pasuxi `ar vici~ an `miWirs pasuxis

gacema~ ar miiReboda. amrigad kiTxvebma, Sesabamisi formulirebis micemis

Semdeg, Semdegi kiTxvaris saxe miiRo:

105

kiTxvari saswavlo disciplinis swavlebis Sesaxeb gTxovT, guldasmiT SeavsoT kiTxvari. Tqveni Tanadgoma didad

waadgeba saswavlo procesis Semdgom srulyofasa da Tavad konkretuli pedagogis momaval saqmianobas. fakulteti _____________________________________

kursi __________________________________________

studentis akademiuri moswreba ___________________

disciplina _____________________________________

pedagogi _______________________________________

gTxovT gadaxazoT TqvenTvis misaRebi grafa

kiTxvari konfidencialuria

ar veT

anxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

1. leqtori Rrmad flobs sagans

2. leqtori iTvaliswinebs mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs

3. leqtors aqvs mecnieruli kvlevis unari

4. leqtori pasuxobs studentis mier dasmul arasaprogramo

kiTxvebs mecnierebasTan mimarTebaSi

5. leqtori mecnierebis Teorias akavSirebs praqtikul

saqmianobasTan

6. leqtoris mier kursis dasawyisSi naTlad aris gansazRvruli

disciplinis swavlebis mizani

7. leqtoris mier naTlad aris ganmartebuli swavlebis

organizaciuli momentebi (leqciis, praqtikulis da seminaris

raodenoba, Sefasebis sistema, literaturaze muSaobis formebi,

moTxovnebi studentisadmi)

8. leqtoris mier warmodgenilia saprogramo TemaTa kalendaruli

ganawileba Sesabamisi literaturis nusxiT

9. leqtori masalas gadmoscems studentisaTvis gasagebad

10. leqtori leqciaze efeqturad iyenebs TvalsaCinoebas (dafa,

slaidebi, kompiuteri, video-masala, ruka da a.S.)

106

ar veT

anxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

11. leqtori masalis axsnas iwyebs wina masalis mokle mimoxilviT

12. leqtori leqcias atarebs sxvadasxva meTodiT (dialogi, zepiri

gadmocema, jgufuri mecadineoba _ situaciis mixedviT)

13. leqtori leqcias kiTxulobs sainteresod

14. leqtori iTvaliswinebs studentis azrs (winadadebebs,

SeniSvnebs)

15. leqtori masalas dagmoscems sistemurad (awarmoebs masalis

ganzogadebas)

16. leqtors aqvs metyvelebis maRali kultura

17. leqtors gaaCnia pedagogiuri taqti

18. leqtori leqciaze qmnis dadebiT atmosferos

19. leqtori sxvadasxva disciplinas kiTxulobs erTi da igive

TematikiT

20. leqtori uyalibebs students damoukidebeli muSaobis unar-

Cvevebs (wignze muSaoba, masalis moZieba, kvleva)

21. leqtori axalisebs studentis muSaobas (daiteresebulia

studentis warmatebiT)

22. leqtori agvianebs leqciaze

23. leqciaze, studentis mier sakuTari azris gamoTqmisas igrZnoba

agresia leqtoris mxridan

24. leqtori Sefasebas (gamocda, kolokviumi, CaTvla) awarmoebs

obieqturad

25. leqtori Sefasebas awarmoebs mxolod im saprogramo masaliT

romelic winaswar iqna miTiTebuli studentisaTvis

26. leqtori Sefasebisas iTvaliswinebs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas

27. leqtori Sefasebas awarmoebs sxva sagnebSi Sefasebis mixedviT

107

ar veT

anxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

28. leqtori ismens studentis mcdar pasuxs da subieqturobis gamo

ar asworebs mas

29. leqtori Sefasebis procesSi (studentis CaWris mizniT)

mimarTavs arasaprogramo kiTxvas

30. leqtori avaldebulebs students SeiZinos misi avtorobiT

gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo

31. leqtori pativs scems studentis pirovnebas

32. leqtori komunikabeluria

33. leqtori keTilganwyobilia studentebis mimarT

34. leqtori kritikul situaciaSi studentis gverdiT dgas

35. leqtori megobrulia studentebis mimarT

36. leqtors aqvs zogadi ganaTleba

37. leqtors aqvs iumoris grZnoba

38. leqtori Tavis mimarT ganawyobs studentebs piradi higienis

kulturiT

39. leqtori leqcias atarebs movaleobis moxdis mizniT

40. leqtori uxeSia studentebis mimarT

41. leqtors piradi arasasiamovno ganwyoba gadaaqvs auditoriaze

42. leqtori flobs auditorias (axerxebs yvela studentis

CarTvas mecadineobaSi)

43. leqtors aqvs `momTxovneloba Sexamebuli aRsazrdelis

pirovnebis pativiscemasTan~ (a.p.makarenko)

damatebiTi mosazrebani saswavlo disciplinis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT

1. ra aris gansakuTrebiT kargi kiTxvarSi? ---------------------------------------------

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

108

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. ra unda Seicvalos kiTxvarSi? --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________-

3. Tqveni gansxvavebuli mosazreba disciplinis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------_______________________________________________________________________________________________________________------------------

madlobas gixdiT TanamSromlobisaTvis

IV. miRebuli kiTxvari SevajereT kolegebTan, administraciasTan da

fsiqologiis specialistebTan. SeniSvnebi miviReT

studentebisganac. ara erTi konsultaciisa da cvlilebis Semdeg

kiTxvarma aprobaciis CatarebisaTvis misaRebi saxe miiRo:

109

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

kiTxvari saswavlo disciplinis swavlebis Sesaxeb

(studentis TvaliT)

gTxovT guldasmiT gaecnoT kiTxvars. yoveli kiTxvis Semdeg TqvenTvis misaRebi pasuxis variantTan dasviT aRniSvna ` x ~.

Tqveni anonimuroba daculi iqneba. fakulteti kursi

umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli (saxeli gvari) sagani

studentis akademiuri Sefaseba saganSi

umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli s

ruliad ar

veTanxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

1. kursis dasawyisSi naTlad gansazRvravs disciplinis swavlebis mizans - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

2. kursis dasawyisSi naTlad ganmartavs swavlebis organizaciul momentebs (leqciis, praqtikulis da seminaris raodenoba, Sefasebis sistema, literaturaze muSaobis formebi, moTxovnebi studentisadmi) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

3. kursis dasawyisSi warmoadgens saprogramo TemaTa kalendarul ganawilebas Sesabamisi literaturis nusxiT - - - -

o

o

o

o

4. Rrmad flobs sagans - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o o o o

5. iTvaliswinebs mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs - - - - - - - o o o o

6. pasuxobs studentis mier dasmul arasaprogramo kiTxvebs mocemuli disciplinidan - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

7. Teoriul codnas akavSirebs praqtikul saqmianobasTan - - - - o o o o

8. masalas gadmoscems studentisaTvis gasagebad - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

9. leqciaze efeqturad iyenebs TvalsaCinoebas (dafa, slaidebi, kompiuteri, video-masala, ruka da a.S.) - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

110

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

10. masalis axsnas iwyebs wina masalis mokle mimoxilviT - - - -

o o o o

11. leqcias atarebs sxvadasxva meTodiT (dialogi, diskusia, zepiri gadmocema, jgufuri mecadineoba _ situaciis mixedviT) -

o

o

o

o

12. iTvaliswinebs studentis azrs (winadadebebs, SeniSvnebs) - - - o o o o

13. masalas gadmoscems sistemurad (awarmoebs masalis ganzogadebas) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

14. metyvelebs gamarTulad - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

15. leqciaze qmnis dadebiT emociur atmosferos - - - - - - - - - o o o o

16. xasiaTdeba pedagogiuri taqtiT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

17. uyalibebs students damoukidebeli muSaobis unar-Cvevebs (wignze muSaoba, masalis moZieba, kvleva) - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

18. axalisebs studentis aqtiurobas leqciaze - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

19. axalisebs studentis damoukidebel arasaleqcio muSaobas - -

o o o o

20. cdilobs yvela studentis CarTvas mecadineobis procesSi - - o o o o

21. leqciaze agvianebs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

22. agresiulia studentis mier leqciaze sakuTari azris gamoTqmis mimarT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

23. Sefasebas (gamocda, CaTvla, kolokviumi) awarmoebs obieqturad - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

24. Sefasebas awarmoebs mxolod im saprogramo masaliT, romelic winaswar iqna miTiTebuli studentisaTvis - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

25. Sefasebisas iTvaliswinebs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas - - - - - -

o o o o

111

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

26. Sefasebas awarmoebs sxva sagnebSi miRebuli Sefasebebis mixedviT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

27. subieqturobis gamo, reagirebis gareSe tovebs gamocdaze studentis mcdar pasuxs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

28. Sefasebis procesSi, studentis CaWris mizniT, mimarTavs arasaprogramo kiTxvebs - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

29. gamocdaze erT students afasebs ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

30. emuqreba studentebs momavali SefasebiT (gamocda, CaTvla, kolokviumi) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

31. avaldebulebs students SeiZinos misi avtorobiT gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

32. studentisagan moiTxovs masalis momzadebas mxolod misi avtoribiT gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelodan - - - - - - - - - - - -

o

o

o

o

33. pativs scems studentis pirovnebas - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o o o o

34. komunikabeluria - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o o o o

35 keTilganwyobilia studentebis mimarT - - - - - - - - - - - - - o o o o

36. sakuTar cud ganwyobas Tavs axvevs auditorias - - - - - - -

o o o o

37. megobrulia studentebis mimarT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

38. gamoirCeva kargi zogadi ganaTlebiT - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

39. xasiaTdeba kargi iumoris grZnobiT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - o o o o

40. yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

41. leqcias atarebs movaleobis moxdis mizniT - - - - - - - - - - o o o o

112

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

42. uxeSia studentebis mimarT - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

o o o o

43. kritikul situaciaSi studentis gverdiT dgas - - - - - - - -

o o o o

sxva mosazrebebi saswavlo disciplinis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT

1. mTlianobaSi rogor afasebT maswavlebels - -

2. sagnis Sinaarsis gaTvaliswinebiT, ramdenad Rirebuli iyo am sagnis

swavleba TqvenTvis -----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

_______________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Tqveni gansxvavebuli mosazreba disciplinis swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

4. ra dro moamdomeT saganSi saprogramo masalis aTvisebas (igulisxmeba arasaauditorio – damoukideblad muSaobis dro) -------------------------------------------------------________________________________________________________________________________________

5. ra unda Seicvalos kiTxvarSi? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ madlobas gixdiT TanamSromlobisaTvis

V. CavatareT kiTxvaris aprobacia 200 studentze. am etapze kiTxvaris

aprobaciis mizani masSi arsebuli SesaZlo xarvezebis gamovlena

iyo, Tumca miRebuli masala sakmaod tevadi da informaciuli

aRmoCnda. aprobaciaSi monawileoba miiRo Tsu 11 mimarTulebis

(gamoyenebiTi maTematikisa da kompiuterul mecnierebaTa, meqanika

Zalian

cudi

cudi

damakma

yofil

.

kargi

Zalian

kargi

o o o o o

113

maTematikis, fizikis, qimiis, ekonomikis, istoriis, fsiqologiis,

filosofiis, Jurnalistikis, iuridiuli, saerTaSoriso

samarTlis) arapirvelkurselma studentma. (TiToeuli

mimarTulebidan 15-20 studenti).

aprobaciam gviCvena, rom erTmniSvnelovnad, yvelasaTvis

gaugebari iyo punqti: Tqveni gansxvavebuli mosazreba disciplinis

swavlebasTan dakavSirebiT, rogorc Cans misi formulireba

sxvanairad iqneba saWiro.

aseve gamokiTxulTa didi procenti Zalze zogad pasuxs

iZleoda Semdeg kiTxvaze: ra dro moandomeT saganSi saprogramo

masalis aTvisebas (igulisxmeba arasaauditorio – damoukideblad

muSaobis dro)?, misi savaraudo pasuxi SemdgomSi SesaZloa

winaswar, gansazRvrulad (1 kvira, 30 sT da a.S) iqnas miTiTebuli.

SevecdebiT kvleva vawarmooT boloniis procesis dokumentebSi

mowodebuli damoukidebeli muSaobisaTvis gankuTvnil droze

apelirebiT.

radgan tardeboda Ria eqsperimenti da amave dros kiTxvari

Sedga studentTa dakveTiT, aprobaciam Tavad kiTxvarSi Sesworeba

ar Seitana.

kiTxvis formulirebis Secvlis erT-erT mTavar pirobas,

savaraudo pasuxebis raodenobis ganawileba Seadgens. kiTxva unda

Seicvalos im SemTxvevaSi, Tu erT-erTi savaraudo pasuxis saerTo

raodenoba 80% aRemateba, an Tuki 10%-ze meti pasuxgaucemeli

punqtia. gamoTvlebis Catarebis Sedegad SeiZleba davrwmundeT, rom

arc erTma kiTxvam kritikul sazRvars ar miaRwia.

gTavazobT aprobaciis Sedegebs TiToeul kiTxvaze gacemuli

pasuxebis mixedviT.

114

1. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli kursis dasawyisSi naTlad gansazRvravs disciplinis swavlebis mizans

0 10 20 30 40 50

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

raodenoba %-Si

0

10

20

30

40

50

srulia

veTanxmebi nakleba

veTanxmebi veTanxmebi srul

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

raodenoba %-Si

2. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli kursis dasawyisSi naTlad ganmartavs swavlebis organizaciul momentebs

(leqciis, praqtikulis da seminaris raodenoba, Sefasebis sistema, literaturaze muSaobis formebi, moTxovnebi

studentisadmi)

115

05

1015202530

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

3. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli kursis dasawyisSi warmoadgens saprogramo TemaTa kalendarul ganawilebas

Sesabamisi literaturis nusxiT

pasuxebi %-Si

0 10203040506070

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

4. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli Rrmad flobs sagans

raodenoba %-Si

116

0

10

20

30

40

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebiauRniSnavi

pasuxi

5. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs

raodenoba %-Si

0 10

20

30

40

50

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

6. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli pasuxobs studentis mier dasmul arasaprogramo kiTxvebs mocemuli disciplinidan

raodenoba %-Si

117

0

10

20

30

40

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

7. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli Teoriul codnas akavSirebs praqtikul saqmianobasTan

raodenoba %-Si

0102030405060

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavi

pasuxi

merve kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

8. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli masalas gadmoscems studentisaTvis gasagebad

05

1015202530

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavi

pasuxi

mecxre kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

9. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli leqciaze efeqturad iyenebs TvalsaCinoebas (dafa, slaidebi, kompiuteri, video-masala,

118

0

10

20

30

40

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavi

pasuxi

meaTe kiTxva10. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli masalis axsnas iwyebs wina masalis mokle mimoxilviT

05

101520253035

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavi

pasuxi

meTerTmete kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

11. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli leqcias atarebs sxvadasxva meTodiT (dialogi, diskusia, zepiri gadmocema,

jgufuri mecadineoba _ situaciis mixedviT)

0

10

20

30

40

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavi

pasuxi

meTormete kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

12. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs studentis azrs (winadadebebs, SeniSvnebs)

119

0 10

20

30

40

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

13. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli masalas gadmoscems sistemurad (awarmoebs masalis ganzogadebas)

raodenoba %-Si

0102030405060

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

14. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli metyvelebs gamarTulad

raodenoba %-Si

0

10

20

30

40

50

sruliad

ar veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

meTxuTmete kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

15. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli leqciaze qmnis dadebiT emociur atmosferos

120

0 1020304050

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

16. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli xasiaTdeba pedagogiuri taqtiT

raodenoba %-Si

0 1020304050

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

17. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli uyalibebs students damoukidebeli muSaobis unar-Cvevebs (wignze muSaoba,

masalis moZieba, kvleva)

raodenoba %-Si

121

0

10

20

30

40

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

18. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli axalisebs studentis aqtiurobas leqciaze

raodenoba %-Si

0 5

10 15 20 25 30 35

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

19. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli axalisebs studentis damoukidebel arasaleqcio muSaobas

raodenoba %-Si

122

0 10 20

30 40

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

20. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli cdilobs yvela studentis CarTvas mecadineobis procesSi

raodenoba %-Si

0 10203040506070

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

21. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli leqciaze agvianebs

raodenoba %-Si

123

010203040506070

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

22. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli agresiulia studentis mier leqciaze sakuTari azris gamoTqmis mimarT

raodenoba %-Si

0 102030405060

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

23. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli Sefasebas (gamocda, CaTvla, kolokviumi) awarmoebs obieqturad

raodenoba %-Si

01020304050

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

ocdameoTxe kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

24. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli Sefasebas awarmoebs mxolod im saprogramo masaliT, romelic winaswar iqna

miTiTebuli studentisaTvis

124

05

101520253035

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

25. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli Sefasebisas iTvaliswinebs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas

raodenoba %-Si

0 102030405060

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

26. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli Sefasebas awarmoebs sxva sagnebSi miRebuli Sefasebebis mixedviT

raodenoba %-Si

0

10

20

30

40

50

sruliad

ar veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

ocdameSvide kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

27. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli subieqturobis gamo, reagirebis gareSe tovebs gamocdaze studentis mcdar

125

0 10203040506070

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

28. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli Sefasebis procesSi, studentis CaWris mizniT, mimarTavs arasaprogramo

kiTxvebs

raodenoba %-Si

01020304050

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

29. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli gamocdaze erT students afasebs ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi

raodenoba %-Si

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

ocdameaTe kiTxva

raodenoba %-Si

30. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli emuqreba studentebs momavali SefasebiT (gamocda, CaTvla, kolokviumi)

126

0 20

40

60

80

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

32. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli studentisagan moiTxovs masalis momzadebas mxolod misi avtoribiT

gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelodan

raodenoba %-Si

0 20406080

100

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

31. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli avaldebulebs students SeiZinos misi avtorobiT gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelo

raodenoba %-Si

127

0

10

20

30

40

50

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

33. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli pativs scems studentis pirovnebas

raodenoba %-Si

0 10

20

30

40

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

34. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli komunikabeluria

raodenoba %-Si

128

01020304050

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

35. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli keTilganwyobilia studentebis mimarT

raodenoba %-Si

010203040506070

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

36. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli sakuTar cud ganwyobas Tavs axvevs auditorias

raodenoba %-Si

129

0

10

20

30

40

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

37. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli megobrulia studentebis mimarT

raodenoba %-Si

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

38. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli gamoirCeva kargi zogadi ganaTlebiT

raodenoba %-Si

130

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

40. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli xasiaTdeba kargi iumoris grZnobiT

raodenoba %-Si

0 10 20 30 40 50

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

39. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas

raodenoba %-Si

131

020406080

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

41. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli leqcias atarebs movaleobis moxdis mizniT

raodenoba %-Si

0 204060

80

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

42. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli uxeSia studentebis mimarT

raodenoba %-Si

132

VI. TiToeul kiTxvas pirobiTad mivaniWeT garkveul qulaTa

raodenoba, SekiTxvebi aseve pirobiTad davyaviT blokebad.

prioritetebis mkacrad dasaxelebisgan Tavi SevikaveT, radgan es

calke kvlevis sagania, Tumca SemogTavazebT Cveneul xedvas,

romelic cxadia, SesaZloa xarvezebs Seicavdes.

0 5

101520253035

sruliad

ar

veTanxmebi

naklebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi sruliad

veTanxmebi

auRniSnavipasuxi

43. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli kritikul situaciaSi studentis gverdiT dgas

raodenoba %-Si

01020304050

Zalian cudi

cudi

damakmayof

ilebel

i

kargi

Zalian kargi

auRniSnavi pasuxi

mTlianobaSi rogor afasebT pedagogs?

raodenoba %-Si

133

pirobiTad gamovyaviT sami jgufi:

pirvel jgufis kiTxvebi:

umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli

1. kursis dasawyisSi naTlad gansazRvravs disciplinis swavlebis mizans

2. kursis dasawyisSi naTlad ganmartavs swavlebis organizaciul

momentebs (leqciis, praqtikulis da seminaris raodenoba, Sefasebis

sistema, literaturaze muSaobis formebi, moTxovnebi studentisadmi)

3. kursis dasawyisSi warmoadgens saprogramo TemaTa kalendarul

ganawilebas Sesabamisi literaturis nusxiT

4. Rrmad flobs sagans

7. Teoriul codnas akavSirebs praqtikul saqmianobasTan

8. masalas gadmoscems studentisaTvis gasagebad

9. leqciaze efeqturad iyenebs TvalsaCinoebas (dafa, slaidebi,

kompiuteri, video-masala, ruka da a.S.)

10. masalis axsnas iwyebs wina masalis mokle mimoxilviT

11. leqcias atarebs sxvadasxva meTodiT (dialogi, diskusia, zepiri

gadmocema, jgufuri mecadineoba _ situaciis mixedviT)

13. masalas gadmoscems sistemurad (awarmoebs masalis ganzogadebas)

17. uyalibebs students damoukidebeli muSaobis unar-Cvevebs (wignze

muSaoba, masalis moZieba, kvleva)

18. axalisebs studentis aqtiurobas leqciaze

23. Sefasebas (gamocda, CaTvla, kolokviumi) awarmoebs obieqturad

33. pativs scems studentis pirovnebas

134

meore jgufis kiTxvebi:

umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli

5. iTvaliswinebs mecnierebis Tanamedrove miRwevebs

6. pasuxobs studentis mier dasmul arasaprogramo kiTxvebs mocemuli

disciplinidan

12. iTvaliswinebs studentis azrs (winadadebebs, SeniSvnebs)

14. metyvelebs gamarTulad

15. leqciaze qmnis dadebiT emociur atmosferos

16. xasiaTdeba pedagogiuri taqtiT

19. axalisebs studentis damoukidebel arasaleqcio muSaobas

20. cdilobs yvela studentis CarTvas mecadineobis procesSi

24. Sefasebas awarmoebs mxolod im saprogramo masaliT, romelic winaswar

iqna miTiTebuli studentisaTvis

25. Sefasebisas iTvaliswinebs SemoqmedebiT azrovnebas

34. komunikabeluria

35. keTilganwyobilia studentebis mimarT

37. megobrulia studentebis mimarT

38. gamoirCeva kargi zogadi ganaTlebiT

39. xasiaTdeba kargi iumoris grZnobiT

40. yuradRebas aqcevs sakuTar garegnobas

41. leqcias atarebs movaleobis moxdis mizniT

43. kritikul situaciaSi studentis gverdiT dgas

mesame jgufis kiTxvebi:

umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli

21. leqciaze agvianebs

22. agresiulia studentis mier leqciaze sakuTari azris gamoTqmis mimarT

26. Sefasebas awarmoebs sxva sagnebSi miRebuli Sefasebebis mixedviT

135

27. subieqturobis gamo, reagirebis gareSe tovebs gamocdaze studentis

mcdar pasuxs

28. Sefasebis procesSi, studentis CaWris mizniT, mimarTavs arasaprogramo

kiTxvebs

29. gamocdaze erT students afasebs ramdenime saaTis ganmavlobaSi

30. emuqreba studentebs momavali SefasebiT (gamocda, CaTvla, kolokviumi)

31. avaldebulebs students SeiZinos misi avtorobiT gamocemuli

saxelmZRvanelo

32. studentisagan moiTxovs masalis momzadebas mxolod misi avtoribiT

gamocemuli saxelmZRvanelodan

36. sakuTar cud ganwyobas Tavs axvevs auditorias

42. uxeSia studentebis mimarT

TiToeul jgufs mivakuTvneT qulaTa mniSvnelobebi Skalis

danayofebis mixedviT:

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

pirveli jgufi 0 3 6 9

meore jgufi 0 2 5 8

mesame jgufi 0 1 4 7

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, kiTxvebis Sedgenisas specialuri wesebiT

vxelmZRvanelobdiT, amis gamo qulaTa daTvlisas zogierTi

kiTxvis pasuxTan qulebi simetriulad iqna gadanacvlebuli

(gavakeTeT inversia). anu qulaTa raodenoba jgufebis mixedviT

kiTxvebze N21, 22, 23, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32, 36, 41, 42 Semdegnairad

gadanawilda

136

sruliad ar

veTanxmebi

nakl

ebad

veTanxmebi

veTanxmebi

sruliad

veTanxmebi

pirveli jgufi 9 6 3 0

meore jgufi 8 5 2 0

mesame jgufi 7 4 1 0

Sesabamisad, gamoviangariSeT qulaTa Teoriuli maqsimaluri da

minimaluri raodenoba. daTvlis Sedegad sabolood miviReT, rom

Teoriulad, maswavlebelma SeiZleba minimaluri 0, xolo

maqsimaluri 347 qula moagrovos; aucilebelia aRiniSnos, rom

realurad maqsimaluri qula SesaZloa miRweuli ver iqnas. amis

mravali faqtori arsebobs: kiTxvaris mkacri moTxovnebi,

gamokiTxul pirTa arasakmarisi raodenoba konkretuli

maswavleblis mimarT da sxva. vfiqrobT, momavalSi SesaZloa

sakmarisad miviCnioT 2 sxvadasxva jgufis, daaxloebiT 30

studentis erTidaigive pirovnebaze Sevsebuli kiTxvari.

VII. daviTvaleT, SeiZleba Tu ara realurad miRweul iqnas kiTxvaris

Teoriul qulaTa maqsimumi. vinaidan Cven fakultetebis mixedviT

winaswar ar migviTiTebia is sasurveli Sesafasebeli

maswavlebeli, (es kiTxvaris muSaobis momdevno etapia), kiTxvaris

bolos mocemuli kiTxva `mTlianobaSi rogor afasebT

maswavlebels~?, SevadareT erTi da igive pirovnebaze Sevsebuli

kiTxvarebiT mogrovil qulaTa raodenobas. daTvlisaTvis sakmaris

raodenobad daaxloebiT 10 kiTxvari miviCnieT. aseTi sul 3

maswavlebeli (istoriis, gamoyenebiTi maTematikis da fsiqologiis

mimarTulebidan) aRmoCnda. yvelaze xSirad (24 kiTxvari)

gameorebadma `Zalian kargi~ maxasiaTeblisaken gadaxrilma

maswavlebelma (24-dan 17 kiTxvaris Sefaseba iyo `Zalian kargi~)

137

266 qula moagrova. 11 kiTxvari axasiaTebda maswavlebels

SefasebiT `Zalian kargi~ (4 kiTxvari) da `kargi~ (4 kiTxvari, 3

kiTxvarSi aRniSnuli kiTxva moniSnuli ar iyo). am maswavlebelma

235 qula moagrova, xolo Semdegma maswavlebelma aseve 9

kiTxvarSi SefasebiT `Zalian kargi~ (5 kiTxvari) da `kargi~ (4

kiTxvari) 240 qula moagrova. radgan praqtikuli Sedegi Sors ar

idga Teoriuli 347 qulisagan, CavTvaleT, rom kiTxvars Zalian

mkacri moTxovnebi ar gaaCnia.

VIII. miRebuli Sedegebis mixedviT, pirobiTad gamovyaviT sami

kategoria: dabali, saSualo da maRali donis maswavlebeli.

pirobiTad dabali donis maswavleblad SeiZleba CaiTvalos

maswavlebeli, romelmac, moagrova qulaTa raodenoba [0-115]

sazRvridan, saSualo donis maswavleblad maswavlebeli,

romelmac moagrova qulaTa raodenoba [116-231] sazRvridan, maRali

donis maswavleblad maswavlebeli, romlmac moagrova qulaTa

raodenoba [232-347] sazRvridan.

kvlevis es etapi ar iTvaliswinebda kiTxvaris calkeul debulebaTa

statistikuri maCveneblebis dadgenasa da kiTxvaris faqtorul analizs.

yovelive es, gamowveuli iyo Cvens mier Catarebuli ZiriTadad Tvisebrivi

kvlevis tipis gamo. rogorc cnobilia aRniSnuli kvlevis Sedegad

miRebuli informacia ar muSavdeba statistikurad da misi ZiriTadi mizani

hipoTezis dazustebasa da mimarTulebis gamokveTas emsaxureba. Semdgom

Catarebuli raodenobrivi kvlevis pirveli etapi kiTxvaris vargisianobis

dasadgenad, respodentTa mcire (kiTxvaris aprobaciisaTvis sakmaris)

raodenobaze iqna Catarebuli. aRniSnul mizezTa gamo calkeuli

statistikuri maCveneblebis moyvana am TvalsazrisiT Rirebulad ar

migvaCnia.

aRwerili kvlevis procesisa da sakvlevi instrumentis – kiTxvaris

(Sinaarsi da skala) validobasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom

Sinaarsobrivi validoba, romelic Semowmebis erT-erTi saxea,

Sesrulebulia. kvlevaSi monawileobas iRebdnen saswavlo procesSi

138

CarTuli mxareebis warmomadgeneli-eqspertebi, maTi miTiTebebi da

gaTvaliswinebuli rCevebi validobis aucilebeli pirobaa. kiTxvarSi

gamoyenebuli skalis standartulobidan gamomdinare misi validobis

pirobac Sesrulebulia. yovelive es saSualebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom

kiTxvari validuria.

kiTxvaris sandooba Tavisi SinaarsiT gulisxmobs im xarisxs,

romliTac kiTxvari yoveli gamoyenebisas msgavs Sedegebs iZleva. aRniSnuli

xarisxis dadgena, rogorc wesi, meoradi kvlevis Catarebisas, garkveuli

droiTi periodis gavlis Semdegaa SesaZlebeli. sandoobis Semowmeba

kvlevis Semdgom etapze, ukve validuri kiTxvariT mopovebuli informaciis

damuSavebisas moxdeba.

amrigad, Catarebuli eqsperimentis Sedegad miviReT studentis mier

maswavleblis Sefasebis qarTuli kiTxvari, romelic iTvaliswinebs

studentis dakveTebs maswavleblisadmi. amasTan, kvlevis Sedegad

dadgenilia is saerTo uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebi, romelebic dRevandeli

umaRlesi skolis maswavlebels gaaCnia. miviReT pirobiTad `dabali~,

`saSualo~ da `maRali~ donis maswavleblis SefasebisaTvis qulaTa

raodenoba, anu SevqmeniT studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis

`instrumenti~.

studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvaris Sedgenis meTodika

da Tavad kiTxvari, saerTaSoriso doneze aprobaciis mizniT,

gadamowmebuli iqna kristian-albrextis kilis universitetis pedagogikis

institutSi (kili, germania). kerZod, pedagogikis institutSi CavatareT 2007-

2008 wlis zamTris semestrSi mimdinare seminarebis wamyvani maswavleblebis

Sefaseba.

kvlevis farglebSi kiTxvaris Sedgenis procesi Semdegi etapebiT

ganxorcielda:

139

I. nacionaluri Tavisebuberebebis gaTvaliswinebis mizniT,

davamuSaveT germaniis universitetebis saswavlo procesis da

studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis debulebebi.

gansakuTrebuli yuradReba gavamaxvileT CrdiloeT germaniis

universitetebis gaerTianebis (VNU - Verbund Norddeutscher Universitäten)

da kriqsian albrextis kilis uniersitetis (CAU – Christian Albrecht

Universität zu Kiel) saswavlo procesis debulebebze. mopovebuli

masala Teoriulad SevadareT Cven mier saqarTveloSi Seqmnil

standarts.

II. kvlevis Casatareblad, fokus jgufad SevarCieT pedagogikis

institutSi 2007-2008 wlis zamTris semestrSi, pedagogikis

mimarTulebiT mimdinare seminarebze monawile studentebi (411

studenti). SerCevisas damatebiT maxasiaTeblebs, rogoricaa

akademiur moswreba, saswavlo semestri, fakulteti da sxv.

yuradReba ar eqceoda.

III. pirvel etapze gamovkiTxeT 61 studenti. dasmul kiTxvaze: `Tqveni

azriT, rogori unda iyos umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli?~

anonimurad, werilobiT studentTa mier dafiqsirebuli iqna is

ZiriTadi moTxovnebi, romlebic germanel studentebs gaaCndaT

pedagogebis mimarT. mopovebuli masalis damuSavebisas, Cvens mier

gaTvaliswinebul iqna yvelaze xSirad (gamokiTxulTa 80%)

gameorebuli azri.

IV. saqarTveloSi Catarabuli kvlevis msgavsad, mopovebuli

moTxovnebi maswavleblisadmi Sejerebul iqna zemoT warmodgenil

maswavleblis profesiuli maxasiaTeblebTan. aRsaniSnavi da

xazgasasmelia, rom germaneli studentebis mier dafiqsirebuli

survilebi ar gascilebia Cvens mier Sedgenili pedagogis

profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis CamonaTvals. umniSvnelo gadaxra,

pedagogisadmi pirovnul moTxovnebSi fiqsirdeboda, rac

kulturuli sxvaobidan gamomdinare, udavod bunebrivi movlenaa.

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V. mopovebuli masala SevajereT germaniaSi arsebul standartebtan,

kilis universitetSi arsebul studentis mier maswavleblis

Sefasebis kiTxvarebTan, Cvens mier saqarTveloSi Sedgenil

profesiul maxasiaTeblebTan da SevadgineT studentis mier

maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvari. kiTxvari ukve Tavisi SinaarsiT

iTvaliswinebda rogorc qarTveli, ise germaneli studentebis

moTxovnebs. cxadia, kiTxvebis Sedgenisas vxelmZRvanelobdiT ralf

portsis manhaimis gamokiTxvaTa, meTodebisa da analizis centris

kiTxvaTa formulirebis miTiTebebiT. gansakuTrebuli yuradReba

mivaqcieT kiTxvaTa ganlagebis Tanmimdevrobas. kiTxvebze pasuxebis,

anu skalis SerCevisas, amjeradac ar gagviTvaliswinebia

neitraluri punqtis arseboba, Tumca ganawilebis ufro detalurad

aRsaqmelad, kenti (5) raodenobis `Seesabameba - ar Seesabameba [trifft

zu – trifft nicht zu]~ skala SevarCieT.

VI. SemuSavebuli kiTxvari, CAU-is pedagogikis institutis

profesorebTan SevaTanxmeT, ris Semdegac kiTxvarma ara erTi

cvlileba ganicada.

VII. CavatareT kiTxvaris aprobacia pedagogikis institutis erT-erT

seminarze, 28 kacian jgufSi.

VIII. aprobaciam gviCvena, rom erTmniSvnelovnad, yvelasaTvis gaugebari

iyo anketuri Ria kiTxva - sagani (Fachdisziplin), man SemdgomSi sxva

formulireba miiRo, kerZod seminaris dasaxeleba (Titel des Seminars).

radgan kiTxvari nacionaluri Taviseburebebis da studentTa

dakveTis gaTvaliswinebiT Sedga, aprobaciam Tavad kiTxvarSi

Sesworeba ar Seitana. monacemTa damuSavebisas davrwmundiT, rom

arc erTma kiTxvam, kiTxvis SecvlisaTvis aucilebel kritikul

zRvars (10%-ze meti pasuxgaucemeli punqti, erTi da igive kiTxvaze

pasuxis saerTo raodenobis 80%-ze meti) ar miaRwia.

maswavlebelTa evalvacia, kilis universitetSi ramdenime wlian

praqtikas iTvlis. yovel semestruli Sefasebis Sedegebi institutebSi,

141

am etapisaTvis mxolod rekomendaciebis xasiaTs atarebs.

fakultetebisa Tu institutebis mixedviT, universitetis masStabiT ar

dgeba raime saxis reitinguli sia. yovel semestruli Sefasebis

moTxovnidan gamomdinare, universitetis masStabiT danergilia

evalvaciis e.w. programuli uzrunvelyofa - EvaSys. programis

moTxovnis farglebSi TiToeuli kiTxvari, romelic evalvaciisas

gamoiyeneba, vizualurad garkveul standartebs unda akmayofilebdes.

EvaSys-i sxvadasxva tipis kiTxvebis da skalebis SerCevis saSualebas

iZleva. qaRalduri an/da eleqtronuli matareblidan Seyvanil

informacias sistema Tavad amuSavebs statistikurad da agenerirebs

Sedegebs. unda aRiniSnos, rom TiToeuli profesors, sakuTari

Sefasebis Sedegebis gacnobisas, ufleba aqvs ar gamoaqveynos isini.

IX. Cvens mier SemuSavebulma kiTxvarmac, EvaSys farglebSi garkveuli

vizualuri cvlilebebi ganicada. warmogidgenT, aprobirebuli

germanuli kiTxvaris originalur saxes da mis qarTul Targmans:

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143

144

145

kiTxvari

seminaris Sesamowmeblad

gTxovT guldasmiT gaecnoT kiTxvars. yoveli kiTxvis Semdeg TqvenTvis

misaRebi pasuxis variantTan dasviT aRniSvna ` x ~.

1.1. seminari dasaxeleba

1.2. seminaris xelmZRvaneli (saxeli gvari)

1.3. saswavlo semestri

Seesab

ameb

a

ar S

eesab

ameb

a

2.1. maswavlebeli semestris dasawyisSi ganmartavs seminaris

mimdinareobis organizaciul sakiTxebs (swavlebis meTodebi,

saswavlo literatura, moTxovnebi studentebisadmi, Sefasebis

kriteriumebi) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

□

□

□

□

□

2.2. saseminaro jgufis moculoba misaRebi odenobisaa _ _ _ _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.3. saswavlo masala studentisaTvis gasagebadaa miwodebuli _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.4. maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs mecnierebis Tanamedrove

miRwevebs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.5. maswavlebeli daintresebulia studentebis warmatebiT _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.6. maswavlebeli mecadineobis Semdegac mzadaa upasuxos

studentis mier dasmul SekiTxvebs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.7 seminarze ganixileba ara mxolod Teoriuli masala, aramed

masalis praqtikuli mniSnvelobac _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.8. igrZnoba, rom umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli seminars

movaleobis moxdis mizniT atarebs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.9. seminarze racionalurad gamoiyeneba swavlebis teqnikuri

saSualebebi (slaidebi, video masala, kompiuteri, proeqtori) □ □ □ □ □

146

Seesab

ameb

a

ar S

eesab

ameb

a

2.10. maswavlebeli pativiscemiT ekideba studentebs. (studentebi

maswavleblis yuradRebas grZnoben) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.11. seminari codnis gadacemisa da dikusiis kargi kombinaciaa _ □ □ □ □ □2.12. maswavlebels aqvs kargi iumoris grZnoba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.13. seminarze gamoiyeneba swavlebis aqtivizaciis xerxebi (mag.

Jgufuri muSaoba, roluri TamaSebi) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.14. maswavlebeli iTvaliswinebs studentebis azrs (winadadebebs,

SeniSvnebs) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.15. maswavlebeli metyvelebs garkveviT _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.16. seminaris dasawyisSi xdeba gavlili masalis mimoxilva_ _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.17. maswavlebeli cdilobs Seqmnas seminarze swavlisaTvis

misaRebi atmosfero _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.18. maswavlebeli xels uwyobs studentebis damoukidebel

muSaobas (saswavlo wignebis, damatebiT masalebis da

literaturis gamoyeneba, swavleba da kvleva) _ _ _ _ _ _ _

□

□

□

□

□

2.19. seminaris dasawyisSi maswavlebeli acnobs monawileebs

rekomendirebuli literaturis CamonaTvals _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.20. maswavlebeli studentebis SekiTxvebze axsna-ganmartebebs

iZleva _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.21. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebeli seminarisaTvis momzadebuli

Cans _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.22. maswavlebels seminari sxvadasxva meTodebiT mihyavs _ _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.23. maswavlebeli kompetenturia dargSi _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □

147

Seesab

ameb

a

ar S

eesab

ameb

a

2.24. maswavlebeli sistematiurad sTavazobs studentebs

konsultaciis saaTebs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.25. maswavlebeli megobrulia studentebis mimarT _ _ _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.26. maswavlebels gadaaqvs auditoriaze sakuTari cudi

ganwyoba _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.27. seminaris Sinaarsi, gamosadegia Semdgomi profesiuli

saqmianobisaTvis _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.28. umaRlesi skolis maswavlebels kargi zogadi ganaTleba

aqvs _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.29. seminarebze diskusiebi organizebulad mimdinareobs _ _ □ □ □ □ □2.30. monawileebi komfortulad grZnoben Tavs imisaTvis, rom

seminarze iaqtiuron _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ □

□

□

□

□

2.31. piradad CemTvis seminari Zalian mniSvnelovani iyo _ _ _ □ □ □ □ □

3.1. ra niSans dauwerdiT seminars mTlianobaSi? (1-Zalian kargi, 6-

arasakmarisi) □

3.2. ra niSans dauwerdiT mTlianobaSi seminaris xelmZRvanels? (1-Zalian

kargi, 6-arasakmarisi) □

3.3. ra niSans dauwerdiT Tqven Tavs rogorc monawiles? (1-Zalian kargi,

6-arasakmarisi) □

4.1. Tqveni saboloo komentari seminaris Sesaxeb

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

148

4.2. saboloo komentari seminaris SefasebasTan dakavSirebiT ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4.3. ra unda Seicvalos kiTxvarSi?

________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________ madlobas gixdiT TanamSromlobisaTvis

X. aprobirebuli kiTxvariT, 2007-2008 zamTris semsetris dasasruls,

gamokiTxva Catarda pedagogikis institutis 7 pedagogis 11

seminarze. aprobirebuli kiTxvariT, sul gamokiTxul iqna 322

studenti. nabeWdi saxiT Sevsebuli kiTxvarebis monacemebi

damuSavebul iqna eleqtronulad EvaSys saSualebiT.

XI. vinaidan Cveni kvlevis mziani, kiTxvaris Sedgenis meTodikis

vargisianobis dadgena iyo, am etapisaTvis ar gavamaxvilebT

yuradRebas statistikuri monacemebis Sedegebis ganxilvaze.

rogorc ukve aRvniSneT, monacemTa damuSaveba germanuli programis

farglebSi xdeboda. monacemebi TiToeuli profesorisaTvis cal-

calke muSavdeboda. magaliTisaTvis moviyvanT erT-erTi seminaris

profesoris Sefasebis, kiTxvaris statistikuri damuSavebis

Sedegebs, romelsac dainteresebuli mkiTxveli SeiZleba germanul

enaze gaecnos. Sefasebis erTian Sedegebis qarTul variants ver

gTavazobT, vinaidan pasuxebi dagenerirebulia programis mier

avtomaturad da erToblivi monacebebi, iseve rogorc TiToeuli

profesorisaTvis Sedegebis maTematikur nawilze wvdomis

saSualeba ar gvqonda.

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

warmodgenili kvlevis procesisa da Tavad kiTxvaris (Sinaarsi da

skala) validobasTan dakavSirebiT aRsaniSnavia, rom Sinaarsobrivi

validoba, romelic Semowmebis erT-erTi saxea, Sesrulebulia. sakvlevi

instrumentis SedgenaSi monawileobas iRebdnen saswavlo procesSi

CarTuli mxareebis warmomadgenlebi, maTi miTiTebebi da gaTvaliswinebuli

rCevebi ki validobis aucilebeli pirobaa. kiTxvarSi gamoyenebuli skalis

standartulobidan gamomdinare, misi validobis pirobac Sesrulebulia.

yovelive es saSualebas gvaZlevs vamtkicoT, rom germanul garemoSi

Seqmnili kiTxvari validuria.

morig jerze unda aRiniSnos, rom orive kiTxvari, erTi da igive

profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis bazaze dayrdnobiT iqna Sedgenili. ZiriTadi

moTxovnebi maswavleblis mimarT rogorc qarTvel ise germanel studentebs

msgavsi aqvT, Tumca umniSvnelo gansxvaveba moTxovnebSi dafiqsirTa

maswavleblis pirovnuli Tvisebebis kuTxiT, rac kulturul sxvaobas

SeiZleba mivaweroT.

amrigad, Catarebuli eqsperimentis Sedegad miviReT studentis mier

maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvarebi, romelic iTvaliswinebs studentis

dakveTebs maswavleblisadmi. qarTuli da germanuli kiTxvarebis

gamoyenebis aspeqtebi universitetebis administraciebma unda gansazRvron

saWiroebis mixedviT.

160

d a s k v n a

1. umaRlesi skolis saqmianobis aRiarebis mTavar berketad msoflio

saganmanaTleblo sivrce moiazrebs xarisxis kontrols, anu

akreditacias. akreditacia gulisxmobs saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebis yvela rgolis saqmianobis xarisxis Sefasebas.

amgvari Sefasebis, anu dawesebulebis saqmianobis aRiarebis gareSe,

umaRlesi skolis kursdamTavrebuls ver gaexsneba gza ama Tu im

qveynis samomxmareblo sferoebSi. ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis

Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetSi mimdinare reformebi swored am

procesebiskenaa mimarTuli.

2. umaRlesi saswavleblis uZiriTades rgols misi profesor-

maswavleblebi da maTi saqmianoba warmoadgens. yvelasaTvis naTelia,

rom maswavlebelia yovelgvari wesdebisa Tu gardaqmnis

aRmsrulebeli, maswavlebelia is mTavari Zala, romelic warmarTavs

swavla-aRzrdis urTules saqmes. Cveni naSromi, swored maswavleblis

profesiuli saqmianobis Tanamedrove xedvis SemuSavebasa da misi

Sefasebis sistemis Seqmnas eZRvneba. vfiqrobT, es saqme upirvelesi

nabijia akreditaciisaTvis mzadebis procesSi.

3. imisaTvis rom Segveqmna profesiuli saqmianobis Sefasebis sistema,

aucilebeli iyo gangvesazRvra umaRlesi skolis mizani zogadad da

am miznidan gamomdinare maswavleblis profesiuli funqciebi.

istoriuli TvalTxedviT da Tanamedrove literaturis analiziT

davadgineT, rom umaRlesi skola saswavlo-samecniero dawesebulebaa

da maSasadame, umaRlesi skolis maswavlebels profesiulad evaleba

pedagogiuri da samecniero muSaoba.

4. arsebuli literaturisa da Tanamedrove moTxovnebis Sesabamisad,

SevecadeT mogveazrebina umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli

saqmianobis Sefasebis sistema. CvenTvis am sistemaSi yvelaze metad

mniSvnelovan rgols studentis mier maswavleblis Sefaseba

warmoadgens. amdenad kvleva am mimarTulebiT gavagrZeleT.

161

5. Sesabamisi literaturis Teoriuli analizisa da Cveni mosazrebis

gaTvaliswinebiT SevqmeniT umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis

profesiuli maxasiaTeblebi, moviazreT ra isini sami aspeqtis

erTianobiT _ mecnieruli codna, meToduri momzadeba da pirovnuli

maxasiaTeblebi.

6. CavatareT profesiuli maxasiaTeblebis kvleva. jgufuri da

individualuri muSaobiT movipoveT studentTa azri imis Sesaxeb, Tu

rogori unda iyos umaRlesi skolis Tanamedrove maswavlebeli. amave

dros movipoveT studentebisagan is uaryofiTi maxasiaTeblebi,

romlebic samwuxarod Tsu-is universitetis Tanamedrove kadrs

gaaCnia.

7. SevajereT studentTa azri Cven mier Seqmnil Teoriul modelTan da

SevadgineT umaRlesi skolis maswavleblis profesiuli

maxasiaTeblebi (profesiograma), romlebic Teoriuli da empiriuli

kvlevis Sedegad iqna mopovebuli.

8. davamuSaveT saerTaSoriso saganmanaTleblo sivrceSi da Tsu-Si

studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis arsebuli kiTxvarebi. qarTul

realobasTan adaptaciis mizniT isini SevajereT Cven mier mopovebul

profesiogramasa da maswavleblis uaryofiT maxasiaTeblebTan.

Sedegad miviReT studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvari,

romelic SesabamisobaSia maswavleblis mimarT profesiul

moTxovnebsa da studentur dakveTebTan.

9. CavatareT kiTxvaris aprobacia iv.javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis

saxelmwifo universitetis arapirvelkursel 200 studentze.

daviTvaleT TiToeul kiTxvaze pasuxebis procentuli Sedegebi.

eqsperimentis Catarebis meTodikis sandoobidan gamomdinare, kiTxvarma

umniSvnelo cvlilebebi ganicada.

10. kiTxvaris Sedgenis meTodika gadavamowmeT germaniis qalaq

zaarbrukenis, zaarlandis universitetis fsiqologiis mimarTulebaze.

162

11. studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvaris Sedgenis

meTodikisa da Tavad kiTxvaris saerTaSoriso doneze aprobaciis

mizniT, Cven mier warmodgenili kvlevis meqanizmi gadamowmebuli iqna

germaniis, kristian-albrextis kilis universitetis pedagogikis

institutSi. kerZod, Catarebul iqna 2007-2008 wlis zamTris

semestris pedagogikis institutSi mimdinare seminarebis (11 sagnis

seminari, 7 pedagogi) evalvacia. saerTo jamSi gamokiTxul iqna 411

studenti.

12. nacionaluri Taviseburebis gasaTvaliswineblad, moZiebul iqna

germaneli studentebis mosazrebebi da moTxovnebi umaRlesi skolis

maswavleblisadmi. Camoyalibebuli moTxovnebi SevajereT Cvens

profesiul maxasiaTeblebTan.

13. SevadgineT germanuli realobis amsaxveli kiTxvari, CavatareT misi

aprobacia. aprobaciis Sedegebis mixedviT SevitaneT Sesworebebi

kiTxvarSi.

14. miRebuli kiTxvariT semestris bolos gamovkiTxeT seminarebSi

monawile yvela studenti. gamokiTxvam gviCvena, rom Cven mier

miRebuli kiTxvaris yvela kiTxva muSaobs, anu kiTxvari validuria.

15. amrigad, SevqmeniT studentis mier maswavleblis Sefasebis kiTxvari,

e.w. `instrumenti~, romelic aprobirebulia ivane javaxiSvilis

saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universitetsa da germaniis, kristian

albrextis kilis universitetis pedagogikis institutSi. aRniSnuli

kiTxvarebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebelia sakuTriv universitetebisa da

akreditaciis samsaxurebis mier.

163

danarTi N1

umaRlesi ganaTleba didi britaneTsa da CrdiloeT

irlandiis gaerTianebul samefoSi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis istoria

didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebul samefoSi12

sul 90 universitetia (73 inglisSi, 13 SotlandiaSi, or-ori uelsSi da

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi). qronologiurad universitetebi gaerTianebul

samefoSi oTx nakadad daarsda. pirveli nakadi - oqsfordis da kembrijis

universitetebi iyo, maT XI-XII saukuneebis mijnaze CaeyaraT safuZveli. XIX

saukuneSi sawarmoo bazris moTxovnilebebis zrdam gamoiwvia meore nakadis,

e.w. `wiTelaguriani universitetebis~ warmoqmna, romlebic industriuli

bazris dargobrivi specialistebiT momaragebas uzrunvelyofda. mesame

nakadis universitetebi 1960 wels daarsda. aseTi universitetebis

raodenobrivi mateba gamowveuli iyo ara mxolod bazarze specialistebis

saWiroebiT, aramed sazogadoebis mzardi moTxovnebiT umaRlesi ganaTlebis

mimarT. ukanaskneli, meoTxe nakadis universitetebi politeqnikur

saswavleblebs warmoadgendnen, romlebmac 1992 wels universitetis statusi

moipoves. pirveli ori nakadis universitetebs samefo gankargulebis (Royal

Charter) ZaliT CaeyaraT safuZveli, xolo Semdgomi ori parlamentis mier

miRebul kanonmdeblobaze (Parliamentary Statute) dayrdnobiT ganviTarda.

daarsebis safuZvlis miuxedavad, sauniversiteto debulebaSi da kanonSi

nebismieri Sesworeba an damateba, Tavad universitetebis wardgenis Semdeg,

samefo xelisuflebis gankargulebiT, universitetis piradi sabWos mier

xorcieldeba. yoveli universiteti Tavad gansazRvravs, romeli xarixi Tu

kvalifikacia iqneba SeTavazebuli sazogadoebisaTvis.

12 UK – United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – didi britaneTisa da CrdiloeT irlandiis gaerTianebuli samefo, teqstSi moxseniebulia rogorc gaerTianebuli samefo (United Kingdom).

164

rogorc cnobilia, gaerTianebul samefoSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis

miReba univesitetis garda sxva umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebaSic iyo

SesaZlebeli, anu arsebobda umaRlesi ganaTlebis e.w. binarul sistema

(Binary system). politeqnikuri saswavleblebis universitetebad gadakeTebam,

gamoiwvia binaruli sistemis mospoba da umaRlesi ganaTlebis sferoSi,

mxolod universitetebisgan Semdgari unificirebuli sistemis (Unified system)

dafuZneba e.i. 1992 wlis cvlilebebma, umaRlesi ganaTlebis avtonomiuri

sistema Camoayaliba. Seiqmna unificirebuli struqtura calkeuli

damfinansebeli sabWoebiT inglisis, Sotlandiisa da uelsisaTvis. amasTan

yvela universiteti, garda bukinhemis universitetisa, saxelmwifo

dafinansebaze gadavida. 1992 wlis dadgenileba - `Semdgomi da umaRlesi

ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis Sesaxeb” (The Further and Higher Education Act 1992),

inglissa da uelsSi umaRlesi ganaTlebis yvela dawesebulebas aZlevs

uflebas Tavis dasaxelebaSi Seitanos sityva `universiteti”. es ufleba

yvela politeqnikurma saswavlebelma gamoiyena. mxolod erTma _ Anglia

Polytechnic University gadawyvita Tavis dasaxelebaSi SeenarCunebina sityva

`politeqnikumi”. momavalSi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis axal dawesebulebebs

dasaxelebis SerCevisas sityva `politeqnikumi” ar mieniWebaT. miuxedavad

imisa, rom UgaerTianebul samefoSi unificirebuli struqturaa,

sauniversiteto seqtori (literaturuli wyaroebic), tradiciul

universitetebsa da yofil politeqnikur saswavleblebTan mimarTebaSi,

kvlav iyenebs sityvebs `Zveli~ da `axali universiteti~.

`Zveli universitetebi~ universitetebad 1992 wlamde daarsdnen.

sazogadod, `Zveli universitetebi~ ar awarmoeben profesiul treiningebs

(Professional training), ar uSveben moklevadiani kursebiT profesiul kadrebs.

Tumca, SemoTavazebulia profesiulad akreditebuli xarisxebis kursTa

farTo arCevani, romlebic moicaven sainJinro, sabuhRaltro, maswavlebelTa

treiningebs, samedicino, biblioTekaris da informaciul mecnierebaTa

swavlebebs. profesiuli saqmianobis praqtikaSi gamoyenebis SezRudvebi,

rogorc wesi, gamocdebis Cabarebis an profesiul organizaciaTa (iseTebi

165

rogoricaa sazogadoebrivi finansebis da buhRalteriis instituti da

legaluri ganaTlebis sabWo) akreditirebis Sedegad xdeba cnobili.

`axali uniersitetebis~ umetesoba Zveli politeqnikuri

saswavleblebia. es saswavleblebi Tavdapirvelad muSaTa klasis zogadi

codnis, industriuli unarebis ganviTarebisaTvis daarsda. swavleba drois

sruli (Full-time) an nawilobrivi (Part-time) datvirTviT mimdinareobda. maTi

roli britaneTis da kanadis parlamentis qveda palatis (Parliament house of

commons) mier 1966 wels miRebuli e.w. TeTri qaRaldis - `politeqnikumebisa

da sxva kolejTa gegma~ (White Paper, “A Plan for the Polytechnics and Other Colleges”)

safuZvelze Seicvala. am dokumentSi politeqnikuri saswavleblebi,

industriis biznesTan damakavSirebel, umaRlesi ganaTlebis regionalur

centrebadaa moxseniebuli. 1988 wlis ganaTlebis reformis aqtma inglisSi

politeqnikuri saswavleblebi, kolejebi da umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebi, romlebic agreTve avtonomiurebi iyvnen, adgilobrivi

ganaTlebis kontrols Camoacila. 1992 wlis kanonis ZaliT, dasaxelebaSi

sityva `universitetis~ gamoyenebis ufleba, aseve sxva umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebmac miiRes (mag. teqnologiurma institutebma).

1969 wels, TiTqmis tradiciuli umaRlesi ganaTlebis msgavsi e.w. Ria

universitetebi (Open University) daarsda. amJamad isini gaerTianebul samefoSi

drois nawilobrivi datvirTvis xarisxebis (Part-time degrees) mTavari

uzrunvelmyofi dawesebulebebia. es avtonomiuri dawesebulebebi, xarisxebs

universitetebis msgavsad aniWeben. Tumca, sxva universitetebisgan

gansxvavebiT, maTi dafinanseba ganaTlebisa da mecnierebaTa departamentidan

(DES) ufro didia, vidre umaRlesi ganaTlebis damfinansebeli sabWodan

(HEFC). Ria universitetebis mier SemoTavazebuli programis tipebia:

xarisxamdeli (Undergraduate), xarisxisSemdgomi (Postgraduate), uwyveti

ganaTlebisa da `gamocdilebis Semdgomi~ kursebi (Continuing education and

`Post experience~ courses). mesame tipis kursebi gankuTvnilia im studentTaTvis,

romelTac ar surT xarisxamdelebad (Undergraduate) daregistrireba.

166

aRniSnuli kursebi SeiZleba Seicavdnen modulebs, rogorc xarisxamdeli

programebidan, aseve specialuri ganviTarebis moklevadian treiningebs. am

sami ZiriTadi tipis ganaTlebasTan erTad, Ria universitetis mier

zogierTi sadiplomo programacaa (Diploma courses) SemoTavazebuli.

Ria universitetebSi, swavleba umetesad distanciurad mimdinareobs.

gamoiyeneba satelevizio da radio mauwyebloba, audio Canawerebi da a.S.

bevri kursis gasavlelad, studentebi valdebulni arian Caeweron

sazafxulo skolaSi. mecadineobebi arCeuli universitetis teritoriaze,

zafxulis ardadegebis ganmavlobaSi tardeba. regularuli konsultasciebi

ki, adgilobriv saswavlo centrebSi mimdinareobs.

sauniversiteto ganaTlebis struqtura

yvela dawesebuleba valdebulia kursTa farTo arCevani

warmoadginos. universitetebma, ganurCevlad Tavdapirveli statusisa,

umaRlesi ganaTlebis damfinansebeli sabWoebis (HEFC) mier warmodgenil da

CrdiloeT irlandiis ganaTlebis deparamentTan (DENI) SeTanxmebul 11

kurikulumidan, 5-Si unda gadaanawilon studentebi. kursTa mravalferovani

CamonaTvali xelmisawvdomia yovelwliur cnobarebSi (universitetebisa da

kolejebSi Caricxvis servisi UCAS; gaerTianebul samefoTa universitetebi;

britaneTis saelCo).

yvela dawesebuleba, TiToeuli sagnis swavlebisaTvis saWiro

saaTebis raodenobas gansazRvravs. studentebi zogierTi sagnis

SeswavlisaTvis gankuTvnili drois ZiriTad nawils auditoriaSi atareben,

zogierTi disciplina ki piriqiT, damoukidebel muSaobaze iTxovs didi

drois xarjvas.

akademiuri weli tradiciulad sam periodadaa dayofili, Tumca,

weliwadSi 2 semestriani swavlebis modularuli sistema ufro sazogado

xdeba. bevr dawesebulebaSi funqcionirebs kreditebis dagrovebis da

gadatanis sqema (CAT), romlis mizania daexmaros studentebs Seqmnas

167

swavlebis piradi programa xarisxis mopovebisaTvis. CAT-is farglebSi

studentebs kreditebi ukve miRebuli ganaTlebis an samuSao gamocdilebis

gamo SeiZleba mieniWoT. CAT-i xarisxis mopovebis saSualebas im

studentebsac aZlevs, romelTac swavlebis grZelvadiani periodis arCeva

ar SeuZliaT. dawesebulebebs aseve SeuZliaT CAT-is Tavsebadi adgilobrivi

sqemis formireba, romelic students saSualebas miscems airCios

dawesebulebis mier SeTavazebul kursTagan gansxvavebuli kursebi, magram

ise, rom kreditebi CaeTvlebaT xarisxisaTvis mosapovelebl kreditTa

raodenobaSi.

dawesebulebebs aseve SeuZliaT SesTavazon da aarCevinon iseTi

kursebi, romlebic gansakuTrebiT mniSvnelovania adgilobrivi

sazogadoebisaTvis. SeuZliaT SesTavazon drois nawilobrivi datvirTvis

kursebi (part-time courses), romlebic samuSaosagan Tavisufal dros an

saRamos saaTebSi profesiul winsvlas uzrunvelyofs an damokidebulia

pirad interesze magaliTad geografiis, istoriis, enebis an literaturis

klasebi.

diplomebis da xarisxebis miniWeba

universitetebSi Semdegi xarisxebis mopovebaa SesaZlebeli:

done 1: umaRlesi ganaTlebis serTifikati

done 2: sabaziso xarisxi, Cveulebrivi bakalavris xarisxi, umaRlesi

nacionaluri diplomi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomi.

done 3: bakalavris sapatio xarisxebi, damamTavrebeli serTifikatebi

da diplomebi

done 4: magistris xarisxebi, xarisxisSemdgomi sertifikatebi da

diplomebi.

done 5: doqtoris xarisxi

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xarisxamdeli programebi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sertifikatebi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sertifikatebi (Certificates of Higher Education)

gamiznulia imaTTvis, visac survili aqvT iswavlon drois nawilobrivi

datvirTviT umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze da ar eqnebaT grZelvadiani

valdebulebebi drois nawilobrivi datvirTvis xarisxis (part-time degree)

mosapoveblad. done 1-ze (xarisxamdeli (undergraduate) swavlis pirveli wlis

eqvivalenti) Caricxva misaRebi moTxovnebebis gareSe xdeba. sertifikatis

mosapoveblad studentebma universitetis mier gansazRvrul sagnebSi 120

krediti unda moagrovon.

umaRlesi nacionaluri diplomi

umaRlesi nacionaluri diplomi (HND) studentebs umaRlesi

ganaTlebis miRebis alternatiul gzas sTavazobs. am tipis swavleba,

rogorc wesi ar aniWebs bakalavris xarisxs. swavlis xangrZlivoba 2 welia

da viwro profesiul specializaciaze fokusirdeba. NHD-s warmatebiT

dasruleba, momijnave xarisxis (related degree) meore kursze gadasvlis

safuZvelia. zogierT saganSi SesaZlebelia erT weliwadSi Cveulebrivi

xarisxis (Ordinary degree) mopoveba da SemdgomSi, drois nawilobrivi

datvirTviT swavliT (Part-time study) misi konvertireba sapatio xarisxze

(Honor degree).

umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomi (DipHe) igivea rac HND, magram

akreditirebul profesiul kvalifikacias warmoadgens. igi uzrunvelyofs

iseT profesiebze miRebas rogoricaa eqTani da socialuri muSaki (HERO

2003){54}. umaRlesi ganaTlebis diplomi Seiqmna 1972 wels rogorc orwliani

kursi universitetSi, politeqnikur saswavleblebsa da kolejebSi. DipHe

diplomi `inteleqtualurad ara nakleb aRiarebuli~ iyo vidre xarisxis

mimniWebeli kursis pirveli ori wlis swavleba. 1972 wlis dokumentis e.w.

`TeTri qaRaldi, ganaTleba~ (White paper, Education) safuZvelze, skolebis da

kolejebis damamTavrebeli kursis studentebs mxolod muSaobisa da drois

169

nawilobrivi datvirTviT swavlis, an aranakleb sam wlian kursze

daswrebis arCevanis saSualeba hqondaT. yvela specifikur profesiul

sferoSi mxolod SezRuduli diapazonis, orwliani kursebi iyo daSvebuli.

mas Semdeg araferi Secvlila. 1972 wlis TeTrma qaRaldma, umaRles

ganaTlebaSi sakmarisi moqnilobis misaRwevad, axali kursebi, `kritikuli

elementis” saxiT warmoadgina. miuxedavad amisa DipHE didi popularobiT

studentebSic ar sargeblobda. universitetebSi specialobebi zereled

aisaxa, politeqnikur saswavleblebSi da kolejebSi ki DipHE Tavisuflad

mdgom (“free-standing”) kursebs arasodes gadauWarbebia 4000-Tvis

(SedarebisaTvis 1990 wels pirveli xarisxis 250000-ze meti kursi iyo).

sabaziso xarisxebi

2000 wlis TebervalSi Statis sabWom, gankargulebis saxiT qveyanas

e.w. sabaziso xarisxebi (Foundation degrees) SesTavaza. aRniSnuli xarisxi

ZalaSi 2001 wlis seqtemberSi Sevida. sabaziso xarisxi umaRlesi

ganaTlebis diplomis msgavsia. am kursebis mizani, 1972 wlis darad,

resursebSi savaraudo Cavardnebis amovseba, teqnikuri donis kvalifikaciis

mqone adamianebis naklebobis aRmofxvra da damqiraveblisaTvis saWiro

unar-Cvevebis mqone kadriT uzrunvelyofa iyo. aRsaniSnavia rom, TeTr

qaRaldSi e.w. `iaf Canacvlebad~ moxseniebuli saxelwodebisgan

gansxvavebiT, sabaziso xarisxebis kursebma Tavad daimkvidres sakuTari

poziciebi da saxeli. Tumca SeTavazebul kursebs Soris arsebobs

gansxvavebebi. sabaziso xarisxebi mxolod profesiuli miznebisaTvisaa

gansazRvruli. saministro, xarisxebSi im ZiriTadi unarebis da codnis

aucileblobiT CarTvas moiTxovs, romelic SesaZleblobas aZlevs

kursdamTavrebulebs Seitanon `sruli potenciali SromiTi bazris yvela

seqtorSi”, ise, rom daakmayofilon damqiraveblis moTxovnebi. (Pratt THES

2000). amgvarad, es xarisxebi, damqiraveblebis uSualo dakveTis Sedegadaa

warmoqmnili. rac Seexeba am xarisxebis instituciur uzrunvelyofas igi

ganviTarda xarisxis mimniWebeli umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis,

170

Semdgomi ganaTlebis kolejebis partniorobiT da inglisis umaRlesi

ganaTlebis damfinansebeli sabWos, uelsis nacionaluri ansambleis da

CrdiloeT irlandiis ganaTlebisa da swavlebis departamentebis

mxardaWeriT. xarisxebi saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebis dasaxmareblad

Seiqmna, raTa gaaRrmavon urTierToba umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebTan da dagegmon swavleba cxovrebis manzilze (LLL-Lifelong

learning). maT farglebSi xelmisawvdomia gamoyenebad saganTa sfero, iseTi

rogoricaa internet gaTvlebi, swavlebis mxadaWera, stumarTmoyvareoba,

Tavisufali dro da turizmi. sabaziso xarisxebis mopoveba SesaZlebelia

orwlian drois sruli darvirTviT swavlis an drois nawilobrivi

datvirTviT misi eqvivalentis gavlis Semdeg. sabaziso xarisxebi pirveli

xarisxis SesaZlo alternativad ganixileba.

pirveli xarisxebi

pirveli xarisxebi (First degrees) moicavs tradiciul pirvel xarisxebs,

kvalificirebuli maswavleblis statusis pirveli xarisxs, romelic

registrirebulia Sotlandiis mTavar saswavlo sabWoSi, sapatio pirvel

xarisxebs da diplomTan konkurentunarian pirvel xarisxebs. tradiciul

pirvel xarisxTagan yvelaze gavrcelebulia xelovnebis bakalavrisa

(Bachelor of Art) da mecnierebis bakalavris (Bachelor of Science) xarisxebi.

pirveli xarisxebi ZiriTadad samwliani programebia. gamonakliss

warmoadgenen: enis kursebi (sazRvargareT erTwliani xangrZlivobiT),

gaZlierebuli inJineriis, medicinis, arqiteqturis, damwyeb maswavleblelTa

daxelovnebis sapatio (Honours B.Ed), da samrewvelo treiningebiT Sedgenili

(e.w. “sandwich courses”) kursebi. amave dros kiilis da Sotlandiis

universitetebis pirveli xarisxis programebi umTavresad oTxwliania.

xarisxamdeli programebi SeiZleba sxvadasxva doneze dasruldes.

umdablesi done - bakalavri `CaeTvala” (Bachelor pass degree) da umaRlesi

bakalavris pirveli klasis sapatio xarisxia (Bachelor first-class honours degree).

sapatio bakalavris xarisxi SesaZlebelia sam kategoriad daiyos: sapatio

171

pirveli, meore da mesame klasis xarisxebi, TiToeulSi gamoyofilia i da ii

doneebi. gansxvaveba sapatio xarisxebsa da Cveulebriv xarisxebs Soris

damokidebulia swavlebis datvirTvaze: Cveulebrivi xarisxis (Ordinary degree)

mosapoveblad yvelaze naklebi raodenobis kredit qulaa savaldebulo.

zogierT dawesebulebaSi gaZlierebuli orwliani xarisxebi arsebobs,

sadac swavleba ardadegebis periodSic mimdinareobs. amJamad TiTqmis ar

arsebobs kursi, romlis gavlis Semdeg, xarisxi mxolod saboloo

gamocdebis SedegebiT mieniWeba.

pirveli xarisxi mecnierebis (B.Sc) an xelovnebis bakalavria (BA).

xandaxan xdeba specialuri kvalifikaciebis miniWeba bakalavris xarisxze

inJineriaSi (B.Eng) da ganaTlebaSi B.Ed. xarisxamdeli programis

dasrulebis Semdeg swavla SesaZlebelia gagrZeldes sami gansxvavebuli

kvalifikaciis programiT: xarisxisSemdgomi diplomebi da sertifikatebi,

magistris xarisxebi da doqtoris xarisxebi.

xarisxisSemdgomi programebi

xarisxisSemdgomi (Post graduate) kvalifikaciis mopoveba SesaZlebela

saswavlo kursis warmatebiT dasrulebis, individualuri kvlevis an maTi

kombinaciis Sedegad. misi miniWeba magistris da doqtoris xarisxis

doneebze xdeba. universitetebma SesaZloa sapatio umaRlesi xarisxi

(xSirad doqtoris xarisxi) akademiur an sazogadoebriv cxovrebaSi

warCinebul pirebs an im adamianebs mianiWon, visac RirSesaniSnavi

Sewiruloba gaukeTebia universitetisa an adgilobrivi sazogadoebisaTvis.

magistris xarisxebi

xarisxisSemdgomi kvalifikaciebi moicavs doqtoris, magistris,

umaRlesi bakalavris sapatio xarisxebs (Higher Bachelor degrees with honours) da

xarisxisSemdgom sertifikatebs ganaTlebaSi (PGCE). xarisxisSemdgomi

sertifikatebsa an xarisxisSemdgom diplomis programebze, codnis

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gafarToebis mizniT, ZiriTadad, erT disciplinaSi xarisxis mflobeli

studentebi daiSvebian. swavlebis xangrZlivoba Cveulebriv erTi welia.

magistris xarisxis miniWeba, bakalavris xarisxis momdevno erTi an

ori wlis swavlebis Semdeg xdeba. magistris xarisxi, rogorc wesi, erTi

wlis ganmavlobaSi drois sruli datvirTviT (full-time) swavlas, an ufro

xSirad 2 wlis drois nawilobrivi datvirTvis (part-time) eqvivalents

moiTxovs. gamonaklisebia kembrijis da oqsfordis universitetebi, sadac

xelovnebis magistris xarisxi simwifis da ara damatebiTi akademiuri

miRwevis indikatoria. am universitetebis kursdamTavrebulebs (specialobis

miuxedavad BA-s mflobelebi) gamocdebis gareSe, Tanxis gadaxdis Semdeg

MA-ze Sesvlis ufleba aqvT.

ZiriTadi xarisxebi magistraturaSi, romlebic miRweulia saswavlo

kursis warmatebiT dasrulebis, individualuri kvlevis an maTi kombinaciis

Sedegad, aris xelovnebis magistri MA, mecnierebis magistri MSc, biznes

administrirebis magistri MBA, ganaTlebis magistri MEd, socialuri

muSakis magistri MSW, musikalur xelovnebaTa magistri AMusM, samedicino

mecnierebaTa magistri MMedSci da filosofiis magistri MPhil.

doqtoris xarisxi

doqtoris xarisxi aris xarisxisSemdgomi wodeba, romelic mieniWeba

Tezisebisa an esseebisaTvis. doqtoris Tezisi daaxloebiT 60000-80000

sityvisagan Semdgari naSromia, romelSic didi mniSvneloba warmodgenil

informacias eniWeba. bevri studenti am xarisxisTvis drois nawilobrivi

datvirTviT swavlobs. miniWebadi xarisxi, rogorc wesi aris PhD, zogierT

universitetSi `Phil~ kvlevis an swavlebis sferos miuxedavad eniWebaT.

gamonaklisi zogierTi specializirebuli, magaliTad musikaluri

xelovnebis doqtoris AMusD xarisxia. studentebs, doqtoris wodebis

mopovebisaTvis, 3 wlis ganmavlobaSi drois sruli datvirTviT kvlevis

warmoebisaTvis saWiro honoraris moTxovnis ufleba aqvT.

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`senior doqtorebs~ aseve SeiZleba mieniWoT stipendia gamoqveynebuli

naSromis aRiarebis Semdeg. senior doqtoris wodeba Cveulebriv, PhD

wodebaze metad gamoxatavs mflobelis interesis sferos. magaliTad,

literaturis DLitt da mecnierebis doqtoris DSc wodebebi.

ganaTlebis alternatiuli tipebi

gaerTianebul samefoSi sauniversiteto seqtoris garda, arsebobs

saswavlo dawesebulebebi, romlebic garkveul SemTxvevebSi Tavad gadadian

umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtorSi da studentebs umaRlesi ganaTlebis

miRebis saSualebas aZleven.

Semdgomi ganaTleba

saSualo ganaTlebis Semdeg umaRles ganaTlebamde misasvleli

ramodenime alternatiuli gza arsebobs. aRniSnuli rgoli, rogorc wesi

Semdgom ganaTlebad (Further Education) moixsenieba. inglissa da uelsSi

Semdgomi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebs miekuTvneba Semdgomi ganaTlebis

kolejebi, zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi, meeqvse-klasis kolejebi da

Ria kolejebi da zrdasrulTa ganaTleba (Open college and adult education).

Semdgomi ganaTlebis kolejebi

dawesebulebaTa tipi, romelic awarmoebs Semdgom ganaTlebas

inglissa da uelsSi moicavs e.w `Semdgomi ganaTlebis~ kolejebs (Further

education Colleges), meeqvse-klasis kolejebs (Six-form Colleges)13 da zrdasrulTa

ganaTlebis centrebs (Adult education Centres). CrdiloeT irlandiaSi ki,

mxolod `Semdgomi ganaTlebis~ kolejebia. Semdgom ganaTlebaSi ar

arsebobs raime dadgenili swavlebis wesi. studentebs SeuZliaT airCion

13 sixth-form college – mosamzadebeli koleji - saSualo ganaTlebis, kerZo an saxelmwifo dawesebuleba 16 wels miRweuli axalgazrdebisaTvis, romelic moswavleebs meeqvse klasis gafarToebuli programiT amzadebs. sixth form - meeqvse klasi- bolo ori an sami damamTavrebeli klasi, saSualo (public school) an klasikur(gramatikul) skolaSi (grammar school).

174

zogadi da dargobrivi kursebi (vocational courses) an maTi kombinacia. Tumca,

tradiciulad, Semdgomi ganaTlebis kursebi dargobriv ganaTlebis

treiningebs atareben, radgan meeqvse-klasis kolejebi, rogorc wesi,

mxolod zogadi ganaTlebis sagnebs sTavazoben studentebs.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis kolejebi da dawesebulebebi, adreuli

maswavlebelTa momzadebis kolejebis (Teacher–training colleges) da sxva

uwyebaTa Serwymis TiTqmis srulyofili Sedegia. am dawesebulebebis

tendencia dargobrivi mimarTulebis programebis Seqmnaa. mravali maTganis

ZiriTadi saqmianoba maswavlebelTa momzadebaa, Tumca amis miuxedavad,

sferoTa farTo arCevans sTavazoben studentebs, maT Soris xelovnebas,

dramas da teqnologias. kolejebs SeuZliaT SesTavazon kursebi, romelTa

saSualebiTac studentebi moipoveben xarisxebs, xarisxisSemdgom (postgraduate)

kvalifikaciebs, profesiul da dargobriv kvalifikaciebs, umaRles

ganaTlebis diplomebs. miniWebadi xarisxebi Tavis mxriv SeTanxmebuli unda

iyos universitetebTan an ganaTlebis mmarTvel organoebTan.

Semdgomi ganaTlebis koleji uzrunvelyofs drois sruli (full-time) an

nawilobrivi (part-time) datvirTviT swavlebas studentebisaTvis, romelTa

asaki aucileblad aRemateba skolis damTavrebis asaks (16 weli). Semdgomi

ganaTlebis kolejebi tradiciulad dargobrivi tipis kursebs awarmoeben,

magram amJamad maTi umetesoba akademiur kursebsac sTavazobs studentebs.

Semdgomi ganaTlebis kolejTa umetesoba specializirebulia inJineriaSi,

soflis meurneobaSi, saxviT xelovnebasa an maswavlebelTa momzadebaSi.

aseve arsebobs zogierTi koleji, romelic biznesis, arqiteqturasa da sxva

sferoebis swavlebaze arian fokusirebuli. CrdiloeT irlandiaSi arsebobs

nawilobrivi droiT datvirTvis kursebi zrdasrulTaTvis. yvela kursSi,

nacionaluri gamocdebisa da misaRebi kontingentis raodenoba

gansazRvrulia e.w. nacionaluri SeTanxmebiT. swavlebis mimarTuleba da

datvirTvis dro Tavad kursis tipzea damokidebuli.

Semdgomi ganaTlebis kolejebs sakuTari xarisxis miniWebis uflebis

mosapoveblad SeuZliaT mmarTvel dawesebulebebs an pirebs mimarTon.

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amasTan aucileblobiT unda warmoadginon universitetis mier damowmebuli,

mimdinare kursebis kompetenturi angariSi. kolejebs aseve SeuZliaT

universitetis statusi moiTxovon. statusis mosapoveblad isini garkveul

kriteriumebs unda akmayofilebdnen, maT Soris, SeTavazebuli pirveli da

umaRlesi xarisxebis Sesabamis statuss dasaqmebis bazarze. Semdgomi da

umaRlesi ganaTlebis 1992 wlis aqti (The Further and Higher Education Act 1992)

Semdgomi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebs uflebas aZlevs gadavides umaRlesi

ganaTlebis seqtorSi, Tuki studentTa mier arCeul kursTa saerTo

raodenobis 55%-ze meti umaRlesi ganaTlebis kursebia.

meeqvse-klasis kolejebi

meeqvse-klasis kolejebi (Sixth-form colleges), mxolod inglisisa da

uelsisSi eqvemdebareba skolis wesebs. sruli droiT datvirTvis

akademiur kursebs kolejebi im studentebs sTavazoben, romlebmac

gadaaWarbes skolis damTavrebis asaks. mas Semdeg, rac Semdgomi da

umaRlesi ganaTlebis 1992 wlis aqtma meeqvse-klasis kolejebic miakuTvna

Semdgomi ganaTlebis seqtors, maT Semdgomi ganaTlebis kursebis

SeTavazebis uflebac aqvT, drois rogorc sruli, aseve nawilobrivi

datvirTviT. Semdgomi da zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi,

oficialurad ar arsebobs misaRebi wesebi, Tumca zogierT kursze

mosaxvedrad specialuri moTxovnebis dakmayofilebaa saWiro. bevrma

kolejma SemoiRo specialuri misaRebi kursebi im adamianebisaTvis, visac

ar gaaCnia akademiuri kvalifikacia.

Ria kolejebi da zrdasrulTa ganaTleba

Ria kolejebi (Open Colleges), romlebmac kursebis SeTavazeba 1987

wlidan daiwyes, damoukidebeli dawesebulebebia da Tavdapirvelad

saxelmwifos mier finansdebodnen. maTi mizani dargobriv sagnebSi,

gansxvavebul doneze Ria swavlebis kursebis warmoebaa. kursis mizani

aucileblobiT ar gulisxmobs nacionaluri kvalifikaciis aRiarebas, misi

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ZiriTadi mizani adamianebis codnis da unarebis ganaxleba-gaRrmavebaa. Ria

teqnikuri programebi igegmeba kadrebis servisis komisiis (MSC) mier. maTi

mizani, advilad aRqmadi meTodebis saSualebiT, uSualod firmis SigniT an

firmaTa, kolejTa da sxva saagentoTa urTierTanamSromlobis gziT,

treiningebis srulyofa-ganviTarebaa. 1987 wels daarsebuli xelovnebis

koleji, adamianebs saxlidan gausvlelad, xelovnebis Seswavlis

saSualebas aZlevs. is TiTqmis iseve funqcionirebs rogorc Ria

universiteti, magram saxelmwifos mier ar finansdeba (Sewirulobebsa da

donor organizaciebzea damokidebuli).

zrdasrulTa ganaTleba (Adult Education) xSirad gansazRvrulia rogorc

ganaTleba, romelic moicavs universitetebis da kolejebis zrdasrul

studentTa umaRles ganaTlebas. am gagebiT, Ria universitetebis (Open

University) muSaoba aRiricxeba rogorc zrdasrulTa ganaTleba, iseve

rogorc universitetebis da kolejebis nawilobrivi drois datvirTvis

kursebis umetesoba. aseve arsebobs ganaTleba, romelic uSualod

zrdasrulebze fokusirdeba.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebi adgilobrivi ganaTlebis

mmarTvelobas (LEA) eqvemdebareba. 1988 wlis ganaTlebis reformis aqtma

adgilobrivi mmarTvelobis centrebs mianiWa ufleba Tavad SeedginaT am

dawesebulebaTa adgilobrivi menejmentis sqemebi, romelTa Sedegebi, Tavis

mxriv, saxelmwifo struqturis menejmentis mimarTulebebs daeqvemdebareba.

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebSi, LEA-as yoveldRiur menejmenti

ufrosebsa an direqtorebs evalebaT. LEA-a uSedegod cdilobs

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis centrebSi, biujetis da kadrebis marTvis

sakiTxebSi saxelmwifo struqturebis CarTvas. zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis

centrebi, iseve rogorc Semdgomi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis seqtori

(FEFC), SeiZleba organizebuli iyos saxelmwifoebrivi xaziT. centrebi,

rogorc wesi erTi administraciuli organosagan da teritoriulad

sxvadasxva adgilze ganlagebuli saswavlo obieqtisagan Sedgeba. zogierTi

centri skolis teritoriaze, saRamos saaTebSi funqcionirebs. amgvar

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centrebSi personalis mcire raodenoba drois sruli datvirTviT muSaobs

da drois nawilobrivi datvirTviT momuSave mravalricxovan

TanamSromelTa saqmianobas uwevs koordinirebas. miuxedavad yovelive amisa,

zrdasrulTa ganaTlebis organizeba didadaa damokidebuli LEA-ze.

umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebaSi Caricxvis pirobebi

gaerTianebuli samefos umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema evropaSi erT-

erTi yvelaze arCevadia. SedarebisaTvis 2000 wels, kandidatTa daaxloebiT

25%-s uari eTqvaT miRebaze. arsebobs centraluri saagento, romelic

koordinirebs TiTqmis yvela, drois sruli datvirTvis (full-time)

sauniversiteto programebze miRebis procedurebs (universitetTa da

kolejTa miRebis servisi, UCAS). UCAS arsebobis miuxedavad, universitetebi

Tavad arCeven studentebs. universitetebi ar arian valdebulni axsnan

miRebis an uaris Tqmis mizezebi.

CaricxvisaTvis saWiro kvalifikaciebi

xarisxis mosapovebel kursze Casaricxad saWiro tradiciuli

kvalifikaciebia: ori an sami maRali donis zogadi ganaTlebis sertifikati

(General Certificate of Education Advanced level GCE A-Level), an saSualo ganaTlebis

sertifikatis (GCSE) minimaluri raodenoba aranakleb C SefasebiT. amgvari

moTxovnebi, miRebis yvelaze metad gavrcelebuli formaa, gansakuTrebiT

drois sruli datvirTvis xarisxamdel studentTa SerCevisas. studentebs

gansxvavebul kvalifikaciaTa mimniWebeli saganmanaTleblo

dawesebulebebic iReben. maT mier SeTavazebilia iseTi kvalifikaciebi,

rogoricaa maRali donis saganmanaTleblo dargobrivi sertifikati (VCE A-

level), BTRC nacionalur sertifikati, internacionalur bakalavriati da

sxva. realurad, vinaidan miRebaze didi konkursia, dawesebulebaTa

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umetesobas SeTavazebuli xarisxebis doneebi minimumamde dayavT. misaRebi

moTxovnebi gamoixateba sagnebSi CaTvlaTa raodenobis an niSanTa

saSualebiTac. magaliTisaTvis universitetis samedicino departamenti,

rogorc wesi, specialur saganebSi sam A donis A CaTvlas (A level passes A

grade) an or A donis A da erT B doneze Cabarebul CaTvlas iTxovs.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze gamsvlel qulaTa raodenobis

aRsaricxad `UCAS axalma tarifma~ (UCAS Tariff) SeimuSava qulaTa sistema,

romelic 2002 wlidan gamoiyeneba. igi morgebulia kvalifikaciaTa did

raodenobaze da Seesabameba Sotlandiis kvalifikaciebsac.

bevri dawesebuleba ganacxadebs im zrdasruli kandidatebisaganac

iRebs, romelTac aqvT Sesabamisi gamocdileba, magram formaluri

kvalifikacia ar gaaCniaT. sul ufro meti universiteti atarebs kursebs

modularuli an drois nawilobrivi datvirTviT, aniWebs kreditebs ukve

miRebuli ganaTlebis, samuSao gamocdilebis an sxva gamocdilebis

gaTvaliswinebiT (Accreditation of Prior Learning APL an Accreditation of Prior Experiential

Learning APEL).

umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebaSi Caricxva misaRebi kursebis

(Access courses) saSualebiTacaa SesaZlebeli. amgvari kursebi farTod

gamoiyeneba Semdgomi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebSi. isini studentebs

akademiuri kvalifikaciis gareSe, umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze moxvedris

saSualebas aZleven. kursebi ZiriTadad zrdasruli studentebisaTvisaa

gankuTvnili. amgvar kursebs, garkveul SemTxvevebSi, garantirebulad

SeuZliaT uzrunvelyon specialur xarisxamdel kursze moxvedra.

specialuri moTxovnebia dawesebuli damwyeb maswavlebelTa treingebze

misaRebadac.

studentebi umaRlesi ganaTlebis kursebze leqciebs inglisurad

ismenen, Sesrulebul Sromebsa da gamocdebs gamarTul inglisur enaze

abareben. uelsis universitetebi da ramodenime sxva dawesebuleba, zogierT

kurss saSualo sirTulis uelsis enaze atareben. studentebic davalebebsa

da gamocdebs Sesabamisad, imave enaze abareben.

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Tuki misaReb kandidatTa ricxvi, aWarbebs Sesavseb adgilTa

raodenobas, rac xSirad xdeba mraval disciplinaSi, dawesebulebebs

damatebiTi misaRebi kriteriumebis Semotana SeuZliaT:

- minimaluri standartebis garda gamocdaze damatebiTi Sedegebi;

- maswavlebelTa rekomendaciebi;

- piradi argumentebi da motivacia;

- interviu (mxolod kembrijis universitetSi).

ucxoeli studentebisaTvis situacia sxvagvaria, Zalian xSirad

ucxouri skolis damamTavrebeli serTifikati ar Seesabameba britanul

dawesebulebaTa misaReb moTxovnebs. nacionaluri akademiuri aRiarebis

sainformacio centri (NARIC) amowmebs, Tu ramdenad Seesabameba ucxoeli

studentis kvalifikacia britaneTis misaReb moTxovnebs. damatebiT,

studentebs urCeven moismion inglisuri enis leqciebi da warmoadginon

Sroma, Caabaron gamocdebi inglisur enaze. uelsis universitetebi da

zogierTi sxva dawesebuleba uelsSi studentebs saSualo sirTulis

uelsuri enis kursebs sTavazoben, romlis gavlis Semdegac studentebma

unda warmoadginon Sesrulebuli Sroma da Caabaron gamocda.

Caricxvis procedurebi da moTxovnebi

maT visac umaRlesi ganaTlebis miRebis survili aqvT, erTi wliT

adre (oqtomberSi) unda Seavson e.w. `misaRebi forma~. msurvelebs

yovelgvari prioritetis gareSe, SeuZliaT miuTiTon maqsimum rva pozicia

(dawesebulebaTa da programaTa CamonaTvali). UCAS Segrovebul formebs

Sesabamis saswavlo dawesebulebebs ugzavnis. dawesebuleba ganacxadebs,

sakuTari mosazrebiT aZlevs Sefasebas. aprilSi, UCAS-i abiturient-

studentebs dawesebulebebis gadawyvetilebas atyobinebs. am droisaTvis

studentebs jer saboloo gamocdebi Cabarebuli ara aqvT. aqedan

gamomdinare dawesebulebis mier studentis miReba pirobiTia, rac niSnavs,

rom winadadeba ZalaSi Seva, Tu kandidati gamocdebze mopovebuli

SedegebiT daakmayofilebs wayenebul moTxovnebs. mas Semdeg rac

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studentebi dawesebulebis misaReb pirobebs gaecnobian, moqmedeben

oficialurad da SeTavazebul adgilTagan maqsimum ori programas irCeven.

rogorc wesi, pirveli programis SerCeva gemovnebis mixedviT xdeba. meore

programis SerCevas, pirvelTan SedarebiT dabali konkursi ganapirobebs.

aRniSnuli proceduris gamo, UCAS-s saSualebiT studenti siaSi sxva

dawesebulebas ver Seitans. UCAS dawesebulebebs studentebis arCevansa da

gamocdebis Sedegebs atyobinebs. Tuki abiturienti daakmayofilebs

wayenebul misaReb moTxovnebs, universiteti valdebulia daamowmos

saswavlo adgili dakaveba. Tuki kandidati ver akmayofilebs moTxovnebs,

mas Caricxvis Sansi, Tavisufali adgilis darCenis SemTxvevaSi aqvs. maT

vinc ver daakmayofiles miTiTebul or programaze miRebis kriteriumebi,

magram daakmayofiles umaRlesi ganaTlebis misaRebi kriteriumebis minimumi,

SeuZliaT monawileoba miiRon Tavisufal darCenil adgilTa gadanawilebis

proceduraSi e.w. garkvevis sqema (Clearing Scheme), romelic seqtemberSi

tardeba. garkvevis proceduraSi monawileobis miReba SeuZliaT im

kandidatebsac, romlebmac TavianTi formebi miRebis bolo etapze

gadaagzavnes. vakanturi adgilebi UCAS-s mier qveyndeba da amis Semdeg

studentebi da dawesebulebebi pirdapir SeiZleba daukavSirdnen erTmaneTs.

saswavlo adgilis mosapoveblad, TiTqmis yvela kandidatma UCAS-s

proceduraSi unda miiRos monawileoba. vinaidan dawesebulebebi ar arian

valdebulni ganmarton uaris Tqmis mizezi an miRebis pirobebi zogierTi

studentisaTvis, praqtikulad uSedegoa Caricxvis Sedegis gaprotesteba.

rac Seexeba xarisxisSemdgom (Postgraduate) swavlebaze Caricxvis

procedurebs, aq mkacrad gansazRvruli wesi an moTxovnebi ar arsebobs.

TiToeul universitets amasTan dakavSirebiT sakuTari mosazreba gaaCnia.

aRniSnuli swavlebis kursis gavlisaTvis upriania Tavad saswavlo

dawesebulebasTan kontaqtis damyareba.

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Sotlandiis, uelsis da CrdiloeT irlandiis umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebSi Casarcxvis pirobebi

CrdiloeT irlandiaSi, ulsteris universitetis `magi~ kolejSi

(axlandeli ulsteris universiteti) misaRebi pirobebi pirvelad 1973 wels,

zrdasrul studentTa sabaziso swavlebis sertifikatis (Certificate in

Foundation Studies for Mature Students) saxiT SemoiRes. dedoflis universitetma

besfastSi, misaRebi moTxovnebi, Semdgomi ganaTlebis kolejSi, 1989 wels

SemoiRo. 1992 wlis axalma wesebma, kursis axali moTxovnebi da sabaziso

swavlebis sertifikatis miniWebis pirobebi daadgina.

1989 wels uelsis umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebma, uelsis

saqmeTa saministrosTan (Welsh Office) erTad uelsis misaRebi ganyofileba

(WAU) Seqmnes. misaReb programaTa xarisxis sakontroleblad Seiqmna

uflebamosili saagentoebi (AVA). gansxvavebuli tipis bevrma saswavlo

dawesebulebam (rogoricaa Semdgmi ganaTlebis kolejebi, LEA,

saqvelmoqmedo dawesebulebebi, zogierTi profesiuli gaerTianeba,

mewarmeebi da a.S.) erToblivad, rogorc miRebis da kreditebis

konsorciumis Semadgenelma nawilma imuSava. Sedegad, 1996-97 wlebSi yvela

misaRebi programa modularul da sakredito sistemaze gadavida.

Sotlandiis misaRebi programebi gaerTianebili samefos wesebisgan

damoukideblad ganviTarda. arsebobs miRebis ori ZiriTadi tipi:

1. programebi, romlebsac sTavazoben umaRlesi ganaTlebis

dawesebulebebi da

2. programebi, romlebic mimdinareoben saganmanaTleblo

mmarTveli organoebis xelSewyobiT.

pirveli tipis programebi, UACE-s xarisxis marTvis mimarTulebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, Sida xarisxis Sefasebas eqvemdebareba. misaRebi kursebis

nawili `specialuri misaRebi sazafxulo skolebis~ saxiTaa warmodgenili.

skolebi socialurad dabal fenasTan urTierToben. meore tipis programebi

1988 wels, Sotlandiis gafarToebuli miRebis programis (SWAP)

saxelwodebiT, Sotlandiis ganaTlebis ofisis da industriuli

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departamendis xelSewyobiT daarsda. es programebi damyarebulia SCOTVRC

nacionaluri sertifikatis modulze da SCOTVEC xarisxis uzrunvelmyof

gamocdebs eqvemdebareba.

daskvnis saxiT SeiZleba iTqvas, rom gaerTianebuli samefos umaRlesi

saswavlo dawesebulebebi saswavlo programaTa da xarisxTa farTo

speqtriT xasiaTdebian. ganaTlebis miRebis saSualeba, rogorc adgilobriv

aseve ucxoel studentebsac eZlevaT, Tumca swavleba fasiania da

sakmarisad didi Tanxebis gadaxdasTanaa dakavSirebuli.

danarTi N2

umaRlesi ganaTleba amerikis SeerTebuli StatebSi

saganmanaTleblo dawesebulebebi da ganaTlebis damadasturebeli dokumentebi

umaRlesi ganaTlebis dawesebulebebis tipebi

kvleviTi universitetebi

universitetebi, romlebic amzadeben doqtorantebs

(yovelmxrivi) universitetebi da kolejebi, romlebic amzadeben

magistrebs

humanitarul mecnierebaTa kolejebi, romlebic amzadeben bakalavrebs

xelovnebis kolejebis asociacia

profesiuli skolebi da sxva specializirebuli dawesebulebebi

saSualosSemdgomi dargobrivi da teqnikuri skolebi

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skolis dasrulebis da umaRlesi ganaTlebis damadasturebeli

xarisxi

saSualo skolis diplomi

asocirebuli (associate) xarisxi

bakalavris xarisxi

diplomi

sertifikati

pirveli profesiuli xarisxi

bakalavriatis Semdgomi diplomi (Post-Bachelor’s Diploma)

magistris xarisxi

maRal doneze swavlis sertifikati (Certificate of advanced Study)

ganaTlebis specialisti

doqtoris xarisxi

umaRlesi ganaTleba

umaRlesi ganaTleba aSS-Si aseve saSualosSemdgomad iwodeba. igi sxva

nacionaluri sistemebis msgavsad ar aris dayofili gansxvavebul

seqtorebad (sauniversiteto, arasauniversiteto da a.S.). umaRlesi

ganaTlebis seqtori - avtonomiuri, kerZo da saxelmwifo

dawesebulebebisgan Sedgeba. dReisaTvis 2819 dawesebuleba studentebs

bakalavrisa da ufro maRali donis xarisxebs sTavazobs; dawesebulebebi

Semdeg kategoriebad arian klasificirebulni:

1. kvleviTi universitetebi (I da II)14 (Research universities): am kategoriis

dawesebulebebSi moqmedebs disciplinaTa didi raodenobis

doqtoranturis programebi, sdac xorcieldeba yovelmxrivi

Teoriuli da gamoyenebiTi kvlevebi.

14 dawesebulebaTa klasifikacia I da II mimarTulebad - kvleviTi universitetebisaTvis damokidebulia kvlevis moculobis dafinansebaze, federaluri mmarTvelobis doneze miRebul gadawyvetilebaze. danarCeni dawesebulebebisaTvis, damokidebulia dawesebulebis zomaze da SeTavazebuli programebis tipsa da raodenobaze. arcerTi amgvari klasifikacia ar gamoiyeneba rogorc xarisxis an statusis Sefasebis indikatori.

184

2. doqtoranturis uzrunvelmyofi dawesebulebebi (I da II) (Doctorate-

granting universities): dawesebulebebi, romlebsac disciplinaTa farTo

arCevanis farglebSi yvela sferos swavleba SeuZliaT, Tumca

kvleviT universitetebTan SedarebiT doqtoranturis SezRuduli

raodenobis programebi aqvT.

3. magistraturis (yvela sferos momcveli) universitetebi da kolejebi

(I da II) (Master’s (Comprehensive) universities and colleges): dawesebulebebi,

romlebic sTavazoben akademiur da profesiul programebs

bakalavriatis, magistraturis doneze, pirvel profesiul xarisxebis

(first-professional degrees) doneze, magram studentebs ar sTavazoben

kvleviT doqtoranturas.

4. bakalavriatis (humanitarul mecnierebaTa) kolejebi (I da II)

(Baccalaureate (Liberal Art) colleges): dawesebulebebi, romelTac aqvT

akademiuri da profesiuli programebi ara umetes bakalavris

xarisxis doneze.

5. xelovnebis kolejTa asociacia (associate of arts colleges): dawesebulebebi,

romlebic awarmoeben akademiur da profesiul an dargobriv

(profesiasTan dakavSirebul) swavlebas asocirebuli xarisxis

doneze, maT Soris arian sazogadoebrivi saxelmwifo kolejebi da

kerZo kolejebi.

6. profesiuli skolebi da sxva specializirebuli dawesebulebebi

(professional schools and other specialized institutions): dawebulebebi, romlebic

sTavazoben kursebs mxolod erT an ramodenime momijnave saganSi

profesiuli an akademiuri mimarTulebiT. isini imdenad aramomcvelni

arian, rom sxva klasifikaciaSi ar Tavsdebian. xarisxebi

safexurebrivad ranJirdeba asocirebuli xarisxidan kvleviT

doqtoris xarisxamde (mag. medicinis damoukidebeli skolebi,

injineria, stomatologia, iurisprudencia, vizualuri da

SemoqmedebiTi xelovnebis skolebi, Teologiuri seminariebi da a.S.)

185

7. saSualosSemdgomi dargobrivi da teqnikuri skolebi (Postsecondary

vocational and technical schools): dawesebulebebi, romlebic axorcieleben

moklevadian, ara umetes 2 wlian, xarisxis–gareSe (non-degree)

treiningis programebs, romlebic profesiuli specialobis

sertifikatis an diplomis mopovebiT sruldeba.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema xasiaTdeba xelmisawvdomobiT,

mravalferovnebiT, avtonomiurobiT da cnobilia Tavisi moculobiTa da

xarisxiT. federalul mmarTvelobas ar gaaCnia saswavlo dawesebulebaTa

akademiuri profesiebis wevrobis, programebis an kurikulumebis, xarisxebis

an sxva kvalifikaciebis aRiarebis iurisdiqcia an Zalaufleba. U.S.-is

TiTqmis yvela saSualosSemdgomi dawesebuleba licenzirebuli an

privilegirebulia Statis an municipaluri mmarTvelobis mier. religiuri

dawesebulebebi daarsebulia damoukidebeli an kerZo saxiT. xarisxis

garantia miiRweva Statis moTxovnebis, nebayoflobiTi akreditaciis,

dawesebulebis reputaciis, akademiuri personalis da kursdamTavrebulTa

dasaqmebis safuZvelze. akreditacia TviTregulirebadi xarisxis kontrolis

procesia, romelic U.S. saSualosSemdgomi ganaTlebis sazogadoebis mier

tardeba. akreditirebisas xdeba akademiuri potencialis, administraciuli

kompetenciis minimaluri standartebis da sistemis SigniT kvalifikaciebis

aRiareba. sakuTari Statis iurisdiqciis farglebSi, eqvsi regionaluri

akreditaciis asociacia adgens licenzirebuli dawesebulebebisaTvis

minimalur standartebs. damatebiT, aRiarebuli akreditaciis asociaciebi,

gansakuTrebiT profesiul sferoebSi da specializirebuli

dawesebulebebisaTvis, individualuri an momijnave sagnebisaTvis aweseben

da aregulireben minimalur standartebs.

semestri seqtrembridan ivnisamde, inglisur enaze mimdinareobs.

186

saswavlo etapebi: arasauniversiteto done saSualosSemdgomi swavleba (teqnikuri/dargobrivi tipi): arasauniversiteto done:

umaRlesi ganaTlebis seqtorSi ar arsebobs mkveTri gansxvaveba

sauniversiteto da arasauniversiteto doneebs Soris. swavlebis done

programebis Sesabamisi xarisxebiT ufro gamoixateba, vidre dawesebulebaTa

tipiT, romlebSic es programebi xorcieldeba. saganmanaTleblo

programebi, romlebic Seesabameba `arasuniversiteto donis

teqnikur/dargobriv saSualosSemdgom swavlebebs~ moicavs yvela teqnikur

da dargobriv programas, romelic bakalavriatis doneze naklebi xarisxis

diplomebis an sertifikatebis mopovebiT sruldeba. ganaTleba am safexurze

moicavs:

1. yvela im dawesebulebas, romelic bakalavriatis doneze dabal

xarisxebs sTavazobs studentebs;

2. im dawesebulebebs, sadac tardeba bakalavris doneze dabali xarisxis

mosapovebeli programebi.

pirveli kategoriis dawesebulebebi SeiZleba klasificirebulni iqnan

karnegis klasifikaciis mixedviT da moixseniebian, rogorc `orwliani

gaerTianebebi, mcire (Junior) da teqnikuri kolejebi~ da `profesiuli

skolebi da sxva specializirebuli dawesebulebebi~. pirveli kategoriis

dawesebulebebis aseve miekuTvnebian NCES klasifikacias `dawesebulebebi,

romlebic sTavazoben sertifikatebs an diplomebs ara nakleb or da ara

umetes 4 wlian SualedSi~, `asocirebuli xarisxebis dawesebulebebi~,

`dawesebulebebi, romlebic sTavazoben sertifikatebs da diplomebs ara

nakleb erT wlian da ara umetes 2 wlian SualedSi~ da `dawesebulebebi,

romlebic sTavazoben sertifikatebs an diplomebs erT welze nakleb

periodSi~.

meore kategoriis universitetebi moicaven universitetebs da sxva

dawesebulebebs, romlebic sTavazoben moklevadian kursebs da

187

asocirebuli xarisxis kvalifikaciebs bakalavriatis, magistraturis da

doqtoranturis paralelurad.

swavleba universitetis doneze:

sauniversiteto donis pirveli safexuri: asocirebuli xarisxi (associate degree), bakalavris xarisxi, maRali donis (advanced) sertifikati, pirveli profesiuli xarisxi:

asocirebuli xarisxi (associate degree) pirveli akademiuri an

profesiuli xarisxia, romelic SeiZleba miniWebul iqnas U.S.

saSualosSemdgomi (postsecondary) ganaTlebis miRebisas. am xarisxis

mflobelebs SeuZliaT gaagrZelon swavleba pirveli xarisxis sxva

programebze (bakalavris xarisxisken mimavali programebi), Tumca ar arian

saTanadod kvalificirebulni, rom pirdapir maRal doneze (xarisxis

mimniWebeli damamTavrebeli programa Graduate) gaagrZelon swavla. amgvari

saswavlo programebi, rogorc wesi 2 wliani datvirTvis srul drozea

(Full-Time) gaTvlili. pirovneba, romelic irCevs datvirTvis arasrul

droiT (part-time) reJims, dasasruleblad aseve 2 welze meti periodi

sWirdeba. asocirebuli xarisxebi SeiZleba miniWebul iqnas humanitarul

mecnierebebsa da zogadi kursis gavlisas, rogorc akademiuri kvalifikacia

an SeiZleba miniWebul iqnas profesiul dargobriv sferoSi. asocirebuli

xarisxis programebi rogorc wesi srulad asaxaven bakalavriatis

moTxovnebis 2 wlian periods. asocirebuli xarisxis kreditebi Cveulebriv

transferdeba bakalavris xarisxis programebSi, gansakuTrebiT maSin, roca

transferis SeTanxmebebi dadgenilia dawesebulebebs Soris.

bakalavris xarisxi (Bachelors degree) meore xarisxia, romelic moipoveba

U.S. saSualosSemdgom doneze. aseve aris erT-erTi xarisxamdeli

(undergraduate) (pirveli) xarisxi, romelic studentebs maRali donis (advanced)

(xarisxi - damamTavrebel graduate) programaze Caricxvis saSualebas aZlevs.

bakalavris xarisxis mflobel studentebs SeuZliaT pirvel-profesiul

xarisxis (first-professional degree) mosapovebel programebzec iswavlon. am

188

xarisxis mosapovebeli saswavlo programebi ZiriTadad dagegmilia 4-5

wliani saswavlo periodisaTvis, Tumca damokidebulia sferosa da

saswavlo drois datvirTvaze.

sapatio (Honours) programebi SemoTavazebulia mravali, bakalavris

xarisxis mimniWebeli dawesebulebis mier. sapatio xarisxis mosapoveblad

saWiroa damatebiTi moTxovnebis Sesruleba, rogoricaa magaliTad

xarisxamdeli (undergraduate) Tezisebi, stipendiebi an proeqtebi, maRali

donis sakurso naSromi, an specialuri gamocdebi.

maRali donis sertifikatebis (advanced certificates) mosapoveblad

damatebiT moiTxoveba bakalavriaris Semdeg ara umetes erT wliani

mimdevrobiTi swavleba (zogjer paraleluric). bakalavriatis dasruleba

zogjer gulisxmobs qvespecializaciaze koncentracias an momijnave

mimarTulebebis kompetenciebis mopovebas.

studentebi pirvel profesiul xarisxis (first professional degree)

programebze sxva sferoSi bakalavris xarisxis yvela an TiTqmis yvela

programis gavlis Semdeg daiSvebian. swavlis SinaarsiT pirveli

profesiuli xarisxebi xarisxamdelia (undergraduate) da xarisxi gansazRvrul

regulirebad profesiebis misaReb doneze moxvedris winapirobaa. radgan

zogierTi pirveli profesiuli xarisxi gamoiyenebs termins `doqtori~,

miuxedavad imisa rom ar warmoadgenen maRali donis kvleviT xarisxs,

xSirad warmoiqmneba gaugebrobebi. pirveli profesiuli xarisxebi

mieniWebaT medicinaSi (MD), stomatologiaSi (DDS/DMD), veterinariaSi

(DVM), osteopatiur medicinaSi (DO), optometriaSi (OD), podiatriaSi

(Podiatry-DPM), hiropraqtikaSi (DC), farmaciaSi (D.Pharm), TeologiaSi (M.Div),

ravinobaSi (MHL/Rav) da iurisprudenciaSi (JD).

sauniversiteto donis meore safexuri: magistris xarisxi,

magistrisSemdgomi (Post-master) xarisxi, diplomi an sertifikati

samagistro xarisxebi warmoadgenen umaRlesi ganaTlebis meore

safexurs da aniWeben pirvel maRali donis advanced (damamTavrebel-graduate)

189

xarisxs. U.S. magistris xarisxi SeiZleba mopovebul iqnas swavlebiT

(Tezisebis gareSe) da kvlevis (TezisebiT) safuZvelze akademiur an

profesiul sferoebSi. umetesoba samagistro programebisa dagegmilia

sruli droiT datvirTvis (Full-time) 2 wlian swavlebaze, aseve dro

damokidebulia uSualod saganze, xarisxamdeli donidan studentebis

miRwevebze, programis struqturasa da sruli an nawilobrivi droiT

datvirTvaze. magistraturis ZiriTadi moTxovnebi savaldebulo kursebis

dasrulebaa. damatebiT SesaZloa damokidebuli iyos magistraturis

programis tipze, moiTxovdes kvlevis Tezisebis, specialuri proeqtis,

gamocdebis Cabarebas erT an ramdenime qvesferoSi, specialuri moTxovnebis

dakmayofilebas (rogoricaa lingvistikuri an raodenobrivi unarebi), an maT

kombinacias.

U.S. ar ewinaaRmdegeba imas, rom magistraturasa da kvleviT

doqtoranturas Soris SeiZleba arsebobdes garkveuli xarisxis tipebi,

Tumca miuTiTebs, rom yvela unda Tavsdebodes U.S. umaRlesi ganaTlebis

meore safexurze. amis magaliTad SeiZleba moviyvanoT doneebi romlebic

moicavs ganaTlebis specialists (E.Sp an Ed.S) da maRali donis swavlis

sertifikatebs da diplomebs (C.A.E., D.A.E. Certificates and Diplomas of Advanced

Study).

sauniversiteto donis mesame safexuri: kvleviTi doqtorantura

kvleviTi doqtorantura warmoadgens SeerTebuli Statebis umaRlesi

ganaTlebis mesame da umaRles safexurs. igi SeiZleba mieniWos akademiur

disciplinebSi da zogierT profesiul sferoSi. xarisxi ar mieniWeba

mxolod gamocdebis an sakurso naSromebis SesrulebisaTvis, moiTxoveba

kvleviTi mimarTulebis gansazRvra da originaluri kvlevis

damoukideblad warmoeba. doqtoranturis programebi moiTxovs intensiur

swavlasa da kvlevas sul mcire erT qvesferoSi da profesiuli donis

kompetenciebs zogierT sxva sferoSi. garda kvleviTi seminarebis seriebisa

da yvelanairi gamocdisa, studenti valdebulia daamtkicos sakuTari

190

niWiereba originalur kvlevis an damoukidebeli praqtikis saxiT. kvleva

unda dasruldes disertaciis sajaro dacvamde, Tezisebis proeqtis, zepiri

da werilobiTi gamocdebis Cabarebamde manam komiteti an fakulteti,

sagamocdo komitetis wevrebsa da stumrebs moiwvevs. doqtoris xarisxis

umetesoba bakalavris xarisxis mopovebis Semdeg, saSualod 4-5 wel sruli

droiT datvirTviT kvlevas da swavlas moiTxovs, magistris xarisxis

Semdeg ki 2-3 wlian periods. xarisxis mopovebisaTvis saWiro zusti dro

damokidebulia saganze da programis struqturaze. zogierT profesiul

sferoSi kvleviTi doqtoris xarisxi mieniWebaT akademiur disciplinebsa

da Teoriul kvlevebSi. amgvari, yvelaze gavrcelebuli xarisxi

filosofiis doqtoria (Doctor of Philosophy PhD). arsebobs eqvivalenturi

xarisxis dasaxelebebis mravalferovani CamonaTvali dawesebulebebisa da

disciplinebis mixedviT. profesiul doqtoranturaSi swavleba

umeteswilad gamoyenebiTi xasiaTisaa da upiratesobiT sargeblobs

Teoriul kvlevebTan SedarebiT. gamoiyeneba xarisxTa dasaxelebebis farTo

arCevani.

maswavlebelTa ganaTleba: skolamdeli da dawyebiTi/sabazo skolis maswavlebelTa treiningi

adreuli bavSvobis skolis (sabavSvo baRi) da elementaruli

(dawyebiTi) skolis maswavleblobisaTvis saWiro ganaTleba da

sertificireba (nebarTvis gacema) damokidebulia Statis mmarTvelobaze,

romelic iTxovs mravalricxovan gamocdebis (sagnobrivi codna, da a.S.)

Cabarebas. oTxi Stati (alaska, aidaho, vermonti da vaiomingi) ar iTxovs

gamocdebis Cabarebas. 38 Stati iTxovs winaswar aRweril programaTa

dasrulebas, xarisxamdel doneze sertificirebas, swavlebis dasrulebis

da kontrolirebadi praqtikul saqmianobis gaTvaliswinebas. xarisxamdeli

swavleba unda mimdinareobdes 47 Statis akreditirebul dawesebulebebSi

da danarCen sam StatSi, Statis mier aRiarebul dawesebulebebSi.

maswavleblis sawyisi kvalifikacia bakalavris xarisxi da sertificirebis

191

proceduraa. Statebis umetesoba studentebs sTavazobs maRali donis

sertificirebas, romelic emyareba gamocdilebasa da damatebiT ganaTlebas,

am doneze bevri maswavlebeli magistris xarisxs moipovebs. sertificirebis

gaTvaliswinebiT, uwyveti profesiuli ganaTleba aucilebelia 42 StatSi.

saSualo skolis maswavleblebis treiningi

saSualo skolis maswavleblisadmi wayenebuli sertifikatamdeli

moTxovnebi, ZiriTadad dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblisadmi wayenebul

mTxovnebs emTxveva. ZiriTadi gansxvaveba mdgomareobs imaSi, rom saSualo

skolis maswavleblebi sertificirebulni arian erT an ramdenime akademiur

an dargobriv saganSi da karieris koncentrirebas am sagnebze axdenen, maSin

roca dawyebiTi skolis maswavleblebi – gansakuTrebiT dabali donisaTvis

– SeiZleba sertifirebulni an specializirebulni iyvnen sruli dawyebiTi

kursis wasayvanad, gansakuTrebiT maSin Tuki swavleba metad

diferencirdeba elementaruli safexuris/saSualo skolis bolo klasebSi.

yvela Stati asertificirebs maswavlebels, rogorc dargobrivi

specializaciis aseve safexureobrivi doneebis mixedviT. specialuri

ganaTlebis maswavleblebi, umetes StatSi specialuri programiT gadian

treiningebs xarisxamdel da xarisxis mimniWebel doneze da aseve calke

sertificirdebian. 47 Stati asertificirebs aseT maswavlebels

konkretuli, specializaciis mixedviT mag. yruTa ganaTleba, vizualuri

naklis mqone adamianebis ganaTleba da a.S. radgan specialuri

ganaTlebisaTvis minimaluri akademiuri moTxovna specialur ganaTlebaSi

an momijnave sferoSi (rogoricaa ganviTarebis fsiqologia) bakalavris

xarisxia, maswavlebelTa umetesobas magistris xarisxi gaaCnia. U.S. umetes

StatSi araakademiuri personalis sertificirebas iTxoven. am calkeul

jgufSi Sedian skolis administratorebi, skolis kanclerebi, skolis

jandacvis personali (fsiqologi, eqTani), skolis biblioTekari,

maswavlebelTa zedamxedveli da kurikulumis specialisti.

192

umaRlesi ganaTlebis maswavleblebis treiningi

saSualosSemdgom ganaTlebasTan dakavSirebiT, Statebis kanonebi

gansxvavebul damokidebulebas avlenen. standartebsa da fakultetis

mimarT moTxovnebze pasuxismgebloba individualurad dawesebulebebs da

fakultetebs, departamentebs, dawesebulebaze daqvemdebarebul skolebs

evalebaT. dawesebulebaTa moTxovnebi fakultetisadmi damokidebulia

swavlebis safexurze, sagansa an sferoze, kvlevaze, profesiul licenziasa

an moTxovnad kvalifikaciaze, kontraqtis mixedviT srul an nawilobrivi

samuSao droiT datvirTvaze. akreditirebuli dawesebulebebi emorCilebian

fakultetis da akreditirebul programaTa mimarT, regionaluri

akreditaciis asociaciis mier dadgenil standartebs. umaRlesi ganaTlebis

fakultetebs yvelaze metad swavlebisaTvis saWiro eqspertizis Catareba

moeTxoveba, rac gamoixateba Sesabamis dargSi an disciplinaSi mimdinare

kvlevis xelmZRvanelobasa an konsultirebaSi.

aratradiciuli swavleba distanciuri umaRlesi ganaTleba

distanciuri swavlebis forma Seiqmna adamianebisaTvis, romelTa

geografiuli adgilsamyofeli, pirobebi an samuSo araxelsayrelia

ganaTlebis misaRebad. distanciuri swavleba araa Camoyalibebuli, rogorc

ganaTlebis calke mdgomi tipi. metic, igi Seqmnilia, rom iyos tradiciuli

kampus instruqciebisagan gansxvavebuli, magram ara nakleb legitimuri.

arsebobs swrafad mzardi saganmanaTleblo programebi yvela doneze,

romelTa miwodeba xdeba radio, televiziis, satelitis, videos,

kompiuteruli terminalisa da sxvaTa saSualebiT. bevri programa

sTavazobs kreditebs da sruldeba sertifikatis, diplomis an xarisxis

mopovebiT. zogierTi programa dagegmilia Tavisufali dros swavlebis,

pirovnuli dainteresebis an specifikur samuSaosTan dakavSirebuli

193

ganaTlebisa da treiningebisaTvis. distanciuri ganaTlebis programebi

akreditirebulia aRiarebuli asociaciis mier.

umaRlesi ganaTleba cxovrebis manZilze

umaRlesi ganaTleba cxovrebis manZilze xSirad uwyveT ganaTlebad

iwodeba. dawesebulebebi awarmoeben specifiur uwyveti ganaTlebis

programebs, zogierTi saswavlo dawesebulebis mier SeTavazebul xarisxis

paralelur programebs, moklevadian da specializirebul kursebs. uwyveti

ganaTleba SeiZleba daigegmos sertifikatis, an xarisxis mopovebis

Sesabamisad, ar iyos struqturirebuli da awarmoebdes zogad da

Tavisufal dros swavlis kursebs. zogierTi uwyveti ganaTlebis kursi

SeTavazebulia distanciuri swavlebis meTodiT, danarCeni programebi

dawesebulebebSi an calkeul filialebSi tardeba. im SemTxvevaSi, rodesac

saubaria garkveuli kvalifikaciis mqone profesionalebisaTvis Semdgomi

ganaTlebis SeTavazebaze, uwyvet ganaTlebas `uwyvet profesiul

ganaTlebad~ moixsenieben. amgvar programebSi mopovebuli kreditebi

aRiarebulia umaRlesi ganaTlebis, licenzirebuli dawesebulebebis da

profesiuli asociaciebis doneze.

umaRlesi ganaTlebis treiningi industriaSi

treiningebi industriaSi uwyveti profesiuli ganaTlebis specifiuri

formaa da ZiriTadad damqiravleblis mier dafinansebad treiningebzea

orientirebuli. kursebi SeTavazebulia damqiraveblis an saSualosSemgdomi

dawesebulebis kontraqtis, profesiuli asociaciis, gaerTianebis an

konsultaciis mimcemi organizaciaTa mier. saswavlo procesi SeiZleba

mimdinareobdes samuSao adgilze an arasamuSao teritoriaze. uwyveti

profesiuli ganaTleba an treiningebi Sinaarsobrivad axali unarebis

gamosamuSaveblad tardeba. maTi mravalsaxeoba iwyeba moklevadiani

kursebidan da mTavrdeba xarisxis sruli programiT. saswavlo

dawesebulebis mier Seqmnili garkveuli proceduris safuZvelze, kursebze

mopovebuli kreditebis raodenoba SesaZloa aRiarebuli da gavrcelebuli

iyos umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze. damqiraveblis mier dafinansebuli

194

treiningebi gansakuTrebiT qvebakalavris doneze, U.S. saSualosSemdgomi

mravali dawesebulebis gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis sferoSia. detaluri

informaciis mopoveba am procesTan dakavSirebiT uSualod U.S.

dawesebulebebSia SesaZlebeli.

araformaluri umaRlesi ganaTlebis sxva saxeebi

treiningebis mravalferovnebaSi arsebobs araformalurad

struqturirebuli, viwro Sedegze orientirebuli, kreditebis

transferirebadi, profesiul sferoebSi aRiarebuli kursebi. isini moicaven

kursebs da treiningebs, romlebic tardeba biblioTekebSi, muzeumebSi,

parkebSi da dasasvenebel dawesebulebebSi, klubebSi viwro wrisaTvis.

zogierTi programa tardeba damqiraveblis xelSewyobiT da araa Sedegis

formalur mxareze orientirebuli. magaliTad uSualod samuSao miznebsa

da produqciaze orientirebuli, araformaluri seminarebi, prezentaciebi

da topokebi.

miReba umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze

U.S. umaRles saswavlo dawesebulebaTa mravalferovnebis gamo,

umaRlesi ganaTlebis doneze mosaxvedrac saWiro konkteruli moTxovnebi

calsaxad gawerili araa. aplikaciis procedurisaTvis, TiToeulma

aplikantma konkretul saswavlo dawesebulebas unda mimarTos.

dawesebuleba Tavis mxriv, valdebulia daakvalianos aplikanti.

amrigad, aSS-s umaRlesi ganaTlebis sistema sxva nacionaluri

sistemebisagan gansxvavebiT gansxvavebul seqtorebad (sauniversiteto,

arasauniversiteto da a.S.) ar iyofa. igi xasiaTdeba xelmisawvdomobiT,

mravalferovnebiTa da avtonomiurobiT, cnobilia Tavisi moculobiTa da

xarisxiT. arCevanTa mravalferovneba nebismier dainteresebul pirs, misi

gemovnebisa da SesaZleblobis farglebSi xelsayreli gadawyvetilebis

miRebis saSualebas aZlevs.

195

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saqarTvelo~, 1 noemberi, tomi 8, 2000.

2. Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti 1918-1998 wlebi, saiubileo

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